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Journal articles on the topic 'Fuel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Bell, S. R., M. Gupta, and L. A. Greening. "Full-Fuel-Cycle Modeling for Alternative Transportation Fuels." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 117, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835427.

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Utilization of alternative fuels in the transportation sector has been identified as a potential method for mitigation of petroleum-based energy dependence and pollutant emissions from mobile sources. Traditionally, vehicle tailpipe emissions have served as sole data when evaluating environmental impact. However, considerable differences in extraction and processing requirements for alternative fuels makes evident the need to consider the complete fuel production and use cycle for each fuel scenario. The work presented here provides a case study applied to the southeastern region of the United States for conventional gasoline, reformulated gasoline, natural gas, and methanol vehicle fueling. Results of the study demonstrate the significance of the nonvehicle processes, such as fuel refining, in terms of energy expenditure and emissions production. Unique to this work is the application of the MOBILE5 mobile emissions model in the full-fuel-cycle analysis. Estimates of direct and indirect green-house gas production are also presented and discussed using the full-cycle-analysis method.

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2

Van Herle, Jan, Alexander Schuler, Lukas Dammann, Marcello Bosco, Thanh-Binh Truong, Erich De Boni, Faegheh Hajbolouri, Frédéric Vogel, and Günther G. Scherer. "Fuels for Fuel Cells: Requirements and Fuel Processing." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/000942904777677092.

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3

Khonkeldiyev, Muminjon. "PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS AS ENGINE FUEL." International Journal of Advance Scientific Research 03, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-01-09.

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This article describes the types of motor fuels for vehicles, and their physical and chemical properties. The advantages of using alternative fuels as motor fuel are highlighted and the environmental and economic efficiency indicators of natural gas fuel are analysed.

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4

Hennings, U., M. Brune, M. Wolf, and R. Reimert. "Fuels and Fuel Cells: The “Right Way” from Fuels to Fuel Gas." Chemical Engineering & Technology 31, no. 5 (May 2008): 782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200800054.

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5

Lucka, K., and H. Kohne. "FUEL PROCESSOR FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS BASED ON LIQUID FUELS." Clean Air: International Journal on Energy for a Clean Environment 6, no. 3 (2005): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjenercleanenv.v6.i3.20.

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6

Rastogi, Renu. "An Alternative Fuel for Future Bio Fuel." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-6 (October 31, 2017): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2445.

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7

Ogden, Joan M., Thomas G. Kreutz, and Margaret M. Steinbugler. "Fuels for fuel cell vehicles." Fuel Cells Bulletin 3, no. 16 (January 2000): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-2859(00)86613-4.

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8

Huang, Wei, Xin Zhang, and Zhun Qing Hu. "Selection of New Energy Vehicle Fuels and Life Cycle Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 1695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.1695.

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Life cycle energy consumption and environment emission assessment model of vehicle new energy fuels is established. And life cycle energy consumption and environmental pollutant emissions of new energy fuels are carried out. Results show that the full life cycle energy consumption of alcohol fuels is highest, and the full life cycle energy consumption of the fuel cell is lowest, and the fuel consumption is mainly concentrated in the use stage, and that is lowest in the raw material stage. And the full life cycle CO2 emission of methanol is highest, and the full life cycle CO2 emission of Hybrid is lowest. The full life cycle VOCHCNOXPM10 and SOX emissions of alcohol fuels is highest, and the fuel cell is lowest.

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9

Ratna Dewi Syarifah, Nabil Nabhan MH, Zein Hanifah, Iklimatul Karomah, and Ahmad Muzaki Mabruri. "Analisis Fraksi Volume Bahan Bakar Uranium Karbida Pada Reaktor Cepat Berpendingin Gas Menggunakan SRAC Code." Jurnal Jaring SainTek 3, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31599/jaring-saintek.v3i1.333.

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Analysis of fuel volume fraction with uranium caride fuel in Gas Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR) with SRAC Code is has been done. The calculation used SRAC Code (Standard Reactor Analysis Code) which is developed by JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency), and the data libraries nuclear used JENDL 4.0. There are two calculation has been used, fuel pin cell calculation (PIJ Calculation) and core calculation (CITATION Calculation). In core calculation, the leakage is calculated so the calculation more precise. The CITATION calculation use two type of core configuration, i.e. homogeneous core configuration and heterogeneous core configuration. The power density value of two type core configuration is quite difference. It is better use heterogeneous core configuration than homogeneous core configuration, because the power density of heterogeneous core configuration is flatter than the other. From the analysis of fuel volume fraction, when the volume fraction is increase, the k-eff value is increase. And the optimum design after has been analysis for fuel volume fraction, that is the fuel volume fraction is 49% with a heterogeneous core configuration of three types of fuel percentages, for Fuel1 9%, Fuel2 12% and Fuel3 15%. This reactor is cylindrical, has a core diameter of 240 cm and a core height of 100 cm.

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10

Toftegaard, Maja B., Jacob Brix, Peter A. Jensen, Peter Glarborg, and Anker D. Jensen. "Oxy-fuel combustion of solid fuels." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 36, no. 5 (October 2010): 581–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2010.02.001.

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11

Hope, Chris. "Uncertainty in full fuel cycle costs." Energy Conversion and Management 37, no. 6-8 (June 1996): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(95)00263-4.

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12

Okada, Masanori, Daisuke Shigetomi, Masashi Matsumoto, Yoshimitsu Kobashi, and Jiro Senda. "FL1-5 Effects of Fuel Composition on Flame Lift-off Length and Pollutant Formation in Dual-component Fuel Spray(FL: Fuels,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.323.

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13

Huang, He, Louis J. Spadaccini, and David R. Sobel. "Fuel-Cooled Thermal Management for Advanced Aeroengines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1689361.

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Fuel-cooled thermal management, including endothermic cracking and reforming of hydrocarbon fuels, is an enabling technology for advanced aero engines and offers potential for cycle improvements and pollutant emissions control in gas turbine engine applications. The successful implementation of this technology is, however, predicated on the use of conventional multicomponent hydrocarbon fuels and an understanding of the combustion characteristics of the reformed fuel mixture. The objective of this research is to develop and demonstrate the technologies necessary for utilizing conventional multicomponent hydrocarbon fuels for fuel-cooled thermal management, including the development of the endothermic potential of JP-7 and JP-8+100, a demonstration of the combustion of supercritical/endothermic fuel mixtures, and conceptual design of a fuel-air heat exchanger. The ability to achieve high heat sinks with existing jet fuels (e.g., JP-7 and JP-8+100) was demonstrated with a bench-scale test rig operating under flow conditions and passage geometries simulative of practical heat exchangers for aircraft and missile applications. Key measurements included fuel heat sink, reaction products, and extent of conversion. Full-scale sector rig tests were conducted to characterize the combustion and emissions of supercritical jet fuel, and demonstrate the safety and operability of the fuel system, including a fuel-air heat exchanger.

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14

Rokni, M. "Addressing fuel recycling in solid oxide fuel cell systems fed by alternative fuels." Energy 137 (October 2017): 1013–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.082.

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15

Li, Y., H. Zhao, B. Leach, and T. Ma. "Development of a fuel stratification spark ignition engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 923–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x11220.

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A fuel stratification concept is being researched and developed in a three-valve twin-spark ignition engine. This concept requires that two different fuels or fuel components be introduced into the cylinder separately through two independent inlet ports. The fuels will be stratified laterally by means of strong tumble in the cylinder. Similar to the traditional air/fuel stratification engine, this fuel stratification engine can operate in very lean mixture or high exhaust gas dilution at part loads to reduce fuel consumption and NOx emissions. While at high-load operation, a higher compression ratio may be allowed owing to a potential increase in antiknock features if the lower research octane number (RON) fuel or component is ignited first, leaving the higher RON fuel in the end gas region. As a result, the fuel economy can be improved not only at part loads but possibly at full loads as well. This paper reports the development of such a fuel stratification engine. Firstly, the intake system of the engine was modified to produce a strong tumble flow which was measured by a digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. Then, a two-tracer planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) system was developed to visualize the fuel stratification in the cylinder. The engine combustion at part and full loads was also tested and analysed from cylinder pressure history. These research results show that the present strong tumble flow was characterized by a symmetrically distributed mean velocity in the intake stroke and a very small velocity component along the direction of the tumble rotational axis in the compression stroke. This flowfield created good fuel stratification laterally. The lean burn limit was considerably extended at part loads, and the knock limit at high loads also had a noticeable difference when higher and lower RON fuels respectively were ignited first.

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16

Levko, S. F., B. V. Dolishnii, and В. М. Melnyk. "Prospective types of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(32) (December 27, 2019): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2019-2(32)-97-106.

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Currently, the disposal and recycling of the alcohol industry products creates a number of difficulties due to the lack of well-established recycling lines in Ukraine. Since 1998, eight enterprises of the state-owned concern Ukrspirt have been converted to produce high-octane oxygen-containing additives (CFCs) for ethanol-based fuels to organize the processing of waste from the alcohol industry. During this time, they produced 28.2 thousand tonnes of CALs, but CALA enterprises face great difficulties in selling their products, as they are new and expensive. The influence of fusel oil additives on commodity fuels on the main physical and technical indicators of the obtained alternative fuels is considered in the paper. According to the results of studies of octane number, we have established the optimal compositions of fuel mixtures of fusel oils with gasoline A-80 can contain up to 10% of the latter. For mixtures of fusel oils with diesel fuel by cetane number, their optimum content in diesel fuel is from 4 to 10% by volume. But, according to the trends of the development of diesel engines, the compression ratio increases, which allows the use of diesel fuel with higher cetane number, and therefore it is possible to raise the content of fusel oils in diesel fuel to 12%. According to the results of studies of the environmental performance of the ZIL-130 engine when fusel oils are added to commercial gasoline in an amount of 2 to 10% vol. the CO content in ICE exhaust gases decreases by 9.3%, fuel consumption increases by 6.5%, hydrocarbons by 10.2% and nitrogen oxide by 16.9%. As a result of increasing the content of fusel oils in diesel from 0 to 6%, there is an increase in mass flow rate of fuel to 6.1%, an increase in the concentration of hydrocarbons to 10% and nitrogen oxides by 1.9% in the exhaust gases of the engine D21A1. Thus, as we see today, along with traditional fuels for internal combustion engines, it is possible to use their alternative substitutes quite efficiently both in their pure form and in mixtures with them. There are all prerequisites for this in Ukraine and the region, the only question is the financing of these projects.

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17

Hossain, Abul, and Abdul Hussain. "Impact of Nanoadditives on the Performance and Combustion Characteristics of Neat Jatropha Biodiesel." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 10, 2019): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050921.

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Jatropha biodiesel was produced from neat jatropha oil using both esterification and transesterification processes. The free fatty acid value content of neat jatropha oil was reduced to approximately 2% from 12% through esterification. Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles were added separately to jatropha biodiesel in doses of 100 ppm and 50 ppm. The heating value, acid number, density, flash point temperature and kinematic viscosity of the nanoadditive fuel samples were measured and compared with the corresponding properties of neat fossil diesel and neat jatropha biodiesel. Jatropha biodiesel with 100 ppm Al2O3 nanoparticle (J100A100) was selected for engine testing due to its higher heating value and successful amalgamation of the Al2O3 nanoparticles used. The brake thermal efficiency of J100A100 fuel was about 3% higher than for neat fossil diesel, and was quite similar to that of neat jatropha biodiesel. At full load, the brake specific energy consumption of J100A100 fuel was found to be 4% higher and 6% lower than the corresponding values obtained for neat jatropha biodiesel and neat fossil diesel fuels respectively. The NOx emission was found to be 4% lower with J100A100 fuel when compared to jatropha biodiesel. The unburnt hydrocarbon and smoke emissions were decreased significantly when J100A100 fuel was used instead of neat jatropha biodiesel or neat fossil diesel fuels. Combustion characteristics showed that in almost all loads, J100A100 fuel had a higher total heat release than the reference fuels. At full load, the J100A100 fuel produced similar peak in-cylinder pressures when compared to neat fossil diesel and neat jatropha biodiesel fuels. The study concluded that J100A100 fuel produced better combustion and emission characteristics than neat jatropha biodiesel.

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18

Qurbonovich, Yuldoshev Komil. "USING FUEL LYSIMETERS." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-09-09.

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This paper presents data on the effects of cotton maintenance on cotton yield under lysimeter conditions in reducing the adverse effects of water deficit. New, promising and zoned cotton varieties were analyzed by taking soil samples at the end of the vegetation period after applying mineral fertilizers, irrigation, and inter-row tillage. That is, the amount of humus in the soil compared to the beginning of the period of operation, at the end of the period of operation in the lysimeter with new varieties in the lysimeter with the regionalized Bukhara-8 and Sultan varieties, is explained.

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19

Taha, Maha A., Obed Ali, and Musa M. Weis. "Fusel Oil as A Fuel Additive with Gasoline to Operate Spark Ignition Engine, A Comparative Review." NTU Journal of Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (October 28, 2021): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56286/ntujet.v1i1.16.

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The climate change, global warning, energy price, and energy supply crisis are the essential issues facing of the world. The petroleum based energy supplement was the main responsible for these problems. Alternative fuels need and the increasing of the sources of renewable and clean energy with limited fuel supplies are becoming important. Many students are studies alcohol as alternative fuels. From fermentation process fusel oil is produced as a byproduct with higher alcohol content. During the last decades, fusel oil is took care as a renewable fuel in spark ignition engine. The objective of the present study, is to survey the effects of fusel oil-gasoline mixture on the performance (break torque, break power, brake specific fuel consumption, efficiency, & effective) also on characteristics of combustion and emissions ((CO , HC hydrocarbons, NOx)) in SI engine.

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20

Ayas, Gizem, and Hakan Öztop. "Thermal analysis of different Refuse Derived Fuels (RDFs) samples." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201010249a.

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As a result of the activities carried out by people to maintain their daily lives in different places such as homes, hospitals, hotels or workplaces, waste consisting of furniture, paint, batteries, food waste, sachets, bottles, fabrics, and fibers with the heterogeneous structure is called Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Secondary fuels with higher heating value, which are generated by recycling of non-recyclable and reusable wastes in municipal solid wastes, are called as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). In this study, Refuse Derived Fuel1 (RDF1 : taken in December, winter season) and Refuse Derived Fuel2 (RDF2 : taken in June, summer season) samples obtained from different dates were used. The ultimate, proximate, calorific value, X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were performed for these samples. Combustion characterization from Refuse Derived Fuel samples was investigated in the applied analyzes. The results of the content analysis made were examined separately and compared with the Thermogravimetric analysis and Differential Thermal Analysis combustion graph curves. It was revealed that the Refuse Derived Fuel1 sample had a better combustion compared to the Refuse Derived Fuel2 sample, as the ash amount and content obtained as a result of the combustion also supported other data. In addition, the results of the analysis show how different the Refuse Derived Fuel samples taken from the same region in two different months are different from each other.

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21

Manzoor Bhat, Zahid, Ravikumar Thimmappa, Mruthyunjayachari Chattanahalli Devendrachari, Alagar Raja Kottaichamy, Shahid Pottachola Shafi, Swapnil Varhade, Manu Gautam, and Musthafa Ottakam Thotiyl. "Fuel Exhaling Fuel Cell." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 9, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03100.

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22

YAMAMOTO, Takamitsu. "C207 DEVELOPMENT OF FUEL CELLS POWERED RAILWAY VEHICLE(Fuel Cell-1)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2009.2 (2009): _2–213_—_2–218_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2009.2._2-213_.

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23

Labeckas, Gvidonas, Stasys Slavinskas, and Irena Kanapkienė. "Study of the Effects of Biofuel-Oxygen of Various Origins on a CRDI Diesel Engine Combustion and Emissions." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071241.

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The paper presents the effects made by a fossil diesel–HRD (Hydrotreated Renewable Diesel) fuel blend containing Ethanol (E) or Biodiesel (B) on the combustion process, Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ITE), smoke, and pollutant emissions when running a turbocharged Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine under medium (50% of full load), intermediate (80% of full load), and full (100%) loads at maximum torque speed of 2000 rpm. These loads correspond to the respective Indicated Mean Effective Pressures (IMEP) of 0.75, 1.20, and 1.50 MPa, developed for the most common operation of a Diesel engine. The fuel-oxygen mass content was identically increased within the same range of 0 (E0/B0), 0.91 (E1/B1), 1.81 (E2/B2), 2.71 (E3/B3), 3.61 (E4/B4), and 4.52 wt% (E5/B5) in both E and B fuel groups. Nevertheless, these fuels still possessed the same blended cetane number value of 55.5 to extract as many scientific facts as possible about the widely differing effects caused by ethanol or biodiesel properties on the operational parameters of an engine. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses of the effects made by the combustion of the newly designed fuels with the same fuel-oxygen mass contents of various origins on the engine operational parameters were conducted comparing data between themselves and with the respective values measured with the reference (‘baseline’), oxygen-free fuel blend E0/B0 and a straight diesel to reveal the existing developing trends. The study results showed the positive influence of fuel-oxygen on the combustion process, but the fuel oxygen enrichment rate should be neither too high nor too low, but just enough to achieve complete diffusion burning and low emissions. The Maximum Heat Release Rate (HRRmax) was 3.2% (E4) or 3.6% (B3) higher and the peak in-cylinder pressure was 4.3% (E3) or 1.1% (B5) higher than the respective values the combustion of the reference fuel E0/B0 develops under full load operation. Due to the fuel-oxygen, the combustion process ended by 7.3° (E4) or 1.5° crank angle degrees (CADs) (B4) earlier in an engine cycle, the COV of IMEP decreased to as low as 1.25%, the engine efficiency (ITE) increased by 3.1% (E4) or decreased by 2.7% (B3), while NOx emissions were 21.1% (E3) or 7.3% (B4) higher for both oxygenated fuels. Smoke and CO emissions took advantage of fuel-oxygen to be 2.9 times (E4) or 32.0% (B4) lower and 4.0 (E3) or 1.8 times (B5) lower, respectively, while THC emissions were 1.5 times (E4) lower or, on the contrary, 7.7% (B4) higher than the respective values the combustion of the fuel E0/B0 produces under full load operation. It was found that the fuel composition related properties greatly affect the end of combustion, exhaust smoke, and pollutant emissions when the other key factors such as the blended cetane number and the fuel-oxygen enrichment rates are the same in both fuel groups for any engine load developed at a constant (2000 rpm) speed.

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24

Hoang, Van Khanh, Viet Phu Tran, and Thi Dung Nguyen. "Neutronic design of a PWR fuel assembly with accident tolerant-composite for the long-life core." Nuclear Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (May 11, 2022): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/nst.v11i2.358.

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For the future of nuclear power, the design and development of an economical, accident tolerant fuel (ATF) for use in the current pressurized water reactors (PWRs) are highly desirable and essential. It is reported that the composite fuels are advantageous over the conventional UO2 fuel due to their higher thermal conductivities and higher uranium densities. Due to higher uranium densities of the composite fuels, the use of composite fuels would lead to the significant increase of discharged burnup, thereby enhancing fuel cycle economy compared to that of the UO2 fuel. The higher thermal conductivities of composite fuels will increase the fuel safety margins. For implementation of the accident tolerant fuel concept, this study also investigates on the replacement of the conventional Zircaloy-4 cladding with SiC to minimize the hydrogen production due to interaction of water with cladding at high temperatures. In the present work, neutronic investigation of the composite fuels for a PWR has been conducted in comparison with that of the conventional UO2 fuel. Numerical calculations have been performed based on a lattice model using the SRAC2006 system code and JENDL-4.0 data library. Various parameters have been surveyed for designing a fuel with the UO2 and composite fuels such as U-235 enrichment, fuel pin pitch. In order to reduce the excess reactivity, Erbium was selected as a burnable poison due to its good depletion performance. The temperature coefficients including fuel, coolant temperature reactivity coefficients, and both the small and large void reactivity coefficients are also investigated. It was found that it is possible to achieve sufficient criticality up to 100 GWd/t burnups without compromising the safety parameters including that four reactivity coefficients are considered those associated with the fuel temperature, coolant temperature, small (5%) void and large (90%) void. Further analysis of the performance of the UO2 and composite fuels in a full core model of a PWR is being conducted.

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25

Bieder, Ulrich, Clarisse Genrault, and Pierre Ledac. "Hydraulic forces acting on full cross section fuel assemblies with 17×17 fuel rods." Progress in Nuclear Energy 130 (December 2020): 103515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103515.

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26

Audus, H., and L. Saroff. "Full fuel cycle evaluation of CO2 mitigation options for fossil fuel fired power plant." Energy Conversion and Management 36, no. 6-9 (June 1995): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(95)00132-w.

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27

Audus, H., and L. Saroff. "Full fuel cycle evaluation of CO2 mitigation opions for fossil fuel fired power plant." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, no. 3 (May 1996): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(96)89122-3.

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28

Walsh, Bruce. "How full is the evolutionary fuel tank?" Science 376, no. 6596 (May 27, 2022): 920–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abo4624.

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29

Ahmed, S. "Hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cells." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 26, no. 4 (April 2001): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3199(00)00097-5.

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30

Kee, Robert J., Huayang Zhu, and David G. Goodwin. "Solid-oxide fuel cells with hydrocarbon fuels." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 30, no. 2 (January 2005): 2379–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.277.

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31

Carrette, Linda, K. Andreas Friedrich, and Ulrich Stimming. "Fuel Cells: Principles, Types, Fuels, and Applications." ChemPhysChem 1, no. 4 (December 15, 2000): 162–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1439-7641(20001215)1:4<162::aid-cphc162>3.0.co;2-z.

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32

GÜLTEKİN, Nurullah, Halil Erdi GÜLCAN, and Murat CİNİVİZ. "Determination of effects of some alcohol blends on performance, emission, mechanical vibration and noise in diesel engines." European Mechanical Science 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26701/ems.1337150.

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The use of alcohol-derived fuels produced from renewable resources is an effective method to reduce dependence on petroleum. However, alcohols can improve the combustion process by changing the fuel chemistry. In this way, performance, emission, mechanical vibration and noise values can be improved in diesel engines. In this study; New fuel forms (D90E10, D90IB10, D80E10IB10, D77.5E10IB10DEE2.5, 75E10IB10DEE5) were formed by mixing ethanol, isobutanol and diethyl ether alcohols with diesel fuel in certain proportions. The fuels generated was used in experiments. The studies were conducted with four different loads (%25, 50, 75, and 100) at a constant speed (2800 rpm). The optimum fuel mixture was determined by examining the engine performance, exhaust emissions, mechanical vibrations and noise data obtained in the experiments. When the most important data output of the test results is evaluated; In tests with D75E10IB10DEE5 fuel, it was determined that smoke emissions were reduced by 24.6% and mechanical vibrations by 14.2% compared to standard diesel fuel at full load.

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33

CHOI, SEUNG-HUN, and YOUNG-TAIG OH. "ANALYSIS OF OXYGENATED COMPONENT (BUTYL ETHER) AND EGR EFFECT ON A DIESEL ENGINE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 15n16 (June 30, 2010): 2844–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210065738.

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Potential possibility of the butyl ether (BE, oxygenates of di-ether group) was analyzed as an additives for a naturally aspirated direct injection diesel engine fuel. Engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics were analyzed by applying the commercial diesel fuel and oxygenates additives blended diesel fuels. Smoke emission decreased approximately 26% by applying the blended fuel (diesel fuel 80 vol-% + BE 20vol-%) at the engine speed of 25,000 rpm and with full engine load compared to the diesel fuel. There was none significant difference between the blended fuel and the diesel fuel on the power, torque, and brake specific energy consumption rate of the diesel engine. But, NOx emission from the blended fuel was higher than the commercial diesel fuel. As a counter plan, the EGR method was employed to reduce the NOx . Simultaneous reduction of the smoke and the NOx emission from the diesel engine was achieved by applying the BE blended fuel and the cooled EGR method.

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34

Li, Liming, and Peter B. Sunderland. "Smoke points of fuel–fuel and fuel–inert mixtures." Fire Safety Journal 61 (October 2013): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.09.001.

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Lau, Cheuk Wah, Henrik Nylén, Klara Insulander Björk, and Urban Sandberg. "Feasibility Study of 1/3 Thorium-Plutonium Mixed Oxide Core." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/709415.

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Thorium-plutonium mixed oxide (Th-MOX) fuel has become one of the most promising solutions to reduce a large and increasing plutonium stockpile. Compared with traditional uranium-plutonium mixed oxide (U-MOX) fuels, Th-MOX fuel has higher consumption rate of plutonium in LWRs. Besides, thorium based fuels have improved thermomechanical material properties compared with traditional U-MOX fuels. Previous studies on a full Th-MOX core have shown reduced efficiency in reactivity control mechanisms, stronger reactivity feedback, and a significantly lower fraction of delayed neutrons compared with a traditional uranium oxide (UOX) core. These problems complicate the implementation of a full Th-MOX core in a similar way as for a traditional U-MOX core. In order to reduce and avoid some of these issues, the introduction of a lower fraction of Th-MOX fuel in the core is proposed. In this study, one-third of the assemblies are Th-MOX fuel, and the rest are traditional UOX fuel. The feasibility study is based on the Swedish Ringhals-3 PWR. The results show that the core characteristics are more similar to a traditional UOX core, and the fraction of delayed neutrons is within acceptable limits. Moreover, the damping of axial xenon oscillations induced by control rod insertions is almost 5 times more effective for the 1/3 Th-MOX core compared with the standard core.

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Price, Martin, Melinda Barnard-Tallier, and Karin Troncoso. "Stacked: In Their Favour? The Complexities of Fuel Stacking and Cooking Transitions in Cambodia, Myanmar, and Zambia." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 4457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154457.

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It remains unclear whether the decision to cook with both polluting and cleaner-burning fuels (‘fuel stacking’) serves as a transition phase towards the full adoption of clean-cooking practices, or whether stacking allows households to enhance fuel security and choose from a variety of cooking technologies and processes. This paper offers a unique contribution to the debate by positioning fuel stacking as the central research question in the exploration of existing household survey data. This research analyses the World Bank’s Multi-Tier Framework survey data concerning energy access and cooking practices in Cambodia, Myanmar, and Zambia. Its novel approach uses fuel expenditure data to group urban households according to the intensity of biomass consumption (wood, charcoal) relative to modern fuel consumption (electricity, gas). The research explores how different fuel-stacking contexts are associated with factors related to household finances, composition, experiences of electricity, and attitudes towards modern fuels. This study shows the diversity of characteristics and behaviours associated with fuel stacking in urban contexts, thus demonstrating the need for fuel stacking to feature prominently in future data collection activities. The paper ends with five key recommendations for further research into fuel stacking and its role in clean-cooking transitions.

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Sarathe, Abhishek, and Yogesh Yadav. "CFD Investigation on Nozzle Considering Fuel Properties of Alternative Fuel: A Review." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-1 (December 31, 2018): 783–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd19090.

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38

Edwards, G., B. Hyland, C. Kitson, and T. Chschyolkova. "Post-Closure Performance Assessment of a Deep Geological Repository for Advanced Heavy Water Reactor Fuels." AECL Nuclear Review 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12943/anr.2013.00018.

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Many countries worldwide are investigating the use of advanced fuels and fuel cycles for purposes such as increasing the sustainability of the nuclear fuel cycle, or decreasing the radiological impact of used fuel. One common metric used to assess the radiological impact to humans of fuels placed in a repository is the total radiotoxicity of the fuel, but this approach does not take into account how engineered and natural (i.e., rock) barriers can remove many radiotoxic nuclides from ground water before they reach the surface. In this study, we evaluate the potential radiological dose consequences of advanced fuels in the context of a full system model simulation for release and transport from a repository, transport through the surrounding geosphere, release to the biosphere and dose consequences for the target critical group. Heavy water moderated reactors, such as the CANDU® reactor, are well-suited to the use of advanced fuels, and the post-closure performance of a deep geological repository for spent natural uranium fuel from them has already been studied. For this study, two advanced fuels of current interest were chosen: a TRUMOX fuel designed to recycle plutonium and minor actinides and thereby reduce the amount of these materials going into disposal, and a plutonium thorium-based fuel whose main goal is to increase sustainability by reducing uranium consumption. The impact of filling a deep geological repository, of identical design to that for natural uranium, with used fuel from these fuel cycles was analyzed. It was found that the two advanced fuels analyzed had dose rates, to a hypothetical critical group of humans living above the repository, which remained a factor of 170 to 340 lower than the current acceptance limit for releases, while being 5.3 (for TRUMOX) and 2.6 (for thorium-plutonium) times higher than those of natural uranium. When the dose rates are normalized to total energy produced, the repository emissions are comparable. In this case, the maximum dose rates were found to be 6% lower for the TRUMOX fuel, and 16% higher for the plutonium thorium fuel, than for the used natural uranium fuel.

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Qian, Yong, Qiyan Zhou, Xiaole Wang, Lifeng Zhu, and Xingcai Lu. "Enabling dual fuel sequential combustion using port fuel injection of high reactivity fuel combined with direct injection of low reactivity fuels." Applied Thermal Engineering 103 (June 2016): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.04.122.

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40

Mizushima, Norifumi, Susumu Sato, Yasuhiro Ogawa, Toshiro Yamamoto, Umerujan Sawut, Buso Takigawa, Koji Kawayoko, and Gensaku Konagai. "FL1-4: A Study on Power, Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions of an LPG Engine with Liquid Fuel Injection System(FL: Fuels and Lubricants,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.779.

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41

McCarney, Joseph. ""Fuel Processing: for Fuel Cells"." Platinum Metals Review 53, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/147106709x465604.

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42

Stell, Scott, and John Cuzens. "Fuel-flexible, fuel processing technology." Fuel Cells Bulletin 2, no. 7 (April 1999): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-2859(00)80055-3.

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43

Chernikov, A. S. "HTGR fuel and fuel elements." Energy 16, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(91)90105-u.

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APPLEBY, A. "Fuel cells and hydrogen fuel." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 19, no. 2 (February 1994): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(94)90124-4.

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Karim, Ghazi. "Hydrogen as a spark ignition engine fuel." Chemical Industry 56, no. 6 (2002): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0206256k.

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Review is made of the positive features and the current limitations associated with the use of hydrogen as a spark ignition engine fuel. It is shown that hydrogen has excellent prospects to achieve very satisfactory performance in engine applications that may be superior in many aspects to those with conventional fuels. A number of design and operational changes needed to effect the full potential of hydrogen as an engine fuel is outlined. The question whether hydrogen can be manufactured abundantly and economically will remain the limiting factor to its widespread use as an S.I. engine fuel in the future.

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Baltacioğlu, Mustafa Kaan, Kadi̇r Aydin, Ergül Yaşar, Hüseyi̇n Turan Arat, Çağlar Conker, and Alper Burgaç. "Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission Parameters Changes on Diesel Engines Using Anisole Additive." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 987–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.987.

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In this study, effect of anisole additive into the diesel fuel on performance and emission parameters of diesel engines was investigated. Instead of structural changes which are more difficult and expensive, development of fuel technologies is preferred to provide reduction on exhaust gas emissions which are harmful to environment and human health. Therefore, in this experimental study, anisole was used as additive into diesel fuel with the volumetric ratio of 1,5%, 3% and 5%. The performance characteristics and exhaust emissions of a four cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspirated, water cooled, direct injection compression ignition engine fueled with modified fuels were analyzed. Engine was subjected constant speed, full load conditions during tests. Engine power, torque, specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emissions were measured and results were evaluated. Changes in performance parameters were negligible for all ratios of modified fuels except specific fuel consumption. Finally, while carbon monoxide gas emissions were increased with anisole additive, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide gas emissions were decreased.

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Brennan, Teresa J., and Jon E. Keeley. "Effect of mastication and other mechanical treatments on fuel structure in chaparral." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 7 (2015): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14140.

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Mechanical fuel treatments are a common pre-fire strategy for reducing wildfire hazard that alters fuel structure by converting live canopy fuels to a compacted layer of dead surface fuels. Current knowledge concerning their effectiveness, however, comes primarily from forest-dominated ecosystems. Our objectives were to quantify and compare changes in shrub-dominated chaparral following crushing, mastication, re-mastication and mastication-plus-burning treatments, and to assess treatment longevity. Results from analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified significant differences in all fuel components by treatment type, vegetation type and time since treatment. Live woody fuel components of height, cover and mass were positively correlated with time since treatment, whereas downed woody fuel components were negatively correlated. Herbaceous fuels, conversely, were not correlated, and exhibited a 5-fold increase in cover across treatment types in comparison to controls. Average live woody fuel recovery was 50% across all treatment and vegetation types. Differences in recovery between time-since-treatment years 1–8 ranged from 32–65% and exhibited significant positive correlations with time since treatment. These results suggest that treatment effectiveness is short term due to the rapid regrowth of shrubs in these systems and is compromised by the substantial increase in herbaceous fuels. Consequences of not having a full understanding of these treatments are serious and leave concern for their widespread use on chaparral-dominated landscapes.

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Masera, Omar R., and Jaime Navia. "Fuel switching or multiple cooking fuels? Understanding inter-fuel substitution patterns in rural Mexican households." Biomass and Bioenergy 12, no. 5 (January 1997): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(96)00075-x.

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Avcı, Ahmet K., Z. İlsen Önsan, and David L. Trimm. "On-board fuel conversion for hydrogen fuel cells: comparison of different fuels by computer simulations." Applied Catalysis A: General 216, no. 1-2 (August 2001): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(01)00568-3.

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Harding, N. S., and S. A. Cooper. "Boiler performance and cost analysis of fuels and fuel blends using the Fuel Quality Advisor." Fuel Processing Technology 141 (January 2016): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.07.034.

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