Journal articles on the topic 'Fuel Reduction Value (FRV)'
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Wojcieszyk, Michał, Lotta Knuutila, Yuri Kroyan, Mário de Pinto Balsemão, Rupali Tripathi, Juha Keskivali, Anna Karvo, Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio, Otto Blomstedt, and Martti Larmi. "Performance of Anisole and Isobutanol as Gasoline Bio-Blendstocks for Spark Ignition Engines." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 8729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168729.
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Several countries have set ambitious targets for the transport sector that mandate a gradual increase in advanced biofuel content in the coming years. The current work addresses this transition and indicates two promising gasoline bio-blendstocks: Anisole and isobutanol. The whole value chains of these bio-components were considered, focusing on end-use performance, but also analyzing feedstock and its conversion, well-to wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs. Three alternative fuels, namely a ternary blend (15% anisole, 15% isobutanol, 70% fossil gasoline on an energy basis) and two binary blends (15% anisole with fossil gasoline and 30% isobutanol with fossil gasoline), were tested, focusing on their drop-in applicability in spark ignition (SI) engines. The formulated liquid fuels performed well and showed the potential to increase brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 1.4% on average. Measured unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were increased on average by 12–29% and 17–51%, respectively. However, HC and CO concentrations and exhaust temperatures were at acceptable levels for proper catalyst operation. The studied blends were estimated to bring 11–22% of WTW GHG emission reductions compared to base gasoline. Additionally, the fleet performance and benefits of flexi-fuel vehicles (FFV) were modeled for ternary blends.
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Amacher, Gregory S., Arun S. Malik, and Robert G. Haight. "Forest landowner decisions and the value of information under fire risk." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2603–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-143.
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We estimate the value of three types of information about fire risk to a nonindustrial forest landowner: the relationship between fire arrival rates and stand age, the magnitude of fire arrival rates, and the efficacy of fuel reduction treatment. Our model incorporates planting density and the level and timing of fuel reduction treatment as landowner decisions. These factors affect, among other things, the loss a landowner incurs should fire arrive before harvesting. The value of information depends on the nature and combination of mistakes a landowner makes, the relationship between fire arrival and stand age, and on whether the landowner undertakes fuel treatment and values nontimber benefits. Information of various types is of most value to a landowner who does not undertake fuel treatment. The value of information about the magnitude of fire risk is also more than twice as high when the landowner underestimates fire risk, rather than overestimating it. For a landowner who undertakes fuel treatment but makes multiple mistakes, the asymmetry between overestimating and underestimating fire risk and efficacy of fuel reduction is even more pronounced.
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Srivastava, Pooja. "Generation of Fuel and Value-Added Chemicals from Carbon Dioxide (CO2)." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 12, no. 01 (June 30, 2020): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v12i01.9.
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Despite its life-threatening long term effects, the continuous increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the environment requires immediate actions to control the accelerating climate change. An appealing solution to this problem is to utilize CO2 as feedstock to generate useful chemicals, e.g., fuel, hydrocarbons, and valuable chemicals. The chemical inertness of CO2 needs considerably large energy for its conversion into useful chemicals. Therefore, CO2 reduction reaction requires an effective catalyst for its conversion into fuel (methanol, methane) and industrial chemicals (syngas, formic acid). Recently, two-dimensional layers of early transition metal carbides and nitrides, called MXene, have shown potential for catalysis due to its exposed transition metal sites, and mechanical and chemical stability at high temperatures. Herein, the author presents the MXene as a potential heterogeneous catalyst for the CO2 reduction reaction (CRR), and the future scope in this currently developing field.
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Penman, T. D., F. J. Christie, A. N. Andersen, R. A. Bradstock, G. J. Cary, M. K. Henderson, O. Price, et al. "Prescribed burning: how can it work to conserve the things we value?" International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 6 (2011): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09131.
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Prescribed burning is a commonly applied management tool, and there has been considerable debate over the efficacy of its application. We review data relating to the effectiveness of prescribed burning in Australia. Specifically, we address two questions: (1) to what extent can fuel reduction burning reduce the risk of loss of human life and economic assets posed from wildfires? (2) To what extent can prescribed burning be used to reduce the risk of biodiversity loss? Data suggest that prescribed burning can achieve a reduction in the extent of wildfires; however, at such levels, the result is an overall increase in the total area of the landscape burnt. Simulation modelling indicates that fuel reduction has less influence than weather on the extent of unplanned fire. The need to incorporate ecological values into prescribed burning programmes is becoming increasingly important. Insufficient data are available to determine if existing programs have been successful. There are numerous factors that prevent the implementation of better prescribed burning practices; most relate to a lack of clearly defined, measurable objectives. An adaptive risk management framework combined with enhanced partnerships between scientists and fire-management agencies is necessary to ensure that ecological and fuel reduction objectives are achieved.
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TAKAYAMA, Atsuyoshi, Masatoshi IKEDA, Hirotsugu FUJITA, and Wataru HARANO. "Exhaust Gas Reduction Technology by the Premixed Combustion using Triple Fluid Fuel Injection Value." Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering 42, no. 12 (2013): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5956/jriet.42.747.
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Vorob'ev, Yu V., and A. V. Dunaev. "Increasing the calorific value of motor fuels." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 83, no. 8 (August 15, 2016): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66236.
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The results of the studies of mechanochemical activation of motor fuels aimed to increase their calorific value and reduce their consumption in automotive internal combustion engines are summarized. Traditionally, the improvement in fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness of such engines is achieved by high-tech modernization of fuel systems. But it can also be achieved by modification of fuels that changes their properties and increases the calorific value. By means of methods of mechanochemistry, using the equipment with low power consumption and a simple process, the mixtures and separate oil fractions are destroyed with the formation of low molecular homologs, as well as hydrogen and carbon. The degradation of saturated hydrocarbons is the breaking of chains, and unsaturated ones are destroyed through the formation of saturated products. The hydrogenation by degradation products of the starting material is possible. The mechanochemistry of fuels is investigated on the example of a combined static mixer-activator. The activator in the form of cylinder of 150 mm length and 30-50 mm diameter is used for modifying motor fuels; it has three serial camera, embeds in any of the fuel systems of internal combustion engine, does not require the drive, is free of chemical substances, does not affect the performance of gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation kerosene, fuel oil, does not reduce the engine lifetime. The tests were performed on a test bench with YaMZ-236 diesel engine using three different diesel fuels, at first with installation of activator in the fuel supply line of fuel high pressure pump, and then in its main drain line. When idling of diesel engine with engine speed of 900-1300 rpm, the reduction of activated fuel consumption on average by 26.3% is revealed in eleven tests. The methods for improving the calorific value of fuels by different impacts are reviewed.
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Chen, Gang, Wei Su, and Tian Sheng Chen. "Study for Fuel Management about Energy Saving Index of Thermal Power Plant." Advanced Materials Research 424-425 (January 2012): 1278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.1278.
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This paper analyzed the reasons why different of calorific value between coal as received and coal as fired generate. The differences of calorific value between coal as received and coal as fired of seven power generation groups were compared. Evaluation cycle, evaluation indicators and evaluation methods of the calorific value difference were proposed. It was pointed out that the new evaluation criteria would contribute to energy saving and consumption reduction of power enterprises
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Song, Chun Yan, Yong Liang Gui, Bin Sheng Hu, and Quan Hui Li. "Optimization and Selection of Solid Fuel Type in Sintering Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 2581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.2581.
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In order to use resonably fuel resources and reduce cost of manufacture, the effects of coke and coal powder on chemical coposition and metallurgical properties of sinter were studied with the iron ore blender as the iron-contained materials. Results shown that the reducibility at 900°C was slightly improved and the low temperature reduction degradation index was worsened with the coke powder as the solid fuel relative to coal powder under the equal calorific value condition. However, with the increasing of solid fuel ratio, the mechanical strength and low temperature reduction degradation index was improved.
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CISEK, Jerzy, Andrzej BOROWSKI, Joanna CAŁKOWSKA, and Łukasz WICHARY. "Effect of nitrON® cetane-detergent additive to B7 fuel on energy parameters and exhaust gas composition of a 6Dg locomotive with a Caterpillar C27 engine." Combustion Engines 186, no. 3 (September 13, 2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-140113.
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In order to avoid the negative effects of increasing the amount of RME in the fuel, the nitrON® package was used, containing 3 different additives: stabilizing, washing and increasing the cetane number of the fuel. The tests were carried out with the use of the Caterpillar C27 engine of the 6Dg locomotive connected to a water resistor. The hourly engine fuel consumption (FC), NOx concentration and exhaust opacity were measured for 3 points of the F test, in accordance with UIC 624. The concentration of the nitrON® additive in the test fuel was 1500 ppm (v / v). For idling, the reduction in FC value was only 1.5% (in relation to the base fuel), but for a very high engine load and nominal rotational speed, the percentage reduction in FC was as high as 5%. The reduction of NOx concentration for idling (as a result of using nitrON®) was approx. 10%, while for high engine load, the percentage reduction of NOx concentration in the exhaust gas exceeded 15%.
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Shevchenko, K., A. Grigorov, and I. Sinkevich. "PROPERTIES OF BOILER FUEL COMPOUNDED BY NARROW FUEL FRACTIONS." Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, no. 2 (November 4, 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2021.2.03.
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In order to improve the performance properties, in particular viscosity-temperature, of boiler fuel, it is proposed to combine them with narrow fuel fractions obtained by thermal destruction of secondary polymer raw materials (low pressure polyethylene and polypropylene).
When compounding grade 100 fuel oil with narrow fuel fractions, the values of density are reduced to 865 (873) kg / m3, conditional viscosity to 2.50 (2.63) deg. um., pour point up to 8 (13) °C), sulfur content up to 0.17 wt%. and the lower heat of combustion increases to 43606 (43850) kJ / kg. At the same time, there is a gradual decrease in the value of the flash point to 114 (127) °C.
This reduction is a negative point, which leads to increased fire safety of fuel oil during its use, storage, pumping and transport. However, the values of the flash point, according to the requirements of regulatory documentation, are within acceptable limits. That is, the value of this indicator can limit the content of fuel oil in narrow fuel fractions.
It is determined that the rational concentration of narrow fuel fractions in the composition of fuel oil grade 100, is within 30% of the mass. Within these limits, there is a permissible decrease in flash point values – an indicator that characterizes the fire hazard of fuel oil during its use, storage, pumping and transportation against the background of improving other performance properties of fuel oil.
The production of the proposed compound boiler fuel on the one hand allows to expand the raw material base of the process by involving in the production process secondary polymer raw materials – solid waste subject to mandatory disposal, on the other – to meet existing demand for boiler fuel by increasing its production.
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Zhou, Qiang, Wanfu Liu, and Wuqin Qi. "Research on carbon emission potential of electric vehicles and fuel vehicles." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123601025.
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Electric vehicles are considered as a effective tool for energy conservation and emission reduction, Because of its zero direct carbon emissions. However, thermal power generation accounts for a large proportion in China's power generation structure, so the indirect carbon emissions of electric vehicles must be considered. In order to further study the carbon emission potential of electric vehicles compared with traditional fuel vehicles, the direct carbon emission of fuel vehicles and the indirect carbon emission of battery electric vehicles were calculated. The results show that the carbon reduction effect of electric vehicles is obvious, and the coal power technology and the energy structure of power generation have great influence on the carbon reduction potential of electric vehicles. Based on this, suggestions are put forward to promote electric vehicles and fully release their emission reduction potential from the aspects of enhancing consumers' perception of social value, improving energy structure and improving coal power technology.
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Rabbani, Mohammad Attalique, M. V. S. Murali Krishna, and P. Usha Sree. "Reduction of Pollutants of Insulated Diesel Engine with Plastic Oil with Supercharging." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): S284—S290. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.043.
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This paper aims at alternative fuel technology for diesel engine and environmental protection. The exhaust emissions from diesel engine are particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxide (NOx ) levels, carbon mono oxide (CO) emissions and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) and cause severe health hazards when they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental disorders like Global warming, Green-House effect, acid rain etc,. Hence control of these emissions is urgent and an immediate step. Vegetable oils and alcohols are important substitutes for diesel fuel, as they are renewable in nature. Though vegetable oils have comparable properties with diesel fuel, however, they have high viscosity and low volatility causing combustion problems in diesel engines. Alcohols have high volatility but low Cetane number (a measure of combustion quality in diesel engine). Plastic oil derived from waste plastic collected from debris by the process of pyrolysis has equitant calorific value with diesel fuel. However, its viscosity is higher than diesel fuel calls for low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine. The concept of LHR diesel engine is to minimize the heat flow to the coolant there by increase of thermal efficiency. This LHR engine is useful for burning high viscous and low calorific value fuels. LHR engine consisted of ceramic coated cylinder head engine. The exhaust emissionsof PM, CO, NOx and UBHC with plastic oil were determined with conventional engine (CE) and LHR engine with varied injection timing at full load operation of the engine. Injection timing was varied with an electronic sensor. PM was determined by AVL Smoke meter, while NOx , CO and UBHC were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi gas analyzer at full load operation of the engine. The data was compared with neat diesel operation on conventional engine.
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Xu, Xinkuo, and Liyan Han. "Operational Lifecycle Carbon Value of Bus Electrification in Macau." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 3784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093784.
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The economic value of carbon emission reduction in the electrification of buses is of concern in practical and academic fields. The aim of this paper, which focuses on direct and indirect carbon emissions, is to study the economic value of the carbon emission reduction of bus electrification in an operational lifecycle carbon footprint, with the empirical data sourced from the bus electrification in Macau. First, it proposes the methodology to evaluate the operational lifecycle carbon value of bus electrification (OLCVBE). Second, it analyses the distinct impacts of internal determinants on OLCVBE. Third, it discusses the determinants’ characteristics for OLCVBE. The results indicate that (1) OLCVBE may be a carbon debt, but it is not a carbon asset in some situations; (2) OLCVBE is determined by the carbon emission coefficients of both electric power and fossil fuel, buses’ electric or fossil fuel consumption levels, buses’ terminations, carbon price and discounted rate; and (3) as a comparison, electric power’s embedded carbon emission coefficient has the biggest impact on OLCVBE, then carbon price and the electric consumption have the second or third biggest impacts, and the annual driving distance of buses has relative less impact. This paper provides a new perspective to study the economic and environmental effects of bus electrification.
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Prasasti, R. A., M. A. Budihardjo, and B. P. Samadikum. "Reduction of waste generation to extend the lifetime of landfill: review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 896, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/896/1/012067.
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Abstract The increasing number of people in Indonesia, one of which is the city of Semarang, has led to increased community activities. Increased community activities will affect the increase in the amount of waste production. It will also impact the service life of the landfill, so efforts need to be made to extend the service life of the landfill. Efforts can be made to reduce the amount of waste that goes to the landfill, usually by sorting organic and inorganic waste. Reducing the amount of waste can also be done by utilizing waste that has been buried in the landfill (TPA), then processed into alternative fuels or RDF (Refused Derived Fuel). Waste reduction by sorting organic and inorganic waste has been carried out in several places, namely Putri Cempo TPA, Milangsari, and Sukoharjo, with percentage reductions of 79.6%, 35%, and 58%. Meanwhile, the use of waste into fuel or RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) can also be used as an effort to extend the service life of the landfill because waste that has been buried for a long time has a high calorific value so that it meets the requirements as fuel for the pyrolysis process.
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Bulgakov, Volodymyr, Volodymyr Nadykto, Olga Orynycz, and Simone Pascuzzi. "Reduction in Energy Consumption by Mitigation of Cultivation Resistance Due to the New Fallow Harrow Concept." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 8500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228500.
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One of the best precursors for winter wheat is fallow. Its application aims to solve two important tasks: preserving and accumulating soil moisture and weed control. The authors of this paper have designed a new modular harrow for fallow tillage, which can work stably at a depth of 5–6 cm tillage while maintaining and even accumulating soil moisture. This article describes a method designed by the authors for a reasonable selection of the design parameters concerning the working devices mounted inside the new harrow, such as their length and working width, as well as the angles of vertical inclination (ε) and horizontal deviation (γ) of blades, depending on the accepted depth of the upper soil layer loosening. To reduce the soil tillage resistance of the harrowing unit resulting in a reduction in the tractor fuel consumption, the value of the inclination angle (ε) of its vertical blade should be chosen so that the corresponding change in the value of the deflection angle of the horizontal blade (γ) complies with the constrain of the product of tangents of these angles. Moreover, preference should be given to choosing the value of the angle ε with the subsequent determination of the angle γ value. It is demonstrated that proper use of the new type of harrow assures fuel savings and decreases carbon dioxide emissions even if fossil fuel alone is used. Additional reduction of CO2 emission can be achieved when biofuels are used as a replacement for fossil ones.
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Kotob, Mostafa Raafat, Tianfeng Lu, and Seddik S. Wahid. "Experimental Study of Direct Water Injection Effect on NOx Reduction from The Gas Fuel." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 76, no. 3 (October 29, 2020): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.76.3.92108.
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Direct Water Injection (DWI) is commonly used in many nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions control applications due to its effect to reduce the adiabatic flame temperature. In this paper an experimental test rig is designed to study the effect of water injection spray inside a simulated gas turbine combustor from the gas fuel. The practical work introduced by the chemical reaction methodology followed by the experiment which was presented and discussed carefully. Results are obtained in term of the exhaust gas temperature and different injection parameters including position, direction and fuel mass flow rate on the nitrogen oxide emission value in PPM (Parts per Million) at different conditions. The results showed that the best water injection effect was obtained at 45° degree inside the primary air zone. Injection location has a major effect on the NOx reduction as the best injected location is the Primary air zone compared with the direct fuel nozzle tip due to the increase of the water droplets residence time inside the combustor and perform a vortex that will affect the reduction of exhaust gas temperature and NOx emission respectively. The huge impact was observed at LPG (Liquefied Petroleum gas) flowrate 2.7L/min and water to fuel ratio about 0.4 as the NOx value was decreased about 73% from almost 381 PPM to 73 PPM. The chemical reaction arrangement order methodology presented good agreement with the experimental results at different fuel flow rate and equivalence ratio. The chemical Reaction equations were implemented to calculate the different adiabatic flame temperatures which is experimentally known as the exhaust gas temperature and impacted directly the NOx emission results.
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Putra, Rico Bernando, and Suhartati Agoes. "Design of a Fuel Sensor Noise Reduction System Using Kalman Filter." ELKHA 13, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/elkha.v13i1.44589.
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In the field of transportation, telematics is used to obtain vehicle information using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology which is integrated with sensors so that vehicle information can be monitored. One of them is fuel monitoring. The fuel sensor has good accuracy in stationary conditions, but the tability of the data is disturbed when the vehicle is running on an uneven road and causes the tank to shake. This study discusses a fuel sensor noise reduction system using a Kalman filter to overcome the problem of data instability due to shocks. This research aims to reduce noise so that the filter results are closer to the actual result. Filtering is done by changing the process error covariance (Q) and measurement error (R) in the Kalman filter. The fuel sensor noise is simulated using a simulator tank driven by an actuator that can tilt towards the x-axis and the y-axis to resemble the behavior of a vehicle. The fuel level data from the sensor readings are sent by GPS via the cellular network to a server which is then filtered using a web application. From the test results obtained the best filter with (Q) equals 0.1^3 and (R) equals 0.1^3. The average error of the best filter results is 4.73% where this value is 1.92% smaller than the average error of sensor data before filtering, which is 6.65%. Therefore, this proves that the system can reduce noise that occurs in the fuel sensor with the Kalman filter.
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Kuznetsov, G. V., I. V. Cherednik, A. A. Galaktionova, and S. A. Yankovsky. "The influence of wood processing waste on the technical and energy characteristics of the Maikuben coal-based mixed fuels." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2057, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2057/1/012128.
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Abstract The manuscript presents the results of experimental studies of the energy and technical characteristics of mixed fuels based on lignite from the Maikuben basin of the Republic of Kazakhstan and wood processing waste, pine sawdust from the Tomsk LPC. The addition of wood biomass to coal is found to result in a significant reduction in the ash content of the mixed fuel (by 73.1 %) with a wood fraction equal to 50 % and a moderate reduction in calorific value (by 8.2 %) with the same concentration of biomass in the mixed fuel.
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Santhanam, Suganthi, and Thiruvalar Selvan Palavesam. "Microstrip Feed Trapezoidal Shape Antenna Array with Defected Ground Structure for S Band Applications." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 5 (June 30, 2021): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.d2497.0610521.
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In this proposal new trapezoidal patch microstrip feed antenna array with ground defected by square shape is designed for detailed antenna parameter study in terms of return loss, VSWR, gain and radiation pattern for S band applications from 2 to 3 GHz. The bandwidth and radiation properties of four radiating element arranged in 2 x 2 array has been improved by defecting half of the ground by etching square shape opposite to the vertical feed point. 30 x 70 x 1.6 mm dimension structure has been fabricated in FR4 substrate for low cost applications and performance analyzed in three different planes. With comparison of four element array with full ground, the proposed array with defected ground has proved the improvement in behavior with return loss of -34.687 dB and ideally fit with VSWR of 1.038. Parametric study with feed length and substrate thickness has also been performed optimized decision of structure dimension. This study reveals that by reducing the substrate thickness and increasing the feed length, we can improve the performance of loss reduction. The front view has been simulated with full ground and defected ground for comparison and the compared results shows that the loss reduction of -22 dB has been achieved with VSWR value of 1.03 from 2.28 for defected ground structure. The designed structure has been simulated with CST software and the comparison of simulated results has conform that the proposed structure can be used for S band application like airport surveillance radars with wide bandwidth of 120 MHz and gain of 3.52 dBi. Comparison has been made between the proposed antenna array and the antennas available in literature with respect to bandwidth gain, reflection coefficient and defection type for better understanding.
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Alzate-Gaviria, Liliana, Raul Tapia-Tussell, Jorge Domínguez-Maldonado, Rubi Chable-Villacis, Gabriela Rosiles González, and Cecilia Hernández-Zepeda. "Removal of Coliphage MS2 Using a Microbial Fuel Cell Stack." Water 13, no. 19 (October 5, 2021): 2756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192756.
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Bioelectrochemical technologies offer alternative ways of treating wastewater and using this process to generate electricity. However, research in this area is just beginning to consider environmental transmission of viruses present in wastewater. The viral fecal indicator coliphage MS2 (the most frequently used pathogen model) was used in this study, since it is a well-known indigenous wastewater virus. The scaled-up bioelectrochemical system had a working volume of 167 L and coliphage MS2 concentration decreased from 8000 to 285 PFU/mL. The kinetics were quantified up to 15 h, after which excessive yeast growth in the system prevented further bacteriophage determination. The logarithmic reduction value (LRV) calculated within the first three hours was 3.8. From 4 hours to 14, LRV values were from 4.1 to 4.8, and in hour 15 the LRV increased to 5.3, yielding a more than 90% reduction. Overall, results obtained indicate that the scaled-up bioelectrochemical treatment system was efficient in reducing coliphage MS2 densities and could be used as a model to explore its further applicability for the reduction of viruses or pathogens in treated effluents.
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Chen, Jing Jie, and Ying Huan Zou. "A Significant Impact Parameter Extraction Method Based on Rough Set Attribution for Reduction Fuel Consumption Estimation." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1289.
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QAR recorded a large number of the real operation of flight fuel consumption process parameters. How accurate expression of the aircraft fuel consumption using a limited number of parameters to ,And then guide the fuel installation of Both theory and engineering value, In this paper, the method based on rough set attribute reduction, In order to quickly capture the QAR parameter populations for fuel consumption is estimated to significantly affect parameters. This method is more time-consuming short flight mechanics analysis methods, Subjective impact of low, And universal. In addition, the method also integrated into the continuous attribute discrimination algorithm based on information entropy. Further improve the reliability of the results of data analysis. Finally, the algorithm implementation steps and simulation results verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.
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Радченко, Андрій Миколайович, Ян Зонмін, Микола Іванович Радченко, Сергій Анатолійович Кантор, Богдан Сергійович Портной, and Юрій Георгійович Щербак. "ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ВСТАНОВЛЕНОЇ ХОЛОДОПРОДУКТИВНІСТІ СИСТЕМИ ОХОЛОДЖЕННЯ ПОВІТРЯ НА ВХОДІ ГАЗОТУРБІННОЇ УСТАНОВКИ ЗА ПОТОЧНИМ ТЕПЛОВИМ НАВАНТАЖЕННЯМ." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2019.2.07.
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Significant fluctuations of the current temperature and relative humidity of the ambient air lead to significant changes in the thermal load on the cooling system at the inlet of gas turbine units (GTU), which acutely raises the problem of choosing their installed (design) thermal load. Calculations of ambient air cooling processes were carried out for different climatic conditions, for example, southern Ukraine (Mykolaiv) and Central China (Beijing). It is analyzed two methods of determination of the installed (design) cooling capacity of the ambient air cooling system at the GTU inlet according to the maximum current reduction of fuel consumption and according to the maximum rate (increase) of annual reduction of fuel consumption following to increasing of the installed cooling capacity, calculated by summarizing the current values of fuel consumption reduction. It is shown that the values of the installed cooling capacity of the air cooling system at the GTU inlet, determined by both methods, are close enough but differ significantly for different climatic conditions. The advantage of the method of calculating the installed cooling capacity of the air cooling system at the GTU inlet according to the maximum rate of annual reduction in fuel consumption is the possibility of a more precise definition of it due to the absence of significant fluctuations in the annual reduction in fuel consumption, calculated by summarizing the current values of fuel consumption reduction. Since the maximum reduction in fuel consumption per year is achieved with some decrease in the rate of its increment at high values of the design cooling capacity, required in the hottest hours in the summer and excessive in somewhat cool periods (at night and in the morning even in the summer), the installed cooling capacity, determined according to the maximum rate of the reduction of fuel consumption, will be insufficient in times of increased thermal loads above their design value. In such cases, the elimination of the deficit in cooling capacity is possible by using an excess of cold accumulated during reduced thermal loads
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Triana, Novera Elisa, and Sakti Aji Lesmana. "Lean Thinking Approach to Waste Reduction in the Production Process at Transformer Companies." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 08, no. 12 (2022): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2022.8.12.6.
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Minimizing all waste (waste) is mandatory for the company. The results of the study using a lean approach, followed by looking at the winding process as a whole, Big Picture Mapping and identification of waste that occurs in business processes, carried out by comparing the actual time to the standard time for the winding process, the value-adding time for the winding process is 21310 minutes. In contrast, the total production time is about 22995 minutes. The non-value-addingtime ,whichdoes not add value to the product, is 1685 minutes, and identified the causefor the delayusing Root Cause Analysis. Waste waiting is the most waste among other wastes.Minimizing all waste (waste) is mandatory for the company. The results of the study using a lean approach, followed by looking at the winding process as a whole, Big Picture Mapping and identification of waste that occurs in business processes, carried out by comparing the actual time to the standard time for the winding process, the value-adding time for the winding process is 21310 minutes. In contrast, the total production time is about 22995 minutes. The non-value-addingtime whichdoes not add value to the product,is 1685 minutesand identified the causefor the delayusing Root Cause Analysis.Waste waiting is the most waste among other wastes
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Li, Gen Bao. "Dimethyl Ether (DME): A New Alternative Fuel for Diesel Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 1014–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.1014.
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To use dimethyl ether as fuel for compression ignition engine to partially replace fossil oil, this study developed a city bus operating on DME blended with diesel oil. Considering fuel lubricity, viscosity, and calorific value, the optimized mixing ratio for blend fuel was chosen as 20 wt% DME in diesel oil (D20). Vapor pressure experiments carried out using a highly accurate thermophysical property measurement system showed that the backpressure for blended fuels must not be lower than 0.6Mpa to avoid vapor block in the engine fuel supply system. Moreover, because DME attacks conventional polymer sealants in the fuel system, new sealants made of nitrile rubber (NBR) were used to replace those original one. Experiments demonstrated that these were resistant to swelling by DME. For engine performance, it was found that fueled with D20, the rated engine power output can be comparable to that of diesel engine after increasing the supplied fuel amount per cycle, while the overall fuel economy was improved simultaneously. Moreover, for load characteristics at 1800r/min, over 70% reduction in smoke and 20% reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission were achieved, indicating that using DME blends as fuel can significantly improve the engine emissions.
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Gangadharan, Praveena, and Indumathi M. Nambi. "Hexavalent chromium reduction and energy recovery by using dual-chambered microbial fuel cell." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 3 (December 24, 2014): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.524.
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Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is utilized to treat hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from wastewater and to generate electricity simultaneously. The Cr(VI) is bioelectrochemically reduced to non-toxic Cr(III) form in the presence of an organic electron donor in a dual-chambered MFC. The Cr(VI) as catholyte and artificial wastewater inoculated with anaerobic sludge as anolyte, Cr(VI) at 100 mg/L was completely removed within 48 h (initial pH value 2.0). The total amount of Cr recovered was 99.87% by the precipitation of Cr(III) on the surface of the cathode. In addition to that 78.4% of total organic carbon reduction was achieved at the anode chamber within 13 days of operation. Furthermore, the maximum power density of 767.01 mW/m2 (2.08 mA/m2) was achieved by MFCs at ambient conditions. The present work has successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using MFCs for simultaneous energy production from wastewater and reduction of toxic Cr(VI) to non-toxic Cr(III).
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Houtman, Rachel M., Claire A. Montgomery, Aaron R. Gagnon, David E. Calkin, Thomas G. Dietterich, Sean McGregor, and Mark Crowley. "Allowing a wildfire to burn: estimating the effect on future fire suppression costs." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 7 (2013): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12157.
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Where a legacy of aggressive wildland fire suppression has left forests in need of fuel reduction, allowing wildland fire to burn may provide fuel treatment benefits, thereby reducing suppression costs from subsequent fires. The least-cost-plus-net-value-change model of wildland fire economics includes benefits of wildfire in a framework for evaluating suppression options. In this study, we estimated one component of that benefit – the expected present value of the reduction in suppression costs for subsequent fires arising from the fuel treatment effect of a current fire. To that end, we employed Monte Carlo methods to generate a set of scenarios for subsequent fire ignition and weather events, which are referred to as sample paths, for a study area in central Oregon. We simulated fire on the landscape over a 100-year time horizon using existing models of fire behaviour, vegetation and fuels development, and suppression effectiveness, and we estimated suppression costs using an existing suppression cost model. Our estimates suggest that the potential cost savings may be substantial. Further research is needed to estimate the full least-cost-plus-net-value-change model. This line of research will extend the set of tools available for developing wildfire management plans for forested landscapes.
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Bauen, Ausilio, Anisha Harris, Christopher Sim, Nick Gudde, Matteo Prussi, and Nicolae Scarlat. "CORSIA Lower Carbon Aviation Fuels: An Assessment of the Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Potential." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 11818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211818.
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Curbing aviation emissions is clear goal for the aviation sector, but it is a challenging task. At international level, the ICAO CORSIA initiative promotes the use of alternative fuels as a means to decarbonise flights. Among alternative fuels, lower carbon aviation fuels (LCAF) have been proposed under CORSIA. LCAF refers to a fossil fuel, which have been produced in a way that results in at least 10% lower lifecycle GHG emissions compared to a benchmark value. This paper analyses potential LCAF solutions for reducing GHG emissions of kerosene production and evaluates them relative to the ICAO baseline of 89.0 gCO2eq/MJ of fuel. The study analyses the levers that can reduce GHG upstream emissions (emissions from crude oil production) and refining emissions as well. This study shows that no one lever can reduce emissions to a sufficient level to meet the requirement of being a CORSIA-eligible fuel, and therefore that the deployment of multiple levers needed. Since jet fuel comprises only around 10% of total refining output, the LCAF measures could support the implementation of large, high-abatement cost changes, such as refinery-wide carbon capture and storage that affects multiple fuels.
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Al-Esawi, Nawar, Mansour Al Qubeissi, and Ruslana Kolodnytska. "The Impact of Biodiesel Fuel on Ethanol/Diesel Blends." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 12, 2019): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091804.
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The interest in biofuels was stimulated by the fossil fuel depletion and global warming. This work focuses on the impact of biodiesel fuel on ethanol/diesel (ED) fuel blends. The soybean methyl ester was used as a representative composition of typical biodiesel fuels. The heating and evaporation of ethanol–biodiesel–diesel (EBD) blends were investigated using the Discrete–Component (DC) model. The Cetane Number (CN) of the EBD blends was predicted based on the individual hydrocarbon contributions in the mixture. The mixture viscosity was predicted using the Universal Quasi-Chemical Functional group Activity Coefficients and Viscosity (UNIFAC–VISCO) method, and the lower heating value of the mixture was predicted based on the volume fractions and density of species and blends. Results revealed that a mixture of up to 15% biodiesel, 5% ethanol, and 80% diesel fuels had led to small variations in droplet lifetime, CN, viscosity, and heating value of pure diesel, with less than 1.2%, 0.2%, 2%, and 2.2% reduction in those values, respectively.
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Choi, Kibong, Suhan Park, Hyun Gu Roh, and Chang Sik Lee. "Combustion and Emission Reduction Characteristics of GTL-Biodiesel Fuel in a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112201.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of using gas to liquid (GTL)-biodiesel blends as an alternative fuel on the physical properties as well as the combustion and emission reduction characteristics in a diesel engine. In order to assess the influence of the GTL-biodiesel blending ratio, the biodiesel is blended with GTL fuel, which is a test fuel with various blending ratios. The effects of GTL-biodiesel blends on the fuel properties, heat release, and emission characteristics were studied at various fuel injection timing and blending ratios. The test fuels investigated here were GTL, biodiesel, and biodiesel blended GTL fuels. The biodiesel blending ratio was changed from 0%, 20% and 40% by a volume fraction. The GTL-biodiesel fuel properties such as the fuel density, viscosity, lower heating value, and cetane number were analyzed in order to compare the effects of different mixing ratios of the biodiesel fuel. Based on the experimental results, certain meaningful results were derived. The increasing rate of the density and kinematic viscosity of the GTL-biodiesel blended fuels at various temperature conditions was increased with the increase in the biodiesel volumetric fraction. The rate of density changes between biodiesel-GTL and GTL are 2.768% to 10.982%. The combustion pressure of the GTL fuel showed a higher pressure than the biodiesel blended GTL fuels. The biodiesel-GTL fuel resulted in reduced NOx and soot emissions compared to those of the unblended GTL fuel. Based on the experimental results, the ignition delay of the GTL-biodiesel blends increased with the increase of the biodiesel blending ratio because of the low cetane number of biodiesel compared to GTL. As the injection timing is advanced, the NOx emissions were significantly increased, while the effect of the injection timing on the soot emission was small compared to the NOx emissions. In the cases of the HC and CO emissions, the GTL-biodiesel blended fuels resulted in similar low emission trends and, in particular, the HC emissions showed a slight increase at the range of advanced injection timings.
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Park, Ju-Hyoung, Min-Ho Jin, Young-Joo Lee, Gyu-Seob Song, Jong Won Choi, Dong-Wook Lee, Young-Chan Choi, Se-Joon Park, Kwang Ho Song, and Joeng-Geun Kim. "Two-in-One Fuel Synthetic Bioethanol-Lignin from Lignocellulose with Sewage Sludge and Its Air Pollutants Reduction Effects." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 9, 2019): 3072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163072.
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Developing effective, economical, and environmentally sound approaches for sewage sludge management remains an important global issue. In this paper, we propose a bioethanol-lignin (nonfood biomass)-based sewage sludge upgrading process for enhancing the heating value and reducing air pollutants of hybrid sewage sludge fuel (HSF) for the effective management of sewage sludge. Sewage sludge paste with the lignin-CaO solution implies drying at 105 °C accompanied by torrefaction at 250 °C. During torrefaction, moisture and partly volatile matter begin to evaporate, and are almost vaporized out to the surface. In this study, the proposed process enhances the net caloric value (NCV) to 37%. The lignin-embedded HSF shows a two-in-one combustion peak regardless of the mixing ratio, resulting in a 70% reduction of unburned carbon (UBC) emissions, which is one of the particular matter (PM) sources of combustion flue gas. Other air pollutants, such as CO, hydrocarbon, NOx, and SOx, were also reduced by the proposed process. In particular, SOx emission remained at ~1 ppm (average value) regardless of the sulfur content of the fuel.
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Xu, Xinkuo, Xiaofeng Lv, and Liyan Han. "Carbon Asset of Electrification: Valuing the Transition from Fossil Fuel-Powered Buses to Battery Electric Buses in Beijing." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 14, 2019): 2749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102749.
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An increasing number of cities are transitioning from fossil fuel-powered buses for public transport to battery electric buses, but there is still much confusion about the economic evaluation of the electrification of buses, especially in terms of the carbon asset value for carbon emissions reduction in this transition. Taking Beijing as the example, this paper studies the economic value of the transition of public buses from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses from the perspective of carbon asset theory, and mainly focuses the analysis on direct carbon emissions. First, the theory and methodology of carbon asset evaluation are introduced for the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses. Second, the internal determinants of the carbon assets for the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses are studied. Third, the distinct impacts of the determinants of the carbon assets of the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses are analysed. The results indicate that (1) the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses has a carbon asset value; (2) the carbon asset value of the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses is determined by the distance-specific CO2 emissions of fossil fuel-powered buses, the carbon price and the annual driving distances of the buses as well as the discounted rate of the carbon assets for buses and the termination time of the fossil fuel-powered or battery electric buses; and (3) the carbon assets contribute to the economic value of the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses. This paper provides academic support for the economic evaluation of the transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to battery electric buses in a low-carbon society.
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MirHassani, S. A., and S. Mohammadyari. "Reduction of carbon emissions in VRP by gravitational search algorithm." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 25, no. 6 (September 2, 2014): 766–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-08-2013-0086.
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Purpose – Nowadays, global warming, due to large-scale emissions of greenhouse gasses, is among top environmental issues. The purpose of this paper is to present a problem involving the incorporation of environmental aspects into logistics, which provides a comparison between pollution reduction and distance-based approaches. Design/methodology/approach – In green vehicle routing problem (VRP), the aim is to model and solve an optimization problem in order to minimize the fuel consumption which results in reducing energy consumption as well as air pollution. The Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is adapted and used as a powerful heuristic. Findings – Here, it is shown that a set of routes with minimum length is not an optimal solution for FCVRP model since the total distance is not the only effective factor for fuel consumption and vehicle's load plays an important role too. In many cases, a considerable reduction in emissions can be achieved by only an insignificant increase in costs. Research limitations/implications – Green transportation is a policy toward reducing carbon emissions. This research focussed on routes problem and introduce FCVRP model. GSA is used as a powerful heuristic to obtain high quality routes in a reasonable time. Considering other factors that affecting fuel consumption could make this study more realistic. Practical implications – When a distribution center receives all the information it needs about the demand from all the retail stores it supplies, a VRP is produced. So the models are valid for use by all goods producers and distributors. The preliminary assessment of the proposed model and method carried out on benchmark problems up to 200 nodes. Originality/value – Fuel consumption is one of the most influential factors in transportation costs. This paper introduces an innovative decision-making framework to obtain optimum routes in a vehicle routes problem considering air pollution. The results were compared from fuel consumption as well as total travel distance viewpoints.
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Lin, Sheau Horng, Chuen Shii Chou, and Shih Hsun Fan Chiang. "Preparation and Characterization of Solid Biomass Fuel from Waste Mushroom Cultivation Bags." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.222.
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This study investigated the feasibility of preparing the solid biomass fuel from bio-waste material in the waste mushroom cultivation bag (WMCB) and examined whether the decaying carbohydrates due to the fungi present in the bio-waste material of WMCB affects the heating value of the solid biomass fuel. This study involves the following steps: (1) drying the bio-waste material of WMCB and the wood dust of Taiwan Acacia (TA); (2) grinding the bio-waste material of WMCB and the wood dust of TA into the powder GPWMCB and GPTA , respectively; (3) characterizing the heating value of the powder of GPWMCB and GPTA ; (4) solidifying the air-dried powder of GPWMCB (or GPTA ) into a biomass briquette BMBWMCB or BMBTA using the piston-in-mold process; (5) charcoalizing the biomass briquette BMBWMCB and BMBTA into the charcoal briquette CBWMCB and CBTA, respectively, using a home-made mechanical furnace of charcoalization; and (6) characterizing the charcoal yield, the ash and the heating value of the CBWMCB and CBTA , respectively. Both CBTA and CBWMCB inhere the linear relationship between the average heating value and the charcoalization temperature. The RPHV,which indicates the reduction percentage of heating value of CBWMCB,is less than 10%,compared with the heating value of CBTA .
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Kothandapany, Anandavelu, and Viswanath Krishnan. "Investigating the Performance, Reduction of Emission and Combustion Characteristics of YSZ Coated D.I.Diesel Engine Powered by Binary Bio-fuels." Revista de Chimie 72, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.21.1.8403.
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Performance, emission and combustion studies were carried out on the ceramic coated diesel engine (YSZ) fed with biodiesel obtained from the oil derived from the mango seeds (MSBD) and MSBD blended with turpentine oil (MSBTO). The performance study showed that the MSBD and MSBTO blends showed 3.6% and 7.1% more BSFC value compared to that of DF in ceramic coated engine due to higher density and viscosity. The maximum brake thermal efficiency was observed 28% for DF in coated engine compared to other fuels due to less fuel consumption of DF because of lower density. The emission characteristics displayed that the MSBTO fuel showed 12%, 15.2% and 29.1% reduction in the smoke density, NOx and CO respectively compared to that of DF in coated engine. However, the MSBD and MSBTO showed 17 and 21% more release of UBHC at full conditions compared to that of DF in ceramic coated engine due to lesser calorific values of MSBD and MSBTO compared to the calorific value of DF. Combustion study revealed that the MSBD and MSBTO displayed less cylinder pressure compared to that of DF in coated engine and the MSBTO fuel showed the 5.3% decrease in the cylinder pressure compared to that of DF in coated engine owing to less heat liberation and lower cetane value. HRR followed the similar trend of variation of cylinder pressure and the MSBTO displayed 7.4% lower HRR compared to that of DF in coated engine.
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Muspratt, A. Murray, T. Nakato, C. Niwagaba, H. Dione, J. Kang, L. Stupin, J. Regulinski, M. Mbéguéré, and L. Strande. "Fuel potential of faecal sludge: calorific value results from Uganda, Ghana and Senegal." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 2 (October 21, 2013): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.055.
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This research tested the viability of using faecal sludge (FS) as solid fuel – an end use that could unlock an environmentally and financially beneficial replacement for disposal-oriented FS management, while replacing fossil energy. FS samples were collected from pit latrines, septic tanks, drying beds and stabilization ponds in three cities, Kumasi, Dakar and Kampala. For each sample, the average calorific value, solids and water content, and their variation with source and age were determined. The average calorific value of untreated FS across the three cities was 17.3 MJ/kg total solids (TS), which compares well with other biomass fuels. The age of FS did not affect its calorific value, nor did the reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) that occurred while it was in drying beds. The TS content of FS depended on its source but ranged from 1 to 6% for sludge from septic tanks and pit latrines, respectively. Harnessing net energy from FS requires partial drying. The results indicate that sufficient drying occurs within two weeks in open-air drying beds, or in a matter of days with simple drying bed innovations.
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A. Karim, Nabila, Muhammad Syafiq Alias, Siti Kartom Kamarudin, and Norilhamiah Yahya. "N-Doped CNT: Distribution Electron on Different Ratio N/C for Oxygen Reduction Reaction." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 32, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2020-32(4)-20.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have the advantage to improve electrochemical fuel cell reactions by increasing the dispersion of nanoparticles as well as having high strength in mechanical and electrical properties. Therefore, this study presents the comparison of nitrogen doped CNT and other doping heteroatom on CNT as a catalyst support for application in the Direct Liquid Fuel Cell (DLFC). The doping ratio in CNT was conducted to determine the effect of the oxygen reduction reaction. In addition, the effect of CNT diameter in oxygen adsorption also has been tested. The models and calculations were done using density functional theory (DFT). The result showed that the ratio of N/C is decreases as the diameter of CNT decreases. The value is even dropped as the unit cell is increased to 1x1x2. The band gap value of CNT before doping is higher compared to after nitrogen doping. While increasing the diameter of doped CNT has increased the mulliken charge distribution and thus make the model more stable. In the adsorption energy of molecule oxygen, the 1x1x2 unit cell of CNT and large diameter show a remarkable and stable compared to in 1x1x1 unit cell and small diameter of CNT. Thus, the adsorption energy of the oxygen molecule shows a more stable value in the low doping ratio and high CNT diameter compared to a high doping ratio and a small diameter of the CNT. This result shows the potential of the CNT in helping to improve electrochemical reaction in DLFC.
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B, Vivekanadam, and Karuppusamy P. "Integrated Renewable Energy Management System for Reduced Hydrogen Consumption using Fuel Cell." March 2021 3, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jeea.2021.1.005.
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The hybrid energy sources and their behavior may be controlled by monitoring and sensing with the help of a single or multiple control strategies incorporated in the energy management system. Utilization of the battery state of charge (SOC) and reduction in the consumption of hydrogen are the main objectives of battery and fuel cell (FC) based renewable hybrid power systems. The lifespan of the hydrogen storage as well as battery may be improved while improving the cost reduction benefits using these parameters. These objectives are achieved by designing an integrated energy management system (IEMS). A battery, supercapacitor (SC), proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and Photovoltaic (PV) cell are combined to provide the required power to a predetermined load to form a renewable hybrid power system (RHPS). During daylight, PV is the master power source in RHPS. During the shading or night time, FC is the secondary power source. When high load power is required, the FC is supported by the battery. Load fast change or load transient operation is performed by the SC. Maximum SOC value and minimum hydrogen consumption value is obtained simultaneously based on predetermined functions that aids in switching between the state machine control, frequency decoupling and fuzzy logic based integrated strategies in the proposed energy management model. When compared to the stand-alone strategies, the integrated model achieves increased SOC and reduced hydrogen consumption. When maximum value of PV power is attained, the surplus power is displayed at the load. The battery is charged using this surplus power. The stand-alone strategies and integrated strategy results are compared. The attainment of the goal of IEMS is confirmed from this comparison.
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Bai, Zhen Hua, Hong Xin Si, Qing Tian Zhou, Xiu Jun Li, Shou Min Wu, and Xiao Dong Shi. "Development for the Comprehensive Optimization Technology of Process Lubrication Regime in Double Cold Reduction." Advanced Materials Research 279 (July 2011): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.279.296.
Full textAbstract:
The setting goals of process lubrication were not all-inclusive in the previous manufacturer of double cold reduction. Strip shape, surface quality, the fuel consumption of unit and rolling stability could not be considered comprehensively. Aimed at the equipment and production craft characters of double cold reduction unit, at the basis of putting forward the comprehensive control index of a strip-shaped fuel consumption cleanliness for the first time, ensuring the shape quality of strip, lowering the oil residue on strip surface, improving the cleanliness of strip surface and reducing fuel consumption were defined as control targets; besides, the control of slip and heat-scratches were defined as constraints. A complete comprehensive optimization technology of process lubrication regime was established and has been applied to a 1220 double cold reduction unit belonging to Baosteel in China. Rolling speed, surface quality and strip shape quality are improved effectively, and oil consumption is reduced, meanwhile, the productivity and rolling yield of unit are ensured. This technology has created economic benefits for domestic steel makers and has further extended application value.
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Suryawan, I. Wayan Koko, I. Made Wahyu Wijaya, Novi Kartika Sari, Iva Yenis Septiariva, and Nurulbaiti Listyendah Zahra. "Potential of Energy Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to Become Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in Bali Province, Indonesia." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 10, no. 1 (September 14, 2021): 09–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v10i1.29804.
Full textAbstract:
The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Bali has various environmental impacts. One of the updates on sustainable waste processing is the RDF treatment plant processing. Before carrying out the processing, MSW characterization is needed because each region has a diverse composition. The processing of MSW into RDF provides benefits for achieving MSW reduction targets, renewable energy use, and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For this reason, this study was conducted to determine the potential of MSW in Bali as an alternative to renewable fuel and its potential to reduce GHG. MSW's potential calorific value as a raw material for RDF in Bali can reach 9.58 - 17.71 MJ/kg. The implementation of processing waste into RDF in pellets has shown a calorific value of ± 3904 - 4945 kkcal/kg. Implementing MSW processing into RDF in Bali can reduce GHG by 178 - 330 times compared to open dumping.
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Umosekhaimhe, G. O. "Development of an Energy Efficient Solid Fuel for Maximum Emission-Reduction and Regular Heating Rate in Fired Heaters." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.525.
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In consideration to the numerous impacts of coal burning especially in domestic indoor fires, a coal-based composite solid fuel has been developed to immensely reduce gaseous emissions, while at the same time maintaining good heat generation rate. The fuel-type which was produced from a mixture of coal and clay solution yielded its optimum heating properties and minimum emission for a formulation of 2:1 of coal: clay solution (1:2.5 of clay: water) by mass fraction. The calorific value of the pure coal was higher than that of composite coal by a factor 1.2 for the same mass of sample used. The formulated composite solid fuel which was found to compete favourably with pure coal, was also efficient toward gaseous emission reduction when combusted at 400oC than at 800oC.
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Yan, Yi. "Analysis and Discussion on Burning Low Calorific Value Fuel of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler." E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901074.
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China's coal-dominated energy structure will not change in a short time. In order to implement the relevant national policies on energy conservation and emission reduction, it is a good response to adopt circulating fluidized bed boilers in coal-fired power stations. Circulating fluidized bed boiler adopts fluidized combustion, which has high reliability and high utilization rate because of its special combustion mode and particle recycling device. For the low calorific value inferior fuel which is difficult to burn in common boiler, CFB boiler also has certain adaptability and compatibility. In this background, this article with coal gangue as the representative of the inferior coal are discussed its application in the circulating fluidized bed boiler, the combustion process, boiler equipment and special fly ash produced by combustion is proposed that often appear in the three aspects of problems, and accordingly put forward the solution and optimization measures, provides reference for the actual process.
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Omar, Ashraf Ali, ALAMAN ALTAF, and Waqar Asar. "Passive Drag Reduction of the Square Back Truck Body." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 9892–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.19.3.2022.02.0762.
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Drag is one of the most significant factors that increase fuel consumption, followed by operating cost of the vehicle. Square-back road vehicles like trucks and buses are common and popular means of transport across the globe. In this background, it is of great research value to reduce the drag on vehicles, improve their fuel efficiency and reduce their operational cost. In this work, a simplified model of a truck was considered, and its drag was reduced by modifying its geometry using passive drag reduction devices. The passive devices used in this study were backward-facing step, fins, splitter plates/tabs, dimple, vents, and channels. These devices, of different sizes and configurations, were numerically studied using CFD software Star CCM+ at a Reynolds number of 2.4127×10^6. Drag reduction up to 9.9% was achieved, when backward-facing step was placed at the bottom rear edge of the truck. Further, multiple circular channels used on the truck’s sides reduced the drag up to 6.5%, while multiple rectangular channels on the sides of the truck achieved 5.1% drag reduction. The maximum drag reduction of the fins was found to be 4.6%. In spite of these, no significant drag reduction was observed when using splitter plates/tabs, dimple and vents.
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Aranyi, D., Péter M. Nagy, Zs Oláh, and Erika Kálmán. "AFM Investigation of Steels Surfaces Worn in HFRR Tests." Materials Science Forum 537-538 (February 2007): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.537-538.285.
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Radical reduction of sulphur content in diesel fuel from the mid 90’s had disastrous impact on diesel fuel’s lubricity. Due to the desulphurization process the lubricity of diesel fuel dropped significantly and got crucial nowadays. The lubricity performance of the diesel fuel is evaluated by the HFRR test in Europe. The HFRR value is determined by measuring the equivalent wear scar diameter occurred on the steel ball specimen during the test. The topographies of these wear scars were investigated by AFM and correlation between the morphology of the worn surfaces and the different HFRR values has been found.
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Melnyk, V. М., F. V. Kozak, М. М. Hnyp, and D. V. Lisafin. "Efficiency of hydrogen use in mixtures with compressed natural gas on car engines." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(36) (December 29, 2021): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2021-2(36)-98-105.
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One of the important aspects of using hydrogen in an equivalent fuel is economic efficiency. In the calculations of the economic efficiency of the use of hydrogen as an additive to compressed natural gas, the necessary technical condition is to ensure the same calorific value of the equivalent fuel in comparison with commercial natural gas. To solve this problem, we obtained the dependence of the change in the price of natural gas on the lower heat of combustion, calculated the change in the consumption of equivalent fuel from the equation of heat balance contained in compressed natural gas and equivalent fuel. Depending on the increase in the lower heat of combustion when adding hydrogen, we obtained the value of the heat of combustion of compressed gas that can be used in mixtures with hydrogen. Therefore, for the accepted prices for compressed natural gas and hydrogen and under the same calorific value of equivalent fuel and compressed natural gas from the calculations it is seen that with increasing percentage of hydrogen in fuel mixtures of natural gas and hydrogen increases economic efficiency. This is due to the use in fuel mixtures of natural gas with low calorific value, and hence low cost, and as an option it can be biogas. When using hydrogen additives to compressed natural gas with low calorific value in the amount of up to 70% by weight, you can achieve a reduction in the cost of natural gas to 12.5 UAH on kilogram. This effect, when using hydrogen additives to natural gas, indicates the prospects of this direction of hydrogen use and the feasibility of further research.
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Alassaf, Saleh H., Vladimir I. Savander, and Ahmed A. Hassan. "Use of erbium as a burnable absorber for the VVER reactor core life extension." Nuclear Energy and Technology 6, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.6.60563.
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The paper presents the results of a computational and theoretical analysis concerned with the use of erbium as a burnable absorber in VVER-type reactors. Partial refueling options for the reactor life extension to 18 and 24 months is considered, the refueling ratio being equal to three for the 18-month life and to two for the 24-month life. Erbium is expected to be present in all fuel elements in the FA with the same weight content. The influence of the erbium weight content on such neutronic characteristics of the reactor and fuel as burn-up, reactivity coefficients, residual volume of “liquid" control, and amounts of the liquid radioactive waste (LRW) formed was assessed. The calculations were performed using a simplified model of refueling without FA reshuffling. An infinite array of polycells consisting of FAs with different in-core times was considered. The escape of neutrons from the core was taken into account by selecting the critical value K∞ at the end of life. Erbium does not burn up in full for the lifetime which affects the fuel burn-up as compared with the liquid excessive reactivity compensation system. The reduction is 0.7% per 0.1% of the erbium weight load in the fuel elements. This, however, also reduces the maximum content of the boron absorber in the coolant and the LRW accumulation in the ratio of 5% per 0.1% of the erbium weight load. Erbium influences the spectral component of the coolant temperature reactivity coefficient which turns out to be negative even with its minor weight fraction in fuel elements, and a reduction in the boron absorber fraction leads to a positive value of the density reactivity coefficient. As a result, the overall coolant temperature reactivity coefficient has a negative value throughout the lifetime.
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Zhang, Xian, Qinglong Wang, Weina Qin, and Limei Guo. "Sustainable Policy Evaluation of Vehicle Exhaust Control—Empirical Data from China’s Air Pollution Control." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010125.
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With the increase of car ownership, mobile pollution has become an important source of air pollution, which makes it more difficult for China to control air pollution. In order to control mobile pollution from automobile exhaust, China has taken a series of comprehensive measures. The paper studies the emission reduction effect from the perspective of flow pollution and stock pollution. First of all, the paper uses the actual emission data of motor vehicles to study the emission reduction effect by gasoline and diesel vehicles. The results show that: (1) Fuel price, fuel tax (except diesel), and emission and gasoline standards have an emission reduction effect on gasoline vehicle exhaust control, while the restriction has no effect. (2) In gasoline cars, the emission reduction effect in the Middle East is more significant than in the West, and the effect in the West is better than that in the Middle East. (3) As for diesel vehicles, the effect of policy in the West is superior to the East. Further, the east is better than in the middle. Secondly, based on the actual emission data of Chinese motor vehicles, the paper simulates the change value of stock pollution from automobile exhaust under different policies, and concludes that the economic effect of policy depends on the ecological absorption rate and discount rate. When the net discount value NPV is positive, the government should do its best to interfere with the emission of automobile exhaust. When the net discount value NPV is negative, the government doesn’t have to interfere with the emission of automobile exhaust.
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Wu, Chao, Mai Dun Shao, and Dong Bin Ai. "Design of EFL Control System for 950 Motorcycle Based on MCU." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 2998–3001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.2998.
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With requirements to air quality for human’s living, energy conservation and emission reduction, motorcycle emission in our country is in strict accordance with Euro III standard, while use of EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection) control system is one of the main measures to achieve the emission requirements. In this paper, 51-series MCU is applied as the core control unit for EFI control system of 950 (ml) large displacement motorcycles, which improves the dynamics and fuel economy of 950 (ml) gasoline engines. Hardware and software designs are proposed. Hardware design covers input signal processing circuit and driver circuit for EFL and software design analyzes the software control strategy in four aspects: engine work modes, fuel injection, ignition and idle speed control. The design in this paper has advantages of low cost and optimal control system performance. It not only fulfills the requirement of energy conservation and emission reduction, but also improves the performance of control system. Simulations carried out are presented to demonstrate that air-fuel ratio is controlled around ideal value, which is of great significance to large displacement motorcycle industry.
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Bala Manikandan, C., S. Balamurugan, P. Balamurugan, and S. Lionel Beneston. "Weight reduction of motorcycle frame by topology optimization." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 92 (December 3, 2018): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9664.
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Purpose: of this paper is to improve the fuel efficiency of electrical motorcycle by reducing the weight of its frame without affecting the basic functionalities, dimensions and performance. Design/methodology/approach: Weight reduction of the frame was achieved by topology optimization technique. Initially the load and stresses acting on the frame was studied. Material of the frame was chosen as Aluminium and the frame was geometrically modelled using Autodesk Fusion 360. With the help of ANSYS AIM 18.2, weight of the frame was optimized by the design modifications suggested by the concept of topology optimization, for the corresponding loads and stresses induced on it. It was observed that the stress induced on the modified design was lesser than that of respective permissible yield stress of the frame material. After optimization, the weight of the frame was reduced from 3.0695 kg to 2.215 kg with the weight reduction of 27.84%. The weight reduction shows that the topology optimization is an effective technique, without compensate the performance of the frame. Approach used in the paper for the weight reduction of the frame is the topology optimization. The modelled frame was topology optimized by using ANSYS 18.2. After the topology optimization, the regions where the metal removal is possible, for weight reduction was identified. Findings: In this paper, the motor cycle frame was optimized and weight of the frame was reduced from 3.065 kg to 2.215 kg. Weight reduction of 27.84% was achieved without compensating the performance. Research limitations/implications: All the components of the automobile may be topology optimized for the weight reduction, thereby improving the fuel efficiency. Innovative design/Improvement in design also possible. Practical implications: By reducing the weight of the frame, weight of the automobile also reduces. Reduction in weight of the automobile leads to improved fuel efficiency. Originality/value: Weight of the motorcycle frame reduced by topology optimization. The regions of material removal at the frame, without compensating the performance was identified.
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Gunasekar, P., S. Manigandan, and Praveen Kumar T.R. "Hydrogen as the futuristic fuel for the aviation and aerospace industry – review." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 93, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-07-2020-0145.
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Purpose The rise in demand and high utilization of fuel causes severe environmental threat for the nations on the globe. Rapid burning potential of hydrogen produces enormous amount of thrust, and it is mainly owing to wide flame range and less onset of ignition. Design/methodology/approach The significant contribution of hydrogen as fuel has been explored by several researchers around the globe recently to use in aviation sector owing to its eco-friendly nature. Hydrogen is a safe and clean fuel, and it can be generated from several sources. The effects of addition on hydrogen on gas turbine on combustion characteristics and emission concentration level on atmosphere have been reviewed in this paper. Findings Incorporation of hydrogen is effective reducing nitrous oxide emission, high calorific value and flame less combustion. Addition of hydrogen to higher proportions enhances the combustion performance, minimizing the setbacks of conventional fuel and meets the specified standards on emission. Originality/value From the literature review, the comparative study on hydrogen with other fuel is explained. This paper concludes that addition of hydrogen in fuel enhances the performance of combustion on gas turbine engine along with significant reduction in emission levels.
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Hafford, Lauren M., Barbara J. Ward, Alan W. Weimer, and Karl Linden. "Fecal sludge as a fuel: characterization, cofire limits, and evaluation of quality improvement measures." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 12 (December 29, 2018): 2437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.005.
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Abstract In many low-income cities, a high proportion of fecal sludge, the excreta and blackwater collected from onsite sanitation systems such as pit latrines, is not safely managed. This constitutes a major danger to environmental and human health. The water, sanitation, and hygiene sector has recognized that valorization of treated fecal sludge could offset the upfront cost of treatment by using it as a fuel source. The few quantitative studies on fecal sludge fuel published to date have focused on heating value, moisture, ash fraction, and heavy metals. However, other factors impacting fuel utility, specifically ash speciation, have not been adequately quantified for fecal sludge. This study contributes to closing that gap and shows the value of more detailed quantification. It first characterizes fecal sludge samples from Colorado and Uganda, confirms that the fuel is better if cofired with other biomass, and outlines a framework for determining safe cofire ratios. Second, the study evaluates two methods for improving fecal sludge as a fuel: carbonization and ash leaching. Carbonization of fecal sludge did not improve fuel quality, but leaching showed promise in ash reduction.