Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fuel injectors

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Fuel injectors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fuel injectors"

1

OSIPOWICZ, Tomasz, and Karol ABRAMEK. "Diagnosing methods common rail fuel injectors." Combustion Engines 168, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-109.

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Article describes diagnose and research methods Common Rail system fuel injectors. Professional diagnose modern fuel injectors is very difficult procedure. Basic theirs work parameter influencing on correctly work parameters are magnitude injection and return dosages by definite pressures prevailing in system and injection times. Sometimes dosages during diagnose by coordinate task and actual fuel injector are correct but engine work is not proper. So that during diagnose should extend tests procedure in range varies work conditions. Fuel injectors work characteristics are one of method researching in whole range work. During researches has been used Continental fuel injector.
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Raunmiagi, Zygmunt, and Piotr Bielawski. "Identification of the Water-Cooled Fuel Injectors for Engines." Key Engineering Materials 588 (October 2013): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.588.134.

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The fuel injector acts a double role: it is the valve of the pump supplying fuel to the combustion chamber and the device spraying a supplied dose. As the valve it may operate as a self-opening or self-closing valve, depending on the pressure produced by the fuel pump, or the valve controlled by external signals. Techniques and diagnosis methods for fuel injectors depend on a fuel injectors control system and construction details. For practical reasons the fuel injector is a sectional valve with a separated component called atomizer. Atomizers must be cooled. It is possible to cool with fuel or with external water-or oil-cooling system. In case of liquid-cooled fuel injectors, apart from malfunctions causes known from literature, decrease of the cooling efficiency may appear, as the effect of the penetration of fuel from injector to the cooling system of injector. There are no reports concerning detectability of fuel leakage into cooling liquid with known techniques and diagnosis methods of injection systems and fuel injectors. In the article there will be presented as follows: a connection of the atomizer and injector body as the place of fuel leakage into the cooling system, reasons for loss of leak tightness in connection of atomizer with the body of atomizer and methods applicable for the leak tightness analysis, mechanisms of injectors malfunction caused by the loss of leak tightness. The analysis of applied and possible methods of injectors diagnosis in the aspect of identification of said leakiness will be carried out.
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Tsai, Wen-Chang, and Tung-Sheng Zhan. "An Experimental Characterization for Injection Quantity of a High-pressure Injector in GDI Engines." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, no. 4 (October 3, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8040036.

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The high-pressure (HP) injector is a highly dynamic component requiring careful voltage and pressure input modulation to achieve the required fuel injection quantities of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. Accurate fuel injection curves are a key influence for this technology, and therefore, will require an accurate estimation of fuel flow rate to be realized. In order to be driven to rapid response with respect to solenoid valve coils, HP injectors typically require to be designed to be capable of rapid response in GDI engines. In this paper, the design and analysis of the proposed injector drive circuit are presented. Next, the effects of total pulse width, injector supply voltage, fuel system pressure, and pulse width modulation (PWM) operation on fuel injection quantities of an HP injector are measured for achieving robust performance and stability in the presence of bounded errors of the GDI injectors due to total pulse width, injector’s supply voltage, fuel pressure and PWM operation. Additionally, the fuel injection quantities of the HP injector are measured by tuning the parameters of the injector drive circuit with the PWM operation. These are defined as the fuel injection curves. Finally, experimental results are provided for verification of the proposed injector drive circuit.
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OSIPOWICZ, Tomasz, and Franciszek ABRAMEK. "The analysis of temperature disintegration on the body of fuel injector during research on test bench." Combustion Engines 168, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-128.

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Article describes the results of researches fuel injectors on the test bench with using infrared camera. During researches has been verified various fuel injectors (working order and faulty). In results inner leaks fuel injectors have increased return dosages. Few elements influence on this. It is difficult to determine which element could be uses after disassemble. It is possible to determine the source of leaks during analysis decomposition of temperature fuel injector body.
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Greenberg, Steven J., Neil K. McDougald, Christopher K. Weakley, Robert M. Kendall, and Leonel O. Arellano. "Surface-Stabilized Fuel Injectors With Sub-Three PPM NOx Emissions for a 5.5 MW Gas Turbine Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1839920.

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ALZETA Corporation has developed surface-stabilized fuel injectors for use with lean premixed combustors which provide extended turndown and ultralow NOx emission performance. These injectors use a patented technique to form interacting radiant and blue-flame zones immediately above a selectively perforated porous metal surface. This allows stable operation at low reaction temperatures. A previous ASME paper (IJPGC2002-26088) described the development of this technology from the proof-of-concept stage to prototype testing. In 2002 development of these fuel injectors for the 5.5 MW turbine accelerated. Additional single-injector rig tests were performed which also demonstrated ultralow emissions of NOx and CO at pressures up to 1.68 MPa (16.6 atm) and inlet temperatures up to 670°K (750°F). A pressurized multi-injector “sector rig” test was conducted in which two injectors were operated simultaneously in the same geometric configuration as that expected in the engine combustor liner. The multi-injector package was operated with various combinations of fired and unfired injectors, which resulted in low emissions performance and no adverse affects due to injector proximity. To date sub-3 ppm NOx emissions with sub-10 ppm CO emissions have been obtained over an operating range of 0.18–1.68 MPa (1.8–16.6 atm), inlet temperatures from 340 to 670K (186–750°F), and adiabatic flame temperatures from 1740 to 1840K (2670–2850°F). A full scale multi-injector engine simulation is scheduled for the beginning of 2003, with engine tests beginning later that year.
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ORLIŃSKI, Piotr, Marcin WOJS, Mateusz BEDNARSKI, and Mieczysław SIKORA. "Evaluation of the effect of the addition of bioethanol to gas oil on coking diesel engine injector terminals." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-313.

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The article presents the results of empirical research and their analysis regarding the impact of diesel oil and diesel oil mixture with bioethanol on coking the test injector nozzles of the XUD9 engine from PSA. The research included three fuel deals: diesel fuel as the base fuel and diesel oil mix with ONE10 bioethanol (10% bioethanol plus diesel oil (V/V)), ONE20 (20% bioethanol plus diesel oil (V/V)). They were conducted on the basis of CEC PF-023 developed by CEC (Coordinating European Council). Each of the above-mentioned fuels was tested using a new set of injectors. The propensity of the fuel for coking the injector tips was expressed as a percentage reduction in the air flow through the nozzles of each injector for the given sheer increments. The test result was the average percentage of airflow reduction for all nozzles at 0.1 mm spike increments and was measured according to ISO 4010 "Diesel engines. Calibrating nozzle, delay pintle type”. The test results for individual atomizers of the above-mentioned test engine in the area of sediment formation from flowing fuel shown a lower tendency to coke the injectors using diesel fuel-bioethanol in comparison to the use of pure diesel oil. Based on the CEC PF-023 test, it can be noticed that the level of contamination of the tested injectors for ONE10 fuel is about 3% lower, and for ONE20 fuel is about 4% lower than the level of pollution for diesel fuel.
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Pashley, N., and R. Stone. "Technical Code: Predictions of liquid fuel injector performance with gaseous fuels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 212, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407981525984.

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A method to predict the maximum flowrate of a liquid fuel injector when operating with gaseous fuels has been developed. Three injectors were tested for flow capability with four gases of various molecular masses and ratios of specific heats. Compressible flow theory has been used to nondimensionalize the results, and predictions have been made for performance with other gases and mixtures.
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Yakovlev, A. V., and E. A. Sharin. "Justification of Requirements for the Motorless Method of Evaluation of Deposit Forming Tendency of Diesel Fuel on Diesel Engine Injectors." Oil and Gas Technologies 131, no. 6 (2020): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2020-131-6-34-41.

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The calculation of the dynamics of heating a drop of fuel in the nozzle of diesel injector has been carried out. The possibility of using a gasoline nozzle to assess the tendency of diesel fuels to the formation of deposits on diesel engine injectors has been substantiated. The optimal test temperature for diesel fuels has been experimentally determined. Taking into account the calculated parameters, a method for evaluating the propensity of diesel fuels to form deposits on the injectors was developed on an OSV-01 device. It has been found that darkening of the nozzle bottom and the relative fuel flow loss are independent indicators. It is shown that the sensitivity and differentiating ability of method are sufficient for classification of diesel fuels according to their tendency to form deposits on the injectors of diesel engines. Two criteria for estimating the degree of contamination of nozzle are proposed: contamination of the nozzle bottom and relative fuel flow loss thought nozzle. Preliminary studies of tendency to form deposits of a number of commercial diesel fuels have been conducted.
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Liu, Dai, Yingzhu Guo, Long Liu, Qian Xia, and Yong Gui. "Optimization of Marine Medium Speed Diesel Engine Performance based on Multi-Injector System." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123601026.

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Multi-injector system is potential to improve thermal efficiency and NOx emission of diesel engine at the same time. In order to optimize the combustion and emission of Marine medium speed diesel engine, the engine combustion with a multi-injector system is simulated and analyzed by CFD software Converge. In this research, two injectors are installed at the side of the cylinder head while the central injector is maintained. Various injection directions of side injectors and injection strategies of multi-injector system are simulated to optimize the fuel spray and combustion. The analysis results show that the spray angle of the side injector plays a key role for effective thermal efficiency improvement, since complex spray jet-jet interaction and spray impingement may deteriorate the combustion if the arrangement of spray angle was not set properly. Once the fuel injection direction has been optimized, the fuel ratio of the three injectors is optimized and improved the effective thermal efficiency with lower NOx emission. The results show that the two side injectors could increase the fuel injection rate into the cylinder, leading to high brake power and consequently increased the thermal efficiency by 1.26% and decreased the NOx emission by 16% for the best optimization.
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Ildar Gabitov, Andrei Negovora, Shamil Nigmatullin, Arseny Kozeev, and Mahmut Razyapov. "Development of a Method for Diagnosing Injectors of Diesel Engines." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 23, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): B46—B57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2021.1.b46-b57.

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The purpose of this study was to improve the diagnostics efficiency of modern diesel engine injectors with electronic controls. Experimental studies, performed using certified specialized equipment of injectors' manufacturers and standard software packages for data analysis, made it possible to prove adequacy of theoretical research and get results that are more accurate. Those results contribute to development of a software product that allows identifying a particular faulty element during the defective injector's operation by using mathematical processing of the diagnostic data obtained when testing the injector. Thus, the time spent to repair the fuel injection system reduces. The developed software product also helps to predict the remaining injector's operational life and prevent possible technical failures during operation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fuel injectors"

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Wang, Hongjuan. "Simulation of fuel injectors excited by synthetic microjets." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11862.

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Ahmed, Aqeel. "LES of atomization and cavitation for fuel injectors." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR048/document.

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Cette thèse présente la Simulation des Grandes Echelles (LES) de l’injection, de la pulvérisation et de la cavitation dans un injecteur pour les applications liées aux moteurs à combustion interne. Pour la modélisation de l’atomisation, on utilise le modèle ELSA (Eulerian Lagrangian Spray Atomization). Le modèle résout la fraction volumique du combustible liquide ainsi que la densité de surface d’interface liquide-gaz pour décrire le processus complet d’atomisation. Dans cette thèse, l’écoulement à l’intérieur de l’injecteur est également pris en compte pour une étude ultérieure de l’atomisation. L’étude présente l’application du modèle ELSA à un injecteur Diesel typique, à la fois dans le contexte de RANS et de LES.Le modèle est validé à l’aide de données expérimentales disponibles dans Engine Combustion Network (ECN). Le modèle ELSA, qui est normalement conçu pour les interfaces diffuses (non résolues), lorsque l’emplacement exact de l’interface liquide-gaz n’est pas pris en compte, est étendu pour fonctionner avec une formulation de type Volume of Fluid (VOF) de flux à deux phases, où l’interface est explicitement résolu. Le couplage est réalisé à l’aide de critères IRQ (Interface Resolution Quality), qui prennent en compte à la fois la courbure de l’interface et la quantité modélisée de la surface de l’interface. Le modèle ELSA est développé en premier lieu en considérant les deux phases comme incompressibles. L’extension à la phase compressible est également brièvement étudiée dans cette thèse. Il en résulte une formulation ELSA compressible qui prend en compte la densité variable de chaque phase. En collaboration avec l’Imperial College de Londres, la formulation de la fonction de densité de probabilité (PDF) avec les champs stochastiques est également explorée afin d’étudier l’atomisation. Dans les systèmes d’injection de carburant modernes, la pression locale à l’intérieur de l’injecteur tombe souvent en dessous de la pression de saturation en vapeur du carburant, ce qui entraîne une cavitation. La cavitation affecte le flux externe et la formulation du spray. Ainsi, une procédure est nécessaire pour étudier le changement de phase ainsi que la formulation du jet en utilisant une configuration numérique unique et cohérente. Une méthode qui couple le changement de phase à l’intérieur de l’injecteur à la pulvérisation externe du jet est développée dans cette thèse. Ceci est réalisé en utilisant le volume de formulation de fluide où l’interface est considérée entre le liquide et le gaz; le gaz est composé à la fois de vapeur et d’airambiant non condensable
This thesis presents Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of fuel injection, atomization and cavitation inside the fuel injector for applications related to internal combustion engines. For atomization modeling, Eulerian Lagrangian Spray Atomization (ELSA) model is used. The model solves for volume fraction of liquid fuel as well as liquid-gas interface surface density to describe the complete atomization process. In this thesis, flow inside the injector is also considered for subsequent study of atomization. The study presents the application of ELSA model to a typical diesel injector, both in the context of RANS and LES. The model is validated with the help of experimental data available from Engine Combustion Network (ECN). The ELSA model which is normally designed for diffused (unresolved) interfaces, where the exact location of the liquid-gas interface is not considered, is extended to work with Volume of Fluid (VOF) type formulation of two phase flow, where interface is explicitly resolved. The coupling is achieved with the help of Interface Resolution Quality (IRQ) criteria, that takes into account both the interface curvature and modeled amount of interface surface. ELSA model is developed first considering both phases as incompressible, the extension to compressible phase is also briefly studied in this thesis, resulting in compressible ELSA formulation that takes into account varying density in each phase. In collaboration with Imperial College London, the Probability Density Function (PDF) formulation with Stochastic Fields is also explored to study atomization. In modern fuel injection systems, quite oftenthe local pressure inside the injector falls below the vapor saturation pressure of the fuel, resulting in cavitation. Cavitation effects the external flow and spray formulation. Thus, a procedure is required to study the phase change as well as jet formulation using a single and consistent numerical setup. A method is developed in this thesis that couples the phase change inside the injector to the external jet atomization. This is achieved using the volume of fluid formulation where the interface is considered between liquid and gas; gas consists of both the vapor and non condensible ambient air
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Savic, Sasha. "Liquid fuel spray characteristics." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324470.

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Tran, Xuan-Thien Mechanical &amp Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Modelling and simulation of electronically controlled diesel injectors." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19278.

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The study presents a one-dimensional, transient and compressible flow models of a commercial Common Rail Injector (CRI) and a prototype of a single-fuel Hydraulically actuated Electrically controlled Unit Injector (HEUI) developed at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in conjunction with local industry. The unique feature of the UNSW HEUI is the fact that it uses diesel fuel as the driver for pressure amplification within the unit injector. The work undertaken is part of a wider study aimed at optimization of the design of diesel injectors for dual-fuel systems to reduce green house gas emissions. The contribution of this thesis is the development of the model of the UNSW HEUI injector, which can be used to investigate possible modifications of the injector for its use in dual-fuel injection systems. The developed models include electrical, mechanical and hydraulic subsystems present in the injectors. They are based on Kirchhoff??s laws, on the mass and momentum conservation equations and on the equilibrium of forces. The models were implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK graphical software environment, which provides a high degree of flexibility and allows simulation of both linear and nonlinear elements. The models were used to perform sensitivity analysis of both injectors. The sensitivity analysis has revealed that the temperature of the solenoid coil is one of the critical parameters affecting the timing and the quantity of the fuel injection of both injectors. Additional critical parameters were found to be the dimensions of the piston of the CRI, the stiffness of the needle spring of the HEUI and the dimensions of the intensifier of the HEUI. The models also revealed that in the case of pilot injections the speed of the solenoid is the major limiting factor of the performance. The developed models provide better understanding of the issues and limitations of the injectors. They give detailed insight into their working principles. The investigations of the models permit making quantitative analysis of the timing of the HEUI solenoid and to evaluate the proposed change of the direction of the pressure acting on the HEUI solenoid plunger.
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Chen, Rui. "Fluidic devices as fuel injectors for natural gas engines." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13566.

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A novel, fast switching, reliable, and economical fluidic gaseous fuel injector system designed for natural gas engines has been developed in this research. The system consists mainly of no-moving-part fluidic devices and piezo-electric controlling interfaces. The geometric parameters of a fluidic device seriously affect its performance. Traditionally, these parameters can only be optimised through "trial and error" exercise. In this research, a computer simulation model for the jet steady state attachment and dynamic switching has been developed. The good agreements between predicted results and experimental ones show that the model can not only explain the jet attaching and switching mechanism, but also optimise the design of geometric parameters of a fluidic device. The steady state and dynamic characteristics of the system were tested on a laboratory experimental rig. The results show that the system can handle the large gas volume flow rate required by natural gas engines and is capable of operating via pulse width modulation. A few typical commercial solenoid type gas injectors were also tested and the results were compared with those from the fluidic system. It was found that the fluidic gaseous fuel injector system has faster switching responses and smaller injection cycle-to-cycle variations.
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Martynov, Sergey. "Numerical simulation of the cavitation process in diesel fuel injectors." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418575.

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VanDerWege, Brad A. (Brad Alan). "The effects of fuel volatility and operating conditions on sprays from pressure-swirl fuel injectors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9427.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1999.
"June 1999."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 205-208).
Optimal design of modern direct injection gasoline engines depends heavily on the fuel spray. Most of the studies published regarding these fuel sprays involve cold bench tests or motored optical engines, neglecting the roles of the fuel volatility and temperature. This study, therefore, was designed to describe changes in the spray properties due to fuel volatility and operating conditions using a firing optically-accessible engine. Planar laser-induced fluorescence and planar Mie scattering imaging experiments were performed to show changes in the spray structure, including its radial and axial penetration. Phase-Doppler particle analysis experiments were included to track the droplet diameter and velocity at various points throughout the spray. A computational fluid dynamics model was also used to study the physics leading to the observed changes. The results show that the spray structure changes with not only ambient gas density, which is often measured, but also fuel temperature and volatility. The mean droplet diameter was found to decrease substantially with increasing fuel temperature and decreasing ambient density. Under conditions of low potential for vaporization, the observed trends agree with published correlations for pressure-swirl atomizers. As ambient density decreases and fuel temperature increases, the volatile ends of multi-component fuels evaporate quickly, producing a vapor core along the axis of the spray. Beyond a certain point, evaporation is violent enough to cause additional breakup of the droplets. A fit to this volatility-induced breakup data provides an additional correlation for determining the mean diameter of volatile sprays. Coincident with the volatility-induced breakup trend is an increase in the initial cone angle of the spray. However, the reduced droplet diameter and rapid vapor generation under these superheated conditions result in a narrow spray with increased axial penetration. In the process of performing these experiments, insights were found regarding the operation of these diagnostics in high-density sprays.
by Brad A. VanDerWege.
Ph.D.
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Kolokotronis, Dimitrios. "Experimental investigation of the internal flow field of model fuel injectors." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507950.

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Senousy, Youssef Mohamed Salah. "Experimental investigation and theoretical modeling of piezoelectric actuators used in fuel injectors." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/15230.

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Piezoelectric stack actuators are increasingly used in micropositioning applications due to their precision and responsiveness. Advanced automotive fuel injectors have recently been developed that utilize multilayer piezoelectric actuators. Since these injectors must operate under high dynamical excitations at high temperatures, understanding their thermo-electro-mechanical performance under such operating conditions is crucial to their proper design. In this thesis, the effect on soft Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) piezoelectric actuators of different controlling parameters relevant to fuel injection is studied experimentally. These parameters include electric-field magnitude and frequency, driving-field rise time, DC offset, duty-cycle percentage, and ambient temperature. Soft PZT actuators generate a significant amount of heat when driven under high electric-field magnitudes and/or high frequency, both of which occur in fuel injectors. They also exhibit hysteretic nonlinear behavior when driven under high electric-field magnitudes. Self-heating and hysteretic nonlinearity are interconnected, and both are undesirable in applications that require precise positioning, such as fuel injection. Self-heating in PZT stacks is considered to be caused by ferroelectric hysteretic nonlinearity, originating from domain-switching. Theoretical studies of self-heating and domain-switching in PZT materials are developed in this thesis. An analytical self-heating model based on the first law of thermodynamics is presented that accounts for different parameters such as geometry, magnitude and frequency of applied electric field, duty-cycle percentage, and surrounding properties. It also directly relates self-heating in PZT actuators to displacement-electric field loss (displacement hysteresis), which is found to increase linearly with increased temperature. The model shows reasonable agreement with experimental results at low and high electric-field magnitudes. A novel domain-switching model for PZT materials is developed. The model is based on changes in potential energy, and accounts for the temperature effect on domain switching. It also accounts for full thermo-electro-mechanical coupling. Additionally, different energy levels are assumed for different domain-switching types. It is assumed that 180° switching is a two-step process caused by two 90° switching events. A finite element implementation of a thermo-piezoelectric continuum, based on the proposed switching model, is presented. The model shows good agreement with experimental results at different temperatures and loading conditions.
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Kumar, A. "Investigation of in-nozzle flow characteristics of fuel injectors of IC engines." Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17583/.

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Almost all automotive fuel injection systems are experiencing some form of cavitation within their nozzle under different operating conditions. In-nozzle cavitation initiates in various forms and directly influences the emerging spray. Experimental studies have shown that cavitation in diesel injectors leads to smaller droplet formation, especially by the on-going trend towards higher injection pressures, which enhances fuel evaporation but also creates undesirable consequences due to transient nature of cavitation such as spray instabilities, erosion on internal surfaces, and hydraulic flip. Thus, the understanding of the internal flow of automotive fuel injectors is critical for injector design. On the other hand, biodiesel has emerged as one of the potential alternative fuel which can also be carbon neutral because it uptakes CO2 during cultivation of its feedstock and can be used in existing diesel engines with little or no modifications. Therefore, the present study is focused on assessing and outlining cost-effective methods to analyse internal flow in fuel injectors for diesel and biodiesel fuel applications. In the present study, RANS-based (Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes) CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) approach has been chosen to simulate quasi-steady flows in the steady state test rigs of fuel injectors of IC engines. The RANS approach is selected over computationally expensive SAS (Scale Adaptive Simulations), DES (Detached Eddy Simulations) and LES (Large Eddy Simulations) because it was considered that these quasi-steady simulations could be performed within hours and with less computing resources using RANS rather using SAS, DES and LES which may require orders more time and computing resources. Cavitation models and RANSbased turbulence models have been evaluated for single-hole and multi-hole injectors operating on steady state test rigs. Furthermore, influences of liquid and vapour compressibility were also investigated. Influences of biodiesel properties such as higher viscosity and density on cavitation were also assessed. In the first part of the study, single-phase simulations have been carried out in the mini-sac type multi-hole (6) injector. Several two-equation turbulence and near wall models were assessed, amongst most appropriate for the application were identified. Predicted mean velocity and RMS velocity were compared with measurements and showed good agreements. Flow field analysis showed predictions of different types of vortices in the injector. Two main types of vortex structures were predicted: ‘Hole-to-hole’ connecting vortex and double ‘counterrotating’ vortices emerging from the needle wall and entering the injector hole facing it. The latter create a complex 3D flow inside the injector hole when it interacts with the recirculation region at the entrance of the injector hole. Cavitation simulations inside a single-hole injector were next performed. Simulations were assessed by comparing predicted vapour volume fraction with measurements. Influences of liquid and vapour compressibility were also checked. The compressibility of vapour was modelled using ideal gas law and liquid compressibility was modelled using the Tait equation. Vapour compressibility resulted in an increase of vapour volume fraction at the low-pressure region and predictions were also in better agreements with experimental data. The liquid compressibility made no impact on the simulation results. The local sonic speed in the liquid-vapour mixture was computed using Wallis model which predicted a very low local sonic speed in the liquid-vapour mixture. Therefore, the local flow in liquid-vapour mixture became supersonic. A normal shock wave was predicted just downstream of the cavitation bubble cloud as local flow velocity was reduced from supersonic to subsonic. Finally, the cavitation simulations were performed in the enlarged mini-sac type multi-hole injector. Established turbulence, cavitation and compressibility models from above studies were used. Reasonable quantitative agreements with experimental data were obtained for the mean axial velocity and RMS velocity. Reasonable qualitative agreements were also achieved when predicted cavitation results were compared with high-speed digital images. Henceforth a parametric study to assess the influence of biodiesel fuel properties such as an increase in viscosity and density on the cavitation was performed. Viscosity and density of both phases in the fluid were parametrically increased by 20%. Results showed that cavitation was suppressed when the viscosity was increased because it increased the flow resistance, thus reduced the velocity. This caused a reduction in the size of recirculation region at the entrance of the injector hole and hence a smaller saturation pressure region was predicted. Cavitation was further suppressed when density was increased causing the reduction in the velocity at the same mass flow rate, which further reduced the recirculation region, therefore, reduced the saturation pressure region and consequently cavitation.
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Books on the topic "Fuel injectors"

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Waitz, Ian A. Vorticity generation by contoured wall injectors. Washington, D. C: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992.

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2

Huang, Q. Fluidic devices as fuel injectors for SI engine fuel injection systems. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1992.

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Xu, Yong. Investigation of fast response actuation technology for fluidic fuel injectors. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1995.

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Steffen, Christopher J. Fuel injector design optimization for an annular scramjet geometry. [Cleveland, Ohio: NASA Glenn Research Center, 2003.

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Eklund, Dean R. A numerical and experimental study of a supersonic combustor employing swept ramp fuel injectors. Washington, D. C: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994.

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Alexander, Derrick. Hypersonic fuel/air mixing enhancement by cantilevered ramp injectors in the presence of wavy walls. Toronto: Department of Aerospace Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 2001.

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McVey, J. B. Fuel-injector/air-swirl characterization. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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McVey, J. B. Fuel-injector/air-swirl characterization. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Waitz, Ian A. An investigation of a contoured wall injector for hypervelocity mixing augmentation. Washington, D. C: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991.

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Turcu, Viorel. Combustion of the fuel/air mixture in the vicinity of a cantilevered ramp fuel injector in a hypervelocity flow. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fuel injectors"

1

Czech, Piotr. "Diagnosing a Car Engine Fuel Injectors’ Damage." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 243–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41647-7_30.

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Jung, D. H., A. Gafurov, Y. K. Seo, and C. H. Sung. "Remanufacturing Process Issues of Fuel Injectors for Diesel Engines." In Advances in Sustainable Manufacturing, 223–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20183-7_33.

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Rajamanickam, Kuppuraj, Achintya Mukhopadhyay, and Saptarshi Basu. "On Primary Atomization in Propulsive Device Fuel Injectors—A Short Review." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 117–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7449-3_5.

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Senousy, M. S., R. K. N. D. Rajapakse, and M. Gadala. "Experimental Investigation and Theoretical Modeling of Piezoelectric Actuators Used in Fuel Injectors." In IUTAM Symposium on Multiscale Modelling of Fatigue, Damage and Fracture in Smart Materials, 219–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9887-0_21.

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Saha, Kaushik, Michele Battistoni, Sibendu Som, and Xianguo Li. "Modeling of Cavitation in Fuel Injectors with Single- and Two-Fluid Approaches." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 185–201. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3256-2_7.

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Lingens, Andreas, Clemens Senghaas, Michael Willmann, and Hartmut Schneider. "Next generation of smart injectors for future diesel and dual-fuel applications." In Proceedings, 377–91. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25889-4_22.

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Saha, Kaushik, Michele Battistoni, and Sibendu Som. "Modeling of Flash Boiling Phenomenon in Internal and Near-Nozzle Flow of Fuel Injectors." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 167–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7449-3_7.

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Fink, Christian, Svetlana Crusius, Ulrike Schümann, R. Junk, and Horst Harndorf. "Alteration of fuel properties at extreme conditions – Formation of deposits in common-rail injectors." In Proceedings, 1021–32. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08844-6_69.

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Szczurowski, Krzyszof, Łukasz Zieliński, Damian Walczak, and Krzysztof Więcławski. "Analysis of Operation of Gas Injectors Used in Dual-Fuel Engines with Compression Ignition." In Applied Condition Monitoring, 299–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62042-8_27.

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Grimm, Jürgen, Andreas Kapp, and Johannes Ullrich. "Performance Criteria for Passenger Car CR Injectors with special Focus on Emissions, Fuel Efficiency and Robustness." In Proceedings, 235–47. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07650-4_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fuel injectors"

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Wayne, W. Scott, Ryan A. Barnett, Jeffrey M. Cutright, and Ted E. Stewart. "On-Site Emissions and Fuel Consumption Measurement to Compare Locomotive Fuel Injector Performance." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2006-1522.

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As part of the Norfolk-Southern Railroad’s on-going investigation into fuel consumption reductions for their fleet of 3000 locomotives, the Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions at West Virginia University conducted on-site locomotive engine performance and emissions measurements to characterize the performance, fuel consumption and emissions associated with fuel injectors from two injector suppliers. Emissions and fuel consumption were measured using the West Virginia University Transportable Locomotive Emissions Testing Laboratory, which was set up at the Norfolk-Southern Heavy Repair Facility in Roanoke, Virginia. The tests were conducted to evaluate potential emissions and fuel consumption differences between two fuel injector suppliers using an EMD GP38-2 locomotive equipped with a 2100 hp (1566 kW), 16-cylinder, EMD 16-645E engine. The test locomotive engine was freshly overhauled and certified to the EPA locomotive Tier 0 emissions standards. Emissions and fuel consumption measurements were conducted according to the Federal Test Procedures defined in the Code of Federal Regulations 40CFR Part 92 Subpart B [1]. The engine was first tested in the “as overhauled” configuration with the OEM fuel injectors to establish the baseline emissions and fuel consumption. The baseline FTP results confirmed that this locomotive was in compliance with the Federal Tier 0 emissions standards. The OEM specification fuel injectors were replaced with “Fuel Saver” injectors designed and manufactured by an aftermarket injector supplier referred to in this paper as Supplier B. The Supplier B injectors reduced fuel consumption on the average of 2–4% for each notch, except for Notch 4 and Low Idle. However, the Supplier B injectors increased the NOx levels by 20–30% for almost every notch, which is an expected result due to the improved combustion efficiency.
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Ishii, Eiji, Kazuki Yoshimura, Yoshihito Yasukawa, and Hideharu Ehara. "Effects of Opening and Closing Fuel-Injector Valve on Air/Fuel Mixture." In ASME 2016 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2016-9309.

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Lower engine emissions and improved fuel efficiency have recently become more necessary in automobile engines. Fuel injectors need to be designed to decrease late fuel during valve closing and to deal with multiple injections. Fuel-spray behaviors are controlled by the valve-lifts of fuel injectors; therefore, air/fuel mixture simulations that integrate with inner flow simulations in fuel injectors during the opening and closing of valves are essential for studying the effects of valve motions on air/fuel mixtures. We previously developed a late-fuel simulation near the nozzle outlets of a fuel injector during valve closing; fuel flows within the flow paths of the fuel injector were simulated by a front capturing method, and fuel breakups near the nozzle outlets were mainly simulated by a particle method. The inlet boundary of the fuel injector was controlled in order to affect the valve motions on the late-fuel behavior. In this study, we improved the late-fuel simulation by adding a valve opening function. The motion of droplets within the air/fuel mixture region was calculated by using a discrete droplet model (DDM). The injection conditions for the DDM were defined with the results of the improved late-fuel simulation; positions and velocities of droplets at the injection point were defined by using the results of the late-fuel simulation. The simulation results were validated by comparing the simulated fuel breakup near the nozzle outlets and the air/fuel mixtures in the air region with the measured ones, revealing good agreement between them. The effects of opening and closing the valve on the air/fuel mixtures were also studied; the opening and closing of the valve affected the front and rear behaviors of the air/fuel mixture and also affected spray penetrations. The developed simulation was found to be an effective tool for studying the effects of valve motions on the air/fuel mixtures.
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Nazeer, Waseem, Kenneth Smith, Patrick Sheppard, Robert Cheng, and David Littlejohn. "Full Scale Testing of a Low Swirl Fuel Injector Concept for Ultra-Low NOx Gas Turbine Combustion Systems." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90150.

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The continued development of a low swirl injector for ultra-low NOx gas turbine applications is described. An injector prototype for natural gas operation has been designed, fabricated and tested. The target application is an annular gas turbine combustion system requiring twelve injectors. High pressure rig test results for a single injector prototype are presented. On natural gas, ultra-low NOx emissions were achieved along with low CO. A turndown of approximately 100°F in flame temperature was possible before CO emissions increased significantly. Subsequently, a set of injectors was evaluated at atmospheric pressure using a production annular combustor. Rig testing again demonstrated the ultra-low NOx capability of the injectors on natural gas. An engine test of the injectors will be required to establish the transient performance of the combustion system and to assess any combustor pressure oscillation issues.
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Greiner, Max, Peter Romann, and Utrich Steinbrenner. "BOSCH Fuel Injectors - New Developments." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/870124.

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Le, Dat, Bradley W. Pietrzak, and Gregory M. Shaver. "Rate Shaping Estimation and Control of a Piezoelectric Fuel Injector." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3960.

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Fuel injection rate shaping is one way to improve fuel efficiency and reduce harmful emissions in IC engines. Piezoelectrically actuated fuel injectors have a particularly fast response, which makes them capable of rate shaping operation. In this paper, a model-based closed-loop controller is designed to control the fuel injection rate passing through the nozzle of a piezoelectric fuel injector, by compensating for the injector’s nonlinear behavior. The performance of this controller is verified with simulation results.
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Chiarelli, Paulo Maurício, Claudio Wilson Moles, Eugenio Paccelli Dantas Coelho, Leandro Chrispim, Marco Antonio Correia Dos Santos, Matthew Barwick, and Ricardo De Urquidi. "Impact of Low Quality Fuel in Fuel Injectors." In SAE Brasil 2005 Congress and Exhibit. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-4007.

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Emerson, J., P. G. Felton, and F. V. Bracco. "Structure of Sprays from Fuel Injectors Part III: The Ford Air-Assisted Fuel Injector." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/900478.

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Laforgia, D., B. Chehroudi, and F. V. Bracco. "Structure of Sprays from Fuel Injectors - Part II, The Ford DFI - 3 Fuel Injector." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/890313.

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Trichet, P., and F. Bismes. "Lean Premixing Prevaporizing Fuel Injectors Comparison." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-330.

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This paper presents detailed experimental results of a vaporizing spray produced by two atomizers in a coflowing air stream inside a constant section lean premixer prevaporizer tube. This study is part of an ongoing effort to understand the behavior of spray under a variety of conditions. PDPA was used to characterize the atomization and vaporization process. The evolution of the two phase flow at each section was assessed in terms of global spray behavior and spray dynamics. The results confirm the influence of fuel injector on size distribution also the relative velocity between gas and dispersed phase on secondary atomization, and finally the complex spray structure in terms of wall proximity.
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Tupa, Robert C. "Port Fuel Injectors-Causes/Consequences/Cures." In 1987 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/872113.

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Reports on the topic "Fuel injectors"

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Sadek Tadros, Dr Alber Alphonse, Dr George W. Ritter, Charles Donald Drews, and Daniel Ryan. Additive Manufacturing of Fuel Injectors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1406179.

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Ho, Chih-Ming, and Chang-Jin Kim. Control of Mixing by MEMS Based Distributed Fuel Injectors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada328581.

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Woodford, J. B., and G. R. Fenske. Fabrication of small-orifice fuel injectors for diesel engines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861615.

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Stuart, B. C., and A. Wynne. Femtosecond laser processing of fuel injectors - a materials processing evaluation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15006882.

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Caton, J. A., and K. D. Kihm. Characterization of coal-water slurry fuel sprays from diesel engine injectors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10104865.

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Choudhuri, Ahsan. Metal 3D Printing of Low-NOX Fuel Injectors with Integrated Temperature Sensors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1489120.

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Ryan, Emily. Development and Multiscale Validation of Euler-Lagrange based Computational Methods for Modeling Cavitation within Fuel Injectors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1597430.

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Mashayek, Farzad. Electrostatic Atomizing Fuel Injector for Small Scale Engines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada501792.

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Mashayek, Farzad. STTR Phase I: Electrostatic Atomizing Fuel Injector for Small Scale Engines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada501763.

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Takahashi, Tadashi, and Shigeru Hayashi. 3-D Measurements of Transient Sprays From a DI Fuel Injector. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0098.

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