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Journal articles on the topic 'Fuel drop'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Choi, Seok Ki, Il Kon Choi, Ho Yun Nam, Jong Hyeun Choi, and Hoon Ki Choi. "Measurement of Pressure Drop in a Full-Scale Fuel Assembly of a Liquid Metal Reactor." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 125, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1565076.

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An experimental study has been carried out to measure the pressure drop in a 271-pin fuel assembly of a liquid metal reactor. The rod pitch to rod diameter ratio P/D of the fuel assembly is 1.2 and the wire lead length to rod diameter ratio H/D is 24.84. Measurements are made for five different sections in a fuel assembly; inlet orifice, fuel assembly inlet, wire-wrapped fuel assembly, fuel assembly outlet and fuel assembly upper region. A series of water experiments have been conducted changing flow rate and water temperature. It is shown that the pressure drops in the inlet orifice and in the wire-wrapped fuel assembly are much larger than those in other regions. The measured pressure drop data in a wire-wrapped fuel assembly region is compared with the existing four correlations. It is shown that the correlation proposed by Cheng and Todreas fits best with the present experimental data among the four correlations considered.

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2

Chin, J. S., D. Nickolaus, and A. H. Lefebvre. "Influence of Downstream Distance on the Spray Characteristics of Pressure-Swirl Atomizers." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 108, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239875.

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An analytical study is made of the factors that are responsible for the observed changes in fuel spray characteristics with axial distance downstream of a pressure-swirl nozzle. To simplify the analysis the effect of fuel evaporation is neglected, but full account is taken of the effects of spray dispersion and drop acceleration (or deceleration). Equations are derived and graphs are presented to illustrate the manner and extent to which the variations of mean drop size and drop-size distribution with axial distance are governed by such factors as ambient air pressure and velocity, fuel injection pressure, initial mean drop size, and initial drop-size distribution.

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3

Chan, Kwan Yee, and Joseph K.-W. Lam. "Water drop runoff in aircraft fuel tank vent systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 24 (September 21, 2016): 4548–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216669175.

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Water condensation in aircraft fuel tank vent systems can run off to the fuel systems, where it can freeze to ice or support microbial growth in the fuel tanks. A laboratory scale test has been designed to investigate the ingress and runoff of water in the aircraft fuel tank vent pipes. The experiments are to determine the dual effects of air flow shear and hydrophobicity on water condensation in the vent pipes during descent from cruising altitudes. Results show only downslope runoff occurs and for large drop volumes where the height of the water drop is comparable with the height of the air flow boundary layer. Runoff is much more sensitive to drop volume and vent pipe inclination angle than air flow since the drops are within the air flow boundary layer. Downslope air flow has little effect on the runoff speeds. Downslope runoff speeds, where there is upslope air flow, exhibit large variations, when compared to those where there is downslope air flow. Upslope air flow can slow downslope runoff speeds of large volume drops by up to 400%. Runoff speeds may be up to 100 times greater with a hydrophobic coating than on the current inner vent pipe surface of anodised aluminium.

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4

Girin, O. G. "Wake of a shattering fuel drop." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, no. 5 (May 22, 2015): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2015.05.047.

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5

Girin, A. G. "Wake of a Shattering Fuel Drop." Combustion Science and Technology 184, no. 10-11 (October 2012): 1412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2012.691064.

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6

Qin, Hao, Huicui Chen, and Tong Zhang. "Study on anode single-phase flow pressure drop law of proton exchange membrane fuel cell." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2534, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2534/1/012009.

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Abstract This article briefly describes the research status of water flooding and pressure drop (PD) of the fuel cell. Then, a mathematical model of the single-phase flow PD of the fuel cell anode is established using hydrodynamics theory and referring to existing research. Then, the three-dimensional fuel cell model is established with Gambit software, and the grid is divided. Then, the numerical simulation of the single-phase flow of the fuel cell is carried out with Fluent software. Through the analysis of the simulation data, the relationship between the fuel cell anode pressure drops and some main influencing factors under steady-state conditions is explored, and the fuel cell anode’s single-phase flow pressure drop model is preliminarily verified. Anodes are highly sensitive to water flooding. The study of the single-phase flow PD law has a good contrast effect on the abnormal pressure drop during water flooding of fuel cells, which can be used to diagnose water flooding.

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7

Chen, R. H., and C.-M. Lai. "Collision outcome of a water drop on the surface of a deep diesel fuel pool." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 7 (May 11, 2011): 1638–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211403066.

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This study investigated the collision of water drops with diesel fuel. The target liquid was selected not only because this interaction is commonly observed in many fires but also because diesel fuel exhibits similar viscosity to heavy oils on fire. Investigated collision phenomena include water drop disintegration, cavity development, droplet ejection from the underside of the cavity, droplet ejection from the liquid (diesel fuel) crown rim, and formation of water-in-diesel compound drops. Results suggest that the number of water droplets from the disintegrated water drop increases non-linearly with increased Weber number. At a Weber number of 700, the number of water droplets reached a maximum while their size was minimized.

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8

Kalinina, Elena, Doug Ammerman, Carissa Grey, Gregg Flores, Sylvia Saltzstein, and Nicholas Klymyshyn. "Full-Scale Assembly 30 cm Drop Test." MRS Advances 5, no. 5-6 (December 23, 2019): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.477.

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ABSTRACTCan Spent Nuclear Fuel withstand the shocks and vibrations experienced during normal conditions of transport? This question was the motivation for the multi-modal transportation test (MMTT) (Summer 2017), 1/3-scale cask 30 cm drop test (December 2018), and full-scale assembly 30 cm drop tests (June 2019). The full-scale ENSA ENUN 32P cask with 3 surrogate 17x17 PWR assemblies was used in the MMTT. The 1/3-scale cask was a mockup of this cask. The 30 cm drop tests provided the accelerations on the 1/3-scale dummy assemblies. These data were used to design full-scale assembly drop tests with the goal to quantify the strain fuel rods experience inside a cask when dropped from a height of 30 cm. The drop tests were first done with the dummy and then with the surrogate assembly. This paper presents the preliminary results of the tests.

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9

Harstad, K. G., P. C. Le Clercq, and J. Bellan. "Statistical Model of Multicomponent-Fuel Drop Evaporation for Many-Drop Flow Simulations." AIAA Journal 41, no. 10 (October 2003): 1858–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.1894.

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10

Girin, Oleksandr G. "DYNAMICS OF THE EMULSIFIED FUEL DROP MICROEXPLOSION." Atomization and Sprays 27, no. 5 (2017): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.2017017143.

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11

Quante, Gunnar, Nils Bullerdiek, Stefan Bube, Ulf Neuling, and Martin Kaltschmitt. "Renewable fuel options for aviation – A System-Wide comparison of Drop-In and non Drop-In fuel options." Fuel 333 (February 2023): 126269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126269.

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12

Eom, Tae-Ho, Jin-Wook Kang, Jintae Kim, Min-Ho Shin, Jung-Hyo Lee, and Chung-Yuen Won. "Improved Voltage Drop Compensation Method for Hybrid Fuel Cell Battery System." Electronics 7, no. 11 (November 17, 2018): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7110331.

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In this paper, a voltage drop compensation method for hybrid hydrogen fuel cell battery system, with a hydrogen recirculation powering a forklift, is studied. During recirculating hydrogen fuel to recycle hydrogen that has not reacted enough at the system, impurities can be mixed with the hydrogen fuel. This leads to low hydrogen concentration and a drop in the output voltage of the fuel cell system. In excessive voltage drop, the fuel cell system can be shutdown. This paper proposes a voltage drop compensation method using an electrical control algorithm to prevent system shutdown by reducing voltage drop. Technically, voltage drop is typically caused by three kinds of factors: (1) The amount of pure hydrogen supply; (2) the temperature of fuel cell stacks; and (3) the current density to catalysts of the fuel cell. The proposed compensation method detects voltage drop caused by those factors, and generates compensation signals for a controller of a DC–DC converter connecting to the output of the fuel cell stack; thus, the voltage drop is reduced by decreasing output current. At the time, insufficient output current to a load is supplied from the batteries. In this paper, voltage drop caused by the abovementioned three factors is analyzed, and the operating principle of the proposed compensation method is specified. To verify this operation and the feasibility of the proposed method, experiments are conducted by applying it to a 10 kW hybrid fuel cell battery system for a forklift.

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13

Zhou, Hao, Feng Feng, Qin-Liu Cao, Changsheng Zhou, Wei-Tao Wu, and Mehrdad Massoudi. "Heat Transfer and Flow of a Gel Fuel in Corrugated Channels." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 7287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197287.

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For propulsion systems using gel fuels, reducing the gel fuel viscosity is essential for achieving better atomization and combustion. In this paper, we investigate the flow and heat transfer in a water-gel with a temperature and shear dependent viscosity. We consider several different channels, mimicking the transport of gelled fuels in propulsion systems, and we also look at corrugation, which is a way of enhancing fluid mixing and thus improving the heat transfer characteristics. The rheological parameters in the constitutive model of the gel are fitted with experimental data. The influence of different corrugation profiles, corrugation configuration parameters and the Reynolds number on the mean apparent viscosity and the pressure drop are investigated. It was found that the flow recirculation formed in the valley of the corrugations enhances the heat transfer and thus the temperature of the main flow. We also noticed an increase in the pressure drop due to the stronger viscous dissipation. Furthermore, it was observed that the sinusoidal corrugation can achieve lower viscosity with a lower pressure drop compared with triangular and trapezoidal corrugations. A shorter wavelength and a deeper wave amplitude of the corrugation seemed to be better for reducing the gel fuel viscosity, while we must consider the adverse consequence of increased pressure drop. A larger Reynolds number was helpful for both lowering the pressure drop and for reducing the viscosity. In addition, compared with a smooth straight pipe, a Y-shape corrugated channel with a constant inlet velocity reduced the mean apparent viscosity by 70.8%, and this value increased to 72.6% by further applying a pulsed inlet velocity, which can greatly enhance the gel fuel atomization and thus improve the combustion efficiency.

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14

Liu, Qiang, Shun-Peng Zhu, Zheng-Yong Yu, and Ran Ding. "A coupled thermal-drop impact analysis-based safety assessment of radioactive material cask." International Journal of Structural Integrity 9, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-05-2017-0028.

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Purpose Transport is an integral part of the nuclear fuel cycle. The procedures employed are designed and conducted to ensure the public and environment protection both routinely and when transport accidents occur. According to this, the purpose of this paper is to focus on a coupled thermal-drop impact analysis-based safety assessment of a nuclear fuel cask. Design/methodology/approach For the cask, high altitude falling and fire accidents are the two most serious accidents during its transportation. In this paper, a sequentially coupled thermal-drop impact analysis is performed by using a nuclear fuel cask model for safety assessment. High altitude falling and fire accidents of the nuclear fuel cask were conducted by using finite element simulations for coupled thermal-drop impact analysis. Findings Results showed that the cask can withstand a drop test and survive a fire of 800°C for 30 minutes. In addition, an improved design is explored and evaluated, which provides a reference for structural design and safety assessment of nuclear fuel casks. Originality/value A coupled thermal-drop impact analysis-based safety assessment procedure is developed for the nuclear fuel cask.

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15

Sang, Hai Lang, Guang Zhao Yue, Zhi Hua Lv, Shi Zhen Li, Zhan Teng Zhang, Tao Qiu, Yan Lei, and Jing Peng. "Study of Diagnosis Algorithm for Coherence of Fuel Injection of High-Pressure Common Rail Fuel System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.648.

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This paper analyzes the relationship between fuel rail pressure and fuel injection amount and presents a diagnosis algorithm for coherence of injection in cylinders based on the fuel rail pressure. A simplified model of common-rail fuel system in multi-cylinder diesel engine was built and basic analysis was completed based on this model. The analysis induced that the rail pressure drop dp/dt is mainly relevant with QInj. The experimental investigation of common-rail fuel system shows the pressure drop happens during the fuel injection period, which is induced by fuel injection. Both model analysis and experimental investigation show that the rail pressure may be used as the basis of diagnosis for coherence of fuel injection.

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16

Lyu, Sijia, Huanshu Tan, Yuki Wakata, Xianjun Yang, Chung K. Law, Detlef Lohse, and Chao Sun. "On explosive boiling of a multicomponent Leidenfrost drop." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): e2016107118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016107118.

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The gasification of multicomponent fuel drops is relevant in various energy-related technologies. An interesting phenomenon associated with this process is the self-induced explosion of the drop, producing a multitude of smaller secondary droplets, which promotes overall fuel atomization and, consequently, improves the combustion efficiency and reduces emissions of liquid-fueled engines. Here, we study a unique explosive gasification process of a tricomponent droplet consisting of water, ethanol, and oil (“ouzo”), by high-speed monitoring of the entire gasification event taking place in the well-controlled, levitated Leidenfrost state over a superheated plate. It is observed that the preferential evaporation of the most volatile component, ethanol, triggers nucleation of the oil microdroplets/nanodroplets in the remaining drop, which, consequently, becomes an opaque oil-in-water microemulsion. The tiny oil droplets subsequently coalesce into a large one, which, in turn, wraps around the remnant water. Because of the encapsulating oil layer, the droplet can no longer produce enough vapor for its levitation, and, thus, falls and contacts the superheated surface. The direct thermal contact leads to vapor bubble formation inside the drop and consequently drop explosion in the final stage.

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17

Lyu, Sijia, Huanshu Tan, Yuki Wakata, Xianjun Yang, Chung K. Law, Detlef Lohse, and Chao Sun. "On explosive boiling of a multicomponent Leidenfrost drop." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): e2016107118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016107118.

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The gasification of multicomponent fuel drops is relevant in various energy-related technologies. An interesting phenomenon associated with this process is the self-induced explosion of the drop, producing a multitude of smaller secondary droplets, which promotes overall fuel atomization and, consequently, improves the combustion efficiency and reduces emissions of liquid-fueled engines. Here, we study a unique explosive gasification process of a tricomponent droplet consisting of water, ethanol, and oil (“ouzo”), by high-speed monitoring of the entire gasification event taking place in the well-controlled, levitated Leidenfrost state over a superheated plate. It is observed that the preferential evaporation of the most volatile component, ethanol, triggers nucleation of the oil microdroplets/nanodroplets in the remaining drop, which, consequently, becomes an opaque oil-in-water microemulsion. The tiny oil droplets subsequently coalesce into a large one, which, in turn, wraps around the remnant water. Because of the encapsulating oil layer, the droplet can no longer produce enough vapor for its levitation, and, thus, falls and contacts the superheated surface. The direct thermal contact leads to vapor bubble formation inside the drop and consequently drop explosion in the final stage.

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18

Shouse, D. T., C. Neuroth, R. C. Hendricks, A. Lynch, C. W. Frayne, J. S. Stutrud, E. Corporan, and Capt T. Hankins. "Alternate-Fueled Combustor-Sector Performance—Part A: Combustor Performance and Part B: Combustor Emissions." ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2012 (January 18, 2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/684981.

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Alternate aviation fuels for military or commercial use are required to satisfy MIL-DTL-83133F or ASTM D 7566 standards, respectively, and are classified as “drop-in’’ fuel replacements. To satisfy legacy issues, blends to 50% alternate fuel with petroleum fuels are acceptable. Adherence to alternate fuels and fuel blends requires “smart fueling systems’’ or advanced fuel-flexible systems, including combustors and engines, without significant sacrifice in performance or emissions requirements. This paper provides preliminary performance and emissions and particulates combustor sector data. The data are for nominal inlet conditions at 225 psia and 800°F (1.551 MPa and 700 K), for synthetic-paraffinic-kerosene- (SPK-) type (Fisher-Tropsch (FT)) fuel and blends with JP-8+100 relative to JP-8+100 as baseline fueling. Assessments are made of the change in combustor efficiency, wall temperatures, emissions, and luminosity with SPK of 0%, 50%, and 100% fueling composition at 3% combustor pressure drop. The performance results (Part A) indicate no quantifiable differences in combustor efficiency, a general trend to lower liner and higher core flow temperatures with increased FT fuel blends. In general, emissions data (Part B) show little differences, but, with percent increase in FT-SPK-type fueling, particulate emissions and wall temperatures are less than with baseline JP-8. High-speed photography.

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19

Gauthier, Eric, Thomas Hellstern, Ioannis G. Kevrekidis, and Jay Benziger. "Drop Detachment and Motion on Fuel Cell Electrode Materials." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4, no. 2 (January 23, 2012): 761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am201408t.

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20

Yang, Xiufeng, Manjil Ray, Song-Charng Kong, and Chol-Bum M. Kweon. "SPH simulation of fuel drop impact on heated surfaces." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 37, no. 3 (2019): 3279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.078.

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21

YAMAMURA, Keiichiro, Seigo YOSIMITU, Yasuyuki TUTUMI, Susumu YAMASITA, Tadao HARAGUTI, and Hideto SUZUKI. "The Pressure Drop of a DME Fuel Cell Anode." Proceedings of Ibaraki District Conference 2003 (2003): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeibaraki.2003.231.

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22

PEI, P., M. OUYANG, W. FENG, L. LU, H. HUANG, and J. ZHANG. "Hydrogen pressure drop characteristics in a fuel cell stack." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31, no. 3 (March 2006): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.08.008.

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23

Wang, Wei-Cheng, Elle Allen, Andrew A. Campos, Rushyannah Killens Cade, Lisa Dean, Mia Dvora, Jeremy G. Immer, et al. "ASI:Dunaliellamarine microalgae to drop-in replacement liquid transportation fuel." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 32, no. 4 (September 11, 2013): 916–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.11855.

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24

Richards, G. A., P. E. Sojka, and A. H. Lefebvre. "Flame Speeds in Fuel Sprays With Hydrogen Addition." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240231.

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The influence of hydrogen addition on the burning rates of kerosine sprays in air is studied experimentally. Flame speeds are measured as a function of fuel drop size, equivalence ratio, and hydrogen concentration. The results obtained show that evaporation rates have a controlling effect on flame speeds over wide ranges of mean drop size. They also demonstrate that the burning rates of liquid kerosine-air mixtures are augmented appreciably by the addition of small quantities of hydrogen to the air flowing into the combustion zone.

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25

Dimino, Ignazio, Gianluca Diodati, Francesco Di Caprio, Monica Ciminello, Aniello Menichino, Michele Inverno, Marika Belardo, and Luigi Di Palma. "Numerical and Experimental Studies of Free-Fall Drop Impact Tests Using Strain Gauge, Piezoceramic, and Fiber Optic Sensors." Applied Mechanics 3, no. 1 (March 18, 2022): 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech3010020.

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The present work is framed inside a broader activity aimed at improving the accuracy of numerical models in predicting the crashworthiness behavior of flexible fuel tanks. This paper describes a comprehensive experimental and numerical study aimed at estimating the impact force of a test article, consisting of a soft nylon bag filled with water, subjected to crash impact tests. In order to understand and improve response predictions, the test article drops freely from different heights, and then strikes onto a rigid plate which is instrumented with different types of sensors. Strain gauges, piezoceramic sensors, and fiber optics are used to measure the strain induced by the impact force during the experiments. To tune the test matrix and the measurement chain parameters, numerical computations are carried out to predict the dynamics of drop impact through FE explicit analyses. Through analysis and comparison with experimental results, a relationship between strain and impact energy correlated with the drop height is established, and the overall accuracy of the entire measurement chain is assessed to determine the effectiveness of such a methodology in a full-scale test on a flexible fuel tank structure.

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26

Ашихмин, А. Е., М. В. Пискунов, and В. А. Яновский. "Гидродинамические режимы взаимодействия капли топливной вододизельной микроэмульсии с горизонтальной разогретой стенкой." Письма в журнал технической физики 45, no. 11 (2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.11.47817.17717.

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The study discusses hydrodynamic impact regimes of the water-in-diesel microemulsion fuel drop onto a heated rigid wall. For the drop thermal breakup and rebound regimes, the maps of drop impact parameters were plotted to define the governing relationships between inertia, viscosity and surface tension forces. In addition, the study provides the critical (threshold) Weber and Reynolds numbers corresponding to the transitions between drop thermal breakup and rebound regimes. The findings, from a practical standpoint, can be utilized to supplement knowledge on producing the air-fuel mixture in combustion chambers.

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27

Giyad, Wissam Yassin Jabr, and Haroun A. K. Shahad. "State of the Art of Fuel Droplet Evaporation." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 5 (November 30, 2022): 1327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400528.

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The process of fuel droplet evaporating is one of the most important factors that directly affect the efficiency of the combustion process. Therefore, the current study reviews previous studies that focused on the process of evaporation of a drop of fuel. The review is divided into points. The first part is concerned with modeling of the evaporation process under different initial condition and temperature of the droplet. The second part present the experimental studies concerned with measuring the evaporation time of the droplet, as well as the shape of the droplet during the evaporation process. Most of the studies related to this subject can be divided into three categories: The first category is the studies that are concerned with the process of heating the droplet and studying the evaporation time for different types of fuels or by adding nanomaterials to the fuel and studying their effect on the evaporation process. The second category is the studies concerned with the mechanics of droplet evaporation and the study of droplet shape. The third category is the studies that focus on studying the effect of initial conditions, such as temperature and pressure, as well as the concentration of gasses surrounding the drop and their types. There are other studies concerned with projecting the electric field onto the drop during the evaporation process and studying its effect.

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Rizk, N. K., J. S. Chin, and M. K. Razdan. "Modeling of Gas Turbine Fuel Nozzle Spray." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815559.

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Satisfactory performance of the gas turbine combustor relies on the careful design of various components, particularly the fuel injector. It is, therefore, essential to establish a fundamental basis for fuel injection modeling that involves various atomization processes. A two-dimensional fuel injection model has been formulated to simulate the airflow within and downstream of the atomizer and address the formation and breakup of the liquid sheet formed at the atomizer exit. The sheet breakup under the effects of airblast, fuel pressure, or the combined atomization mode of the airassist type is considered in the calculation. The model accounts for secondary breakup of drops and the stochastic Lagrangian treatment of spray. The calculation of spray evaporation addresses both droplet heat-up and steady-state mechanisms, and fuel vapor concentration is based on the partial pressure concept. An enhanced evaporation model has been developed that accounts for multicomponent, finite mass diffusivity and conductivity effects, and addresses near-critical evaporation. The presents investigation involved predictions of flow and spray characteristics of two distinctively different fuel atomizers under both nonreacting and reacting conditions. The predictions of the continuous phase velocity components and the spray mean drop sizes agree well with the detailed measurements obtained for the two atomizers, which indicates the model accounts for key aspects of atomization. The model also provides insight into ligament formation and breakup at the atomizer exit and the initial drop sizes formed in the atomizer near field region where measurements are difficult to obtain. The calculations of the reacting spray show the fuel-rich region occupied most of the spray volume with two-peak radial gas temperature profiles. The results also provided local concentrations of unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) in atomizer flowfield, information that could support the effort to reduce emission levels of gas turbine combustors.

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29

Kim, Hyun-Jung, Jeong-Sik Yim, Young-Wook Tahk, Jae-Yong Oh, and Eui-Hyun Kong. "Drop behaviors of a plate-type fuel assembly used in research reactor for a drop accident." Progress in Nuclear Energy 113 (May 2019): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2019.01.020.

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30

Zou, Yuting, Shiyang Hua, Hao Wu, Chen Chen, Zheng Wei, Zhizhong Hu, Yuwei Lei, Jinhui Wang, and Daming Zhou. "Design of a New Single-Cell Flow Field Based on the Multi-Physical Coupling Simulation for PEMFC Durability." Energies 16, no. 16 (August 10, 2023): 5932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16165932.

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The fuel cell with a ten-channel serpentine flow field has a low operating pressure drop, which is conducive to extended test operations and stable use. According to numerical results of the ten-channel serpentine flow field fuel cell, the multi-channel flow field usually has poor mass transmission under the ribs, and the lower pressure drop is not favorable for drainage from the outlet. In this paper, an optimized flow field is developed to address these two disadvantages of the ten-channel fuel cell. As per numerical simulation, the optimized flow field improves the gas distribution in the reaction area, increases the gas flow between the adjacent ribs, improves the performance of PEMFC, and enhances the drainage effect. The optimized flow field can enhance water pipe performance, increase fuel cell durability, and decelerate aging rates. According to further experimental tests, the performance of the optimized flow field fuel cell was better than that of the ten-channel serpentine flow field at high current density, and the reflux design requires sufficient gas flow to ensure the full play of the superior performance.

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31

Neonufa, Godlief F., Meiti Pratiwi, Tatang H. Soerawidjaja, and Tirto Prakoso. "High Selectivity of Alkanes Production by Calcium Basic Soap Thermal Decarboxylation." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 03035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815603035.

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Renewable fuel production from vegetable oil and fat or its fatty acids by direct decarboxylation has been widely reported. An innovative approach to produce drop-in fuel via thermal catalytic decarboxylation of basic soap derived from palm stearin reported in this research. The catalytic effect of the calcium and magnesium metals in the basic soap and its decarboxylation on drop-in fuel yield and product distribution was studied. The catalytic effect was tested in the temperature range up to 370°C and atmospheric pressure for 5 hours in a batch reactor. It has been proved that the calcium basic soap decarboxylation, effectively produce the drop-in fuel in carbon ranges C8 – C20, in which more than 78% selectivity toward alkane. Whereas, only 70% selectivity toward alkane has been resulted from the magnesium basic soap decarboxylation.

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32

Lee, Duen Sheng, Kai Ting Hsieh, Po Chih Tsao, Tzu Chen Hung, Yi Tung Chen, and Yu Ming Ferng. "An Experimental and Numerical Study of Pressure Drop and Hydraulic Behavior in Scaled-Down Fuel Bundle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.409.

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This study presents a scaled-down single fuel assembly experiment to simulate the fuel in the spent fuel pool (SFP). From experiment results, this study obtained the relationship among pressure drop and velocity, the viscous resistance and inertial resistance factor. In computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the large number of fuel rod bundles is approximated with porous medium technique that imposes similar flow resistance to the motion of the fluid. Difference of the pressure drop between numerical and experimental results is within acceptable deviation.

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33

Dodge, L. G., and J. A. Schwalb. "Fuel Spray Evolution: Comparison of Experiment and CFD Simulation of Nonevaporating Spray." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240218.

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Detailed spray characteristics were obtained for a small-capacity, pressure-swirl atomizer using an Aerometrics phase-Doppler particle analyzer. Measurements included drop size and velocity distributions, liquid volume fluxes, and air velocities at four axial locations, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mm, with complete radial traverses at each location. Drop size results were compared with measurements from a Malvern laser-diffraction instrument, and integrated liquid volume fluxes were compared with measured flow rates to estimate measurement uncertainties. Drop sizes measured by the two independent techniques and area-weighted-averaged over the radial traverses at each of the four axial stations varied on average by less than 4 percent. Integrated volume flux measurements by the phase-Doppler instrument at four axial stations differed from the nozzle flow rate by at most 19 percent, with some of the difference due to evaporation. The phase-Doppler data were used to begin an evaluation of a commercial two-phase, three-dimensional, CFD code (FLUENT). Using a simplified representation of the spray based on velocity measurements 2 mm from the atomizer, it is shown that the model predicts drop trajectories, velocities, and volume fluxes reasonably well, and air entrainment velocities fairly accurately except on the spray centerline. Drop velocity profiles indicate dense spray effects very close to the atomizer that are not properly predicted by the dilute spray model.

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34

Annamalai, K., W. Ryan, and S. Chandra. "Evaporation of Multicomponent Drop Arrays." Journal of Heat Transfer 115, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910742.

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The conventional fuels that are used in the field of transportation are primarily composed of two or more components. Each component evaporates, mixes with hot oxidant gases, ignites, and burns. Since evaporation is the precursor of the sequence of events leading to combustion, the evaporation studies on the multi-component drops are essential for determining the governing parameters of spray evaporation. While single-component drop studies have been carried out extensively in the past, very limited literature exists on the multicomponent array evaporation. The present paper deals with the evaporation of multicomponent fuel droplets in an array using the recently developed point source method (PSM). First, the quasi-steady (QS) evaporation of an isolated, multicomponent droplet is briefly analyzed. The resultant governing equations, along with Raoult’s law and the Cox-Antoine relation, constitute the set of equations needed to arrive at the solutions for: (1) the droplet surface temperature, (2) the evaporation rate of each species, and (3) the vapor mass fraction of each species at the droplet surface. The PSM, which treats the droplet as a point mass source and heat sink, is then adopted to obtain an analytic expression for the evaporation rate of a multicomponent droplet in an array of liquid droplets. Defining the correction factor (η) as a ratio of the evaporation of a drop in an array to the evaporation rate of a similar isolated multi-component drop, an expression for the correction factor is obtained. The results of the point source method (PSM) are then compared with those obtained elsewhere for a three-drop array that uses the method of images (MOI). Excellent agreement is obtained. The treatment is then extended to a binary drop array to study the effect of interdrop spacing on vaporization. When the drops are close to each other, the evaporation rate of the droplet in the array containing the larger percentage of volatiles is higher than the rate under isolated conditions (η>1). The results qualitatively confirm the experimental data reported elsewhere. Parametric results were obtained for the effect of changing the composition on the correction factor and finally critical drop compositions in the binary array are given for which η>1. Even though the results for the average correction factor of the whole array of 2 to 9 drops obtained using PSM are almost the same as the results from MOI, the correction factor of the center drop under severe interaction may deviate from those results obtained with MOI.

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35

Henein, N. A., B. Jawad, and E. Gulari. "Effects of Physical Properties of Fuels on Diesel Injection." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906496.

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The physical properties of the fuel, such as density, viscosity, surface tension, and bulk modulus of elasticity, affect many aspects of the diesel injection process. The effects of these fuel properties on the fuel pressure in the high-pressure line, rate of injection, leakage, spray penetration, and droplet size distribution were determined experimentally. The mechanism of spray development was investigated by injecting the fuel into a high-pressure chamber. A pulsed Malvern drop-size analyzer, based on Fraunhofer diffraction, was utilized to determine droplet size ranges for various fuels.

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36

Ryu, Supil, Joohong Chun, Namgyu Park, and Seungjae Lee. "Effect of Drop Orientation on Structural Integrity of a Shipping Container for Nuclear Fresh Fuel." E3S Web of Conferences 162 (2020): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016203002.

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A shipping container of fresh fuel in nuclear industry is used to prevent a leakage of unirradiated radioactive materials and to maintain an integrity of nuclear fuels during transportation. In this study, the drop behavior was predicted and the effect of drop orientation on structural integrity of a shipping container in case of 9 m free drop was studied. LS-DYNA which is a computer code designed to perform nonlinear dynamic analysis using explicit time integration was used in numerical analyses. The material properties were applied to the analysis model to predict the nonlinear transient behavior and three kinds of drop orientations were considered. The analysis results such as accelerations, reaction forces and internal assembly deformations were compared for each case in terms of the containment and confinement systems. Test results showed that a significant impact energy was absorbed by the polyurethane foam and shock absorbers. The drop orientations that have the greatest impact on the containment and confinement systems were Case 1 and Case 3, respectively. Through this study, these study results can be applicable to the container design modification and the shipping container development.

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37

Rudoff, R. C., M. J. Houser, and W. D. Bachalo. "Experiments on Spray Interactions in the Wake of a Bluff Body." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240091.

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The dynamics of spray drop interaction within the turbulent wake of a bluff body were investigated using the Aerometrics Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer, which determines both drop size and velocity. Detailed measurements obtained included spray drop size, axial and radial velocity, angle of trajectory, and size-velocity correlations. The gas-phase flow field was also ascertained via the behavior of the smallest drops. Results showed dramatic differences in drop behavior when interacting with turbulence for the various size classes. Small drops were recirculated in a pair of toroidal vortices located behind the bluff body, whereas the larger drops followed the general direction of the spray cone angle. This was documented via backlit photography. Local changes in number density were produced as a result of lateral convection and streamwise accelerations and decelerations of various drop size classes. The spray field interaction illustrated by these data effectively reveals the complexity associated with the development of the spray and casts some doubts toward attempting to describe sprays via simple integral quantities such as the Sauter mean diameter.

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38

Zhongliang, W., C. Jiawen, F. Li, C. Yang, and Z. Hong. "T01067* Series Fuel Pump Pulp Molded Package Dynamic Drop Simulation." Journal of New Media 4, no. 2 (2022): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jnm.2022.019753.

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39

Donoso, David, David Bolonio, Rosario Ballesteros, Magín Lapuerta, and Laureano Canoira. "Hydrogenated orange oil: A waste derived drop-in biojet fuel." Renewable Energy 188 (April 2022): 1049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.02.078.

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40

Králik, Juraj. "Optimal Design of NPP Containment Protection Against Fuel Container Drop." Advanced Materials Research 688 (May 2013): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.688.213.

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This paper presents a optimal design of a damping devices for the protection of the reinforced concrete structure of a nuclear power plant (NPP) against the impact loads from a container of nuclear fuel of the type TK C30 drop. The finite element idealization of the building structure is used in space. The interaction of the soil-structure, as well as the fluid-structure of the deactivated basin is considered in space. A steel pipe damper system is proposed for the dissipation of the kinetic energy of the container is free fall. The Newmark’s integration method is used for the solution of the dynamic equations.

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41

WIT, Huang-Jau, Che-Chung TSENG, and Shih-Chung CHENG. "A Numerical Analysis for a BWR Fuel Assembly Drop Event." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (September 2006): 1068–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.2006.9711196.

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42

Argyropoulos, P., K. Scott, and W. M. Taama. "Pressure drop modelling for liquid feed direct methanol fuel cells." Chemical Engineering Journal 73, no. 3 (June 1999): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-8947(99)00038-8.

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43

Qi, Z. F., J. X. Li, L. L. Tong, and X. W. Cao. "Numerical simulation of pressure drop in fuel channel end fitting." Nuclear Engineering and Design 240, no. 10 (October 2010): 3435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.07.026.

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44

Chausalkar, Abhijeet, Chol-Bum M. Kweon, and James B. Michael. "Multi-component fuel drop-wall interactions at high ambient pressures." Fuel 283 (January 2021): 119071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119071.

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45

Bogarra-Macias, Maria, Omid Doustdar, Mohammed Fayad, Miroslaw Wyszyński, Athanasios Tsolakis, P. Ding, Andrzej Pacek, Peter Martin, Ralph Overend, and Shane O’Leary. "Performance of a drop-in biofuel emulsion on a single-cylinder research diesel engine." Combustion Engines 166, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-324.

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Current targets in reducing CO2 and other greenhouse gases as well as fossil fuel depletion have promoted the research for alternatives to petroleum-based fuels. Pyrolysis oil (PO) from biomass and waste oil is seen as a method to reduce life-cycle CO2, broaden the energy mix and increase the use of renewable fuels. The abundancy and low prices of feedstock have attracted the attention of biomass pyrolysis in order to obtain energy-dense products. Research has been carried out in optimising the pyrolysis process, finding efficient ways to convert the waste to energy. However, the pyrolysis products have a high content in water, high viscosity and high corrosiveness which makes them unsuitable for engine combustion. Upgrading processes such as gasification, trans-esterification or hydro-deoxynegation are then needed. These processes are normally costly and require high energy input. Thus, emulsification in fossil fuels or alcohols is being used as an alternative. In this research work, the feasibility of using PO-diesel emulsion in a single-cylinder diesel engine has been investigated. In-cylinder pressure, regulated gaseous emissions, particulate matter, fuel consumption and lubricity analysis reported. The tests were carried out of a stable non-corrosive wood pyrolysis product produced by Future Blends Ltd of Milton Park, Oxfordshire, UK. The product is trademarked by FBL, and is a stabilized fraction of raw pyrolysis oil produced in a process for which the patent is pending. The results show an increase in gaseous emissions, fuel consumption and a reduction in soot. The combustion was delayed with the emulsified fuel and a high variability was observed during engine operation.

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46

Mannava, Vennela, and Leela Velautham. "Decarbonizing aviation: The roles of sustainable aviation fuels and hydrogen fuel." MIT Science Policy Review 4 (August 31, 2023): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.38105/spr.4z2j4tru9a.

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As the aviation sector is projected to continue growing in the coming decades, so too are its greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impacts. Improvements to the efficiency of jet fuel-powered airplanes have dominated past emissions reduction efforts, but increasingly diminishing efficiency improvements now motivate the transition to alternative fuels. This article reviews two major classes of such fuels. Sustainable aviation fuels encompass a broad array of drop-in fuels with operational similarities to traditional jet fuel that show promise as a short-term solution. Hydrogen fuel shows promise as a long-term, carbon-free fuel, requiring more technology development and infrastructure changes. This article also presents an overview of the policy actions undertaken to aid both immediate and future deployment of these alternative fuels toward decarbonizing aviation.

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47

Dodge, L. G., T. J. Callahan, T. W. Ryan, J. A. Schwalb, C. E. Benson, and R. P. Wilson. "Injection Characteristics of Coal-Water Slurries in Medium-Speed Diesel Equipment." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906620.

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The injection characteristics of several micronized coal-water slurries (CWSs, where “s” implies plural) were investigated at high injection pressures (40 to 140 MPa, or 6,000 to 20,000 psi). Detailed spray characteristics including drop-size distributions and cone angles were measured using a continuous, high-pressure injection system spraying through various hole shapes and sizes into a continuous, elevated-pressure air flow. Penetration and cone angle were also measured using intermittent injection into an elevated-pressure quiescent chamber. Cone angles and fuel-air mixing increased rapidly with the relatively constant cone angles of diesel fuel. However, even at high injection pressures the CWSs mixed with air more slowly than diesel fuel at the same pressure. The narrower CWS sprays penetrated more rapidly than diesel fuel at the same injection pressures. Increasing injection pressure dramatically reduced drop sizes in the CWS sprays, while increasing injection pressure reduced drop sizes in the diesel fuel sprays more gradually. The CWSs produced larger average drop sizes than the diesel fuel at all conditions, except for some hole shapes at the highest injection pressures where the average sizes were about the same. Varying the hole shape using converging and diverging holes had a minimal impact on the spray characteristics. A turbulent jet mixing model was used to predict the penetration rate of the CWS fuel jets through different orifice sizes and into different air densities. The jet model also computes the liquid fuel-air ratio through the jet. The work reported here was abstracted from the more complete report by Schwalb et al. (1991).

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48

Ates, Harun, and M. G. Kelkar. "Two-Phase Pressure Drop Predictions Across Gravel Pack." SPE Production & Facilities 13, no. 02 (May 1, 1998): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/37512-pa.

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49

Dutta, P., J. P. Gore, and P. E. Sojka. "Emissions Characteristics of Liquid-Fueled Pilot Stabilized Lean Premixed Flames in a Tubular Premixer-Combustor." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817024.

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Global emissions of NOx in a liquid-fueled lean-premixed tubular combustor with a tubular premixer operating under atmospheric pressure are studied experimentally. The effects of equivalence ratio, premixer length, residence time, fuel type, and fuel atomization and dispersion characteristics on NOx emissions are studied. Measurements of exhaust species concentrations are used as the primary indicator of the effectiveness of premixing-prevaporization upstream of the combustor. Qualitative levels of prevaporization-premixing are determined from Mie-scattering signals measured at the exit of the premixer. Emission measurements show that the equivalence ratio is the dominant operating parameter, with premixing length and residence time being less significant within the present operating range. Ultra low NOx operation (<10 ppmv @ 15 percent 02) is feasible for equivalence ratios less than 0.5. More significantly, small drops persist beyond the premixer even for very long premixers, and Mie-scattering measurements show considerable spatial inhomogeneity, while allowing ultralow NOx operation. One-dimensional evaporation calculations for single drop trajectories confirm that complete evaporation for typical drop size distributions is not possible with reasonable premixer lengths under atmospheric pressure. Fuel dispersion is found to be the most critical parameter for high combustion efficiency, and adverse effects of poor fuel dispersion cannot be overcome by using longer premixers.

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Schikorr, M., E. Bubelis, L. Mansani, and K. Litfin. "Proposal for pressure drop prediction for a fuel bundle with grid spacers using Rehme pressure drop correlations." Nuclear Engineering and Design 240, no. 7 (July 2010): 1830–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.03.039.

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