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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fuel drop

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Academic literature on the topic 'Fuel drop'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Fuel drop"

1

Choi, Seok Ki, Il Kon Choi, Ho Yun Nam, Jong Hyeun Choi, and Hoon Ki Choi. "Measurement of Pressure Drop in a Full-Scale Fuel Assembly of a Liquid Metal Reactor." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 125, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1565076.

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An experimental study has been carried out to measure the pressure drop in a 271-pin fuel assembly of a liquid metal reactor. The rod pitch to rod diameter ratio P/D of the fuel assembly is 1.2 and the wire lead length to rod diameter ratio H/D is 24.84. Measurements are made for five different sections in a fuel assembly; inlet orifice, fuel assembly inlet, wire-wrapped fuel assembly, fuel assembly outlet and fuel assembly upper region. A series of water experiments have been conducted changing flow rate and water temperature. It is shown that the pressure drops in the inlet orifice and in the wire-wrapped fuel assembly are much larger than those in other regions. The measured pressure drop data in a wire-wrapped fuel assembly region is compared with the existing four correlations. It is shown that the correlation proposed by Cheng and Todreas fits best with the present experimental data among the four correlations considered.

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Chin, J. S., D. Nickolaus, and A. H. Lefebvre. "Influence of Downstream Distance on the Spray Characteristics of Pressure-Swirl Atomizers." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 108, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239875.

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An analytical study is made of the factors that are responsible for the observed changes in fuel spray characteristics with axial distance downstream of a pressure-swirl nozzle. To simplify the analysis the effect of fuel evaporation is neglected, but full account is taken of the effects of spray dispersion and drop acceleration (or deceleration). Equations are derived and graphs are presented to illustrate the manner and extent to which the variations of mean drop size and drop-size distribution with axial distance are governed by such factors as ambient air pressure and velocity, fuel injection pressure, initial mean drop size, and initial drop-size distribution.

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Chan, Kwan Yee, and Joseph K.-W. Lam. "Water drop runoff in aircraft fuel tank vent systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 24 (September 21, 2016): 4548–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216669175.

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Water condensation in aircraft fuel tank vent systems can run off to the fuel systems, where it can freeze to ice or support microbial growth in the fuel tanks. A laboratory scale test has been designed to investigate the ingress and runoff of water in the aircraft fuel tank vent pipes. The experiments are to determine the dual effects of air flow shear and hydrophobicity on water condensation in the vent pipes during descent from cruising altitudes. Results show only downslope runoff occurs and for large drop volumes where the height of the water drop is comparable with the height of the air flow boundary layer. Runoff is much more sensitive to drop volume and vent pipe inclination angle than air flow since the drops are within the air flow boundary layer. Downslope air flow has little effect on the runoff speeds. Downslope runoff speeds, where there is upslope air flow, exhibit large variations, when compared to those where there is downslope air flow. Upslope air flow can slow downslope runoff speeds of large volume drops by up to 400%. Runoff speeds may be up to 100 times greater with a hydrophobic coating than on the current inner vent pipe surface of anodised aluminium.

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Girin, O. G. "Wake of a shattering fuel drop." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, no. 5 (May 22, 2015): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2015.05.047.

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Girin, A. G. "Wake of a Shattering Fuel Drop." Combustion Science and Technology 184, no. 10-11 (October 2012): 1412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2012.691064.

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Qin, Hao, Huicui Chen, and Tong Zhang. "Study on anode single-phase flow pressure drop law of proton exchange membrane fuel cell." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2534, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2534/1/012009.

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Abstract This article briefly describes the research status of water flooding and pressure drop (PD) of the fuel cell. Then, a mathematical model of the single-phase flow PD of the fuel cell anode is established using hydrodynamics theory and referring to existing research. Then, the three-dimensional fuel cell model is established with Gambit software, and the grid is divided. Then, the numerical simulation of the single-phase flow of the fuel cell is carried out with Fluent software. Through the analysis of the simulation data, the relationship between the fuel cell anode pressure drops and some main influencing factors under steady-state conditions is explored, and the fuel cell anode’s single-phase flow pressure drop model is preliminarily verified. Anodes are highly sensitive to water flooding. The study of the single-phase flow PD law has a good contrast effect on the abnormal pressure drop during water flooding of fuel cells, which can be used to diagnose water flooding.

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Chen, R. H., and C.-M. Lai. "Collision outcome of a water drop on the surface of a deep diesel fuel pool." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 7 (May 11, 2011): 1638–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211403066.

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This study investigated the collision of water drops with diesel fuel. The target liquid was selected not only because this interaction is commonly observed in many fires but also because diesel fuel exhibits similar viscosity to heavy oils on fire. Investigated collision phenomena include water drop disintegration, cavity development, droplet ejection from the underside of the cavity, droplet ejection from the liquid (diesel fuel) crown rim, and formation of water-in-diesel compound drops. Results suggest that the number of water droplets from the disintegrated water drop increases non-linearly with increased Weber number. At a Weber number of 700, the number of water droplets reached a maximum while their size was minimized.

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Kalinina, Elena, Doug Ammerman, Carissa Grey, Gregg Flores, Sylvia Saltzstein, and Nicholas Klymyshyn. "Full-Scale Assembly 30 cm Drop Test." MRS Advances 5, no. 5-6 (December 23, 2019): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.477.

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ABSTRACTCan Spent Nuclear Fuel withstand the shocks and vibrations experienced during normal conditions of transport? This question was the motivation for the multi-modal transportation test (MMTT) (Summer 2017), 1/3-scale cask 30 cm drop test (December 2018), and full-scale assembly 30 cm drop tests (June 2019). The full-scale ENSA ENUN 32P cask with 3 surrogate 17x17 PWR assemblies was used in the MMTT. The 1/3-scale cask was a mockup of this cask. The 30 cm drop tests provided the accelerations on the 1/3-scale dummy assemblies. These data were used to design full-scale assembly drop tests with the goal to quantify the strain fuel rods experience inside a cask when dropped from a height of 30 cm. The drop tests were first done with the dummy and then with the surrogate assembly. This paper presents the preliminary results of the tests.

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Harstad, K. G., P. C. Le Clercq, and J. Bellan. "Statistical Model of Multicomponent-Fuel Drop Evaporation for Many-Drop Flow Simulations." AIAA Journal 41, no. 10 (October 2003): 1858–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.1894.

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Girin, Oleksandr G. "DYNAMICS OF THE EMULSIFIED FUEL DROP MICROEXPLOSION." Atomization and Sprays 27, no. 5 (2017): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.2017017143.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fuel drop"

1

Auliano, Manuel. "Investigation and validation of void and pressure drop correlations in BWR fuel assemblies." Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169548.

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Schroll, Cynthia A. "Spectroelectrochemical Real-Time Monitoring of f-block Elements during Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1367926766.

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Singh, Sandeep. "Thermo-mechanical Behavior of Glass Based Seals for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1288379341.

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Couval, Romain. "Scale up of a test fluid for testing the fuel system robustness against soft particles in biodiesels." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85745.

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The future of fuels will most probably be a mixture of different fuels, called drop-in fuels. It is already known that these drop-in fuels will lead to solubility issues, with creation of deposit on crucial fuel system parts, due to the formation of soft particles. The fuel system of the future should be robust against any type of soft particles. Today, there is no scaled up test fluid existing for testing full scale fuel systems. The objective of this thesis was to develop a scaled up test fluid which is a key element to the development of a test method to enhance the fuel system robustness against soft particles. A test fluid was achieved by a concentrate of calcium soap diluted two thousand times to reach a volume of 1000 litres with a concentration of 1,4 ppm. The concentration was measured by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy method following a derivatisation as sample preparation. The formation of the concentrate was established by changing the type of fuel, the level of aging, the amount of calcium and other counterions and eventually by addition of third elements. The concentrate was made of aged B100, calcium oxide powder and water. The test fluid was made by diluting the concentrate with fresh B7 and a protocol to characterise the stability of this test fluid was developed. This test fluid was tested under real condition in a filter rig giving homogeneous concentration all along the experiment, which confirmed the stability of the test fluid.

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Hill, Theresa Y. "Understanding Drop-on-Demand Inkjet Process Characteristics in the Application of Printing Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright156167105938597.

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Hammill, Matthew. "Ignition delay of oxygenated fuel droplets : development of a 1 second drop tower and initial 1-g test results /." Full text available online, 2006. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.

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Gunarathne, Duleeka. "Advanced Gasification of Biomass/Waste for Substitution of Fossil Fuels in Steel Industry Heat Treatment Furnaces." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190938.

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With the current trend of CO2 mitigation in process industries, the primary goal of this thesis is to promote biomass as an energy and reduction agent source to substitute fossil sources in the steel industry. The criteria for this substitution are that the steel process retains the same function and the integrated energy efficiency is as high as possible. This work focuses on advanced gasification of biomass and waste for substitution of fossil fuels in steel industry heat treatment furnaces. To achieve this, two approaches are included in this work. The first investigates the gasification performance of pretreated biomass and waste experimentally using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and a pilot plant gasifier. The second assesses the integration of the advanced gasification system with a steel heat treatment furnace. First, the pyrolysis and char gasification characteristics of several pretreated biomass and waste types (unpretreated biomass, steam-exploded biomass, and hydrothermal carbonized biomass) were analyzed with TGA. The important aspects of pyrolysis and char gasification of pretreated biomass were identified. Then, with the objective of studying the gasification performance of pretreated biomass, unpretreated biomass pellets (gray pellets), steam-exploded biomass pellets (black pellets), and two types of hydrothermal carbonized biomass pellets (spent grain biocoal and horse manure biocoal) were gasified in a fixed bed updraft gasifier with high-temperature air/steam as the gasifying agent. The gasification performance was analyzed in terms of syngas composition, lower heating value (LHV), gas yield, cold gas efficiency (CGE), tar content and composition, and particle content and size distribution. Moreover, the effects on the reactions occurring in the gasifier were identified with the aid of temperature profiles and gas ratios. Further, the interaction between fuel residence time in the bed (bed height), conversion, conversion rate/specific gasification rate, and superficial velocity (hearth load) was revealed. Due to the effect of bed height on the gasification performance, the bed pressure drop is an important parameter related to the operation of a fixed bed gasifier. Considering the limited studies on this relationship, an available pressure drop prediction correlation for turbulent flow in a bed with cylindrical pellets was extended to a gasifier bed with shrinking cylindrical pellets under any flow condition. Moreover, simplified graphical representations based on the developed correlation, which could be used as an effective guide for selecting a suitable pellet size and designing a grate, were introduced. Then, with the identified positive effects of pretreated biomass on the gasification performance, the possibility of fuel switching in a steel industry heat treatment furnace was evaluated by effective integration with a multi-stage gasification system. The performance was evaluated in terms of gasifier system efficiency, furnace efficiency, and overall system efficiency with various heat integration options. The heat integration performance was identified based on pinch analysis. Finally, the efficiency of the co-production of bio-coke and bio-H2 was analyzed to increase the added value of the whole process. It was found that 1) the steam gasification of pretreated biomass is more beneficial in terms of the energy value of the syngas, 2) diluting the gasifying agent and/or lowering the agent temperature compensates for the ash slagging problem in biocoal gasification, 3) the furnace efficiency can be improved by switching the fuel from natural gas (NG) to syngas, 4) the gasifier system efficiency can be improved by recovering the furnace flue gas heat for the pretreatment, and 5) the co-production of bio-coke and bio-H2 significantly improves the system efficiency.

QC 20160825

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Russi, Luigi. "modeling the pressure drop and thermal profile of a novel solid oxide fuel cell stack design with a homogenized approach." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Le celle a combustibile a ossidi solidi (SOFCs) rappresentano una tecnologia chiave in uno scenario di decarbonizzazione delle attività umane per i prossimi anni. Gli stack attualmente disponibili presentano elevati gradienti di temperatura e grandi perdite di carico attraverso lo stack, così come distribuzioni di corrente disuniformi, problemi di perdita di contatto e di deterioramento. Un innovativo design dello stack, detto"Chessboard", è stato ideato al DTU Energy. La determinazione dei campi di temperatura, pressione e velocità nello stack tramite simulazione risulta fondamentale per valutare la qualità di un certo design. Infatti non sempre è possibile misurare sperimentalmente grandezze fisiche locali all'interno dello stack. In questo lavoro un modello tridimensionale (3D) dello stack è stato costruito. L'approccio modellistico utilizzato si basa sulla tecnica di omogenizzazione. Un metodo efficiente a livello computazionale basato sull'utilizzo di una geometria semplificata, ma con proprietà termofisiche anisotropiche che rispecchino la vera geometria dello stack per reincrementare il livello di dettaglio. Fra tutte le fisiche che descrivono i fenomeni in una SOFC, solo il moto dei fluidi e la trasmissione del calore sono effettivamente risolte dal modello nell'attuale stadio di sviluppo, mentre i fenomeni elettrochimici sono definiti come parametri in ingresso. Una volta impostato il modello, è stato eseguito uno studio parametrico, con lo scopo di ottenere i profili di temperatura e pressione in funzione delle dimensioni dello stack, dell'eccesso d'aria, della pressione in ingresso dell'aria e della dimensione dei pori. Individuando quindi una finestra di esercizio sicura per i 4 parametri considerati. Dai risultati si evince che è possibile trovare diverse combinazioni di parametri che soddisfino l'obiettivo di progetto dato da limiti sui materiali costituenti lo stack, tutto questo con dei tempi di risoluzione nell'ordine dei minuti.

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Laesecke, Jan. "Production and characterization of biomass fast pyrolysis oil blends for combustion testing as drop-in fuel alternatives in a single cylinder diesel engine." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60409.

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This research sought to demonstrate the potential of biodiesel and softwood derived Fast Pyrolysis Oil (FPO) blends as an alternative low-carbon drop-in diesel fuel. FPO was supplied from an in-house fluidized bed reactor as well as a commercial source. Separate FPO-biodiesel blends from both FPO sources were prepared using initial volumetric ratios of 80:20 and 60:40 (biodiesel:FPO, by volume). Upon blending each performed volumetric ratio, mixing and a 24 hour settling period, two layers formed and the top, biodiesel-rich layers containing about 5 and 10 vol % FPO were decanted and characterized on the basis of a thermogravimetric analysis, viscosity, acid number, water content, elemental analysis, and heating value. Significant decreases in viscosity, acidity, and water content from the original FPO validated blending as means of extracting compounds suitable for use as fuels from pyrolytic liquids in biodiesel. A single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine was used to analyze the combustion performance of the FPO fuel blends against neat diesel and biodiesel. Fuel performance was characterized on the basis of a thermodynamic analysis and corresponding exhaust measurements for CO₂, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and NOx. Two thermodynamic measurement campaigns were performed in order to provide insight into FPO fuel performance across various engine conditions. In addition to the thermodynamic measurements, in-cylinder high-speed photography was implemented to support the interpretation of thermodynamic combustion data. Engine testing revealed similar indicated efficiencies for biodiesel and diesel at all considered engine-operating modes, while blend fuels showed indicated efficiencies between 75 and 95% of diesel values. FPO fuels exhibited increased ignition delays and shorter combustion durations with greater FPO blend concentrations, though this could be partially compensated for using a pilot injection strategy. The longer ignition delays of the blend fuels resulted in overly lean regions of the cylinder, which produced largely premixed combustion events contributing to brake specific CO and uHC emissions up to 1.5 and 3.5 greater than diesel, respectively. Specific PM emissions were 41-62% lower for blend fuels than diesel. Both blends of in-house FPO showed similar PM emission performance, however at higher concentrations than low blend commercial fuel.
Applied Science, Faculty of
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Cao, Liu. "Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Simulated Fuel Grade Ethanol." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345141634.

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Books on the topic "Fuel drop"

1

Dodge, Lee G. The physics of fuel sprays. Vol.1 - Experimental measurements. San Antonio, Tex: Southwest Research Institute, 1986.

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2

Hafner, R. S. Drop test results for the Combustion Engineering model no. ABB-2901 fuel pellet shipping package. Washington, DC: Spent Fuel Project Office, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2003.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Structure of a swirl-stabilized combusting spray. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Structure of a swirl-stabilized combusting spray. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1995.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Structure of a swirl-stabilized combusting spray. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1995.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Structure of a swirl-stabilized combusting spray. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Structure of a swirl-stabilized combusting spray. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1995.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Structure of a swirl-stabilized combusting spray. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1995.

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Center, Lewis Research, ed. LOX/hydrogen coaxial injector atomization test program. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1990.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Characteristics of vaporizing cryogenic sprays for rocket combustion modeling. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fuel drop"

1

Sen, S., V. Vaikuntanathan, and D. Sivakumar. "Impingement of Aviation Fuel Drop on Stainless Steel Surface." In Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power – Contemporary Research, 969–77. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2743-4_91.

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Sreenivasan, Akshay, and Sivakumar Deivandren. "Effect of Surface Temperature on Fuel Drop Splashing on Solid Surfaces." In Proceedings of the National Aerospace Propulsion Conference, 555–67. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2378-4_32.

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Wang, Y. M., T. C. Chen, and H. Y. Chang. "Interface-Matching for Barium Strontium Ferrate-Ceria by Drop-Coating Buffer Layer." In Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electronic Ceramics II, 113–22. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119320197.ch10.

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Mahapatra, Pallab Sinha, Priyankan Datta, Aranyak Chakravarty, Koushik Ghosh, Nirmal Kumar Manna, Achintya Mukhopadhyay, and Swarnendu Sen. "Molten Drop to Coolant Heat Transfer During Premixing of Fuel Coolant Interaction." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 201–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7233-8_8.

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Jiménez, Santiago, and Javier Ballester. "Determination of the Kinetic Parameters of a Pulverized Fuel from Drop Tube Experiments." In Progress in Industrial Mathematics at ECMI 2006, 296–300. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71992-2_38.

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Sevim, Cagatayhan, and Burak Zincir. "Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel as a Drop-in Fuel for Decarbonized Maritime Transportation." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 319–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8414-2_10.

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Germanaz, Axelle, Daniela Gutiérrez Fuentes, and Cara Daggett. "A Conversation with Cara Daggett about Affect, Sentimentality, and Extractivism." In To the Last Drop - Affective Economies of Extraction and Sentimentality, 265–80. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839464106-014.

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Cara Daggett was interviewed by Axelle Germanaz and Daniela Gutiérrez Fuentes on March 22, 2022. The conversation revolves around the complex, yet understudied, relationship between sentimentality, affect, and fossil fuel extraction. As she reflects on her thinking of 'petro-masculinity' and energy systems in light of sentimentality, Daggett provides important hindsight on the role of affect and emotions in environmental and energy politics, on sustainability and the potentials of a politics of pleasure (and well-being) attached to it, as well as on energy transition, climate narratives, and planetary transformation.

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Tsaoulidis, Dimitrios A. "Liquid-Liquid Flows in Micro and Small Channels: Hydrodynamics and Pressure Drop." In Studies of Intensified Small-scale Processes for Liquid-Liquid Separations in Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing, 65–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22587-6_4.

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Ndaba, B., R. Adeleke, R. Makofane, M. O. Daramola, and M. Moshokoa. "Butanol as a Drop-In Fuel: A Perspective on Production Methods and Current Status." In Valorization of Biomass to Value-Added Commodities, 371–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38032-8_18.

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Zhu, Hongyan, Gang Wang, Yingjie Niu, Jinhua Cao, Fei Yuan, Shaobo Gong, Chunde Wang, and Changliang Lin. "Assessment of Crash-Resistant Helicopter Fuel Tank with Composite Compartment Simulation for Drop Test." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 184–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7423-5_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fuel drop"

1

Reitz, Rolf D., and R. Diwakar. "Effect of Drop Breakup on Fuel Sprays." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/860469.

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Reijnders, Jos, Michael Boot, Philip de Goey, and Bengt Johansson. "Styrofoam Precursors as Drop-in Diesel Fuel." In 11th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-24-0108.

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Jawad, Badih A. "A Study on Diesel Fuel Drop Size Distribution." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1653.

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Abstract A pulsed Malvern drop-size analyzer, based on Fraunhofer diffraction, was utilized to determmine droplet size size ranges of diesel fuels under different conditions of injection. the effects of fuel properties, design and operating parameters on the formation of diesal spray are discussed. In these studies, the spray is formed by injecting a calibrated amount of fuel into air with the frequency of the intermittent behavior controlled by the speed of the fuel pump. In this study, an injection cycle was tailored so that it was divided into several increments which were injected sequentially. A two mm diammeter collimated beam illuminated a cylindrical volume perpendicular to the axis of the fuel spray, and its attenuation was recorded and stored on the oscilloscope. With the optical measurement being synchronized to the needle lift of the injector, the output of the needle lift transducer and the optical signal was recorded simultaneously. Thus, the arrival and the duration of the spray at various positions along its axis were measured. The droplet size distributions were obtained directly as penetration measurements were made. However, by applying a delay time through the synchronization feature of the sizer, information about droplet size evolution within the same spray was possible. Distribution widths are plotted as a function of time for different chamber pressures, injection pressures, different positions, and different fuels. Coagulation seems to be a dominant phenomenon in these studies.

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Jawad, Badih A., and Chris H. Riedel. "Analysis of Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) for Fuel Sprays." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37643.

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The spray-tip penetrations and the drop sizes of intermittent fuel sprays were measured by using a modified pulsed optical spray sizer. The average spray tip speeds were determined from simultaneously recorded needle lift signals and obscuration traces. The speeds of a sequence of fuel pulses injected at ∼103 Hz were analyzed to elucidate penetration mechanisms. A correlation that relates penetration distance to time, pressure drop across the nozzle, fuel density, and ambient gas density was obtained. The temporal variations of drop size in penetrating pulses of sprays were measured. The concentration of drops were calculated by combining drop size and obscuration data. The Sauter mean diameter of penetrating fuel drops increased with an increase of the chamber pressure and decreased with an increase of the injection pressure.

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5

Snow, Spencer D., D. Keith Morton, Tommy E. Rahl, Robert K. Blandford, and Thomas J. Hill. "Drop Testing of DOE Spent Nuclear Fuel Canisters." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71134.

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The National Spent Nuclear Fuel Program (NSNFP) at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) prepared four representative Department of Energy (DOE) spent nuclear fuel (SNF) canisters for the purpose of drop testing. The first two canisters represented a modified 24-inch diameter standardized DOE SNF canister and the second two canisters represented the Hanford Multi-Canister Overpack (MCO). The modified canisters and internals were constructed and assembled at the INEEL. The MCO internal weights were fabricated at the INEEL and assembled into two MCOs at Hanford and later shipped to the INEEL for drop test preparation. Drop testing of these four canisters was completed in August 2004 at Sandia National Laboratories. The modified canisters were dropped from 30 feet onto a flat, essentially unyielding surface, with the canisters oriented at 45 degrees and 70 degrees off-vertical at impact. One representative MCO was dropped from 23 feet onto the same flat surface, oriented vertically at impact. The second representative MCO was dropped onto the flat surface from 2 feet oriented at 60 degrees off-vertical. These drop heights and orientations were chosen to meet or exceed the Yucca Mountain repository drop criteria. This paper discusses the comparison of deformations between the actual dropped canisters and those predicted by pre-drop and limited post-drop finite element evaluations performed using ABAQUS/Explicit. Post-drop containment of all four canisters, demonstrated by way of helium leak testing, is also discussed.

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6

Mortazavi, Mehdi, and Kazuya Tajiri. "Two-Phase Flow Pressure Drop Measurement in PEM Fuel Cell Flow Channels." In ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2014-6484.

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Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells produce power with water and heat as inevitable byproducts. Accumulated liquid water within gas channel blocks the reactant flow and cause pressure drop along the gas channel. It is of extreme importance to accurately predict the liquid and gas two-phase flow pressure drop in PEM fuel cell flow channels. This pressure drop can be considered as an in-situ diagnostic tool that reveals information about the amount of liquid water accumulated within the flow channels. In this paper, the two-phase flow pressure drops are measured in ex-situ PEM fuel cell parallel flow channels. The pressure drops were measured for air mass fluxes of 2.4–6.3kg/m2s and water mass fluxes of 0.0071–1.28kg/m2s. These mass fluxes correspond to 2–5.33m/s and 7.14 × 10−6 – 0.0012m/s air and water superficial velocities, respectively. The measured two-phase flow pressure drops are then compared with different two-phase flow pressure drop models. Qualitative and quantitative comparison between the experimental results and existing models is provided in this work.

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7

Kadooka, Kevin, James Fitzpatrick, and Nicholas Klymyshyn. "Structural Dynamics Modeling of Spent Nuclear Fuel During Hypothetical Package Drop Events." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-61610.

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Abstract The response of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) to hypothetical package drop events is of particular interest in the scope of spent fuel storage and transportation because of the mechanical shock encountered in such scenarios. Previous testing and modeling by the U.S. Department of Energy have demonstrated that the shock and vibration environment of normal shipping and handling conditions (excluding package drop events) is relatively benign and does not challenge the integrity of spent nuclear fuel. Cask drop events are worth considering because SNF packages are required to withstand free drops onto unyielding surfaces as part of their licensing basis. The acceleration experienced during drop events can be orders of magnitude higher, and thus more advanced models are needed to encompass potential nonlinear behavior of the fuel, such as spacer grid buckling and rod-to-rod impact. This work describes a number of finite element models developed to calculate the response of spent nuclear fuel to various hypothetical drop events that have been validated by package and fuel assembly drop tests conducted in the last decade. Sensitivity of the model response to factors such as package drop orientation, secondary impacts, and irradiated material properties, as well as their potential impacts to fuel cladding integrity, was also investigated. Cask drops are not expected as a regular occurrence during SNF transportation, but this work helps raise the understanding of SNF mechanical loads to the point of consistency with the package design requirements.

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8

Kelly-Zion, P. L., C. A. DeYoung, J. E. Peters, and R. A. White. "In-Cylinder Fuel Drop Size and Wall Impingement Measurements." In 1995 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/952480.

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9

Richards, G., P. E. Sojka, and A. H. Lefebvre. "Drop-Size Studies in a Radially-Uniform Fuel Spray." In 1985 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/852083.

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10

Barbir, Frano, Xinting Wang, and Haluk Gorgun. "Pressure Drop on the Cathode Side of a PEM Fuel Cell as a Diagnostic Tool for Detection of Flooding and Drying Conditions." In ASME 2005 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2005-74037.

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An increase in pressure drop on the cathode side of PEM fuel cell is a reliable indicator of PEM fuel cell flooding. Flooding, i.e., liquid water accumulation inside the cell causes a rather erratic cell potential behavior — steady voltage drops followed by sudden voltage increases. The pressure drop in this case behaves similarly, i.e., increases as the water accumulates, and drops as the water is expulsed from the cell, however with an obvious and detectable upward trend. In an opposite case of fuel cell drying, the cell potential steadily decreases as the ionic resistance increases, while the pressure drop initially decreases as the last of the liquid water is being expulsed, and thereafter remains constant. By monitoring both pressure drop and cell resistance in an operational fuel cell stack it was possible to reliably diagnose either flooding or drying conditions inside the stack, which were intentionally created by adjusting the humidification and stack temperatures. Pressure drop, therefore, may be used to define a control strategy, i.e. to make decisions on corrective actions. In most cases, the pressure drop is a linear function of flow rate when a single phase (gas) is flown through a fuel cell since the flow is well in the laminar regime. When the gas starts to carry water droplets, such as the case when the fuel cell operates with fully saturated gases, the pressure drop departs from linearity. In addition, slugs of water, possibly present inside the fuel cell passages, create unsteady conditions.

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Reports on the topic "Fuel drop"

1

CHENAULT, D. M. Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) Bounding Drop Support Calculations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/798697.

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2

Wang, Jy-An, Rick Lowden, Rose Montgomery, and Bruce Bevard. Drop impact tester development for spent nuclear fuel vibration integrity study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1772622.

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3

Scott, P. A. Radiological consequences of a postulated drop of a maximally Lloaded FFTF fuel cask. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/264031.

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4

Spears, Robert. Drop Analysis of the Advanced Test Reactor Fresh Fuel Shipping Container with Heavier Low-Enriched Uranium Fuel Contents. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1734542.

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5

Mok, G., and L. Hagler. Drop Test Results for the Combustion Engineering Model No. ABB-2901 Fuel Pellet Shipping Package. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15005955.

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6

Witte, M. Discussion of Available Methods to Support Reviews of Spent Fuel Storage Installation Cask Drop Evaluations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/802600.

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7

Muelaner, Jody E. Decarbonized Fuel Options for Civil Aviation. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2023012.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Drop-in replacement biofuels and electrofuels can provide net-zero CO2 emissions with dramatic reductions in contrail formation. Biofuels must transition to second-generation cellulosic feedstocks while improving land and soil management. Electrofuels, or "e-fuels,” require aggressive cost reduction in hydrogen production, carbon capture, and fuel synthesis. Hydrogen has great potential for energy efficiency, cost reduction, and emissions reduction; however, its low density (even in liquid form) combined with it’s extremely low boiling temperature mean that bulky spherical tanks will consume considerable fuselage volume. Still, emerging direct-kerosene fuel cells may ultimately provide a superior zero-emission, energy-dense solution. </div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Decarbonized Power Options for Civil Aviation </b>discusses the current challenges with these power options and explores the economic incentives and levers vital to decarbonization. Until common and enforceable global carbon pricing arrives, targeted national measures (e.g., mandates, price support, and finance) will be required.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>

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8

Lever, James, and Jason Weale. High efficiency fuel sleds for Polar traverses. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43445.

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We describe here the evolution of lightweight, high-efficiency fuel sleds for Polar over-snow traverses. These sleds consist of flexible bladders strapped to sheets of high molecular weight polyethylene. They cost 1/6th, weigh 1/10th and triple the fuel delivered per towing tractor compared with steel sleds. An eight-tractor fleet has conducted three 3400-km roundtrips to South Pole with each travers delivering 320,000 kg of fuel while emitting <1% the pollutants, consuming 1/2 the fuel and saving $1.6 M compared with aircraft resupply. A two tractor fleet in Greenland recently delivered 83,000 kg of fuel in bladder sleds to Summit with similar benefits. Performance monitoring has revealed that bladder-sled towing resistance is largely governed by sliding friction, which can start high and drop in half over the first 30 min of travel. Frictional heating probably produces a thin water layer that lubricates the sled–snow interface. Consequently, towing resistance depends on the thermal budget of the sled. For example, black fuel bladders increase solar gain and thus decrease sled resistance; data suggest they could double again the fuel delivered per tractor. The outstanding efficiency and low cost of these sleds has transformed fuel delivery to Polar research stations.

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9

Chepeliev, Maksym, Thomas Hertel, and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe. Cutting Russia’s Fossil Fuel Exports: Short-Term Pain for Long-Term Gain. GTAP Working Paper, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp91.

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In response to the invasion of Ukraine, most OECD countries have announced punishing sanctions against Russia. In addition to targeting financial markets and service sectors, some countries have begun to impose restrictions on exports of Russia’s fossil fuels. In this paper, we analyze a scenario whereby most OECD countries put major restrictions on Russia’s energy exports. Results suggest that the short-term implications are likely to be non-trivial for EU – Russia’s largest energy export destination. Households’ real income could drop by 0.7-1.7 percent (relative to the reference case) with energy prices growing by as much as 11 percent. But after the initial adjustment period, the cost of such restrictions for the EU is expected to be more modest over the longer run (0.04 percent slowdown in the annual growth rate of real income over the 2022-2030 period), even as they lead to substantial environmental co-benefits through reductions in CO2 (6.6 percent in 2030) and air pollutant emissions (2.8-5.9 percent in 2030). Such emission reductions would take the EU more than halfway to its Green Deal mitigation target, reducing the necessary carbon price by around 40 EUR per tCO2. Adverse impacts on the Russian economy would be overwhelming and, in relative terms, 10 time larger than that for EU. By 2030 the cumulative reduction in Russian real income would exceed 1.1 trillion USD, while lost revenue from fossil fuel exports would be almost 1.4 trillion USD. Key words: Russia; Fossil fuel export restrictions; Economic impacts; European Union; Climate mitigation; Environmental co-benefits; Computable general equilibrium. JEL codes: C68, O13, Q43, F17, F18

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10

Wu, C. L., J. Lee, D. L. Lu, and L. J. Jardine. Effects of a potential drop of a shipping cask, a waste container, and a bare fuel assembly during waste-handling operations; Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/138314.

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