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Journal articles on the topic 'Fuel combustion units'
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1
Zbykovski, Y. I. "The ecological and economic evaluation of using smokeless solid fuel during combustion in boiler units." Journal of Coal Chemistry 3 (2018): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2018-0-3-11-18.
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Mattisson, Tobias. "Materials for Chemical-Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling." ISRN Chemical Engineering 2013 (May 8, 2013): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/526375.
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Chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) is a novel combustion technology with inherent separation of carbon dioxide. The process is a three-step process which utilizes a circulating oxygen carrier to transfer oxygen from the combustion air to the fuel. The process utilizes two interconnected fluidized bed reactors, an air reactor and a fuel reactor. In the fuel reactor, the metal oxide decomposes with the release of gas phase oxygen (step 1), which reacts directly with the fuel through normal combustion (step 2). The reduced oxygen carrier is then transported to the air reactor where it reacts with the oxygen in the air (step 3). The outlet from the fuel reactor consists of only CO2 and H2O, and pure carbon dioxide can be obtained by simple condensation of the steam. This paper gives an overview of the research conducted around the CLOU process, including (i) a thermodynamic evaluation, (ii) a complete review of tested oxygen carriers, (iii) review of kinetic data of reduction and oxidation, and (iv) evaluation of design criteria. From the tests of various fuels in continuous chemical-looping units utilizing CLOU materials, it can be established that almost full conversion of the fuel can be obtained for gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels.
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KISELEV, Igor G., Sergey B. KOMISSAROV, and Dmitry Ya MONASTYRSKY. "On the expediency of using liquefied natural gas in refrigerated containers with mounted diesel generators." BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH RESULTS 2021, no. 4 (December 2021): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2021-4-104-113.
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Objective: Analysis of the feasibility of using LNG as an alternative to diesel fuel in mobile power units used as a power source for refrigeration units of refrigerated containers. Methods: Natural gas has been compared to diesel fuel in terms of the economic characteristics; exergy analysis, systema111 tic approach, and synthesis have been used. Results: The economic feasibility of replacing diesel fuel with LNG for power units of refrigerated containers is determined; general issues of converting from diesel fuel to LNG were considered; possible ways of utilizing cold during regasification are proposed; emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of LNG and diesel fuel were compared. Practical importance: The study findings can be applied when converting mobile power units for various purposes from diesel fuel to LNG, as well as for in-depth analysis of individual problems of using LNG as a fue.
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Borush, Olesya, Pavel Shchinnikov, and Anna Zueva. "Prospects of Application of Dual-Fuel Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Units." E3S Web of Conferences 114 (2019): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911406002.
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Dual-fuel combined cycle gas turbine units, including power units on the parallel scheme with predominant coal combustion are considered in the paper. The basic equations for determining the energy efficiency of dual-fuel combined-cycle power units are described. The interdependence of the efficiency of the gas turbine and steam turbine parts of the combined-cycle plant for the efficiency of the combined-cycle plant with a variable binary coefficient is presented. It is shown that 55-56% efficiency is achievable for parallel type combined cycle gas turbine units T with predominant solid fuel combustion on the basis of this interdependence between efficiency and binary coefficient. Comparison of competitiveness in the ratio of fuel prices for gas / coal with traditional coal technology and theoretical rejected combined cycle gas turbine units with an efficiency of 60% for dual-fuel combined cycle gas turbine units with the implementation of the Rankine cycle for subcritical (13 MPa) and supercritical (24 MPa) steam parameters is carried out. It is shown that the dual-fuel combined cycle gas turbine units are preferable to traditional coal steam turbine power units in the case when the ratio of the price of fuel does not exceed 5, binary rejected combined cycle gas turbine units, when the ratio of the prices by more 0,5.
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Lutsey, Nicholas, Christie-Joy Brodrick, Daniel Sperling, and Harry A. Dwyer. "Markets for Fuel-Cell Auxiliary Power Units in Vehicles: Preliminary Assessment." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1842, no. 1 (January 2003): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1842-14.
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Fuel cells are widely expected to replace internal combustion engines in vehicles. However, their high initial costs preclude their introduction into the mass market for some time. A new approach is needed that focuses on niche markets. The potential use of fuel cells in auxiliary power units (APUs) on board various types of automobiles and trucks— in luxury passenger automobiles, law enforcement vehicles, contractor trucks, specialized utility trucks, recreational vehicles, refrigerated trucks, and line-haul heavy-duty trucks—is explored. Power requirements, volume and weight targets, costs, market sizes, and potential benefits for several fuel cell technologies and fuels are analyzed. The attributes of market applications are matched with fuel cell attributes to assess the market potential of fuel-cell APUs. Although data are insufficient and more analysis is needed, several market applications apparently could play key roles in introducing fuel cell technologies to the transportation sector.
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Skiba, D. V., D. A. Maksimov, R. S. Kashapov, and T. S. Kharisov. "Specific features of pressure pulsation control in combustion chambers of land based gas turbine units." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 20, no. 4 (January 19, 2022): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2021-20-4-40-51.
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LLC SPC Teplofizika, developing low-emission combustion chambers with premixing of fuel for ground application gas turbine installations, investigates the problems associated with the occurrence of pressure pulsations in the combustion chambers, as well as with the methods of their registration and measurement. To date, there is no unified method for assessing and calculating the amplitude-frequency characteristics of these pulsations and their measurement in general. This article is based on many years of experience in measuring and recording pressure pulsations under the conditions of a test bench and operation. Methods for evaluating and accumulating measurement results are presented, criteria for determining the average frequency and amplitude of oscillations are developed, reproducible in the course of experiments and during full-scale measurements. To detect vibrating combustion, an additional criterion of coherence of vibrations is also used with the aid of the entropy coefficient. As a result of the computational and experimental study, we find that the pulsation pressure in the volume of the combustion chamber does not allow the use of probes for measuring pressure pulsations in the air volume of the combustion chamber to reliably prevent the occurrence of vibrating combustion during its operation.
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Schastlivtsev, A. I., and V. I. Borzenko. "Features of thermodynamic and thermal processes in hydrogen combustion units and systems on their basis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2039, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2039/1/012032.
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Abstract The main types and designs of hydrogen combustion units (HCU), including hydrogen-oxygen steam generators, superheaters and air heaters of various power levels, are considered. The main problems arising in the development, creation and testing of such installations are determined, including the problems of cooling the most heat-stressed units, mixing of the main components of the fuel and oxidizer, mixing of high-temperature combustion products and ballasting components, problems associated with the completeness of hydrogen combustion and ensuring safety during operation.
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Kratzeisen, M., and J. Müller. "Suitability of Jatropha seed shells as fuel for small-scale combustion units." Renewable Energy 51 (March 2013): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.037.
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Михайленко, В. С., and В. В. Лещенко. "Improving the management of fuel combustion in ship boilers." Automation of ship technical facilities 27, no. 1 (November 25, 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31653/1819-3293-2021-1-27-73-83.
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Annotation – The article discusses the issues of increasing the efficiency of the combustion of liquid fuel in the furnaces of ship steam boilers using the proposed neural network system for automatic correction of the excess air coefficient. It is indicated that modern systems for automatic flame detection have a number of disadvantages, in particular, low sensitivity to extraneous illumination, etc. hot air or flue gases on the walls of the boiler furnace. Such pulsations reduce the reliability of the combustion monitoring and control system. Therefore, the task of developing and introducing on ships new, economically inexpensive and effective methods of effective control and management of the fuel combustion process in ship boilers using modern means of intelligent control is urgent. On the basis of the experiments carried out on a Mitsubishi MV 50 marine steam boiler and the collected experimental data, the values for training the neural network system of the air flow correction process, taking into account the color of the burner flame and the color of the flue gases, were obtained. The use of a trained neural network in the control system, taking into account the fuzzy expert system for monitoring the color of the flame and smoke, makes it possible to achieve the best excess air ratio depending on the steam load of the SEP units. Simulation modeling of the proposed neural system was carried out in a specialized program Matlab (Neural Networks Toolbox). The simulation results showed that the use of a neural network control system for the combustion of liquid fuel, using the example of a marine boiler, allows maintaining a given thermal regime over the entire range of steam load of the power plant units, and also allows timely correction of the excess air ratio, i.e. avoid excessive consumption of fuel.
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Grigoriev, A. V., A. A. Kosmatov, О. A. Rudakov, and A. V. Solovieva. "Theory of gas turbine engine optimal gas generator." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 2 (July 2, 2019): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2019-18-2-52-61.
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The article substantiates the necessity of designing an optimal gas generator of a gas turbine engine. The generator is to provide coordinated joint operation of its units: compressor, combustion chamber and compressor turbine with the purpose of reducing the period of development of new products, improving their fuel efficiency, providing operability of the blades of a high-temperature cooled compressor turbine and meeting all operational requirements related to the operation of the optimal combustion chamber including a wide range of stable combustion modes, high-altitude start at subzero air and fuel temperature conditions and prevention of the atmosphere pollution by toxic emissions. Methods of optimizing the parameters of coordinated joint operation of gas generator units are developed. These parameters include superficial flow velocities in the boundary interface cross sections between the compressor and the combustion chamber, as well as between the combustion chamber and the compressor turbine. The effective efficiency of the engine thermodynamic cycle is the optimization target function. The required depth of the turbine blades cooling is a functional constraint evaluated with account for calculations of irregularity and instability of the gas temperature field and the actual flow turbulence intensity at the blades’ inlet. We carried out theoretical analysis of the influence of various factors on the gas flow that causes changes in the flow total pressure in the channels of the gas generator gas dynamic model, i.e. changes in the efficiencies of its units. It is shown that the long period (about five years) of the engine final development time, is due to the necessity to perform expensive full-scale tests of prototypes, in particular, it is connected with an incoordinate assignment in designing the values of the flow superficial velocities in the boundary sections between the gas generator units. Designing of an optimal gas generator is only possible on the basis of an integral mathematical model of an optimal combustion chamber.
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Moliere, M. "Expanding fuel flexibility of gas turbines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 219, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095765005x6818.
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Gas turbines are continuous-flow engines that develop steady aerodynamics and flame kinetics. These features reduce the constraints placed on fuel properties for combustion and provide a considerable margin for clean combustion. In particular, heavy-duty gas turbines can operate on a large number of primary fuels that are available in many branches of the industry. These accessible fuels include natural gas (NG) and diesel fuel (DF), as well as a number of industry byproducts generated by the refining and petrochemical sectors, coal and oil and gas activities, steel and mining branches, and by the agricultural industry (biofuels). This fuel flexibility enhances the existing qualities demonstrated by gas turbines, such as efficiency, reliability, versatility in applications [mechanical drive, simple and combined cycle, combined heat and power (CHP)], strong integration potential [integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), gas to liquid (GTL)], and low emissions. As a result, gas turbines that use local fuel resources, synfuels or industrial byproducts — and are deployed in simple or combined cycles or in CHP units — can play a prominent role in the creation of reliable, clean, and energy-efficient power systems. This article provides the energy community with comprehensive information about alternative gas turbine (GT) fuels, covering volatile fuels [naphtha, natural gas liquid (NGL), condensates], weak gas fuels from the coal/iron industry [coalbed gas, coke oven gas (COG), blast furnace gas (BFG)], ash-forming oils, and hydrogen-rich byproducts from refineries or petrochemical plants. The main technical considerations essential to the success of alternative fuel applications are reviewed and key experience milestones are highlighted. A special emphasis is placed on the combustion of hydrogen in gas turbines.
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Jadlovec, Marek, and Stanislav Honus. "Developing of experimental combustion boiler with stationary fluidized bed and multifuels combustion." MATEC Web of Conferences 345 (2021): 00014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134500014.
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Due to the outdated higher requirements for reducing emissions of harmful substances in the combustion of fossil fuels and waste in particular, more and more research is needed, which will lead to the provision of various alternatives to influence the emerging pollutants into the atmosphere. This study deals with the development of experimental combustion units with a stationary fluidized bed with regulated parameters of primary and secondary air supply, performed fuel supply and flue gas parameters. Combustion is carried out in a bubbling stationary fluidized bed with a height of 100 mm and a diameter of 140 mm. The fluidized bed consists of ST 54 glass sand with a mean grain size of 0.22 mm. The basic purpose of the study is to describe the construction of the experimental unit with verification of its functionality. On the experimental equipment was realized experiments in terms of combustion various types of fuels, whether they are fossil fuels (coal), alternative fuels as straw pellets, sludge from wastewater treatment plants, sludge from paper mills or their combinations. Determination of temperature and pressure along the entire length of the unit is a device equipped with thermocouples and pressure sensors.
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Zaporozhets, Arthur, and Yurii Kuts. "HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF FUEL COMBUSTION PROCESS IN LOW AND MEDIUM POWER BOILERS. PART 2. ALGORITHMIC SOFTWARE." Bulletin of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Series Instrument Making, no. 62(2) (December 24, 2021): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1970.62(2).2021.249223.
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The efficiency of the functioning of boiler units depends on the availability of reliable information on the progress of technological processes. The lack of control and measuring systems for the composition of the exhaust gases leads to low efficiency of the boiler unit, in particular, due to poor-quality fuel combustion. Therefore, in modern operating conditions of boiler units, it is relevant to develop technological solutions focused on finding and minimizing the causes and mechanisms of the formation of harmful substances in exhaust gases.
Due to the fact that replacement of outdated boiler units with new ones requires significant capital investments, a promising direction is the modernization of existing boiler units. It is a low-cost and efficient way of rational use of fuel while simultaneously reducing the level of harmful substances in exhaust gases. It remains relevant to ensure the functioning of the control systems for the composition of the air-fuel mixture (AFM) with a given speed and high reliability of maintaining the excess air ratio (EAR) at the stoichiometric level.
In the article the high-quality algorithm is proposed for the operation of an automatic control system for the combustion of fuel in boilers of medium and low power by regulating the ratio of the components of the AFM for the burner with feedback according to the signals of the oxygen sensor. The algorithms for the operation of the frequency regulator of the ratio of the components of the AFM in various operating modes are considered. The developed algorithms allowed maintaining the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio in the boiler furnace, reducing the level of toxic emissions into the atmosphere and increasing the boiler efficiency by optimizing the fuel combustion process. The AFM ratio programmer is made in the LM Programmer technical programming environment and works with Windows operating systems (XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10) and oxygen sensors manufactured by Bosch. The visualization of the control process of the fuel combustion process is made in the technical programming environment LogWorks 3 and operates in the environment of Windows operating systems.
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Perevoshcikov, S. I. "THE FLOW CALCULATION OF END PRODUCTS OF FUEL COMBUSTION THROUGH THE AIR-GAS CHANNEL OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2017-1-102-108.
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The article includes relations, allowing to calculate the flow rate of combustion products through the airgas channel of the gas turbine engine (GTE) gas pumping units (GPU). Usina of this dependence allows parametric diagnostics of GTE gas pumping units at a sufficient physical basis and with greater accuracy.
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Kryzhova, N. S. "Method for improving the control system of fuel combustion processes in boiler units." Izvestiâ vysših učebnyh zavedenij. Priborostroenie 63, no. 9 (October 12, 2020): 862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17586/0021-3454-2020-63-9-862-865.
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Yarmolchick, Yu Р., R. Schröger, H. Haberfelner, M. Pichler, D. Kostić, and G. V. Moroz. "Combined Combustion of Various Industrial Waste Flows in Boiler Furnaces. Part 1." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 63, no. 3 (May 28, 2020): 236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2020-63-3-236-252.
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Direct flaring of industrial waste flows specifically in the combustion chambers of heat generating plants makes it possible to significantly reduce the loss of thermal energy, as well as the capital costs of equipping thermal units without using of preliminary furnaces. However, given the increasingly strict environmental standards for the burning of various fuels, it seems important to determine the optimal combustion conditions depending on the composition of the waste products. The article shows that only a complex solution can be a successful solution to the problem of organizing high-quality combustion of industrial waste flows. On the one hand, it is necessary to obtain extremely environmentally friendly combustion products, and, on the other hand, the waste disposal process should be energy efficient. The article discusses the stages of the implementation of the projects of energy-efficient utilization of industrial waste in compliance with the established environmental standards for emissions of pollutants. The analysis of initial combustible chemical substances that are part of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes of industrial technologies is given. The main classes of fuels that determine combustion reactions are identified. Global chemical reactions and oxidation mechanisms are considered. The combustible properties, chemical composition, and degree of impact of the products of combustion of industrial waste on the environment are determined, depending on the content of various starting substances. The most difficult aspect of the flaming disposal of industrial waste flows is the presence of harmful substances of various hazard classes. The conditions for achieving complete fuel combustion, stoichiometry, and equilibrium conditions for different air/fuel ratios (depending on fuel composition) with incomplete combustion are determined. The analysis of products of incomplete combustion is given as well as of and hazard classes of the corresponding pollutants. The maximum value of the coefficient φ was determined beyond which solid carbon should be formed in a homogeneous mixture.
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Moskalenko, N. I., Yu A. Ilyin, O. V. Zotov, I. R. Dodov, and A. R. Akhmetshin. "Fine structural spectrometry and spectroradiometry of combustion products of energy fuels." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 05016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912405016.
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The results of experimental studies of the fine structure of the spectra of molecular absorption and emission of combustion products of energetic fuels and their application in solving problems of radiative heat transfer in structurally inhomogeneous multicomponent media are considered. The methods of determining the parameters of the spectral absorption lines from the experimental emission spectra of the flame in the combustion products of gas fuel the identification of optically active ingredients in the combustion products and anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the fact that the emission of gas components is selective and the methods for calculating the radiative heat exchange in the combustion chambers of power units must take into account the acute selection of the molecular absorption spectra of radiation.
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Durcansky, Peter. "COMPARISON OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS OF UNCONVENTIONAL CHP UNITS." Acta Polytechnica 55, no. 4 (August 31, 2015): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2015.55.0223.
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An unconventional CHP unit with a hot air engine is designed as the primary energy source with fuel in the form of biomass. The heat source is a furnace designed for combustion of biomass, whether in the form of wood logs or pellets. The transport of energy generated by the biomass combustion to the working medium of a hot-air engine is ensured by a special heat exchanger connected to this resource. The correct operation of the hot-air engine is largely dependent on an appropriate design of the exchanger. The paper deals with the calculation of the heat exchanger for the applications<br />mentioned, using criterion equations, and based on CFD simulations.
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Vitázek, I., J. Klúčik, D. Uhrinová, Z. Mikulová, and M. Mojžiš. "Thermodynamics of combustion gases from biogas." Research in Agricultural Engineering 62, Special Issue (December 28, 2016): S8—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/34/2016-rae.
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Biogas as a respected source of renewable energy is used in various areas for heating or in power cogeneration units. It is produced by anaerobic fermentation of biodegradable materials. The utilization of biogas is wide – from process of combustion in order to obtain thermal energy, combined heat and power production, gas combustion engines, micro turbines or fuel cells up to trigeneration. Biogas composition depends on the raw material. The aim of this paper was to develop a new methodology; according to this methodology, by means of gas mixture thermodynamics and tabular exact parameters of individual gaseous components, all the necessary thermodynamic and operating values of biogas composition were calculated. The mathematical model of biogas combustion was elaborated. For an accurate realization of calculation, a computing program was designed.
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D, KONIECZNY, and KRAWCZUK S. "COMBUSTION OF GASOLINE AND ETANOL MIXTURE." National Transport University Bulletin 1, no. 50 (2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-3-50-104-112.
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Thanks to the pressure of the Environmental Society, the priority of engine manufacturers is to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and reduce fuel consumption while constantly increasing engine performance. One way to overcome the aforementioned technical and social problems is to use alcohols, natural or synthetic, such as ethanol to power engines. The objectives of manufacturers of alternative fuels is to provide consumers with the opportunity to use their product without changing the parameters of the main units in their vehicles, therefore the stoichiometry of the combustion of fuel mixtures is important, since this parameter can affect the amount of fuel burned, the quality of exhaust gases and the power of the internal combustion engine. Combustion in a car engine is exothermic, which means that a side effect of this chemical reaction is heat released into the environment. The condition for starting the combustion process is the thermal coefficient – for spark ignition engines – a spark, and for diesel engines – heat during compression of the fuel-air mixture. From the above it follows that after the oxidation reaction in the exhaust gases there should be no residual fuel particles, which in turn is an image of stoichiometric combustion. Since the stoichiometric mixture is very difficult to achieve outside laboratory conditions, a distinction is made between a non-greasy mixture (too much oxidizing agent) and a saturated mixture (too little oxidizing agent), but always strive to reach λ = 1, which corresponds to a stoichiometric mixture. The heavy weight when working with ethanol fuel is the one that affects the operation of the engine and its components. Therefore, it is important to compare the physicochemical data of gasoline and ethanol, as well as mixed fuel – E85. The article deals with the stoichiometry of combustion of an alternative fuel - a mixture of gasoline and ethanol. The economic and environmental conditions that initiated the production of this type of fuel were taken into account, the fuel mixtures were divided according to the content of fuel and oxidants in the combustion chamber. Attention is drawn to the determination of the stoichiometric mixture, as well as to the lambda coefficient (λ), which helps to determine the type of mixture. The properties of gasoline (in the form of iso-octane) and ethanol are described in separate sections and each is compared. One chapter is devoted to the description of the E85 mixture used in Flexi Fuel Vehicles engines, the requirements for this fuel are determined by the Minister of Economy on the requirements for the quality of biofuels, and attention is also paid to the effect of the mixture on the operation of the engine and the content of chemical compounds in the exhaust using E85 biofuel. It has been established that ethanol fuel (in particular E100) is undoubtedly a step forward in terms of ecology, transport economics and the development of alternative fuels. However, its physicochemical properties cause many problems in engine operation. Despite the improvement in the net power generated by the engine, it should be remembered that for the current mechanical parts and their materials, this is a “problem” mixture that requires frequent and accurate diagnostics and calibration. KEY WORDS: STOICHIOMETRIC MIXTURE, COMBUSTION, MIXTURE OF GASOLINE AND ETHANOL, ALTERNATIVE FUEL, IMPROVEMENT OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES OF THE ENGINE.
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Hamadeh, Hachem, Sannan Y. Toor, Peter L. Douglas, S. Mani Sarathy, Robert W. Dibble, and Eric Croiset. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Pressurized Oxy-Fuel Combustion of Petroleum Coke." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 4, 2020): 3463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133463.
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Petroleum coke (petcoke) is a by-product of heavy petroleum refining, with heating values comparable to that of coal. It is readily available in oil-producing countries such as the United States of America (USA) and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) at minimum costs and can be used as an inexpensive fossil fuel for power generation. Oxy-petcoke combustion is an attractive CO2 capture option as it avoids the use of additional absorption units and chemicals, and results in a CO2 + H2O flue gas stream that is compressed and dehydrated in a CO2 capture and purification unit (CO2CPU). The additional cost of the CO2CPU can be reduced through high pressure combustion. Hence, this paper reports a techno-economic analysis of an oxy-petcoke plant with CO2 capture simulated at pressures between 1 and 15 bars in Aspen PlusTM based on USA and KSA scenarios. Operating at high pressures leads to reduced equipment sizes and numbers of units, specifically compressors in CO2CPU, resulting in increased efficiencies and decreased costs. An optimum pressure of ~10 bars was found to maximize the plant efficiency (~29.7%) and minimize the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), cost of CO2 avoided and cost of CO2 captured for both the USA and KSA scenarios. The LCOE was found to be moderately sensitive to changes in the capital cost (~0.7% per %) and increases in cost of petcoke (~0.5% per USD/tonne) and insensitive to the costs of labour, utilities and waste treatment.
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Głód, Krzysztof, Janusz Lasek, Krzysztof Słowik, and Jarosław Zuwała. "Combustion of coal water slurry-technology enabling the achievement of a reduced technical minimum of the boiler." E3S Web of Conferences 82 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198201004.
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The idea of combustion of suspended fuels was developed in the 1980s. The largest producer and user of slurry fuels (Coal Water Slurry, CWS) is China [3]. Despite of several decades of CWS research history, investigations are still carried out to improve the parameters of disperse fuels and to improve the combustion of these fuels. The close relationship between the properties of slurry fuels and number of parameters (mainly the type and properties of the coal feedstock) generates the necessity of CWS receipts and determines for what purposes the fuel may be destined. In the case of the use of coal sludge, the resulting slurry allows for the combustion / "disposal" of coal slurry in pulverized boilers. In the case of using better quality fine coal fractions in CWS production, a slurry will be created allowing for achieving the crucial technological goal such as operation of power units with a reduced technical minimum.
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Belosevic, Srdjan, Ivan Tomanovic, Nenad Crnomarkovic, Aleksandar Milicevic, and Dragan Tucakovic. "Modeling and optimization of processes for clean and efficient pulverized coal combustion in utility boilers." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 1 (2016): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150604223b.
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Pulverized coal-fired power plants should provide higher efficiency of energy conversion, flexibility in terms of boiler loads and fuel characteristics and emission reduction of pollutants like nitrogen oxides. Modification of combustion process is a cost-effective technology for NOx control. For optimization of complex processes, such as turbulent reactive flow in coal-fired furnaces, mathematical modeling is regularly used. The NOx emission reduction by combustion modifications in the 350 MWe Kostolac B boiler furnace, tangentially fired by pulverized Serbian lignite, is investigated in the paper. Numerical experiments were done by an in-house developed three-dimensional differential comprehensive combustion code, with fuel- and thermal-NO formation/destruction reactions model. The code was developed to be easily used by engineering staff for process analysis in boiler units. A broad range of operating conditions was examined, such as fuel and preheated air distribution over the burners and tiers, operation mode of the burners, grinding fineness and quality of coal, boiler loads, cold air ingress, recirculation of flue gases, water-walls ash deposition and combined effect of different parameters. The predictions show that the NOx emission reduction of up to 30% can be achieved by a proper combustion organization in the case-study furnace, with the flame position control. Impact of combustion modifications on the boiler operation was evaluated by the boiler thermal calculations suggesting that the facility was to be controlled within narrow limits of operation parameters. Such a complex approach to pollutants control enables evaluating alternative solutions to achieve efficient and low emission operation of utility boiler units.
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Xiong, Yong Qiang, Peng Luo, and Ben Hua. "Energy Consumption Analysis of Air Separation Process for Oxy-Fuel Combustion System." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.146.
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Oxy-fuel combustion is a leading potential technology to capture CO2. Because the oxygen production process is causing the largest power penalty in oxy-fuel combustion system, it is essential to cut down oxygen separation power penalty for capturing CO2 at low cost. This paper presents the energy consumption analysis results of air separation units with three different cycles offering for oxy-fuel combustion systems. The study shows that when the gaseous oxygen compression (GOXC) cycle is selected for pressuring oxygen product stream, the specific consumption of high pressure and low purity oxygen with triple column cycle is about 6.4-7.2% less than that of with dual column cycle. And when choosing triple column cycle for oxygen production, an air separation unit with pumped liquid oxygen (PLOX) cycle is a better option than with GOXC cycle because it helps to improve plant safety and to decrease energy consumption of high pressure oxygen products.
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Dragutinović, Nataša, Isabel Höfer, and Martin Kaltschmitt. "Fuel Improvement Measures for Particulate Matter Emission Reduction during Corn Cob Combustion." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 4548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154548.
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Fuel-related measures and modernization of small-scale combustion units has become the focus of attention in the renewable heat generation sector, as a means to promote local biomass utilization and fuel-flexibility while meeting strict environmental legislative requirements. With the aim to mitigate total particulate matter emissions and ash-associated problems characteristic of crop residue combustion, (1) corn cob pellets (with and without kaolin and binder) as well as (2) fuel blends with wood pellets were combusted in a pellet oven under full load. Results show that additivation or fuel blending (e.g., 50 wt. % wood and 50 wt. % corn cob pellets) reduce total particulate and CO-emissions by 48 to 60 wt. % and 64 to 89 wt. %, respectively, in comparison to baseline emissions from non-additivized corn cob pellets. Kaolin prevented sintering of corn cob ash. However, considerable grate ash entrainment was observed. TPM consists of a “primary network”—polyhedral and spherical particles approximately 1 μm in diameter (mainly KCl), and a “secondary network” built on top of the primary network, consisting of square-prism-shaped particles of approximately 200 nm in diameter. KCl and K2SO4 are main compounds in particles from corn cob and wood pellet combustion, respectively. Effective measures demonstrated within this study should be complemented with low-cost coarse ash removal systems.
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Skodras, George, Panayiotis Amarantos, and Emmanuel Kakaras. "FBC utilization prospects in decentralized cogeneration units in Caucasus region countries." Thermal Science 7, no. 2 (2003): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0302017s.
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Great differences are encountered among Caucasus region countries with respect to energy resources reserves and economic conditions. Thermal power plants consist of obsolete and inefficient units, while the Soviet-type large heating systems in the area collapsed after 1992 and their reconstruction is considered uneconomic. Renovation needs of the power and heat sector, and the potential of Fluidised Bed Combustion implementations in decentralized cogeneration units were investigated, since operating oil and gas power plants exhibit high fuel consumption, low efficiency and poor environmental performance. Results showed significant prospects of Fluidised Bed Combustion utilization in decentralized cogeneration units in the Caucausus region heat and power sector. Their introduction constitutes an economically attractive way to cover power and heat demands and promotes utilization of domestic energy resources in all of three countries, provided that financial difficulties could be confronted.
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Duff, Barrett S., and Ronald G. Minet. "Ash management strategies for fluidized bed coal combustion units." Fuel 72, no. 5 (May 1993): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90647-k.
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Stupak, Yurii, and Tatyana Khokhlova. "ON SOME ASPECTS OF THE STUDY OF PULVERIZED COAL AND FUEL MIXTURES COMBUSTION IN A DROP TUBE FURNACE." Modern Problems of Metalurgy, no. 24 (March 28, 2021): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1991-7848.2021.01.12.
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The article considers some aspects of the pulverized fuel combustion modelling in the laboratory on installations called vertical tube furnaces (referred to as drop tube furnaces in scientific periodicals). We have considered the scheme of the installation to study the process of pulverized coal (PС) combustion in conditions similar to the conditions of heating and ignition of coal particles in the blast flow of the blast furnace and their subsequent gasification in the raceway. We have formulated the basic requirements for ensuring the reliability of modelling results. We have examined the methods of combustion completeness (burnout) estimation used in similar studies. We have proposed a convenient method for the estimation of the burnout of two-component fuel mixtures. According to this method, the estimation can be performed for any ratio of components in a two-component fuel mixture with the use of data on the initial ash content in each of them and the relevant burnout. We have obtained the estimated data on the dependence of the burnout of PC (anthracite, lean coal) with fuel additives. It has been shown that the proposed approach can be used to evaluate experimental data regarding the study of the combustion completeness of fuel mixtures. It has been established that for the initial stages of PC combustion (heating, emission and ignition of volatile matters), which occur before the fuel particles enter the blast furnace raceway, the fuel mixtures burnout values recorded in the experiments do not differ significantly from the estimated ones. For the final stages of PC combustion (heating and burnout of char), which occur mainly in the raceway and outside, the combustion completeness determined in laboratory studies was significantly higher than the estimated one. The obtained results confirmed the efficiency in the use of drop tube furnace to model the PC combustion process during the fuel injection with the heated blast flow in the blast furnace raceways and study of the influence of various factors on the combustion process. The results of such studies can be used to improve the design of PC injection units in the blast furnace and to study the possibilities for improving the coal particles combustion completeness and the specific consumption of PC.
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Zaporozhets, Arthur, and Yurii Kuts. "HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF FUEL COMBUSTION PROCESS IN LOW AND MEDIUM POWER BOILERS. PART 1. METHOD AND HARDWARE." Bulletin of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Series Instrument Making, no. 61(1) (June 30, 2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1970.61(1).2021.237091.
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In Ukraine today there are more than 6000 boiler plants with a heating capacity of up to 1 Gcal/h with an efficiency of about 70 %, requiring replacement or modernization, 40 % of boilers are operated with an efficiency of less than 82 %, about 11000 boilers with a capacity of 100 kW to 1 MW have been in operation for over 20 years. Although the part of these boilers in the municipal heat power system of Ukraine does not exceed 14 %, the projected savings in natural fuel in these boilers is more than 130 million cubic meters per year. Thus, increasing the efficiency of the fuel combustion process in small and medium power boilers is an urgent task at the present time.
The article presents the results of creating a method and hardware that implements it, to increase the speed and reliability of monitoring the process of fuel combustion in boiler units based on measuring the concentration of residual oxygen in exhaust gases. The developed method is implemented by stepwise correction of the ratio of the air-fuel mixture entering to the furnace of the boiler for combustion, according to feedback signals from a broadband oxygen sensor manufactured by Bosch, located in the outgoing channel.
The air-fuel ratio control with automatic adjustment of the blower fan speed depending on the amount of fossil fuel supplied for combustion ensures low-toxic combustion of fuel with low emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, and high efficiency. Additional use of a variable frequency drive in the combustion control system allows to reduce energy consumption by 30-40 %, eliminate starting currents and motor overloads, reduce mechanical wear of equipment, increase the service life of contact switching equipment. In general, the developed fuel combustion control system allows to optimize the fuel combustion mode, taking into account the actual conditions, operating modes of the boiler unit and fuel characteristics; to reduce specific fuel consumption by at least 10%; to reduce the level of emissions of nitrogen oxides up to 40 % and carbon monoxide up to 50 %; to increase the efficiency by at least 5 %; qualitatively to simplify the work of the boiler maintenance personnel.
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Nguyen, Danh Chan, and Van Huong Dong. "Potential of Biomass Sources for Fural-Based Fuel Production in the Consideration as a Green Fuel." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.1.1067.
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In Vietnam, although quite modest, but since 1998, there have been investments in nanotechnology research. To date, many research results of nanotechnology application have been published in theory and experiment. Along with research units, the business sector also boldly applied nanotechnology in production. In this paper, the authors mention research, application, testing of fuel saving measures and emission reductions on diesel engines. It focuses on measures to improve fuel efficiency (including the use of emulsified fuels and the use of fuels containing nano-technology additives and especially the combination of the above two types) to test Control combustion in the direction of increasing capacity, saving fuel and reducing emissions. This measure has the same advantages as: it can be used on circulating engines without interfering with engine "hardware". The results contribute to the construction of technologies to produce renewable fuels from agricultural waste, to participate in solving national energy security and environmental pollution caused by agricultural wastes. The research results confirmed that rapid pyrolysis and hydrodeoxygenation are advanced and feasible technologies for converting agricultural waste biomass into liquid fuel.
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Nguyen, Danh Chan, and Van Huong Dong. "Potential of Biomass Sources for Fural-Based Fuel Production in the Consideration as a Green Fuel." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.1.1067.
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In Vietnam, although quite modest, but since 1998, there have been investments in nanotechnology research. To date, many research results of nanotechnology application have been published in theory and experiment. Along with research units, the business sector also boldly applied nanotechnology in production. In this paper, the authors mention research, application, testing of fuel saving measures and emission reductions on diesel engines. It focuses on measures to improve fuel efficiency (including the use of emulsified fuels and the use of fuels containing nano-technology additives and especially the combination of the above two types) to test Control combustion in the direction of increasing capacity, saving fuel and reducing emissions. This measure has the same advantages as: it can be used on circulating engines without interfering with engine "hardware". The results contribute to the construction of technologies to produce renewable fuels from agricultural waste, to participate in solving national energy security and environmental pollution caused by agricultural wastes. The research results confirmed that rapid pyrolysis and hydrodeoxygenation are advanced and feasible technologies for converting agricultural waste biomass into liquid fuel.
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Huang, Wei Jian, Xi Zhang, and Zhen Yun Zhang. "Fuel Control Technology during FCB Process of W-Shape Flame Boiler Unit." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.115.
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Fuel control is the major part during the FCB control process of the unit, especially the fuel used by W-shape of flame boiler is inferior coal which has the character of low-volatile and low heating value. The switching way, procedures and speed of the fuel during the FCB process will directly determine whether the boiler can have a stable combustion after the fuel amount is greatly reduced for the unit. In this article, the strategy for quick switching of new type of fuel amount for W-shape of boiler and quick stabilization control for boiler combustion is proposed. And in this article, we also take an example of an engineering concerning foreign affairs which has successfully implemented FCB. the boiler fuel control technology which realized the function of FCB for W-type flame boiler unit is deep analyzed. It leaves a very good reference value for the test of FCB for other similar units.
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Wargula, Łukasz, Konrad Jan Waluś, and Piotr Krawiec. "The problems of measuring the temperature of the small engines (SI) on the example of a drive for non-road mobile machines." MATEC Web of Conferences 254 (2019): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925404004.
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Modern drive units designed for driving non-road machines are characterized by liberal regulations regarding the limits of toxic compounds emission in exhaust gases. These regulations contribute to the low level of technical advancement of this type of drive units. Among the new non-road small engines (SI) offered in the sale in 2018 in the European Union, the majority of them are equipped with carburettor systems whose fuel supply characteristics do not allow to achieve modern fuel-air mixture control standards. Therefore, action should be taken to develop these drive units towards electronic control of combustion processes in these engines, which will allow the use of innovative control algorithms. One of the basic signals supporting the selection of the air-fuel mixture is the engine temperature. The paper presents an overview of the methods for measuring the temperature of internal combustion engines and presents the results of research on the process of warming up the engine. The tests were carried out with three methods using an oil temperature sensor, a surface temperature sensor and a thermal imaging camera. An attempt was made to indicate construction guidelines taking into account the place of temperature measurement, correction factors were determined in relation to the oil temperature. The developed coefficients can be used to precisely determine the thermal state of the engine, which is an important aspect in the process of controlling the fuel-air mixture and affects its consumption.
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Besong, Marvine Tambe, M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer, and Adrian J. Finn. "Study of design parameters affecting the performance of CO2 purification units in oxy-fuel combustion." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 12 (January 2013): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.11.016.
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Aliyarov, B., A. Kibarin, R. Orumbaev, and B. T. Yermagambet. "COAL MUST BE AT THE ENERGY SECTOR!" Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 445, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.5.
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The article substantiates the necessity and possibility of preserving coal in the power industry as a fuel of the future, using the appropriate technology, based, to a large extent, on the use of layered combustion technology. The advantages and disadvantages of coal combustion in a layer are analyzed. The need to switch to flaring coal combustion to increase the unit capacity of the boiler is noted. The universality of this method of coal combustion in relation to its thermal properties is indicated. The sources of problems with emissions into the atmosphere during coal flaring are given. Shown is the substitution of the concept of "dirty technology" with the concept of "dirty fuel" in relation to coal fuel. The ways of returning to the layered combustion of coal are indicated, with the provision of the required capacity of the power facility through the installation of an increased number of boilers with lower productivity. It is noted that at the Almaty University of Energy and Communications named after Gumakrbek Daukeev, a coal combustion technology with reduced disadvantages is being developed The possibility of using flammable volatiles contained in coal for kindling a boiler and for stabilizing the ignition of a coal flame is noted. the possibility of supplying residents of a remote village with their own gaseous fuel for cooking was considered. The possibility of using this gaseous substance for the generation of electrical energy with the installation of low-power gas turbine units on a boiler with coal layer combustion is indicated. Based on such a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of coal, a conclusion was made about the long-term preservation of coal in the power industry.
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Zhdanko, Dmitriy, Valeriy Gerasimov, Mikhail Kostomakhin, and Nikolay Petrishchev. "DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE CONTROL DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin 1, no. 142 (January 2021): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-59-1-34-44.
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Service and repair of operating and servicing organizations are largely equipped with outdated, low-power, highly specialized bench equipment from former specialized enterprises and do not always meet the technical requirements of the manufacturer, especially for conducting quality control programs for the repair of powerful and modern tractors. These circumstances together reduce the reliability of the obtained diagnostic parameters and may lead to the risk of errors in determining the technical readiness of the repaired equipment, in particular, internal combustion engines, transmission units and chassis, hydraulic drive. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing a mobile control and diagnostic device for monitoring the power and fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine, as well as the quality of repair of hydrostatic transmission and hydraulic drive units. (Materials and methods) The article presents an analysis of scientific works on improving methods for diagnosing energy indicators of mobile agricultural machinery, as well as conducted extensive research on the use of axial plunger pumps and throttling the flow of liquid injected by them with a constant and variable cross-section throttle for engine braking. (Results and discussion) Authors developed an experimental model of a mobile control and diagnostic device and experimentally tested the methods for determining its parameters and control and diagnostic operations. (Conclusions) The use of the proposed mobile control and diagnostic device will eliminate excessive fuel consumption by tractors when reducing the effective power of their internal combustion engines below the permissible limits, and will also allow the diagnosis of hydrostatic transmission units in the conditions of agricultural and service enterprises and exclude the sending of serviceable units with unused resources for repair.
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Ottmar, Roger D., Andrew T. Hudak, Susan J. Prichard, Clinton S. Wright, Joseph C. Restaino, Maureen C. Kennedy, and Robert E. Vihnanek. "Pre-fire and post-fire surface fuel and cover measurements collected in the south-eastern United States for model evaluation and development – RxCADRE 2008, 2011 and 2012." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 1 (2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15092.
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A lack of independent, quality-assured data prevents scientists from effectively evaluating predictions and uncertainties in fire models used by land managers. This paper presents a summary of pre-fire and post-fire fuel, fuel moisture and surface cover fraction data that can be used for fire model evaluation and development. The data were collected in the south-eastern United States on 14 forest and 14 non-forest sample units associated with 6 small replicate and 10 large operational prescribed fires conducted during 2008, 2011, and 2012 as part of the Prescribed Fire Combustion and Atmospheric Dynamics Research Experiment (RxCADRE). Fuel loading and fuel consumption averaged 6.8 and 4.1 Mg ha–1 respectively in the forest units and 3.0 and 2.2 Mg ha–1 in the non-forest units. Post-fire white ash cover ranged from 1 to 28%. Data were used to evaluate two fuel consumption models, CONSUME and FOFEM, and to develop regression equations for predicting fuel consumption from ash cover. CONSUME and FOFEM produced similar predictions of total fuel consumption and were comparable with measured values. Simple linear models to predict pre-fire fuel loading and fuel consumption from post-fire white ash cover explained 46 and 59% of variation respectively.
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Derben, A. M., and S. V. Shelikhova. "Increasing the autonomy of unmanned aerial vehicles by modifying the internal combustion engines used." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1230, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1230/1/012023.
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Abstract The most important characteristic of any unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is the autonomy of operation. UAVs structures containing an internal combustion engine as an energy source usually use packaged units of general-purpose. The article proposes a modification of such engines, which allows improving fuel efficiency, reducing noise and exhausting temperature.
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Baulina, E. E., A. V. Krutashov, and V. V. Serebriakov. "Prospects of development of hybrid power units of vehicles." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66878.
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The paper is devoted to the issues of design and improvement of vehicles with hybrid power units, which are intensively developing fuel saving and environment pollution reduction technology for automobile transport. The ideology of hybrid power plants lies in optimal or rational choice of engines operating mode and the efficient use of produced energy. Vehicles with hybrid power plants can be quite effective in saving fuel resources, implementation of modern energy efficiency requirements and improvement the local environment in case of their mass use. The description of the design, functionality and characteristics of two experimental vehicles with hybrid power plants are shown. The design and engineering solutions that allow to extend the functionality of hybrid power unit and to improve consumer performance of vehicles are shown. One of design solutions is proposed by the authors circuit liquid cooling system of reversible electrical machines combined with the internal combustion engine cooling system. Since the power characteristic of some electric motors is not significantly different from the power characteristics of the internal combustion engines, authors believe that to develop automobile hybrid power plant it is advisable to design a two-stage connecting - transforming device, installed in the unit with the reversible electric machines on the basis of patent description at the request of the authors of the invention. In addition, to expand the scope of implementation of automobiles with hybrid power plants and to ensure universality of application, due to specific road and climate conditions of Russia, the authors of this article proposed a concept of extended functionality for vehicle with a hybrid power plant, where two electrical machines having individual kinematic connection with the corresponding wheel of drive axle are mounted in drivetrain. For the concept of such a vehicle with a hybrid power plant authors issued a patent for the invention.
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Zarzycki, Robert, Rafał Kobyłecki, and Zbigniew Bis. "Modern cyclone burners for the increase of operational flexibility of pulverized-fuel boilers." Mechanik 90, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2017.2.32.
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In this paper, the concept, as well as a model pilot cyclone burner are presented and discussed in order to provide a solution for both combustion and gasification of solid fuels (e.g. pulverized coal). The burner design allows to operate it as a separate structure or a part of an existing pulverized-fuel boiler. In the latter case, the cyclone burner increases the flexibility and dynamics of the power generation system, as well as boiler thermal output. The burner also provides the conditions for the reduction of boiler technological minimum without the necessity to ignite boiler startup burners, and also enables the realization of treatment and processing (e.g. the vitrification) of coal combustion by-products. The proposed solution can also become an interesting technological option aimed at the retrofitting and modernization of old 200 MW PC-based power generation facilities within the Framework Program “Power 200+. Revitalization and restoration of power on the basis of 200 MW power units”.
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Lyubov, Victor K., and Aleksandr M. Vladimirov. "Complex Efficiency of Using Wood Pellets in Power Plants." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-1-159-172.
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In advanced countries, the dramatic impact of greenhouse gases on the global climate is reduced by replacing fossil fuels with biofuels. This method is being actively encouraged. However, by-products of logging, processing and conversion of wood are classified as difficult to burn fuels due to their high moisture content, low energy density and extremely heterogeneous granulometric composition. A promising direction to increase the energy density and transportability of the timber industry by-products is their granulation. Wood pellet fuel burning in heat-generating plants results in significant increase in their energy and environmental performance. The purpose of the paper is an experimental and calculation study of the energy and environmental performance of 4 MW hot water boilers produced by Polytechnik Luft- und Feuerungstechnik GmbH in the process of burning pine and spruce wood pellets obtained from by-products woodworking. When performing studies, the components of the boiler’s heat balance, gas release, and particulate emissions were determined. Numerical modeling of thermochemical and aerodynamic processes taking place in the boiler combustion chamber was carried out by using the Ansys Fluent three-dimensional simulation software. Together with industrial-operational tests it showed the possibility to reduce the total share of flue gas recirculation into combustion chambers of boiler units to values not exceeding 0.45, in providing an acceptable temperature of combustion products at the combustion chamber outlet and maintaining minimum emissions of carbon and nitrogen monoxides. At the same time, the share of gases fed by recirculation smoke exhausters to the over-bed area of the burner should have higher values than under the reciprocating grates of boilers. Guidelines for comprehensive improvement of wood pellet combustion efficiency in combustion chamber of 4 MW hot water boilers have been developed and implemented. The priorities are: using the air passed through the cooling channels of the setting as secondary air; reducing the rarefaction in the combustion chambers to 30–70 Pa; optimizing the ratio of primary and secondary air, herewith, the share of primary air in the total flow should be 0.26–0.35. Implementation of the developed guidelines allowed to increase the boiler gross efficiency by 0.5–1.8 %, to reduce the aerodynamic resistance of the gas path by 15–20 % and to ensure consistently low emissions of carbon and nitrogen monoxides and soot particles. When designing boiler units for burning wood pellet fuel it is advisable to place heating surfaces in the combustion chamber, included in the circulation circuit of the boiler. This will increase the efficiency and life cycle of the boiler unit.
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Petrichenko, D. A., N. A. Khripach, L. Y. Lezhnev, B. A. Papkin, F. A. Shustrov, and A. P. Tatarnikov. "USAGE OF MULTIPARAMETER NEURAL NETWORK MODEL TO CONTROL POWER UNITS ON THE BASIS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 6, no. 1 (January 10, 2012): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-69902.
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The paper describes the ways for creation of hardware and software for automated multi-parameter optimization of internal combustion engines control, operating on the quasi-stationary modes as a part of a vehicle, in order to reduce toxicity and improve fuel economy. The authors denote the choice of method for solving the problem and main results.
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Regueiro, Araceli, Lucie Jezerská, Raquel Pérez-Orozco, David Patiño, Jiří Zegzulka, and Jan Nečas. "Viability Evaluation of Three Grass Biofuels: Experimental Study in a Small-Scale Combustor." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071352.
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This experimental study focusses on the viability of three low-grade biofuels in small-scale biomass units of 7–12 kW The tested materials were homemade grass pellets (gp1 and gp2) and a mixture of leaves and woody pellets (lp50) that were made without binders and completely characterized in terms of their chemical and physical properties (proximate analysis, elementary composition, ash content, flowability, etc.). The results obtained with the non-commercial fuels were compared with commercial wood pellets (wp). The viability study comprised the operational parameter influences, such as primary and secondary airflow, fuel consumption, etc., together with the impact of those parameters on the main problems in combustion (concentration and particle distribution, fouling and slagging). The results revealed that the biomass whose behavior during combustion induced fewer particulate emissions and deposits was the mixed fuel, made of 50% leaf + 50% wood pellet (lp50). Contrary to the grass-based pellets, lp50 has the possibility of being used in commercial devices with the incorporation of processes during the manufacturing that improve their properties.
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Songolzadeh, Mohammad, Mansooreh Soleimani, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, and Reza Songolzadeh. "Carbon Dioxide Separation from Flue Gases: A Technological Review Emphasizing Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/828131.
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Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CO2in the atmosphere is a global warming. Human activities are a major cause of increased CO2concentration in atmosphere, as in recent decade, two-third of greenhouse effect was caused by human activities. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a major strategy that can be used to reduce GHGs emission. There are three methods for CCS: pre-combustion capture, oxy-fuel process, and post-combustion capture. Among them, post-combustion capture is the most important one because it offers flexibility and it can be easily added to the operational units. Various technologies are used for CO2capture, some of them include: absorption, adsorption, cryogenic distillation, and membrane separation. In this paper, various technologies for post-combustion are compared and the best condition for using each technology is identified.
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PUŠKÁR, Michal, Melichar KOPAS, Marieta ŠOLTÉSOVÁ, and Matúš LAVČÁK. "System for analysis and correction of motor management." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 111 (June 30, 2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.111.11.
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The innovative system, which was developed for analysis and correction of motor management, is determined for the solution of practical problems concerning the operation of the piston combustion engines. Programming of the ignition curves and fuel maps without relevant feedback, namely, without information obtained from the engine operation, increases the risk of detonation combustion, which can destroy the combustion engine. However, the main application area of this system is the development of an algorithm, which is specified for control of the combustion process based on the HCCI technology (Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition). Nowadays, the functional principle of the HCCI engine is one of the most effective possibilities on how to reach higher operational efficiency of the gasoline engine, that is, closer to the efficiency level of the diesel driving units.
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Mamala, Jarosław, Michał Śmieja, and Krzysztof Prażnowski. "Analysis of the Total Unit Energy Consumption of a Car with a Hybrid Drive System in Real Operating Conditions." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 3966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133966.
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The market demand for vehicles with reduced energy consumption, as well as increasingly stringent standards limiting CO2 emissions, are the focus of a large number of research works undertaken in the analysis of the energy consumption of cars in real operating conditions. Taking into account the growing share of hybrid drive units on the automotive market, the aim of the article is to analyse the total unit energy consumption of a car operating in real road conditions, equipped with an advanced hybrid drive system of the PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) type. In this paper, special attention has been paid to the total unit energy consumption of a car resulting from the cooperation of the two independent power units, internal combustion and electric. The results obtained for the individual drive units were presented in the form of a new unit index of the car, which allows us to compare the consumption of energy obtained from fuel with the use of electricity supported from the car’s batteries, during journeys in real road conditions. The presented research results indicate a several-fold increase in the total unit energy consumption of a car powered by an internal combustion engine compared to an electric car. The values of the total unit energy consumption of the car in real road conditions for the internal combustion drive are within the range 1.25–2.95 (J/(kg·m)) in relation to the electric drive 0.27–1.1 (J/(kg·m)) in terms of instantaneous values. In terms of average values, the appropriate values for only the combustion engine are 1.54 (J/(kg·m)) and for the electric drive only are 0.45 (J/(kg·m)) which results in the internal combustion engine values being 3.4 times higher than the electric values. It is the combustion of fuel that causes the greatest increase in energy supplied from the drive unit to the car’s propulsion system in the TTW (tank to wheels) system. At the same time this component is responsible for energy losses and CO2 emissions to the environment. The results were analysed to identify the differences between the actual life cycle energy consumption of the hybrid powertrain and the WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Procedure) homologation cycle.
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Chorowski, Maciej, and Wojciech Gizicki. "Technical and economic aspects of oxygen separation for oxy-fuel purposes." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0011.
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Abstract Oxy combustion is the most promising technology for carbon dioxide, originated from thermal power plants, capture and storage. The oxygen in sufficient quantities can be separated from air in cryogenic installations. Even the state-of-art air separation units are characterized by high energy demands decreasing net efficiency of thermal power plant by at least 7%. This efficiency decrease can be mitigated by the use of waste nitrogen, e.g., as the medium for lignite drying. It is also possible to store energy in liquefied gases and recover it by liquid pressurization, warm-up to ambient temperature and expansion. Exergetic efficiency of the proposed energy accumulator may reach 85%.
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Komarov, E. M. "Methods for Reducing Emission of Harmful Substances in the Combustion Chambers of GTE and GTP." Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, no. 5 (June 21, 2018): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24108/0518.0001394.
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A combustion chamber, as one of the crucial GTE components, plays a significant role in ensuring its environmental characteristics. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of forming harmful substances (pollutants) and a possibility to predict their emission values, when changing the engine operation parameters and the external conditions, are some of the key issues to ensure ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) standards. The solution of these issues allows us to estimate the emission characteristics at the stage of engine design and to develop effective methods for preventing the formation of air pollutants, as well as to increase the efficiency of burning fuels. Since the first limitation introduced by the Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP / 1) in 1986 there were several amendments. The (CAEP / 8) standard, which has come into force since January 1, 2014, is already being ready to be replaced by more stringent requirements, i.e. reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 40% by 2020 (as compared to the (CAEP / 2). As to other pollutants (CO, HC, SN), the trend is similar.Main difficulties in creating combustion chambers with low-emission pollutants arise from the fact that reducing CO and NOx requires mutually opposite measures. A rational combustion chamber design should represent some trade-off between the requirements arising from the task of reducing emissions of these two groups of polluting components. This can be achieved through improving operation of the primary, burnout, and mixing zones, rationally chosen volume of the flame tube (FT), and residence time in the combustion chamber.To have a clearer idea of possible ways to reduce pollutant emission of the GTE combustion chamber, it is necessary to take into account the basic mechanisms of their formation.The main methods of reducing CO emission are based on the physical-and-chemical patterns of its formation:Supporting the mixture composition in the combustion zone to be closer to α = 1.1 ... 1.3;Increasing the combustion zone volume and the residence time in it.The above methods of reducing CO emissions are difficult to implement in low-emission combustion chambers because their using leads to the sharp increase of NOх formation. It is found that only in a very narrow temperature range (flame temperature Тпл = 1650 ... 1900 K) desirable levels of NOх and CO emissions can be simultaneously achieved.To reduce the level of NOх emission, are used the following approaches:- liquid fuel combustion implemented at a small length of FT with a residence time in the high temperature zone (over 1920 K) 5 ... 6 milliseconds followed by intensive quench in the mixing zone, that is, the principle of "quick burn and quick quench» is used;- fuel combustion at the temperature of 1750 ± 50 K (i.e. below 1920 K), with an outlet temperature pattern formed through the air feed in the mixing zone or- from the zone of a combustion chamber flame tube head with no quench of product of combustion.The analytical results of a total scope of developments in reducing pollutant emissions allow us to distinguish the following standard fuel combustion technologies in GTE combustion chambers, which meet the available environmental requirements:1) use of burning the lean pre-mixed fuel in "dry" combustion chambers (This technology process uses the following schemes: RQL (Rich-Quench-Lean) – rich mixture combustion, followed by rapid air blending and lean mixture afterburning; LPP (Lean Premixed Pre-vaporized) - combustion of a lean premixed and vaporized mixture; LDI (Lean Direct-Injection) - combustion with lean mixture injection directly into the combustion zone;2) catalytic combustion of a fuel-air mixture;3) use of "wet" combustion chambers with diffusion flame and water injection (steam);4) additional use of catalytic cleaning of GTP outlet gases.At present, natural gas combustion chambers with emission of NOx and CO <10ppm are under design. This is almost the lowest achievable level for the operating conditions under consideration. In designing such combustion chambers a main task is to develop and improve methods that allow calculating the combustion kinetics of a gas mixture, improving the software systems for calculating and obtaining reliable data on emission of harmful substances, and also to develop experimental methods for creating and full-scale engineering of the low-emission combustion chambers for stationary units and advanced aircraft engines. The presented methods for reducing emission of harmful substances, namely improving techniques to feed fuel, zone arrangement of combustion, use of catalysts in the combustion chamber and at the outlet of the plant, when used, should result not only to reducing emissions, but also to improving the other important combustion chamber characteristics, especially extension of steady combustion limits. Studies to obtain ultra-low emission levels, based on the burning concept of the lean homogeneous mixture in the combustion chamber, are at an early stage. It is necessary to solve a number of important problems, such as a problem of «lean» flameout, of flash back, and also ensuring a sufficient evaporation of fuel and its mixing with air.
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Stanek, Wojciech, Jan Szargut, Zygmunt Kolenda, and Lucyna Czarnowska. "Influence of nuclear power unit on decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The paper presents a comparison of selected power technologies from the point of view of emissions of greenhouse gases. Such evaluation is most often based only on analysis of direct emissions from combustion. However, the direct analysis does not show full picture of the problem as significant emissions of GHG appear also in the process of mining and transportation of fuel. It is demonstrated in the paper that comparison of power technologies from the GHG point of view has to be done using the cumulative calculus covering the whole cycle of fuel mining, processing, transportation and end-use. From this point of view coal technologies are in comparable level as gas technologies while nuclear power units are characterised with lowest GHG emissions. Mentioned technologies are compared from the point of view of GHG emissions in full cycle. Specific GHG cumulative emission factors per unit of generated electricity are determined. These factors have been applied to simulation of the influence of introduction of nuclear power units on decrease of GHG emissions in domestic scale. Within the presented simulations the prognosis of domestic power sector development according to the Polish energy policy till 2030 has been taken into account. The profitability of introduction of nuclear power units from the point of view of decreasing GHG emissions has been proved.
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Zhao, Qingjian, Sheng Ding, Zuomin Wen, and Anne Toppinen. "Energy Flows and Carbon Footprint in the Forestry-Pulp and Paper Industry." Forests 10, no. 9 (August 23, 2019): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090725.
Full textAbstract:
In the context of global climate change, energy conservation and greenhouse effect gases (GHG) reduction are major challenges to mankind. The forestry-pulp and paper industry is a typical high energy consumption and high emission industry. We conducted in-depth research on the energy flows and carbon footprint of the forestry-pulp paper industry. The results show that: (1) The main sources of energy supply include external fossil fuel coal and internal biomass fuel black liquor, which supply 30,057,300 GJ and 14,854,000 GJ respectively; in addition, the energy produced by diesel in material transportation reaches 11,624,256 GJ. (2) The main energy consumption processes include auxiliary engineering projects, material transportation, papermaking, alkali recovery, pulping and other production workshops. The percentages of energy consumption account for 26%, 18%, 15%, 10% and 6%, respectively. (3) The main sources of carbon include coal and forest biomass, reaching 770,000 tons and 1.39 million tons, respectively. (4) Carbon emissions mainly occur in fuel combustion in combined heating and power (CHP) and diesel combustion in material transportation, reaching 6.78 million tons and 790,000 tons of carbon, respectively. (5) Based on steam and electricity consumption, the indirect carbon emissions of various thermal and electric energy production units were calculated, and the key energy consumption process units and hotspot carbon flow paths were further found. This research established a theoretical and methodological basis for energy conservation and emission reduction.