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Journal articles on the topic 'Fuel and energy'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

A. C. Sequeira, César, David S. P. Cardoso, Marta Martins, and Luís Amaral. "Novel materials for fuel cells operating on liquid fuels." AIMS Energy 5, no. 3 (2017): 458–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2017.3.458.

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2

Ji, Hyunjin, and Joongmyeon Bae. "Start-up and operation of Gasoline Fuel Processor for Isolated Fuel Cell System." Journal of Energy Engineering 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2015.25.1.076.

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3

Bell, S. R., M. Gupta, and L. A. Greening. "Full-Fuel-Cycle Modeling for Alternative Transportation Fuels." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 117, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835427.

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Utilization of alternative fuels in the transportation sector has been identified as a potential method for mitigation of petroleum-based energy dependence and pollutant emissions from mobile sources. Traditionally, vehicle tailpipe emissions have served as sole data when evaluating environmental impact. However, considerable differences in extraction and processing requirements for alternative fuels makes evident the need to consider the complete fuel production and use cycle for each fuel scenario. The work presented here provides a case study applied to the southeastern region of the United States for conventional gasoline, reformulated gasoline, natural gas, and methanol vehicle fueling. Results of the study demonstrate the significance of the nonvehicle processes, such as fuel refining, in terms of energy expenditure and emissions production. Unique to this work is the application of the MOBILE5 mobile emissions model in the full-fuel-cycle analysis. Estimates of direct and indirect green-house gas production are also presented and discussed using the full-cycle-analysis method.

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4

Huang, Wei, Xin Zhang, and Zhun Qing Hu. "Selection of New Energy Vehicle Fuels and Life Cycle Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 1695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.1695.

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Life cycle energy consumption and environment emission assessment model of vehicle new energy fuels is established. And life cycle energy consumption and environmental pollutant emissions of new energy fuels are carried out. Results show that the full life cycle energy consumption of alcohol fuels is highest, and the full life cycle energy consumption of the fuel cell is lowest, and the fuel consumption is mainly concentrated in the use stage, and that is lowest in the raw material stage. And the full life cycle CO2 emission of methanol is highest, and the full life cycle CO2 emission of Hybrid is lowest. The full life cycle VOCHCNOXPM10 and SOX emissions of alcohol fuels is highest, and the fuel cell is lowest.

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5

Lee, Minho, and Jeonghwan Kim. "The Study on the improvement of vehicle fuel economy test method according to the characteristics of test fuel." Journal of Energy Engineering 23, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2014.23.4.009.

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6

Cho, Sung Ju, and Chang Joo Hah. "Determination of Optimum Batch Size and Fuel Enrichment for OPR1000 NPP Based on Nuclear Fuel Cycle Cost Analysis." Journal of Energy Engineering 23, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2014.23.4.256.

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7

Al Bloushi, Hesham, Philip A. Beeley, Sung-yeop Kim, and Kun Jai Lee. "Spent nuclear fuel management options for the UAE." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy 168, no. 3 (August 2015): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/energy.13.00015.

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8

Son, Young Mok. "Fuel cell based CHP technologies for residential sector." Journal of Energy Engineering 25, no. 4 (December 30, 2016): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2016.25.4.251.

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9

Lim, Chansu. "Estimation of diesel fuel demand function using panel data." Journal of Energy Engineering 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2017.26.2.031.

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10

Rathore, Dheeraj, Anoop Singh, Divakar Dahiya, and Poonam Singh Nigam. "Sustainability of biohydrogen as fuel: Present scenario and future perspective." AIMS Energy 7, no. 1 (2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2019.1.1.

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11

S. Psomopoulos, Constantinos. "Residue Derived Fuels as an Alternative Fuel for the Hellenic Power Generation Sector and their Potential for Emissions ReductionConstantinos S. Psomopoulos." AIMS Energy 2, no. 3 (2014): 321–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2014.3.321.

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12

Rotherham, Ian D. "Energy, fuel, and carbon." Arboricultural Journal 44, no. 2 (April 3, 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2022.2082768.

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13

Lemmon, John P. "Energy: Reimagine fuel cells." Nature 525, no. 7570 (September 2015): 447–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/525447a.

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14

Wilmore, Jack H., and David L. Costill. "Physical Energy: Fuel Metabolism." Nutrition Reviews 59, no. 1 (April 27, 2009): S13—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2001.tb01885.x.

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15

Baikov, N. "Fuel and Energy Complex." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2000): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2000-8-61-66.

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16

Lee, Yoonkyung, Jae-Hyeong Kim, Seol-Song Gang, Gyeong-A. Kim, and Daewon Pak. "A study on the fuel of sewage sludge by torrefaction process." Journal of Energy Engineering 22, no. 4 (December 31, 2013): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2013.22.4.355.

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17

Kang, Hyungkyu, Jinwoo Doe, Jonghan Ha, and Byungki Na. "A study on Property and CO2Emission Factor of Domestic Transportation Fuel." Journal of Energy Engineering 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2014.23.3.072.

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18

Cho, Mann, and Young-Duk Koo. "Advanced Technologies for the Commercialization of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle." Journal of Energy Engineering 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2014.23.3.132.

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19

Almashhadani, Husam, Nalin Samarasinghe, and Sandun Fernando. "Dehydration of n-propanol and methanol to produce etherified fuel additives." AIMS Energy 5, no. 2 (2017): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2017.2.149.

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20

Wang, Hanlin, Erkan Oterkus, Selahattin Celik, and Serkan Toros. "Thermomechanical analysis of porous solid oxide fuel cell by using peridynamics." AIMS Energy 5, no. 4 (2017): 585–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2017.4.585.

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21

T. Dick, Deinma, Oluranti Agboola, and Augustine O. Ayeni. "Pyrolysis of waste tyre for high-quality fuel products: A review." AIMS Energy 8, no. 5 (2020): 869–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2020.5.869.

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22

Bonnet, Caroline, Stéphane Raël, Melika Hinaje, Sophie Guichard, Théophile Habermacher, Julian Vernier, Xavier François, Marie-Cécile Péra, and François Lapicque. "Direct fuel cell—supercapacitor hybrid power source for personal suburban transport." AIMS Energy 9, no. 6 (2021): 1274–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2021059.

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<abstract> <p>In view to proposing an alternative to oversized energy sources currently installed in electric vehicles for suburban transport, a direct hybrid fuel cell (FC)-supercapacitors (SC) source has been designed and tested on a test bench. The rated 15.6 kW source—with an air-cooled 5.6 kW FC and a 165 F SC storage device—was shown perfectly suited to traction of a 520 kg vehicle along the NEDC cycle, then validating the previously developed concept of a one-ton car propelled by a 10 kW FC in the rated 30 kW hybrid source for this cycle. In comparison with a FC used alone, hybridization was shown to allow the power demand for the cell to vary in quite a narrower range, as formerly observed. Moreover, the rates of fuel cell voltage and current generated in the driving cycle, were shown to be reduced by one order of magnitude by the direct hybridization which is to contribute to the FC durability. Two operating parameters were shown to have a significant effect on the hybrid source efficiency, namely the capacity of the SC at 110 or 165 F, and the recovery of deceleration power—emulated by an external power supply—which can decrease by 25% the fuel consumption in NEDC cycle conditions, as predicted by the model.</p> </abstract>

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23

Coughlin, Katie. "A mathematical analysis of full fuel cycle energy use." Energy 37, no. 1 (January 2012): 698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.10.021.

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24

TÜRKER, Onur Can. "SOLAR ENERGY ASSISTS SEDIMENT MICROBIAL FUEL CELL TO GENERATE GREEN ENERGY FROM LIQUID ORGANIC WASTE." Eskişehir Technical University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 23, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18038/estubtda.1031449.

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Simultaneous liquid organic waste disposal and electricity generation were achieved by a solar-assist sediment microbial fuel cell (S-SMFC) in terms of an ecological and economical perspective. In this respect, 840 mL house environment liquid organic waste which contains 10% juice and 10% sugary tea were disposed by electrogenic bacteria and converted electricity with solar energy. A 100 F capacitor was easily charged 29 times with generated electricity. S-SMFC was disposed 10 mL more waste than control due to more electrical bacteria density on the graphite electrode. In this case, Proteobacteria and Firmucutes were categorized dominate bacteria groups, and they were found in the S-SMFC as 54% and 28%, respectively. Importantly, solar energy increased population density of these groups in the S-SMFC and the density on the graphite electrode increased more than 19% according to control. Some bacteria which were associated with electricity production in the S-SMFC were to Azospirillum fermentarium, Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas guangdongensis, Bacteroides sp., Azovibrio restrictus, Clostridium pascui, Levilinea saccharolytica, Seleniivibrio woodruffii, Geovibrio ferrireducens. Consequently, S-SMFC presents innovative, crucial and simple methodology in order to convert liquid organic waste into the green energy.

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25

Volevodz, A. G. "Legal security in fuel and energy complex: statement of problem." SOCAR Proceedings, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20190300403.

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26

Djaeni, M., N. Asiah, S. Suherman, A. Sutanto, and A. Nurhasanah. "Energy Efficient Dryer with Rice Husk Fuel for Agriculture Drying." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 4, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.4.1.20-24.

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Energy usage is crucial aspect on agriculture drying process. This step spends about 70% of total energy in post harvest treatment. The design of efficient dryer with renewable energy source is urgently required due to the limitation of fossil fuel energy. This work discusses the performance of air dehumidification using rice husk fuel as heat source for onion, and paddy drying. Unlike conventional dryer, the humidity of air during the drying was dehumidified by adsorbent. Hence, the driving force of drying can be kept high. As consequences, the drying time and energy usage can be reduced. Here, the research was conducted in two step: laboratory and pilot scale tests. Results showed that the lowering air humidity with rice husk fuel has improved the energy efficiency. At operational temperature 60oC, the heat efficiency of 75% was achieved.

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27

Hong, Sung Kook, Dong Soon Noh, and Eun Kyung Lee. "Experimental Study on the Regenerative Oxy-Fuel Combustion System with Ceramic Ball." Journal of Energy Engineering 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2013.22.2.169.

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28

Kim, Hyunsook, Jaemin Yoo, and Daewon Pak. "Effect of temperature on torrefaction of food waste to produce solid fuel." Journal of Energy Engineering 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2014.23.3.235.

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29

Trehub, M., V. Demeshchuk, and O. Vasylenko. "Low energy technologies for energy plants growing and using." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(153) (December 18, 2019): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2019-153-2-75-81.

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The technological and energy costs for the cultivation, collection and processing of crop fuels are analyzed and the low-cost technologies of their use for energy needs are substantiated in the article. The technology for growing miscanthus in a production area of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University training and production center sized 12 hectares during 2013–2019 is described. The prospect of growing giant miscanthus in the conditions of Bila Tserkva district in terms of reproduction technology simplicity, rhizomes planting mechanization with the modernized seedling machine SKN-6, low energy technology of processing and use in solid fuel boilers water heating. Recommendations on preparation of planting material of Miscanthus, which will provide effective seedlings, increased viability and plant development are given. The importance of solving the technical problem of compacting the crushed dry mass of miscanthus immediately before putting into solid fuel boilers or gas generators of internal combustion engines using serial mechanisms is discussed. Key words: energy plants, energy efficient processing, crop fuels, fuel pellets, low energy technologies, energy independence.

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30

Kacprzak, Andrzej, Rafał Kobyłecki, and Zbigniew Bis. "Clean energy from a carbon fuel cell." Archives of Thermodynamics 32, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-011-0019-z.

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Clean energy from a carbon fuel cellThe direct carbon fuel cell technology provides excellent conditions for conversion of chemical energy of carbon-containing solid fuels directly into electricity. The technology is very promising since it is relatively simple compared to other fuel cell technologies and accepts all carbon-reach substances as possible fuels. Furthermore, it makes possible to use atmospheric oxygen as the oxidizer. In this paper the results of authors' recent investigations focused on analysis of the performance of a direct carbon fuel cell supplied with graphite, granulated carbonized biomass (biocarbon), and granulated hard coal are presented. The comparison of the voltage-current characteristics indicated that the results obtained for the case when the cell was operated with carbonized biomass and hard coal were much more promising than those obtained for graphite. The effects of fuel type and the surface area of the cathode on operation performance of the fuel cell were also discussed.

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31

Corigliano, O., G. De Lorenzo, and P. Fragiacomo. "Techno-energy-economic sensitivity analysis of hybrid system Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine." AIMS Energy 9, no. 5 (2021): 934–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2021044.

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<abstract> <p>The paper presents a wide and deep analysis of the techno-energy and economic performance of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine hybrid system fed by gas at different compositions of H<sub>2</sub>, CO, H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4, </sub> and N<sub>2</sub>. The layout of the system accounts for pressurizing of entering fluids, heat up to the set Solid Oxide Fuel Cell inlet conditions, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell thermo-electrochemical processing, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell—exhaust fluids combustion, turbo-expansion after heat up, and final recovery unit for cogeneration purposes.</p> <p>An ad hoc numerical modeling is developed and then run in a Matlab calculation environment. The influence on the system is evaluated by investigating the change of the fuel composition, and by managing the main operating parameters such as pressure and the fuel utilization factor. The analysis reports on the specific mass flowrates necessary to the purpose required, by assessing the SOFC outlet molar compositions, specific energies (work) at main system elements, specific thermal energies at main system elements, energy and technical performance for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell energy unit; the performance such as electric and thermal efficiency, temperatures at main system elements. A final sensitivity analysis on the performance, Levelized Cost of Energy and Primary Energy Saving, is made for completion. The first simulation campaign is carried out on a variable anodic mixture composed of H<sub>2</sub>, CO, H<sub>2</sub>O, considering the H<sub>2</sub>/CO ratio variable within the range 0.5-14, and H<sub>2</sub>O molar fraction variable in the range 0.1-0.4; used to approach a possible syngas in which they are significantly high compared to other possible compounds. While other simulation campaigns are conducted on real syngases, produced by biomass gasification. The overall Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine system showed a very promising electric efficiency, ranging from 53 to 63%, a thermal efficiency of about 37%, an LCOE ranging from 0.09 to 0.14 ＄·kWh<sup>-1</sup>, and a Primary Energy Saving in the range of 33-52%, which resulted to be highly affected by the H<sub>2</sub>/CO ratio.</p> <p>Also, real syngases at high H<sub>2</sub>/CO ratio are noticed as the highest quality, revealing electric efficiency higher than 60%. Syngases with methane presence also revealed good performance, according to the fuel processing of methane itself to hydrogen. Low-quality syngases revealed electric efficiencies of about 51%. Levelized Cost of Energy varied from 0.09 (for high-quality gas) to 0.19 (for low-quality gas) ＄·kWh<sup>-1</sup>, while Primary Energy Saving ranged from 44 to 52%.</p> </abstract>

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32

Carpenter, Chris. "Energy-Transition Options for Offshore Vessels." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0922-0080-jpt.

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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 31800, “Energy Transition Options for Offshore Vessels,” by Jeroen Hollebrands, Benny Mestemaker, and Jan Westhoeve, Royal IHC, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ A future offshore fleet must comply with emissions regulations and policies that will become increasingly stringent. Making the right decisions with regard to emissions-reduction technologies and preparing vessels for future fuel options to keep the vessels compliant over time is, therefore, of great importance. The cable-lay vessels (CLV) used as a basis for the analysis presented in the complete paper are designed to meet such requirements. The authors highlight types of fuels and drive systems and the consequences of different combinations thereof on vessel design and operational profile. Alternative Fuels To Reduce Emissions Several alternative fuels are under consideration to replace fossil fuels currently used in the maritime sector. These include the following: - Liquefied natural gas (LNG) - Methanol - Ammonia - Hydrogen (compressed, liquefied, or in a storage medium) Design Approach for Zero-Emission Vessels The drive system of any zero-emission vessel requires four changes to integrate alternative fuels and prime movers effectively from a system-integration perspective: operational-profile design, electrification, hybridization, and modularization. - The operational profile defines the activities and operational demands of a specific vessel. - Electrification is necessary for the application of novel prime movers such as fuel-cell systems. Most CLVs already are equipped with a diesel electric configuration. - Redundancy of the prime movers leads to more engines online than are necessary. This is where hybridization comes into play because an energy-storage system can be used as a spinning reserve. - Modularization of drive systems provides flexibility to optimize the drive system for each task the work vessel must perform. Prime-Mover Technology for Zero-Emission Vessels The prime movers considered for future maritime application can be divided into internal combustion engines and fuel cells. Fuel cells generally are more efficient than engines and produce fewer emissions because the fuel is oxidized in an electrochemical process and not combusted at higher temperatures. However, fuel cells come at the cost of a slower transient response and have a lower tolerance for fuel impurities. In the complete paper, the following three fuel cell types are stipulated for use in maritime applications: - The low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (LT-PEMFC) operates at 65–80°C with a high power density and good load-following capabilities but requires high-purity hydrogen because of its sensitivity to carbon monoxide. - The high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) operates at 140–160°C with a better tolerance for fuel purity but with a lower efficiency and a slower startup time and transient response than the LT-PEMFC. - The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operates at relatively high temperatures of 500–1000°C, a trait that enables integration with internal fuel processing and waste-heat recovery. Despite their fuel flexibility and electrical efficiencies up to 65%, SOFC products are still relatively expensive, large, and heavy. In addition, cold starts are slow and load-following is sluggish to prevent thermal overloading and fuel starvation.

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33

Okafor, Chukwuebuka, Christian Madu, Charles Ajaero, Juliet Ibekwe, Happy Bebenimibo, and Chinelo Nzekwe. "Moving beyond fossil fuel in an oil-exporting and emerging economy: Paradigm shift." AIMS Energy 9, no. 2 (2021): 379–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2021020.

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34

Jang, Eun-Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Kyung-Il Min, Cheon-Kyu Park, Jong-Han Ha, and Bong-Hee Lee. "A Study on the cold weather performance for diesel vehicle as fuel properties." Journal of Energy Engineering 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2015.24.2.144.

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35

T. Habtewold, Aklilu, Demiss A. Ambie, and Wondwossen B. Eremed. "Solar assisted pyrolysis system for High-Density polyethylene plastic waste to fuel conversion." AIMS Energy 8, no. 3 (2020): 455–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2020.3.455.

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36

Balmer, Marlett, and David Hancock. "Good for people can be good for business: the convergence of opportunities for delivering basic energy to low-income households in developing countries." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 20, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2010/v20i2a3301.

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Energy poverty affects more than 40% of the world’s population. Fuels and appliances used by low-income groups have been of low-quality, expensive, non-durable and have posed serious health and safety risks to users. Energy transition theories, most noteably the energy ladder model, have postulated a gradual but complete move away from traditional, mostly biomass energy sources towards modern energy sources. Evidence however, increasingly indicates that the process did not happen as anticipated. This paper argues that energy transition from biomass fuels to full electricity use will not take place in SADC countries due to economic circumstances, increases in commercial fuel prices and the deficit in power generation capacity in the region. It further argues that wood fuel, traditionally regarded as a lower order fuel, is actually a renewable energy source that can meet the energy needs of rural people sustainably, if managed correctly. The paper suggests a re-evaluation of the value of wood fuel – from a low value fuel associated with poverty and degradation to a high value, renewable energy fuel, supplying much needed energy in a potentially sustainable manner. The paper outlines a convergence of a number of external conditions and opportunities which may alter household energy supply, making it possible for households to benefit from high quality, small quantities of electricity for lighting and communication purposes and extremely high quality, affordable appliances utilising biomass energy sources to supply thermal energy requirements.

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37

Petti, D., D. Crawford, and N. Chauvin. "Fuels for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems." MRS Bulletin 34, no. 1 (January 2009): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2009.11.

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AbstractFuels for advanced nuclear reactors differ from conventional light water reactor fuels and also vary widely because of the specific architectures and intended missions of the reactor systems proposed to deploy them. Functional requirements of all fuel designs for advanced nuclear energy systems include (1) retention of fission products and fuel nuclides, (2) dimensional stability, and (3) maintenance of a geometry that can be cooled. In all cases, anticipated fuel performance is the limiting factor in reactor system design, and cumulative effects of increased utilization and increased exposure to inservice environments degrade fuel performance. In this article, the current status of each fuel system is reviewed, and technical challenges confronting the implementation of each fuel in the context of the entire advanced reactor fuel cycle (fabrication, reactor performance, recycle) are discussed.

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38

Menéndez, Javier, and Jorge Loredo. "Advances in Underground Energy Storage for Renewable Energy Sources." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 5142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115142.

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The use of fossil fuels (coal, fuel, and natural gas) to generate electricity has been reduced in the European Union during the last few years, involving a significant decrease in greenhouse gas emissions [...]

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39

Kabeyi, Moses Jeremiah Barasa, and Oludolapo Akanni Olanrewaju. "Biogas Production and Applications in the Sustainable Energy Transition." Journal of Energy 2022 (July 9, 2022): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8750221.

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Biogas is competitive, viable, and generally a sustainable energy resource due to abundant supply of cheap feedstocks and availability of a wide range of biogas applications in heating, power generation, fuel, and raw materials for further processing and production of sustainable chemicals including hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and biofuels. The capacity of biogas based power has been growing rapidly for the past decade with global biogas based electricity generation capacity increasing from 65 GW in 2010 to 120 GW in 2019 representing a 90% growth. This study presents the pathways for use of biogas in the energy transition by application in power generation and production of fuels. Diesel engines, petrol or gasoline engines, turbines, microturbines, and Stirling engines offer feasible options for biogas to electricity production as prme movers. Biogas fuel can be used in both spark ignition (petrol) and compression ignition engines (diesel) with varying degrees of modifications on conventional internal combustion engines. In internal combustion engines, the dual-fuel mode can be used with little or no modification compared to full engine conversion to gas engines which may require major modifications. Biogas can also be used in fuel cells for direct conversion to electricity and raw material for hydrogen and transport fuel production which is a significant pathway to sustainable energy development. Enriched biogas or biomethane can be containerized or injected to gas supply mains for use as renewable natural gas. Biogas can be used directly for cooking and lighting as well as for power generation and for production of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels. Upgraded biogas/biomethane which can also be used to process methanol fuel. Compressed biogas (CBG) and liquid biogas (LBG) can be reversibly made from biomethane for various direct and indirect applications as fuels for transport and power generation. Biogas can be used in processes like combined heat and power generation from biogas (CHP), trigeneration, and compression to Bio-CNG and bio-LPG for cleaned biogas/biomethane. Fuels are manufactured from biogas by cleaning, and purification before reforming to syngas, and partial oxidation to produce methanol which can be used to make gasoline. Syngas is used in production of alcohols, jet fuels, diesel, and gasoline through the Fischer-Tropsch process.

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40

Obu Showers, Samson, and Atanda Kamoru Raji. "State-of-the-art review of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle energy management systems." AIMS Energy 10, no. 3 (2022): 458–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022023.

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<abstract> <p>The primary purpose of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) is to tackle the challenge of environmental pollution associated with road transport. However, to benefit from the enormous advantages presented by FCHEVs, an appropriate energy management system (EMS) is necessary for effective power distribution between the fuel cell and the energy storage systems (ESSs). The past decade has brought a significant increase in the number of FCHEVs, with different EMSs having been implemented due to technology advancement and government policies. These methods are broadly categorised into rule-based EMS methods, machine learning methods and optimisation-based control methods. Therefore, this paper presents a systematic literature review on the different EMSs and strategies used in FCHEVs, with special focus on fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid electric vehicles. The contribution of this study is that it presents a quantitative evaluation of the different EMSs selected by comparing and categorising them according to principles, technology maturity, advantages and disadvantages. In addition, considering the drawbacks of some EMSs, gaps were highlighted for future research to create the pathway for comprehensive emerging solutions. Therefore, the results of this paper will be beneficial to researchers and electric vehicle designers saddled with the responsibility of implementing an efficient EMS for vehicular applications.</p> </abstract>

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Lim, Jaehyuk, Sungwoo Kim, Minho Lee, and Kiho Kim. "Study on new type vehicle fuel economy correction formula review according to the applicable." Journal of Energy Engineering 25, no. 4 (December 30, 2016): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2016.25.4.198.

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Silva, Susana, Isabel Soares, and Carlos Pinho. "Dynamic behavior of transport fuel demand and regional environmental policy: The case of Portugal." AIMS Energy 9, no. 5 (2021): 899–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2021042.

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Alrwashdeh, Saad S. "Investigation of the effect of the injection pressure on the direct-ignition diesel engine performance." AIMS Energy 10, no. 2 (2022): 340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022018.

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<abstract> <p>Internal combustion engines (ICE) play a major role in converting the energy with its different types in order to benefit from it for various applications such as transportation, energy generation, and many others applications. Internal combustion engines use two main types of operation cycles, namely the Otto and Diesel cycles. Many development processes are carried out to improve the efficiency of the ICE nowadays such as working on the design of the combustion engine and the material selections and others. One of the main parameters which play an important role in improving the diesel engine is the fuel pressure. By increasing the fuel pressure injected into the engine, the efficiency, in consequence, will increase. This work investigates the injection pressure of the fuel (Diesel) and studies the effect of these changes on engine efficiency. It was found that the increase in injection pressure significantly affected the improvement in engine performance. Such improved engine subsystems will have a great impact on the energy extracted and used for various engineering applications.</p> </abstract>

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Filippov, S., A. Golodnitsky, and A. Kashin. "Fuel cells and hydrogen energy." Энергетическая политика, no. 11 (2020): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46920/2409-5516_2020_11153_28.

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FUKUNAGA, Akihiko. "Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 83, no. 1 (2014): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.83.63.

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HAGERMAN, F. C. "Energy metabolism and fuel utilization." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (1992): 309???314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209001-00001.

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Drennen, T. E. "ENERGY: Who Will Fuel China?" Science 279, no. 5356 (March 6, 1998): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5356.1483.

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Benka, Stephen G. "Improved fuel for nuclear energy." Physics Today 58, no. 11 (November 2005): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2155727.

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Kazimi, Mujid. "Thorium Fuel for Nuclear Energy." American Scientist 91, no. 5 (2003): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2003.32.884.

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Pouris, Anastassios. "Fuel types and energy efficiency." Energy Policy 14, no. 5 (October 1986): 454–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(86)90046-7.

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