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Journal articles on the topic 'FSLE'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Ramakrishnan, Girija, Alexis Meeker, and Bojan Dragulev. "fslE Is Necessary for Siderophore-Mediated Iron Acquisition in Francisella tularensis Schu S4." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 15 (June 6, 2008): 5353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00181-08.

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ABSTRACT Strains of Francisella tularensis secrete a siderophore in response to iron limitation. Siderophore production is dependent on fslA, the first gene in an operon that appears to encode biosynthetic and export functions for the siderophore. Transcription of the operon is induced under conditions of iron limitation. The fsl genes lie adjacent to the fur homolog on the chromosome, and there is a canonical Fur box sequence in the promoter region of fslA. We generated a Δfur mutant of the Schu S4 strain of F. tularensis tularensis and determined that siderophore production was now constitutive and no longer regulated by iron levels. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analysis with RNA from Schu S4 and the mutant strain showed that Fur represses transcription of fslA under iron-replete conditions. We determined that fslE (locus FTT0025 in the Schu S4 genome), located downstream of the siderophore biosynthetic genes, is also under Fur regulation and is transcribed as part of the fslABCDEF operon. We generated a defined in-frame deletion of fslE and found that the mutant was defective for growth under iron limitation. Using a plate-based growth assay, we found that the mutant was able to secrete a siderophore but was defective in utilization of the siderophore. FslE belongs to a family of proteins that has no known homologs outside of the Francisella species, and the fslE gene product has been previously localized to the outer membrane of F. tularensis strains. Our data suggest that FslE may function as the siderophore receptor in F. tularensis.

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2

Meunier, Thomas, and J. H. LaCasce. "The Finite Size Lyapunov Exponent and the Finite Amplitude Growth Rate." Fluids 6, no. 10 (October 2, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6100348.

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The finite size Lyapunov exponent (FSLE) has been used extensively since the late 1990s to diagnose turbulent regimes from Lagrangian experiments and to detect Lagrangian coherent structures in geophysical flows and two-dimensional turbulence. Historically, the FSLE was defined in terms of its computational method rather than via a mathematical formulation, and the behavior of the FSLE in the turbulent inertial ranges is based primarily on scaling arguments. Here, we propose an exact definition of the FSLE based on conditional averaging of the finite amplitude growth rate (FAGR) of the particle pair separation. With this new definition, we show that the FSLE is a close proxy for the inverse structural time, a concept introduced a decade before the FSLE. The (in)dependence of the FSLE on initial conditions is also discussed, as well as the links between the FAGR and other relevant Lagrangian metrics, such as the finite time Lyapunov exponent and the second-order velocity structure function.

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3

Sen, Bhaswati, Alexis Meeker, and Girija Ramakrishnan. "The fslE Homolog, FTL_0439 (fupA/B), Mediates Siderophore-Dependent Iron Uptake in Francisella tularensis LVS." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 10 (August 9, 2010): 4276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00503-10.

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ABSTRACT The Gram-negative pathogen Francisella tularensis secretes a siderophore to obtain essential iron by a TonB-independent mechanism. The fslABCDE locus, encoding siderophore-related functions, is conserved among different Francisella strains. In the virulent strain Schu S4, fslE is essential for siderophore utilization and for growth under conditions of iron limitation. In contrast, we found that deletion of fslE did not affect siderophore utilization by the attenuated live vaccine strain (LVS). We found that one of the fslE paralogs encoded in the LVS genome, FTL_0439 (fupA/B), was able to partially complement a Schu S4 ΔfslE mutant for siderophore utilization. We generated a deletion of fupA/B in LVS and in the LVS ΔfslE background. The ΔfupA/B mutant showed reduced growth under conditions of iron limitation. It was able to secrete but was unable to utilize siderophore. Mutation of both fupA/B and fslE resulted in a growth defect of greater severity. The ΔfupA/B mutants showed a replication defect in J774.1A cells and decreased virulence following intraperitoneal infection in mice. Complementation of the ΔfupA/B mutation in cis restored the ability to utilize siderophore and concomitantly restored virulence. Our results indicate that fupA/B plays a significant role in the siderophore-mediated iron uptake mechanism of LVS whereas fslE appears to play a secondary role. Variation in iron acquisition mechanisms may contribute to virulence differences between the strains.

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4

Hernández-Carrasco, I., C. López, A. Orfila, and E. Hernández-García. "Lagrangian transport in a microtidal coastal area: the Bay of Palma, island of Mallorca, Spain." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 20, no. 5 (October 31, 2013): 921–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-20-921-2013.

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Abstract. Coastal transport in the Bay of Palma, a small region in the island of Mallorca, Spain, is characterized in terms of Lagrangian descriptors. The data sets used for this study are the output for two months (one in autumn and one in summer) of a high resolution numerical model, ROMS (Regional Ocean Model System), forced atmospherically and with a spatial resolution of 300 m. The two months were selected because of their different wind regime, which is the main driver of the sea dynamics in this area. Finite-size Lyapunov exponents (FSLEs) were used to locate semi-persistent Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) and to understand the different flow regimes in the bay. The different wind directions and regularity in the two months have a clear impact on the surface bay dynamics, whereas only topographic features appear clearly in the bottom structures. The fluid interchange between the bay and the open ocean was studied by computing particle trajectories and residence time (RT) maps. The escape rate of particles out of the bay is qualitatively different, with a 32% greater escape rate of particles to the ocean in October than in July, owing to the different geometric characteristics of the flow. We show that LCSs separate regions with different transport properties by displaying spatial distributions of residence times on synoptic Lagrangian maps together with the location of the LCSs. Correlations between the time-dependent behavior of FSLE and RT are also investigated, showing a negative dependence when the stirring characterized by FSLE values moves particles in the direction of escape.

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5

Durán Colmenares, A. H., and L. Zavala Sansón. "Anisotropic Lagrangian dispersion in zonostrophic turbulence in a closed basin." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 10 (October 2022): 106605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0105846.

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This article studies the anisotropic particle dispersion in a continuously forced, two-dimensional turbulent flow on a β-plane. The flow is immersed in a large-scale closed basin with free-slip walls. The anisotropy is analyzed in two sets of numerical experiments characterized by the magnitude of the imposed, time-dependent forcing (weak and strong). Both experiments exhibit typical features of zonostrophic turbulence: eddy motions that, on average, form alternating east–west circulation bands due to the β-effect. The dispersion anisotropy is investigated through three Lagrangian statistics calculated by zonal and meridional components: (i) relative dispersion between pairs of particles; (ii) dispersion ellipses; and (iii) finite-scale Lyapunov exponents (FSLE), also measured with particle pairs. In the experiment with weak forcing, the relative dispersion and dispersion ellipses show anisotropy with a zonal preference toward the west; however, the FSLE did not reveal significant anisotropy. In the experiment with strong forcing, the relative dispersion and dispersion ellipses show zonal anisotropy toward the west when the particles are far from the boundaries. As the particles reach the western wall and are redistributed to fill the domain, the anisotropy ceases. The FSLE show zonal anisotropy for a wide range of particle separations. The results are examined further by using no-slip boundary conditions and a rectangular domain geometry.

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6

Haza, Angelique C., Tamay M. Özgökmen, Annalisa Griffa, Andrew C. Poje, and M. Pascale Lelong. "How Does Drifter Position Uncertainty Affect Ocean Dispersion Estimates?" Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 2809–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00107.1.

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Abstract To develop methodologies to maximize the information content of Lagrangian data subject to position errors, synthetic trajectories produced by both a large-eddy simulation (LES) of an idealized submesoscale flow field and a high-resolution Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model simulation of the North Atlantic circulation are analyzed. Scale-dependent Lagrangian measures of two-particle dispersion, mainly the finite-scale Lyapunov exponent [FSLE; λ(δ)], are used as metrics to determine the effects of position uncertainty on the observed dispersion regimes. It is found that the cumulative effect of position uncertainty on λ(δ) may extend to scales 20–60 times larger than the position uncertainty. The range of separation scales affected by a given level of position uncertainty depends upon the slope of the true FSLE distribution at the scale of the uncertainty. Low-pass filtering or temporal subsampling of the trajectories reduces the effective noise amplitudes at the smallest spatial scales at the expense of limiting the maximum computable value of λ. An adaptive time-filtering approach is proposed as a means of extracting the true FSLE signal from data with uncertain position measurements. Application of this filtering process to the drifters with the Argos positioning system released during the LatMix: Studies of Submesoscale Stirring and Mixing (2011) indicates that the measurement noise dominates the dispersion regime in λ for separation scales δ < 3 km. An expression is provided to estimate position errors that can be afforded depending on the expected maximum λ in the submesoscale regime.

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7

Espa, Stefania, Guglielmo Lacorata, and Gabriella Di Nitto. "Anisotropic Lagrangian Dispersion in Rotating Flows with a β Effect." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 632–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-045.1.

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Abstract A detailed analysis of Lagrangian tracer dispersion is performed on datasets obtained from laboratory experiments that simulate rotating turbulence in the presence of a β effect. Compatible with the limitations of the experimental apparatus, a relatively wide range of the zonostrophy index Rβ, a parameter used to characterize flow regimes in β-plane turbulence, is explored. The considered range spans from values ~O(10−1), for which the flow is nearly isotropic, to values ~O(1), corresponding to the so-called transitional range in which the flow gradually leaves the friction-dominated regime to enter the full zonostrophic regime. The degree of anistropy and the characteristic scales of the flow have been estimated by means of a Lagrangian approach based on the reconstruction of tracer trajectories and on the measure of the finite-scale Lyapunov exponents (FSLE). The FSLE analysis allows one to identify the regimes of two-particle dispersion and to relate them to the physical parameters of the system. Moreover, a Lagrangian anisotropy index (LAI) is introduced and defined in terms of the FSLE zonal and radial components, in order to describe the onset of anisotropy and to check if it is consistent with the theoretical predictions. It is remarkable that the finite-scale dispersion rates are very sensitive to the degree of anistropy of turbulence, more so than other indicators defined in terms of Eulerian quantities. Furthermore, they offer an effective diagnostic tool of the degree of anisotropy that can be used even prior to attaining a fully developed regime of zonostrophic turbulence.

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8

Siegelman, Lia, Patrice Klein, Andrew F. Thompson, Hector S. Torres, and Dimitris Menemenlis. "Altimetry-Based Diagnosis of Deep-Reaching Sub-Mesoscale Ocean Fronts." Fluids 5, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5030145.

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Recent studies demonstrate that energetic sub-mesoscale fronts (10–50 km width) extend in the ocean interior, driving large vertical velocities and associated fluxes. However, diagnosing the dynamics of these deep-reaching fronts from in situ observations remains challenging because of the lack of information on the 3-D structure of the horizontal velocity. Here, a realistic numerical simulation in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is used to study the dynamics of submesocale fronts in relation to velocity gradients, responsible for the formation of these fronts. Results highlight that the stirring properties of the flow at depth, which are related to the velocity gradients, can be inferred from finite-size Lyapunov exponent (FSLE) at the surface. Satellite altimetry observations of FSLE and velocity gradients are then used in combination with recent in situ observations collected by an elephant seal in the ACC to reconstruct frontal dynamics and their associated vertical velocities down to 500 m. The approach proposed here is well suited for the analysis of sub-mesoscale-resolving datasets and the design of future sub-mesoscale field campaigns.

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9

Singh, Uday Pratap, Ashok Kumar Mittal, Suneet Dwivedi, and Anurag Tiwari. "Evaluating the predictability of central Indian rainfall on short and long timescales using theory of nonlinear dynamics." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 4 (July 5, 2019): 1134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.212.

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Abstract The theoretical and practical understanding of projected changes in rainfall is desirable for planning and adapting to climate change. In this study, finite size Lyapunov exponents (FSLE) are used to study error growth rates of the system at different timescales. This is done to quantify the impact of enhanced anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on the predictability of fast and slow varying components of central Indian rainfall (CIR). The CIR time series for this purpose is constructed using the daily gridded high-resolution India Meteorological Department (IMD) dataset and Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) output for historical run and three representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) from the HadGEM2-ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, CCSM4, BCC-CSM1.1, and MPI-ESM-LR models. The analyzed CIR dataset reveals a low dimensional chaotic attractor, suggesting that CIR requires a minimum of 5 and maximum of 11 variables to describe the state of the system. FSLE analysis shows a rapid decrease in the Lyapunov exponent with increasing timescales. This analysis suggests a predictability of about 2–3 weeks for fast varying components at short timescale of the CIR and about 5–9 years for slow varying components at long timescales.

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10

Castro, Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de, Ana Cecilia Ribeiro Castro, Charleston Gonçalves, and Vivian Loges. "Morphophenological characterization of ornamental ginger and selection for landscape use." Ornamental Horticulture 24, no. 3 (October 10, 2018): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v24i3.1208.

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Many species of Zingiber have great ornamental potential, due to durability and exotic appearance of the inflorescences. Despite its large phenotypic variability, they are scarcely exploited or not yet exploited regarding the ornamental potential. To conserve potential ornamental genotypes, and subsidize breeding program, the Agronomic Institute (IAC) maintain a Germoplasm Collection of Ornamental Zingiberales with promising accessions, including Zingiber. The aim was the morphophenological characterization of ten Zingiber accessions and the indication for landscape purposes. A large variation was observed to the evaluated characters: Clump height (CH); Inflorescence visualization (IV); Clump area (CA); Clump density (CD); Leaf stem Firmness (LSF); Number of leaf stems per clump (NLSC); Number of leaves per stem (NLS); Leaf color (LCol); Evergreen tendency (ET); Flower stem growth (FSG); Flower stem length (FSLe); Flower stem diameter (FSD); Flower stem per clump (FSC); Color sensorial perception (CSP); Flower stem weight (FSW); Inflorescence length (IL); Inflorescence diameter (ID); Bracts aspects (BAs); and Flowering season (FSe). The accessions very suitable and with the best performance to use for landscape purpose were Z. spectabile, IAC Anchieta (Z. spectabile), Z. newmanii.

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11

Díaz-Barroso, L., I. Hernández-Carrasco, A. Orfila, P. Reglero, R. Balbín, M. Hidalgo, J. Tintoré, F. Alemany, and D. Alvarez-Berastegui. "Singularities of surface mixing activity in the Western Mediterranean influence bluefin tuna larval habitats." Marine Ecology Progress Series 685 (March 10, 2022): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13979.

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Understanding how the surface dynamics of the ocean influence the spawning and larval ecology of many large pelagic species, in particular tuna species, is a major challenge. For temperate tunas, the selection of geographically restricted spawning grounds is influenced by environmental conditions, but the influence of surface mixing properties on the early life stages of these species remains poorly understood. Here, based on ichthyoplankton samples collected over 4 yr and satellite-derived finite size Lyapunov exponents (FSLEs), we examined how horizontal mixing activity drives the probability of presence of Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus larvae. We further analyzed the spatial and temporal scales of the FSLE variability at which the relationship between larval presence and mesoscale activity is maximized. We found that moderate mixing activity strongly favors the spatial-temporal distribution of larval habitats, evidencing an optimal environmental window of bluefin tuna spawning and early life development within the mesoscale dynamics. During the spawning season, the Balearic Sea presents a unique spatial and temporal hydrodynamic scenario within the Western Mediterranean. These results can be used for developing oceanographic indicators and improving larval abundance indices that are currently used in Atlantic bluefin tuna stock assessments.

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12

Ramakrishnan, Girija, and Bhaswati Sen. "The FupA/B protein uniquely facilitates transport of ferrous iron and siderophore-associated ferric iron across the outer membrane of Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain." Microbiology 160, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 446–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.072835-0.

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Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious Gram-negative pathogen that replicates intracellularly within the mammalian host. One of the factors associated with virulence of F. tularensis is the protein FupA that mediates high-affinity transport of ferrous iron across the outer membrane. Together with its paralogue FslE, a siderophore–ferric iron transporter, FupA supports survival of the pathogen in the host by providing access to the essential nutrient iron. The FupA orthologue in the attenuated live vaccine strain (LVS) is encoded by the hybrid gene fupA/B, the product of an intergenic recombination event that significantly contributes to attenuation of the strain. We used 55Fe transport assays with mutant strains complemented with the different paralogues to show that the FupA/B protein of LVS retains the capacity for high-affinity transport of ferrous iron, albeit less efficiently than FupA of virulent strain Schu S4. 55Fe transport assays using purified siderophore and siderophore-dependent growth assays on iron-limiting agar confirmed previous findings that FupA/B also contributes to siderophore-mediated ferric iron uptake. These assays further demonstrated that the LVS FslE protein is a weaker siderophore–ferric iron transporter than the orthologue from Schu S4, and may be a result of the sequence variation between the two proteins. Our results indicate that iron-uptake mechanisms in LVS differ from those in Schu S4 and that functional differences in the outer membrane iron transporters have distinct effects on growth under iron limitation.

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13

Orfila, Alejandro, Alvaro Galan, Gonzalo Simarro, and Juan Manuel Sayol. "MIXING IN COASTAL AREAS INFERRED FROM LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPORT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 25, 2012): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.8.

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We study the horizontal surface mixing and the transport induced by waves, using local Lyapunov exponents and high resolution data from numerical simulations of waves and currents. By choosing the proper spatial (temporal) parameters we compute the Finite Size and Finite Time Lyapunov exponents (FSLE and FTLE) focussing on the local stirring and diffusion inferred from the Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS). The methodology is tested by deploying a set of eight lagrangian drifters and studying the path followed against LCS derived under current field and waves and currents.

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14

Berta, Maristella, Laura Ursella, Francesco Nencioli, Andrea M. Doglioli, Anne A. Petrenko, and Simone Cosoli. "Surface transport in the Northeastern Adriatic Sea from FSLE analysis of HF radar measurements." Continental Shelf Research 77 (April 2014): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2014.01.016.

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15

Lacorata, Guglielmo, Raffaele Corrado, Federico Falcini, and Rosalia Santoleri. "FSLE analysis and validation of Lagrangian simulations based on satellite-derived GlobCurrent velocity data." Remote Sensing of Environment 221 (February 2019): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.11.013.

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16

Lacorata, G., E. Aurell, and A. Vulpiani. "Drifter dispersion in the Adriatic Sea: Lagrangian data and chaotic model." Annales Geophysicae 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2001): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-121-2001.

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Abstract. We analyze characteristics of drifter trajectories from the Adriatic Sea with recently introduced nonlinear dynamics techniques. We discuss how in quasi-enclosed basins, relative dispersion as a function of time, a standard analysis tool in this context, may give a distorted picture of the dynamics. We further show that useful information may be obtained by using two related non-asymptotic indicators, the Finite-Scale Lyapunov Exponent (FSLE) and the Lagrangian Structure Function (LSF), which both describe intrinsic physical properties at a given scale. We introduce a simple chaotic model for drifter motion in this system, and show by comparison with the model that Lagrangian dispersion is mainly driven by advection at sub-basin scales until saturation sets in.Key words. Oceanography: General (marginal and semi-closed seas) – Oceanography: Physical (turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes; upper ocean processes)

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17

Saiuparad, Sunisa. "The Meridional Pressure Gradient Prediction by the Global Climate Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 866 (June 2017): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.866.164.

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The pressure gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the pressure changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The meridional pressure gradient can be prediction for the main forces acting on the air to make it move as wind. The randomly selected cases for this experiment are the Asian northeast monsoon downscaling for December 2049. The global climate model is the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), University of Bergen, Norway. Bergen Climate Model (BCM) Version 2.0 (BCCR-BCM2.0). The data predictions are the A2 scenario and COMMIT scenario. In this research maximum Lyapunov exponent (MLE) and finite size Lyapunov exponent (FSLE) for every 24-hr interval of the meridional pressure gradient from the BCCR-BCM2.0 model are calculated. The results show that the meridional pressure gradient prediction by the BCCR-BCM2.0 is not sensitive to scenario.

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18

Yan, Quan, Bing Han, and Zhuochen Ma. "Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Ophthalmic Surgery: From Laser Fundamentals to Clinical Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101653.

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Femtosecond laser (FSL) technology has created an evolution in ophthalmic surgery in the last few decades. With the advantage of high precision, accuracy, and safety, FSLs have helped surgeons overcome surgical limits in refractive surgery, corneal surgery, and cataract surgery. They also open new avenues in ophthalmic areas that are not yet explored. This review focuses on the fundamentals of FSLs, the advantages in interaction between FSLs and tissues, and typical clinical applications of FSLs in ophthalmology. With the rapid progress that has been made in the state of the art research on FSL technologies, their applications in ophthalmic surgery may soon undergo a booming development.

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19

Muschelli, John, Elizabeth Sweeney, Martin Lindquist, and Ciprian Crainiceanu. "fslr: Connecting the FSL Software with R." R Journal 7, no. 1 (2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.32614/rj-2015-013.

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20

Nakazawa, Eisuke, Katsumi Mori, and Akira Akabayashi. "Individual Experiences with Being Pushed to Limits and Variables That Influence the Strength to Which These Are Felt: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study." J 5, no. 3 (August 16, 2022): 358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/j5030024.

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In a 2021 survey, we found that “limit or suppression experiences” were related to a willingness to use enhancement technologies. However, the concept of “limit or suppression experiences” is vague and difficult to interpret in relation to neuroethics/enhancement. Thus, we aimed to better understand “limit or suppression experiences” and establish a robust philosophical concept of the topic. To do so, we exploratively investigated the concept to determine individual experiences with the presence or absence of sensing limits, investigate different ways in which limits can be sensed (factors of the sense of limits: “FSLs”), and identify factors that correlate with the strength of FSLs. Data from an Internet survey investigating respondents’ experiences with limits (1258 respondents) were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and a linear regression model. Five variables were extracted as the FSLs. The highest regression coefficients were found between physical FSL and sports activities and between cognitive FSL and academics. The lowest regression coefficients were found between relational FSL and academics, sports activities, and arts and cultural activities. The results facilitate a detailed discussion of the motivations of enhancement users, and the extraction of the suppression experience opens new enhancement directions. Further normative and empirical studies are required.

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21

Berti, Stefano, Francisco Alves Dos Santos, Guglielmo Lacorata, and Angelo Vulpiani. "Lagrangian Drifter Dispersion in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 1659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jpo4541.1.

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Abstract In the framework of Monitoring by Ocean Drifters (MONDO) project, a set of Lagrangian drifters were released in proximity of the Brazil Current, the western branch of the subtropical gyre in the South Atlantic Ocean. The experimental strategy of deploying part of the buoys in clusters offers the opportunity to examine relative dispersion on a wide range of scales. Adopting a dynamical systems approach, the authors focus their attention on scale-dependent indicators, like the finite-scale Lyapunov exponent (FSLE) and the finite-scale (mean square) relative velocity (FSRV) between two drifters as a function of their separation and compare them with classic time-dependent statistical quantities like the mean-square relative displacement between two drifters and the effective diffusivity as functions of the time lag from the release. The authors find that, dependently on the given observable, the quasigeostrophic turbulence scenario is overall compatible with their data analysis, with discrepancies from the expected behavior of 2D turbulent trajectories likely to be ascribed to the nonstationary and nonhomogeneous characteristics of the flow, as well as to possible ageostrophic effects. Submesoscale features of ~O(1) km are considered to play a role, to some extent, in determining the properties of relative dispersion as well as the shape of the energy spectrum. The authors also present numerical simulations of an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) of the South Atlantic and discuss the comparison between experimental and model data about mesoscale dispersion.

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Sullivan, Jonathan Tabb, Erin Field Jeffery, John D. Shannon, and Girija Ramakrishnan. "Characterization of the Siderophore of Francisella tularensis and Role of fslA in Siderophore Production." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 11 (June 1, 2006): 3785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00027-06.

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ABSTRACT We determined that LVS and Schu S4 strains of the human pathogen Francisella tularensis express a siderophore when grown under iron-limiting conditions. We purified this siderophore by conventional column chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography and used mass spectrometric analysis to demonstrate that it is structurally similar to the polycarboxylate siderophore rhizoferrin. The siderophore promoted the growth of LVS and Schu S4 strains in iron-limiting media. We identified a potential siderophore biosynthetic gene cluster encoded by fslABCD in the F. tularensis genome. The first gene in the cluster, fslA, encodes a member of the superfamily of nonribosomal peptide synthetase-independent siderophore synthetases (NIS synthetases) characterized by the aerobactin synthetases IucA and IucC. We determined that fslA is transcribed as part of an operon with downstream gene fslB and that the expression of the locus is induced by iron starvation. A targeted in-frame nonpolar deletion of fslA in LVS resulted in the loss of siderophore expression and in a reduced ability of F. tularensis to grow under conditions of iron limitation. Siderophore activity and the ability to grow under iron limitation could be regained by introducing the fslA + gene on a complementing plasmid. Our results suggest that the fslA-dependent siderophore is important for survival of F. tularensis in an iron-deficient environment.

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23

Kunze, Ursula. "FSME und FSME-Schutzimpfung: Verträglichkeit von FSME-IMMUN." Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 153, no. 7-8 (April 2003): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03039635.

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Vlad, Benjamin, and Ilijas Jelcic. "FSME." Therapeutische Umschau 79, no. 9 (November 2022): 482–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930/a001391.

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Zusammenfassung. Die Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis (FSME) ist eine akute entzündliche Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems, die durch Zecken übertragen und durch das FSME-Virus verursacht wird, das in immer mehr Teilen Europas und Asiens vorkommt. Nur 2–30% der Infektionen verlaufen symptomatisch, dabei ist im Prodromalstadium ein zweigipfliger Fieberverlauf typisch. Klinisch-neurologisch entwickeln 50% der Fälle eine Meningitis, 40% eine Meningoenzephalitis und 10% eine Meningoenzephalomyelitis. Letztere ist häufig mit einer gefürchteten Beteiligung des Hirnstamms vergesellschaftet. Bei der Enzephalitis stehen Bewusstseinsstörungen, Fatigue, emotionale Labilität und neurokognitive Defizite im Vordergrund, bei der Myelitis schlaffe Paresen an Armen oder Beinen. Zur Diagnosesicherung ist der gleichzeitige Nachweis FSME-spezifischer IgM- und IgG-Antikörper im Serum und eines passenden entzündlichen Liquorsyndroms erforderlich. Die Meningitis heilt ohne Folgen aus, 80% der Fälle von Enzephalitis und nur 20% der Fälle von Myelitis erholen sich vollständig. Die Gesamtletalität liegt bei 1%. Bei immungeschwächten, älteren und myelitischen Patienten besteht ein höheres Risiko für einen schweren Krankheitsverlauf und eine höhere Sterblichkeit. Da keine spezifische antivirale Therapie zur Verfügung steht, bleibt die aktive FSME-Impfung für alle Menschen ab 6 Jahren mit Aufenthalt in Risikogebieten die wichtigste Präventivmassnahme.

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25

Meyer, Romain A., Fabian Walter, Claudia Cicone, Pierre Cox, Roberto Decarli, Roberto Neri, Mladen Novak, Antonio Pensabene, Dominik Riechers, and Axel Weiss. "Physical Constraints on the Extended Interstellar Medium of the z = 6.42 Quasar J1148+5251: [C ii]_{158 μm}, [N ii]_{205 μm}, and [O i]_{146 μm} Observations." Astrophysical Journal 927, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac4e94.

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Abstract We report new Northern Extended Millimeter Array observations of the [C ii]158 μm, [N ii]205 μm, and [O i]146 μm atomic fine structure lines (FSLs) and dust continuum emission of J1148+5251, a z = 6.42 quasar, which probe the physical properties of its interstellar medium (ISM). The radially averaged [C ii]158 μm and dust continuum emission have similar extensions (up to θ = 2.51 − 0.25 + 0.46 arcsec , corresponding to r = 9.8 − 2.1 + 3.3 kpc , accounting for beam convolution), confirming that J1148+5251 is the quasar with the largest [C ii]158 μm-emitting reservoir known at these epochs. Moreover, if the [C ii]158 μm emission is examined only along its NE–SW axis, a significant excess (>5.8σ) of [C ii]158 μm emission (with respect to the dust) is detected. The new wide-bandwidth observations enable us to accurately constrain the continuum emission, and do not statistically require the presence of broad [C ii]158 μm line wings that were reported in previous studies. We also report the first detection of the [O i]146 μm and (tentatively) [N ii]205 μm emission lines in J1148+5251. Using FSL ratios of the [C ii]158 μm, [N ii]205 μm, [O i]146 μm, and previously measured [C i]369 μm emission lines, we show that J1148+5251 has similar ISM conditions compared to lower-redshift (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies. CLOUDY modeling of the FSL ratios excludes X-ray-dominated regions and favors photodissociation regions as the origin of the FSL emission. We find that a high radiation field (103.5–4.5 G 0), a high gas density (n ≃ 103.5–4.5 cm−3), and an H i column density of 1023 cm−2 reproduce the observed FSL ratios well.

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26

Kaiser, R. "FSME-Impfungen." Aktuelle Neurologie 24, no. 03 (June 1997): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1017795.

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27

Kooi, TJM, QZ Tan, AUJ Yap, W. Guo, KJ Tay, and MS Soh. "Effects of Food-simulating Liquids on Surface Properties of Giomer Restoratives." Operative Dentistry 37, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/11-419-l.

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SUMMARY This study examined the effects of food-simulating liquid (FSL) on the hardness and roughness of giomer restoratives based on pre-reacted glass ionomer (PRG) technology. The materials investigated included a regular (Beautifil II [BT]) and a recently introduced injectable (Beautifil Flow Plus F00 [BF]) hybrid PRG composite. A direct hybrid composite (Filtek Z250 [ZT]) and an indirect hybrid composite (Ceramage [CM]) were used for comparison. The materials were placed into customized square molds (5 mm × 5 mm × 2.5 mm), covered with Mylar strips, and cured according to manufacturers' instructions. The materials were then conditioned in air (control), distilled water, 50% ethanol solution, and 0.02 N citric acid at 37°C for seven days. Specimens (n=6) were then subjected to hardness testing (Knoop) and surface profilometry. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Scheffe test (p<0.05). Mean Knoop hardness values for the control group (air) ranged from 53.4 ± 3.4 (BF) to 89.5 ± 5.2 (ZT), while mean surface roughness values values ranged from 0.014 ± 0.002 (ZT) to 0.032 ± 0.001 (BT). All materials were significantly softened by FSL. The degree of softening by the different FSLs was material dependent. The hardness of giomers was most affected by citric acid and ethanol. The smoothest surface was generally observed with the control group. Giomer restoratives were significantly roughened by citric acid.

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28

Groh, Jan. "FSME-Impfungen starten." MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin 163, no. 2 (February 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15006-021-9581-8.

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29

red. "FSME auf Reisen." Pädiatrie 30, no. 2 (April 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15014-018-1317-6.

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30

Kaiser, Reinhard, Juan-Jose Archelos-Garcia, Wolfgang Jilg, Sebastian Rauer, and Mathias Sturzenegger. "Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis (FSME)." Aktuelle Neurologie 44, no. 03 (April 25, 2017): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-101424.

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31

Trummler, M. "Die FSME 2006." Praxis 96, no. 12 (2007): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157.96.12.465.

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32

Schumacher, Beate. "Rekordjahr bei FSME." MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin 161, no. 5 (March 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15006-019-0249-6.

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33

Bundschuh, M., and D. Quarcoo. "FSME in Deutschland." Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie 65, no. 5 (August 13, 2015): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40664-015-0043-y.

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34

Schulthess, Kolyvanos Naumann, Käser, and Vetter. "Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis (FSME)." Praxis 95, no. 4 (January 1, 2006): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0369-8394.95.4.91.

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35

Kollaritsch, Herwig, Gerhard Dobler, Axel J. Schmidt, Thomas Krech, and Robert Steffen. "Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis (FSME)." Therapeutische Umschau 79, no. 9 (November 2022): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930/a001389.

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Zusammenfassung. Die Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis (FSME) ist in weiten Teilen aller deutschsprachigen Länder endemisch verbreitet. In den meisten Regionen besteht ein Trend zur Zunahme der Inzidenz und zur Ausbreitung der befallenen Gebiete. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass bei einem Teil der Patienten die Diagnose nicht gestellt wird und dass der klinische Verlauf mit zunehmendem Alter schwerer ist, muss man vor allem bei Kindern und Adoleszenten von einem erheblichen Underreporting ausgehen. Infizierte Zecken übertragen das FSME-Virus, ein Flavivirus, bereits in den ersten Minuten nach dem Stich. Nach einer Inkubationszeit von 4 bis 28 Tagen treten in der ersten virämischen Phase uncharakteristische grippeartige Symptome auf. Nach einem symptomfreien Intervall kommt es bei einer Minderheit der befallenen Patienten zu unterschiedlichen neurologischen Syndromen, welche durch den Befall des Zentralnervensystems bedingt sind. Bleibende Organschäden sind häufig und bei etwa 1% der Fälle ist der Verlauf letal. Um die FSME zu diagnostizieren ist es essenziell, an diese Infektion zu denken und die Anamnese einer möglichen Exposition zu erheben. Je nach Phase der Krankheit wird man IgM- und/oder IgG-Antikörper feststellen können, dies aus dem Serum und/oder dem Liquor. Seltener und nur in der Anfangsphase der Krankheit lassen sich allenfalls Viren mittels PCR finden.

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36

Özdemir, F. A., F. Rosenow, W. Slenczka, T. O. Kleine, and W. H. Oertel. "Frühsommermeningo- enzephalitis (FSME)." Der Nervenarzt 70, no. 2 (February 9, 1999): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050411.

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37

Jenkinson, Mark, Christian F. Beckmann, Timothy E. J. Behrens, Mark W. Woolrich, and Stephen M. Smith. "FSL." NeuroImage 62, no. 2 (August 2012): 782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015.

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38

Kunze, Ursula, and Gabriela Böhm. "Frühsommer-Meningo-Enzephalitis (FSME) und FSME-Schutzimpfung in Österreich: Update 2014." Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 165, no. 13-14 (June 9, 2015): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10354-015-0362-9.

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39

Liu, Jin-Hang, Tao Peng, Xiaogang Zhao, Kunfang Song, Minghua Jiang, Ming Hu, XinRong Hu, and Xiao Qin. "FSLLE: A Fast K Selection Algorithm for Locally Linear Embedding." International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 17, no. 01 (March 2018): 1850003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026818500037.

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Data in a high-dimensional data space may reside in a low-dimensional manifold embedded within the high-dimensional space. Manifold learning discovers intrinsic manifold data structures to facilitate dimensionality reductions. We propose a novel manifold learning technique called fast [Formula: see text] selection for locally linear embedding or FSLLE, which judiciously chooses an appropriate number (i.e., parameter [Formula: see text]) of neighboring points where the local geometric properties are maintained by the locally linear embedding (LLE) criterion. To measure the spatial distribution of a group of neighboring points, FSLLE relies on relative variance and mean difference to form a spatial correlation index characterizing the neighbors’ data distribution. The goal of FSLLE is to quickly identify the optimal value of parameter [Formula: see text], which aims at minimizing the spatial correlation index. FSLLE optimizes parameter [Formula: see text] by making use of the spatial correlation index to discover intrinsic structures of a data point’s neighbors. After implementing FSLLE, we conduct extensive experiments to validate the correctness and evaluate the performance of FSLLE. Our experimental results show that FSLLE outperforms the existing solutions (i.e., LLE and ISOMAP) in manifold learning and dimension reduction. We apply FSLLE to face recognition in which FSLLE achieves higher accuracy than the state-of-the-art face recognition algorithms. FSLLE is superior to the face recognition algorithms, because FSLLE makes a good tradeoff between classification precision and performance.

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40

Facharztmagazine, Redaktion. "Jetzt FSME-Impflücken schließen." CME 18, no. 5 (May 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11298-021-2031-1.

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41

Starostzik, Christine. "FSME: Rekordjahr der Infektionen." CME 18, no. 5 (May 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11298-021-2021-3.

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Facharztmagazine, Redaktion. "FSME: Fünf neue Risikogebiete." CME 18, no. 4 (April 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11298-021-1982-6.

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Facharztmagazine, Redaktion. "FSME: fünf neue Risikogebiete." MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin 163, no. 6 (April 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15006-021-9793-y.

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44

Zink, Nicola. "FSME: Jede Impfung zählt." MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin 164, no. 10 (May 2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15006-022-1168-5.

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45

red. "FSME vorbeugen — Impflücken schließen." Pädiatrie 31, no. 2 (April 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15014-019-1643-3.

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46

red. "Präventionsmöglichkeiten bei FSME nutzen." Pädiatrie 31, no. 4 (August 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15014-019-1725-2.

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47

Jahn, Ellen. "Jetzt FSME-Impflücken schließen." Pädiatrie 33, no. 3 (June 2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15014-021-3772-8.

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48

Bauer-Delto, Angelika. "FSME: Schon Kleinkinder impfen?" pädiatrie: Kinder- und Jugendmedizin hautnah 27, no. 4 (July 30, 2015): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15014-015-0432-x.

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49

eo. "Drei neue FSME-Risikogebiete." MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin 158, no. 5 (March 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15006-016-7912-y.

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50

Kaiser, Reinhard. "FSME oder japanische Enzephalitis?" MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin 152, no. 15 (April 2010): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03366421.

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