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REBOLLEDO-MARTÍNEZ, ANDRÉS, DANIEL URIZA-ÁVILA, LAUREANO REBOLLEDO-MARTÍNEZ, A. ENRIQUE BECERRIL-ROMÁN, and LUCERO DEL M. RUIZ-POSADAS. "Fruitone CPA para retardar la maduración en piña Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., cv. Cayena Lisa, cosechada en primavera." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 24, no. 2 (August 2002): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452002000200016.
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El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de dosis y número de aplicaciones de Fruitone CPA (ácido 2-3 clorofenoxi-propiónico) en el retraso de la maduración, rendimiento y calidad del fruto de piña en el periodo de primavera. El experimento se llevó al cabo en el Campo Experimental Papaloapan, del INIFAP, en Veracruz, México. Se estableció con el cv. Cayena Lisa de México, en un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones; los tratamientos fueron nueve, incluido el testigo sin aplicación, 300, 600, 900 y 1200 mL por hectárea en una aplicación y 600, 900, 1500 y 2100 mL por hectárea divididas en dos aplicaciones iguales, espaciadas ocho días, de Fruitone CPA; los tratamientos se establecieron a los 135 días después de la inducción floral, a 65 días antes de la cosecha del testigo. Los resultados muestran un alto y significativo efecto del Fruitone en el peso de la fruta, aunque no hubo diferencias entre el número de aplicaciones; el contenido de ácido cítrico y los sólidos solubles totales se incrementaron con la aplicación del Fruitone. No se presentaron frutos agrietados ni con Mancha Café interna en ningún tratamiento. El retraso de la cosecha con respecto al testigo varió desde los seis hasta los 21 días, en función de la dosis. Se concluye que el mejor tratamiento fue el de 900 mL de Fruitone CPA por hectárea, en una sola aplicación, el cual incrementó el peso del fruto en un 14% y retrasó la cosecha 19 días.
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Rebolledo, M. A., D. E. A. Uriza, and M. L. Rebolledo. "RATES OF FRUITONE CPA IN DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS NUMBER DURING DAY VERSUS NIGHT TO FLOWERING INHIBITION IN PINEAPPLE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 529 (May 2000): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.529.22.
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Zhu, Weiwei, Jinbo Hu, Yang Li, Bing Yang, Yanli Guan, Chong Xu, Fei Chen, Jingliang Chi, and Yongming Bao. "Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Pleurotus ostreatus Reveals Great Metabolic Differences in the Cap and Stipe Development and the Potential Role of Ca2+ in the Primordium Differentiation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 24 (December 14, 2019): 6317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246317.
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Pleurotus ostreatus is a widely cultivated edible fungus around the world. At present, studies on the developmental process of the fruiting body are limited. In our study, we compared the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the stipe and cap of the fruiting body by high-throughput proteomics. GO and pathway analysis revealed the great differences in the metabolic levels, including sucrose and starch metabolism, and sphingolipid signaling and metabolism, and the differences of 16 important DEPs were validated further by qPCR analysis in expression level. In order to control the cap and stipe development, several chemical inducers were applied to the primordium of the fruiting body according to the pathway enrichment results. We found that CaCl2 can affect the primordium differentiation through inhibiting the stipe development. EGTA (ethyleneglycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid) treatment confirmed the inhibitory role of Ca2+ in the stipe development. Our study not only shows great metabolic differences during the cap and stipe development but also reveals the underlying mechanism directing the primordium differentiation in the early development of the fruiting body for the first time. Most importantly, we provide a reliable application strategy for the cultivation and improvement of the Pleurotus ostreatus, which can be an example and reference for a more edible fungus.
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Lorenzen, Wolfram, Michael W. Ring, Gertrud Schwär, and Helge B. Bode. "Isoprenoids Are Essential for Fruiting Body Formation in Myxococcus xanthus." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 18 (July 17, 2009): 5849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00539-09.
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ABSTRACT It was recently shown that Myxococcus xanthus harbors an alternative and reversible biosynthetic pathway to isovaleryl coenzyme A (CoA) branching from 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA. Analyses of various mutants in these pathways for fatty acid profiles and fruiting body formation revealed for the first time the importance of isoprenoids for myxobacterial development.
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Nascimento, José Soares do, and Augusto Ferreira da Eira. "Isolation and mycelial growth of Diehliomyces microsporus: effect of culture medium and incubation temperature." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 50, no. 4 (July 2007): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132007000400004.
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The false truffle is one of the main problems in the production of the Agaricus brasiliensis in Brazil and the control of this fungal competitor has been rather difficult due to difficulties in the isolation and cultivation of this pathogen. This experiment was conducted in three stages, the first consisting of the isolation of Diehliomyces microsporus starting from portions of the fruiting body and through the ascospores suspension; second, D. microsporus cultivated in vitro at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35ºC in six different culture media (CSDA, OCDA, PCDA, ODA, PDA, CDA); third, D. microsporus was inoculated on sterilized compost for formation of the fruiting body. The colony formation from tissue of D. microsporus starting from portions of fruiting body was more efficient than germination of the ascospores. Compost medium (CDA) allowed a larger diameter of the D. microsporus colony, followed by the medium made up of compost and potato mixture, favoring a denser composition. The largest mycelial growth speed of D. microsporus occurred when the culture was incubated at 28 and 30ºC. Incubation temperatures lower than 15ºC or above 35ºC inhibited the mycelial growth of D. microsporus completely. The fruiting bodies were obtained easily in sterilized compost and later inoculated along with mycelial competitor.
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SHISHIDO, Yoshihiro, and Yutaka HORI. "Effects of Growth Regulator 4-CPA on Translocation and Distribution of Photoassimilates in Fruiting Tomato Plants." Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 58, no. 2 (1989): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.58.391.
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Vdovenko, Sergiy, and Olexiy Polutin. "FEATURES OF APPLICATION OF BIOPREPARATIONS FOR CULTIVATION OF OYSTER MUSHROOMS ON STRAW SUBSTRATE." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-4-16.
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The world’s population consumes a significant amount of mushrooms each year. Beginners in mushroom growing are considered to be the Chinese, who at the beginning of our era learned to grow different species of basidiomycetes. Today, Ukraine has a significant potential for the development of mushroom growing: there are the necessary raw materials for substrates and still unoccupied premises. Research institutions preserve a unique collection of high-yielding strains, and specialized laboratories produce high-quality seed mycelium. The article is devoted to the study of the influence of biologicals on the productivity of oyster mushrooms of the common strain K-12 during intensive cultivation on a straw substrate. Based on research, it is established that the use of biologicals as an adjunct to the substrate affects the growth processes of the fungus. Biometric indicators of fruit body weight with the use of azotophyte or phytocyde exceeded the indicators of fruit body weight grown on the substrate, where the biological product was not used by 2,0 g, and the diameter of the cap was inferior to 2,0 and 6,0 mm, respectively. Fungi obtained on the substrate without the use of the biological product were characterized by a shorter leg length compared to the variant using azotophyte by 3,0 mm, and exceeded the test value by 4 mm using phytocyde. From the use of azotophyte or phytocide, the diameter of the stem of the fruiting body decreases to 12,0-15,0 mm. Carrying out of timely agrotechnical actions promotes reception of a qualitative harvest of fruit bodies of an oyster mushroom. Before harvesting, the fruiting bodies were characterized by a typical shape and inherent color of the cap and were in technical maturity. The cap of the fruit body did not crack, was not damaged by pests, and its humidity was 65,0-68,0 %. The activity of the bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus subtilis has an effect on the productivity of strain K-12, they stimulate the formation of more primordia. With the use of Azotophyte or Phytocide, the yield increases by 22,0 and 18,0 %. The total yield of oyster mushroom consists of two waves of fruiting. The yield of the first wave of fruiting is 2,3 times higher than the yield of the second wave of fruiting. The use of Azotophyte helps to increase the yield of the first wave of fruiting fungus by 2,2 kg / 100 kg of substrate, and phytocide – by 1,8 kg / 100 kg of substrate. The use of Azotophyte or Phytocyde as an additive to the substrate is economically advantageous: the net profit increases by 32 and 24 %, and the level of profitability - by 1,2-1,1 times, respectively.
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Mukhametova, Svetlana, and Elena Skochilova. "Fruiting Parameters and Biochemical Cha¬racteristic of Dogrose Varieties in Mari El." Vestnik of Volga State University of Technology. Ser.: Forest. Ecology. Nature Management 30, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15350/2306-2827.2016.2.94.
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Tiwari, Arjun, and Arti Garg. "Four New Records of Angiosperms for Uttar Pradesh." Indian Journal of Forestry 41, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 311–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2018-2abs98.
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Four species of angiosperm viz. Boehmeria penduliflora Wedd. ex D.G.Long, Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh., Lantana veronicifolia Hayek and Potentilla gelida C.A. Mey. are reported for the first time from Uttar Pradesh as new records for the state. Their nomenclatural citation, taxonomic description with flowering and fruiting period, distribution, habitat and specimen details are provided.
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Khan, Foziya, and Ramesh Chandra. "EFFECT OF PHYSIOCHEMICAL FACTORS ON FRUITING BODY FORMATION IN MUSHROOM." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i10.20086.
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Objective: Fungi are heterotrophs and are involved in decomposition, nutrient cycling and nutrient transport, and are indispensable for achieving sustainable development. Mushrooms are the fungi with a distinctive fruiting body. Mushrooms are produced all over the world. In India, Punjab is the leading mushroom growing state. Mushrooms are rich sources of proteins, vitamins and minerals. Different types of immunoceuticals like lentinan, schizophyllan, active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) etc. have also been prepared from various mushrooms. The present review work highlights important observations in the area of mushroom. Methods: This review also shows that how several factors affect the fruiting body formation of mushrooms, which includes physiological (composition of culture media) and environmental factors (light, temperature, salinity, etc.). There are different factors like light, temperature etc. which affects the fruiting body development.Results: It has been found that, light has positive effects on hyphal aggregation and fruiting body maturation. It has been found that in oyster mushroom, light is essential for both normal expansion of pileus and in spore formation. It has been found that length of Stipe and the diameter of cap decreases with an increase in the concentration of CO2. Also, there is a range of temperature within which sporophore development occurs. The composition of media affects the growth of mushrooms too. It’s important to maintain a balance between carbon and nitrogen sources for induction of the fruiting body.Conclusion: There are different environmental factors affecting the fruiting body development of mushrooms. Hence, by adjusting various factors like temperature, light, media composition production of mushrooms can be increased.
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Golian, Marcel, Alžbeta Hegedűsová, Ivana Mezeyová, Zuzana Chlebová, Ondrej Hegedűs, Dana Urminská, Alena Vollmannová, and Peter Chlebo. "Accumulation of Selected Metal Elements in Fruiting Bodies of Oyster Mushroom." Foods 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11010076.
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The species Pleurotus ostreatus is a commercially, gastronomically, and biotechnologically important fungus. Its strain variability has been little researched. The study provides an evaluation of 59 oyster mushroom production strains in terms of the ability to accumulate selected metals in the cap and stipe. The fruiting bodies were grown under identical model conditions on straw substrate. Metal concentrations (ET-AAS) in dry fruiting bodies ranged in values 1.7–22.4 mg kg−1 for Al, 2.6–9.7 mg kg−1 Ba, 199–4560 mg kg−1 Ca, 1.7–12.0 mg kg−1 Cu, 12–120 mg kg−1 Fe, 16,000–49,500 mg kg−1 K, 876–2400 mg kg−1 Mg, 0.39–11.0 mg kg−1 Mn, 46–920 mg kg−1 Na and 11–920 mg kg−1 for Zn. More Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Zn accumulated in the cap, while in the stipe Ba was amassed. No significant difference was found between Al, Ca and Na between the accumulation in the cap and the stipe. Furthermore, the dependence of metal uptake from the substrate depending on the fortification of the substrate was confirmed. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) synergistic relationships were shown in pairs Al and Ba, Al and Fe, Ba and Na, Ba and Ca, Ca and Na, Cu and Fe, Fe and Mn, Fe and Zn, K and Mg, K and Mn, K and Zn, Mg and Mn, Mg and Na, Mg and Zn and Mn and Zn in the substrate without the addition of sodium selenate to the substrate. Altered relationships were observed after the application of sodium selenate to the substrate, synergism of Se and Ni, Se and Co and Se and Hg, Cu and Mn, Cu and Fe, Zn and Co, Zn and Ni, Zn and Hg, Mn and Fe, Mn and Cr, Co and Ni, Co and Hg, Ni and Hg, Pb and Cd. The findings of the study may help in the selection of production strains with hypercumulative properties for a particular metal and subsequent use in the addition of fortified fruiting bodies (e.g., with Zn). Based on the study the strains less sensitive to the accumulation of hazardous metals is possible to select for large-scale production, which is important from the perspective of food safety.
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Bock, Tobias, Rolf Müller, and Wulf Blankenfeldt. "Crystal structure of AibC, a reductase involved in alternativede novoisovaleryl coenzyme A biosynthesis inMyxococcus xanthus." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 72, no. 8 (July 29, 2016): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x16011146.
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Isovaleryl coenzyme A (IV-CoA) performs a crucial role during development and fruiting-body formation in myxobacteria, which is reflected in the existence of ade novobiosynthetic pathway that is highly upregulated when leucine, the common precursor of IV-CoA, is limited. The final step inde novoIV-CoA biosynthesis is catalyzed by AibC, a medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase. Here, the crystal structure of AibC fromMyxococcus xanthusrefined to 2.55 Å resolution is presented. The protein adopts two different conformations in the crystal lattice, which is a consequence of partial interaction with the purification tag. Based on this structure, it is suggested that AibC most probably uses a Zn2+-supported catalytic mechanism in which NADPH is preferred over NADH. Taken together, this study reveals structural details of the alternative IV-CoA-producing pathway in myxobacteria, which may serve as a base for further biotechnological research and biofuel production.
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Bode, Helge B., Michael W. Ring, Gertrud Schwär, Reiner M. Kroppenstedt, Dale Kaiser, and Rolf Müller. "3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A (CoA) Synthase Is Involved in Biosynthesis of Isovaleryl-CoA in the Myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus during Fruiting Body Formation." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 18 (September 15, 2006): 6524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00825-06.
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ABSTRACT Isovaleryl-coenzyme A (IV-CoA) is the starting unit for some secondary metabolites and iso-odd fatty acids in several bacteria. According to textbook biochemistry, IV-CoA is derived from leucine degradation, but recently an alternative pathway that branches from the well-known mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid biosynthesis has been described for myxobacteria. A double mutant was constructed in Myxococcus xanthus by deletion of genes involved in leucine degradation and disruption of mvaS encoding the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase. A dramatic decrease of IV-CoA-derived iso-odd fatty acids was observed for the mutant, confirming mvaS to be involved in the alternative pathway. Additional quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR experiments indicated that mvaS is transcriptionally regulated by isovalerate. Furthermore, feeding studies employing an intermediate specific for the alternative pathway revealed that this pathway is induced during fruiting body formation, which presumably increases the amount of IV-CoA available when leucine is limited.
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Georgescu, Andreea Antonia, Andrei Florin Danet, Cristiana Radulescu, Claudia Stihi, Ioana Daniela Dulama, and Claudia Lavinia Buruleanu. "Nutritional and Food Safety Aspects Related to the Consumption of Edible Mushrooms from Dambovita County in Correlation with their Levels of Some Essential and Non-essential Metals." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 10 (November 15, 2017): 2402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.10.5894.
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Ten edible mushroom species collected from four sites of Dambovita County, Romania, were analyzed through ICP-MS technique in order to evaluate their content in Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, both in cap and stipe. Wild growing species (Russula vesca, Russula alutacea, Macrolepiota procera, Cantharellus cibarius, Boletus edulis, Agaricus campestris and Pleurotus ostreatus) and cultivated species (Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus white and Agaricus bisporus brown) were taken into account. The data related to the elemental composition of the fruiting bodies of mushrooms are important to be known having in view the nutritional and food safety related aspects. Higher concentrations of copper, iron and zinc have been found in Pleurotus ostreatus (cap), Macrolepiota procera (stipe) and Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated (cap) respectively, as follows: 43.90�0.96 mg/g d.w., 715.15�4.52 mg/g d.w. and 379.33�2.05 mg/g d.w. Although significant Health Risk Index were determined for lead in Agaricus campestris (about 0.1 both in cap and stipe) and for cadmium in Pleurotus ostreatus (0.58 in cap), these values are under the regulated PTWI limits for adult person.
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Chantree, Pathanin, Sirilak Chumkiew, Mantana Jamklang, and Pongsakorn Martviset. "Cytotoxic activities of ethanolic crude extracts from fruiting bodies of bamboo mushrooms (Dictyophora spp.) against cholangiocarcinoma cells." Research Results in Pharmacology 8, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.8.72098.
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Introduction: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly progressive tumor. The standard chemotherapy varies in its effectiveness, with generally low efficacy. So, the discovery of novel chemotherapy is still required. The objective of this preliminary study was to determine the cytotoxic effects induced by three kinds of bamboo mushrooms (Dictyophora indusiata or Chinese bamboo mushroom; Ch-DTP, Short skirt bamboo mushroom (Thai isolate); Th-DTP, and orange skirt bamboo mushroom; Or-DTP) on CCA cells. Materials and methods: CCA cell lines, including CL-6, HuCCT1, HuH28, and OUMS normal fibroblast cells, were treated with various concentrations of DTP extracts. The MTT assay was used to determine cytotoxicity, and cell morphology was observed by using phase-contrast microscopy. Results and discussion: The results suggested that Ch-DTP effectively killed all three CCA cell lines in both low (0.3 mg/mL) and high (0.6 mg/mL) doses, but Th-DTP and Or-DTP had significantly reduced cell viability only at high doses (p<0.001). Ch-DTP had the best effect by showing a response of more than 50% at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL. Th-DTP had moderate effects at a concentration of lower than 0.6 mg/mL but worthwhile at higher concentrations, whereas Or-DTP had limited effects at concentrations of 0.4 mg/mL and downward, although the effects were significantly increased in the higher concentration range. Morphology of the Ch-DTP treated cells was greatly transformed both at low and high doses, but Th-DTP and Or-DTP showed definite alteration only at high doses. The morphological changes revealed apoptotic induction. In OUMS cells, no effects were recognized with any of the three DTPs. Conclusion: This study indicated that DTP extracts could induce cytotoxicity in cholangiocarcinoma, with a high potential of being an effective therapeutic agent. Graphical abstract:
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Heneghan, Mary N., Claudine Porta, Cunjin Zhang, Kerry S. Burton, Michael P. Challen, Andy M. Bailey, and Gary D. Foster. "Characterization of Serine Proteinase Expression in Agaricus bisporus and Coprinopsis cinerea by Using Green Fluorescent Protein and the A. bisporus SPR1 Promoter." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 3 (December 1, 2008): 792–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01897-08.
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ABSTRACT The Agaricus bisporus serine proteinase 1 (SPR1) appears to be significant in both mycelial nutrition and senescence of the fruiting body. We report on the construction of an SPR promoter::green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion cassette, pGreen_hph1_SPR_GFP, for the investigation of temporal and developmental expression of SPR1 in homobasidiomycetes and to determine how expression is linked to physiological and environmental stimuli. Monitoring of A. bisporus pGreen_hph1_SPR_GFP transformants on media rich in ammonia or containing different nitrogen sources demonstrated that SPR1 is produced in response to available nitrogen. In A. bisporus fruiting bodies, GFP activity was localized to the stipe of postharvest senescing sporophores. pGreen_hph1_SPR_GFP was also transformed into the model basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea. Endogenous C. cinerea proteinase activity was profiled during liquid culture and fruiting body development. Maximum activity was observed in the mature cap, while activity dropped during autolysis. Analysis of the C. cinerea genome revealed seven genes showing significant homology to the A. bisporus SPR1 and SPR2 genes. These genes contain the aspartic acid, histidine, and serine residues common to serine proteinases. Analysis of the promoter regions revealed at least one CreA and several AreA regulatory motifs in all sequences. Fruiting was induced in C. cinerea dikaryons, and fluorescence was determined in different developmental stages. GFP expression was observed throughout the life cycle, demonstrating that serine proteinase can be active in all stages of C. cinerea fruiting body development. Serine proteinase expression (GFP fluorescence) was most concentrated during development of young tissue, which may be indicative of high protein turnover during cell differentiation.
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Bandura, I. I., A. S. Kulyk, S. V. Makohon, O. M. Tsyz, O. V. Khareba, V. V. Khareba, and Z. I. Kovtuniuk. "Qualitative characteristics of the fungus Cyclocybe Aegerita Strains 2229, 2230, 2231 under industrial cultivation conditions." PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE 12, no. 3 (2021): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.03.085.
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The “poplar” mushroom C. aegerita has fruiting bodies that are attractive for their appearance and tasty properties. It is also known that mushrooms contain unique substances, especially proteins, polysaccharides, and aromatic terpenes with enhanced nutritional and medicinal value. However, the lack of a well-founded technology of cultivation using available agriculture wastes interferes with the domestic market saturation with this mushroom. Three strains of C. aegerita from the IBK mushroom culture collection were investigated on the possibility of introducing them into the industrial culture. The vegetation cycle of strains 2230 and 2231 was found to have a duration of 42 days versus 46-64 days for the previously studied strains. The highest yield was obtained in the study for strain 2231, which yielded from 217 to 220 grams per kilogram of the substrate during three cycles of cultivation. The biological efficiency of the strains as a result of the first fructification flush was from 20,2 (2229) to 60.4 % (2231), which is in agreement with the published data of other investigators. The external appearance was described in detail and parameters of fruiting bodies of strains were analyzed, which differed from each other both by shape and size. Microclimatic conditions for the study, strains 2230 and 2231 had brown caps, whereas the formed fruiting bodies of strain 2229 were distinguished by a pleasing milky cream color. The heaviest fruiting bodies were formed in strain 2229 (7.5±0.4 g), which was an average of 2 g higher than the weight of fungi of other strains studied. The highest fruiting bodies were found in strain 2230 at a height of 91.0±1.8 mm, which also had the widest cap with a 29.5±0.9 mm diameter. The greatest diameter of the stipe, reaching an average of 10.8±0.3 mm, was observed in fruiting bodies of strain 2229. The variability of morphological characters and the tendencies in the number of fruiting bodies of a certain size in the total volume of harvested mushrooms were investigated, which can help in the design of packing and marketing measures.
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Nowrousian, Minou, Sandra Masloff, Stefanie Pöggeler, and Ulrich Kück. "Cell Differentiation during Sexual Development of the Fungus Sordaria macrospora Requires ATP Citrate Lyase Activity." Molecular and Cellular Biology 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 450–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.19.1.450.
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ABSTRACT During sexual development, mycelial cells from most filamentous fungi differentiate into typical fruiting bodies. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of the Sordaria macrosporadevelopmental mutant per5, which exhibits a sterile phenotype with defects in fruiting body maturation. Cytological investigations revealed that the mutant strain forms only ascus precursors without any mature spores. Using an indexed cosmid library, we were able to complement the mutant to fertility by DNA-mediated transformation. A single cosmid clone, carrying a 3.5-kb region able to complement the mutant phenotype, has been identified. Sequencing of the 3.5-kb region revealed an open reading frame of 2.1 kb interrupted by a 66-bp intron. The predicted polypeptide (674 amino acids) shows significant homology to eukaryotic ATP citrate lyases (ACLs), with 62 to 65% amino acid identity, and the gene was named acl1. The molecular mass of the S. macrospora ACL1 polypeptide is 73 kDa, as was verified by Western blot analysis with a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged ACL1 polypeptide. Immunological in situ detection of the HA-tagged polypeptide demonstrated that ACL is located within the cytosol. Sequencing of the mutant acl1 gene revealed a 1-nucleotide transition within the coding region, resulting in an amino acid substitution within the predicted polypeptide. Further evidence that ACL1 is essential for fruiting body maturation comes from experiments in which truncated and mutated versions of theacl1 gene were used for transformation. None of these copies was able to reconstitute the fertile phenotype in transformed per5 recipient strains. ACLs are usually involved in the formation of cytosolic acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which is used for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols. Protein extracts from the mutant strain showed a drastic reduction in enzymatic activity compared to values obtained from the wild-type strain. Investigation of the time course of ACL expression suggests that ACL is specifically induced at the beginning of the sexual cycle and produces acetyl-CoA, which most probably is a prerequisite for fruiting body formation during later stages of sexual development. We discuss the contribution of ACL activity to the life cycle of S. macrospora.
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Hermawan, Rudy. "Study of Lentinus squarrosulus from West Java on The Basis of Molecular and Morphological Data." Jurnal Biota 7, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/biota.v7i1.6378.
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Lentinus is a unique genus within Polyporales, because of the lamellate basidiocarp. In Indonesia, Lentinus is commonly for a study about their potential, rarely for their taxonomy. BO 24427 specimen was found in West Java, Indonesia, sited in Landscape Arboretum of IPB University. The specimen was identified using molecular study and supported by some morphological data of fresh fruiting body. molecular identification used ITS region. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA Version X software. The morphology was based on macroscopic and microscopic observation. The result of molecular analyses showed that BO 24427 specimen was identified as Lentinus squarrosulus with 99% bootstrap value and classified into section Rigidi. The morphological data of fresh fruiting body supported the molecular identification. The important morphological data that classified into Lentinus squarrosulus were scabrous cap and size of basidiospores. This study was the first record for publish the finding of Lentinus squarrosulus in Indonesia.
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Mohd Rusdi, Nur Diana, Asyraf Mansor, Rahmad Zakaria, and Nik Fadzly Nik Rosely. "Environmental Impact on Duration of Flowering and Fruiting of Rattan (Calamus castaneus) in Peninsular Malaysia." Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 45, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.1.08.
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The phenological events of rattan were seldomly studied due to its nature of survival by climbing on other trees (i.e., liana). However, some rattans are non-climbing and found to produce fruits throughout the year. Therefore, it aimed to record Calamus castaneus duration of flowering and fruiting over a year and identify which environmental variables affect the duration. This study was conducted for 12 months in three forest reserves, namely Bukit Mertajam Forest Eco-Park (BMFEP), Teluk Bahang Forest Reserve (TBFR), and Segari Melintang Forest Reserve (SMFR). Five study plots (10 m × 10 m each) were established, and overall, 53 C. castaneus individual palm in the plots were monitored. Findings have revealed that female inflorescences bloomed shorter than males. Also, C. castaneus fruits take about three to four months to get matured. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) highly regulated the event by microclimate and locality. Thus, the flowering and fruiting duration may not directly be affected by a very specific environmental factor.
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Zhou, G., and W. Parawira. "The Effect of Different Substrates Found in Zimbabwe on the Growth and Yield of Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus Ostreatus." Southern Africa Journal of Education, Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (September 7, 2022): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajest.v5i2.39831.
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The research was carried out to investigate the effect of different substrates on the growth and yield of P. ostreatus. Locally available agricultural wastes such as saw dust (S1), cotton waste (S2), wheat straw (S3) and corncob (S4) were tested for parameters such as days required for spawn run, primordial formation, harvest days, total yield and biological efficiency. Biological Efficiency (BE) was calculated as the ratio of fresh fruiting body weight (g) per dry weight of substrates (g), expressed as a percentage. Before substrates were used in this study they were subjected to nutritional (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn) analysis. The highest yield of 1275.45 g was obtained in saw dust and the lowest yield of 1058.7 g was obtained in cotton waste. The highest carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio was found in saw dust (53:0.1) and the least C/N ratio was found in cotton waste (39:1). There were 19 spawn run days in saw dust and 24 spawn run days in cotton waste. Stem width (2.6 cm) and cap diameter (9.7 cm) were greatest in cotton waste and low in saw dust with stem width (2.3 cm) and cap diameter (7.4 cm). Substrates with a higher C/N ratio had the greatest yield and biological efficiency. The higher C/N ratio favoured mycelium growth and lower carbon to nitrogen ratio favored fruiting body growth. In this study saw dust had the highest C/N ratio and it had the greatest yield and low spawn run days yet cotton waste had the least C/N ratio but its fruiting body measurements were very high. There was no significant difference at p≤0.05 between wheat straw and corn cob in terms of growth parameters and yield as their C/N was significantly high at (44:1) and (49:1) respectively. The results signifies that apart from soya beans and maize stalk which were widely used by farmers as substrates of choice, saw dust, cotton waste, corn cob and wheat straw were good alternatives for the growth of P. ostreatus mushrooms. Saw dust was very good in the total yield obtained but cotton waste had the best quality of mushrooms with very big stipes and cap diameter. These locally available substrates in Zimbabwe were recommended for use by small scale farmers for sustainable production of oyster mushrooms as they produced good yields at low cost.
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Hynes, Michael J., and Sandra L. Murray. "ATP-Citrate Lyase Is Required for Production of Cytosolic Acetyl Coenzyme A and Development in Aspergillus nidulans." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 7 (May 21, 2010): 1039–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00080-10.
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ABSTRACT Acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) is a central metabolite in carbon and energy metabolism and in the biosynthesis of cellular molecules. A source of cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA is essential for the production of fatty acids and sterols and for protein acetylation, including histone acetylation in the nucleus. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans acetyl-CoA is produced from acetate by cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA synthetase, while in plants and animals acetyl-CoA is derived from citrate via ATP-citrate lyase. In the filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans, tandem divergently transcribed genes (aclA and aclB) encode the subunits of ATP-citrate lyase, and we have deleted these genes. Growth is greatly diminished on carbon sources that do not result in cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA, such as glucose and proline, while growth is not affected on carbon sources that result in the production of cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA, such as acetate and ethanol. Addition of acetate restores growth on glucose or proline, and this is dependent on facA, which encodes cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA synthetase, but not on the regulatory gene facB. Transcription of aclA and aclB is repressed by growth on acetate or ethanol. Loss of ATP-citrate lyase results in severe developmental effects, with the production of asexual spores (conidia) being greatly reduced and a complete absence of sexual development. This is in contrast to Sordaria macrospora, in which fruiting body formation is initiated but maturation is defective in an ATP-citrate lyase mutant. Addition of acetate does not repair these defects, indicating a specific requirement for high levels of cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA during differentiation. Complementation in heterokaryons between aclA and aclB deletions for all phenotypes indicates that the tandem gene arrangement is not essential.
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Abdullah, Mohammed Barakat, Idham Ali Abed, and Jamal Salih Alkobaisy. "Effect of Different Substrates and Supplement with Three Types of Spawn on Letinula Edodes Parameters for First Production in Iraq." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1060, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1060/1/012060.
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Abstract Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) can have an important role specially in agriculture where land is limited. This study was the first step to improve mushroom cultivation in Iraq by using locally available lignocellulosic materials as substrates, supplements and types of spawn. Effect of substrates, supplements and spawn on mycelium and browning period, time of three flush, weight of three flush, biological efficiency (BE), total yield, diameter of cap and length of stalk. Used substrates were sawdust and Phragmites australis, supplements were Sesbania sesban, Trifolium and molasses factories residuals. The treatment were T1( sawdust 73%, Sesbania sesban20%), T2(Sawdust73%, Trifolium20%), T3(Phragmites australis vegetative73%, Sesbania sesban20%), T4 (Phragmites australis vegetative73%, Trifolium20%), T5 (Phragmites australis fruiting), T6 (Phragmites australis vegetative73%, Trifolium20%), T6(73%, Sesbania sesban20%) and 2% CaCO3, 5% molasses factories residuals for all treatment. Spawn used were wheat grains C1, date seeds C2, white corn grains C3. Results show that faster mycelium covering substrate was at T1 (23.167 days), T6 gave the first complete browning (55.417 days), the days of three flushes were (68.91, 88.42 and 107.83 days) for T5, T6 and T6 respectively. T6 was superior by showing highest values of weight of three flush (73.93, 76.13 and 49.06 g for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectively), total yield and BE (199.14 g and 49.784 % respectively), and diameter of cap and length of stalk (6.7 and 6.0 cm respectively). Hence, T6 which content of Phragmites australis in fruiting stage, Trifolium and molasses was the best substrate used in this study, while C2 (date grains) was best type of spawn.
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Ikhajiagbe, Beckley, Kingsley Enerijiofi, and Paul Umendu. "Mycorestoration of crude oil polluted soil using Pleurotus tuberregium." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Biologia 66, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbiol.2021.1.02.
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Crude oil contamination is known to cause unwholesome damage to man, his environment comprising of soil, air and water bodies as well as other forms of life. This study determined the effect of crude oil polluted soils on the composition of different microorganisms and plants and the growth of Pleurotus tuberregium. Oil polluted soils in bowls were amended with sawdust from Brachystegia nigerica as substrate. Fruiting bodies and the diameter of the mushroom cap were found to increase with increasing weeks of exposure to oil as against the control which had no fruiting bodies throughout the experiment. Pepperomia pellucida was found to be the predominant weed (n = 20), followed by Asystasia gangetica (n = 11). The bacterial and fungal counts were higher at the oil polluted soil attached to sclerotia than the control. The growth of Pleurotus tuberregium in the polluted soil samples showed its ability to degrade and utilize hydrocarbon as the source of carbon and energy, thereby remediating the contaminated soil environment. This work has shown that the fungus has bioremediation and pollution control capacity.
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Tóth, B. B., and A. Feest. "A simple method to assess macrofungal sporocarp biomass for investigating ecological change." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 7 (July 2007): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-068.
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The methodologies used for studying macrofungal communities are an eclectic assemblage of many different and unstandardized approaches. In this study we propose a simple, nondestructive but still informative method to assess fungal sporocarp biomass in forested areas. We use the number of fruiting bodies found in the surveyed plot, and data on cap diameter of the species from the literature to calculate a cap area index. We show that this index very strongly correlates with the measured total dry mass of the species obtained from the same plot. We point out that the cap area index provides a more accurate estimation of the epigeous fungal sporocarp biomass than do the species sporocarp numbers. This new methodology allows the spatiotemporal distribution of a fungal community in an ecosystem to be followed. Since sporocarp production responds much more sensitively to environmental changes than does the fine-root vegetative ectomycorrhizal community, it may more quickly reflect whether an ecosystem has been perturbed. It will also allow us to collect data on saprotrophic species. A sporocarp survey can be useful for detecting early changes in the habitat and environment, and give an easily applicable method for conservation biology and ecosystem management.
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Cabral, Matthew, Christophe Anjard, William F. Loomis, and Adam Kuspa. "Genetic Evidence that the Acyl Coenzyme A Binding Protein AcbA and the Serine Protease/ABC Transporter TagA Function Together in Dictyostelium discoideum Cell Differentiation." Eukaryotic Cell 5, no. 12 (October 20, 2006): 2024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00287-05.
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ABSTRACT The acyl coenzyme A (CoA) binding protein AcbA is cleaved to form a peptide (SDF-2) that coordinates spore encapsulation during the morphogenesis of Dictyostelium discoideum fruiting bodies. We present genetic evidence that the misspecification of cell types seen in mutants of the serine protease/ABC transporter TagA results from the loss of normal interactions with AcbA. Developmental phenotypes resulting from aberrant expression of the TagA protease domain, such as the formation of supernumerary tips on aggregates and the production of excess prestalk cells, are suppressed by null mutations in the acbA gene. Phenotypes resulting from the deletion of tagA, such as overexpression of the prestalk gene ecmB and the misexpression of the prespore gene cotB in stalk cells, are also observed in acbA mutants. Moreover, tagA − mutants fail to produce SDF-2 during fruiting body morphogenesis but are able to do so if they are stimulated with exogenous SDF-2. These results indicate that the developmental program depends on TagA and AcbA working in concert with each other during cell type differentiation and suggest that TagA is required for normal SDF-2 signaling during spore encapsulation.
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Seivewright, Nicholas, and Olawale Lagundoye. "What the clinician needs to know about magic mushrooms." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 6, no. 5 (September 2000): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.6.5.344.
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This term refers to mushrooms that grow naturally and have hallucinogenic (sometimes called psychedelic) properties. Consumption of different species has occurred in various cultures over the centuries, with use in ritual ceremonies in Mexico being particularly well known. In the UK at present the species most commonly used is Psilocybe semilanceata, also known as the ‘liberty cap’ mushroom. This grows in many areas, particularly in dark places and after heavy rainfall, with fruition occurring from September to November. It is creamy-yellow or brown in colour, very small (5–15 mm across) with a thin fragile stalk. In the USA a closely related type is used.
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Sánchez-García, Marisol, Martin Ryberg, Faheema Kalsoom Khan, Torda Varga, László G. Nagy, and David S. Hibbett. "Fruiting body form, not nutritional mode, is the major driver of diversification in mushroom-forming fungi." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 51 (November 30, 2020): 32528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922539117.
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With ∼36,000 described species, Agaricomycetes are among the most successful groups of Fungi. Agaricomycetes display great diversity in fruiting body forms and nutritional modes. Most have pileate-stipitate fruiting bodies (with a cap and stalk), but the group also contains crust-like resupinate fungi, polypores, coral fungi, and gasteroid forms (e.g., puffballs and stinkhorns). Some Agaricomycetes enter into ectomycorrhizal symbioses with plants, while others are decayers (saprotrophs) or pathogens. We constructed a megaphylogeny of 8,400 species and used it to test the following five hypotheses regarding the evolution of morphological and ecological traits in Agaricomycetes and their impact on diversification: 1) resupinate forms are plesiomorphic, 2) pileate-stipitate forms promote diversification, 3) the evolution of gasteroid forms is irreversible, 4) the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis promotes diversification, and 5) the evolution of ECM symbiosis is irreversible. The ancestor of Agaricomycetes was a saprotroph with a resupinate fruiting body. There have been 462 transitions in the examined morphologies, including 123 origins of gasteroid forms. Reversals of gasteroid forms are highly unlikely but cannot be rejected. Pileate-stipitate forms are correlated with elevated diversification rates, suggesting that this morphological trait is a key to the success of Agaricomycetes. ECM symbioses have evolved 36 times in Agaricomycetes, with several transformations to parasitism. Across the entire 8,400-species phylogeny, diversification rates of ectomycorrhizal lineages are no greater than those of saprotrophic lineages. However, some ECM lineages have elevated diversification rates compared to their non-ECM sister clades, suggesting that the evolution of symbioses may act as a key innovation at local phylogenetic scales.
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Muraguchi, Hajime. "Identification of a substrate of the methyltransferase Ich1 involved in cap differentiation in Coprinopsis cinerea." Impact 2020, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.3.9.
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The ichijiku1 (ich1) gene is an essential controller of the formation of the 'cap', or pileus in the fruiting of Coprinopsis cinerea, an edible mushroom more commonly known as grey shag. The ich1 gene encodes for the Ich1 protein, a methyltransferase enzyme with a winged helix-like DNA-binding domain as well as an o-methyltransferase domain. These structural features contribute towards its rather unique molecular mechanisms. Formation of the pileus represents a crucial part of the reproductive process of C. cinerea. Thus, mutations or environmental conditions that affect pileus formation are likely to have a dramatic impact on the survival of such strains of the fungus. Dr Hajime Muraguchi, from Akita Prefectural University is leading a team that is seeking to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the ich1 gene.
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Matsuoka, Satomi, Tamao Saito, Hidekazu Kuwayama, Naoki Morita, Hiroshi Ochiai, and Mineko Maeda. "MFE1, a Member of the Peroxisomal Hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Family, Affects Fatty Acid Metabolism Necessary for Morphogenesis in Dictyostelium spp." Eukaryotic Cell 2, no. 3 (June 2003): 638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.2.3.638-645.2003.
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ABSTRACT β-Oxidation of long-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids is carried out in mammalian peroxisomes by a multifunctional enzyme (MFE) or d-bifunctional protein, with separate domains for hydroxyacyl coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, and steroid carrier protein SCP2. We have found that Dictyostelium has a gene, mfeA, encoding MFE1 with homology to the hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and SCP2 domains. A separate gene, mfeB, encodes MFE2 with homology to the enoyl-CoA hydratase domain. When grown on a diet of bacteria, Dictyostelium cells in which mfeA is disrupted accumulate excess cyclopropane fatty acids and are unable to develop beyond early aggregation. Axenically grown mutant cells, however, developed into normal fruiting bodies composed of spores and stalk cells. Comparative analysis of whole-cell lipid compositions revealed that bacterially grown mutant cells accumulated cyclopropane fatty acids that remained throughout the developmental stages. Such a persistent accumulation was not detected in wild-type cells or axenically grown mutant cells. Bacterial phosphatidylethanolamine that contains abundant cyclopropane fatty acids inhibited the development of even axenically grown mutant cells, while dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine did not. These results suggest that MFE1 protects the cells from the increase of the harmful xenobiotic fatty acids incorporated from their diets and optimizes cellular lipid composition for proper development. Hence, we propose that this enzyme plays an irreplaceable role in the survival strategy of Dictyostelium cells to form spores for their efficient dispersal in nature.
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Dutta, Ram, Jayalakshmi K., Sharath M. Nadig, Dalasanuru Chandregowda Manjunathagowda, Vishal S. Gurav, and Major Singh. "Anthracnose of Onion (Allium cepa L.): A Twister Disease." Pathogens 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080884.
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The onion (Allium cepa L.) is a lucrative and high-value vegetable–spice crop in India, but it is sensitive to several of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, of which a fungal disease, anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a major issue for both onion producers and researchers since it severely affects the bulb production. Twister disease is currently one of the most common problems in onion production, particularly in humid regions, and it reduces productivity while also lowering the value and profitability. Twister disease is visualised by white or pale-yellow water-soaked oval depressed lesions on leaf blades, which are the first symptoms. Lesions expand as the disease advances, and numerous black-coloured, slightly elevated structures/fruiting bodies appear in the middle area, arranged in concentric rings. Curling, twisting, chlorosis of the leaves, and aberrant extension of the neck or pseudo-stem occurs, followed by rotting of the bulb. In an unmanaged crop, an excess gibberellin production by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Gibberella moniliformis is suspected to induce twisting and aberrant neck elongation, which will ruin onion productivity. It is difficult and environmentally unfriendly to control these infections. Since, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first review on onion anthracnose, we tried to consolidate information. This review updates our knowledge of the pathogen, including the disease cycle, infection pathways, and disease management techniques. As a result, growers will be benefit from the application of cultural, biological, and chemical measures and the use of resistant varieties.
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Lee, Seulah, Akida Alishir, Tae Wan Kim, Dong-Min Kang, Rhim Ryoo, Changhyun Pang, Mi-Jeong Ahn, and Ki Hyun Kim. "First Chemical Investigation of Korean Wild Mushroom, Amanita hemibapha subsp. javanica and the Identification of Anti-Helicobacter pylori Compounds." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15020152.
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Amanita hemibapha subsp. javanica (Amanitaceae) is an edible Korean wild mushroom. A. hemibapha subsp. javanica is often confused with A. subjunquillea, known as the East Asian death cap, which is potentially fatal when ingested. This study aimed to conduct the first chemical investigation of A. hemibapha subsp. javanica, which resulted in the isolation of seven fatty acid derivatives (1–7) and three steroids (8–10) from the MeOH extract of its fruiting bodies, and their structures were determined by comparing their NMR spectroscopic data with those previously reported, along with the data from LC/MS. Compound 1 was reported previously without the identification of its absolute configuration; its structure, including the absolute configuration was confirmed for the first time, in this study, by using 1H NMR and its fragmentation patterns in MS/MS data, and LC/MS analysis. A recently developed method using competing enantioselective acylation (CEA) coupled with LC/MS analysis was applied for determining the absolute configuration of compound 1, which revealed the 11S-configuration. In the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity test, compound 3 showed antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51 with 38.0% inhibition, comparable to that of quercetin (34.4% inhibition) as a positive control. Specifically, compound 4 displayed the most potent antibacterial activity against H. pylori strain 51 with 80.5% inhibition at the final concentration of 100 μm with a MIC50 value of 72 μm. These findings suggested that the active compound 4 is a natural antibiotic that may be used in the development of novel antibiotics against H. pylori. In addition, the first chemical investigation of A. hemibapha subsp. javanica revealed that this mushroom can serve as a promising natural source for the bioactive natural products.
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Deja, Stanisław, Piotr P. Wieczorek, Marek Halama, Izabela Jasicka-Misiak, Paweł Kafarski, Anna Poliwoda, and Piotr Młynarz. "Do Differences in Chemical Composition of Stem and Cap of Amanita muscaria Fruiting Bodies Correlate with Topsoil Type?" PLoS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): e104084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104084.
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Suthar, Harish, Romank Patel, Krunal Modi, Paresh Patel, and Mrugesh Khunt. "Growth Parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivation Using Paddy Straw as a Substrate." Plantae Scientia 5, no. 1 (February 19, 2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32439/ps.v5i1.12-16.
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Pleurotus ostreatus are large, oyster-shell shaped edible mushroom which can be easily identified by their grey white, oyster shell shaped cap which is attached to a thick, firm stalk. They are nutritionally rich contain good amount of vitamin C, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin and cobalamin. They have high oleic acid and linoleic acid content. They also contain lovastatin and pleuran. Hence, oyster mushroom exhibit anti-atherosclerotic, hypo-glycemic, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and immuno-modulatory properties. P. ostreatus is one of the commonly sought wild mushrooms and paddy straw is mainly used as a substrate for its cultivation. Mycelial growth is a preliminary step that creates suitable internal conditions for fruiting. Thus, out-standing growth of mycelium is a vital factor in mushroom cultivation. In the present study, P. ostreatus cultivation was carried out using paddy straw as a substrate. Spawning was done in layers in polythene bags (24 ×16 inch). All the 10 spawned bags were arranged in a dark cropping room on raised platform for mycelium colonization of substrate. Suitable temperature (~28°C) and relative humidity (~80%) were maintained during incubation. Harvesting of mushrooms was carried out before the margin starts folding inwards. Observations such as days for spawn run, days for pinhead formation and first harvest, number of primordia, total weight and total yield of mushroom were measured in the study. It took 23.50 ± 1.27 days for spawn run and 27-31 days for pinhead. First harvest of fruiting bodies was done after the ~4th day of the pinhead formation. Total 224 primordia were noted up to the day of the first harvest from ten bags. The fruiting bodies were harvested into three flushes and total yield after 38 days of incubation was ~4.48 kg.
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Yang, Xiuqing, Rongmei Lin, Kang Xu, Lizhong Guo, and Hao Yu. "Comparative Proteomic Analysis within the Developmental Stages of the Mushroom White Hypsizygus marmoreus." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 12 (December 11, 2021): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7121064.
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(1) Background: The white Hypsizygus marmoreus is a popular edible mushroom in East Asia markets. Research on the systematic investigation of the protein expression changes in the cultivation process of this mushroom are few. (2) Methods: Label-free LC-MS/MS quantitative proteomics analysis technique was adopted to obtain the protein expression profiles of six groups of samples collected in different growth stages. A total of 3468 proteins were identified. The UpSetR plot analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) analysis, and principal component (PC) analysis were performed to reveal the correlation among the six groups of samples. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were organised by One-way ANOVA test and divided into four clusters. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed to divide the DEPs into different metabolic processes and pathways in each cluster. (3) Results: The DEPs in cluster 1 are of the highest abundance in the mycelium and are mainly involved in protein biosynthesis, biosynthesis of cofactors, lipid metabolism, spliceosome, cell cycle regulation, and MAPK signaling pathway. The DEPs in cluster 2 are enriched in the stem and are mainly associated with protein biosynthesis, biosynthesis of cofactors, carbon, and energy metabolism. The DEPs in cluster 3 are highly expressed in the primordia and unmatured fruiting bodies and are related to amino acids metabolism, carbon and carbohydrate metabolism, protein biosynthesis and processing, biosynthesis of cofactors, cell cycle regulation, MAPK signaling pathway, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and proteasome. The DEPs in cluster 4 are of the highest abundance in the cap and are mainly associated with spliceosome, endocytosis, nucleocytoplasmic transport, protein processing, oxidative phosphorylation, biosynthesis of cofactors, amino acids metabolism, and lipid metabolism. (4) Conclusions: This research reports the proteome analysis of different developmental stages during the cultivation of the commercially relevant edible fungi the white H. marmoreus. In the mycelium stage, most of the DEPs are associated with cell proliferation, signal response, and mycelium growth. In the primordia and unmatured fruiting bodies stage, the DEPs are mainly involved in biomass increase, cell proliferation, signal response, and differentiation. In the mature fruiting body stage, the DEPs in the stem are largely associated with cell elongation and increase in biomass, and most of the DEPs in the cap are mainly related to pileus expansion. Several carbohydrate-active enzymes, transcription factors, heat shock proteins, and some DEPs involved in MAPK and cAMP signaling pathways were determined. These proteins might play vital roles in metabolic processes and activities. This research can add value to the understanding of mechanisms concerning mushroom development during commercial production.
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Wang, Long, Lingli Li, and Qingping Zhou. "Established Digital Model of Fruit Body Growth of Agrocybe cylindracea Based on Network Programming." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (July 26, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6643273.
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Agricultural information technology is an emerging technology based on the cross-fertilization of information technology and agricultural science, which has caused the rapid development of digital agriculture and smart agriculture. Crop growth models, as one of their core components, can dynamically simulate the crop growth and development process and its relationship with climate factors, soil properties, and management techniques, thus effectively overcoming the strong spatial and temporal limitations in traditional agricultural production management research and providing quantitative tools for early warning and effect assessment of crop productivity prediction under different conditions. This study focuses on the general technical approach, the latest research progress, and future development thinking developed by the authors in the construction and application of the tea mushroom growth model. Based on the fitting method of the data model curve of the Internet laboratory, this study is proposed to use network programming technology to digitally fit the growth curve of cap diameter and stalk diameter of the fruiting body in the process of Agrocybe cylindracea growth. The fitting system adopted the development mode of PHP + MYSQL and took the MYSQL database as the core, which made the curve fitting of the final experimental data fast, convenient, and more intelligent. This study laid a preliminary foundation for the effective establishment and improvement of laboratory Agrocybe cylindracea, fruiting body growth data statistics and analysis, and graphical output network sharing.
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Kosanic, Marijana, Nevena Petrović, Olivera Milosevic-Djordjevic, Darko Grujičić, Jovana Tubic, Aleksandra Marković, and Tatjana P. Stanojkovic. "The Health Promoting Effects of the Fruiting Bodies Extract of the Peppery Milk Cap Mushroom Lactarius piperatus (Agaricomycetes) from Serbia." International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 22, no. 4 (2020): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2020034167.
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Al-Momany, Ahmad Mohamad, Hanan Aref Hasan, and Ayed M. Al-Abdallat. "First Record and Molecular Identification of Amantia Manginiana in Jordan." Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjas.v18i2.172.
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The occurrence of the basidiomycete Amantia manginiana is reported for the first time in Jordan. The large crumbly white wild mushroom was collected from woodland during December 2014 from Dabouq in Jordan. All morphological characteristics including cap, stem, gills, and spores were recorded. The mycelium was isolated by aseptically removing a small part of the fruiting body and transferring it onto the potato dextrose agar plate. After four days of incubation at 25-30 °C in the dark, a pure culture was obtained. Sequence analysis of a partial fragment of 28S nuclear large subunit (nLSU) in the ribosomal RNA gene of the isolated strains included the new strain within taxon Amanita manginiana with 95% similarity to Genebank accession No. KP161281 and 91% to Genebank accession No. AF024463.1 respectively. According to morphological characteristics and molecular sequence analysis, the mushroom was identified as Amanita manginiana and recorded for the first time in Jordan.
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Li, Shuwen, Shuxue Zhao, Chunhui Hu, Chengzhi Mao, Lizhong Guo, Hailong Yu, and Hao Yu. "Whole Genome Sequence of an Edible Mushroom Stropharia rugosoannulata (Daqiugaigu)." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8020099.
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Stropharia rugosoannulata, also known as Daqiugaigu in China, is a well-known edible mushroom that has been widely cultivated in China in recent years. Many studies have focused on its nutrients, bioactive compounds, and lignin degradation capacity, although there are few molecular and genetic breeding studies due to the lack of genomic information. Here, we present the 47.9 Mb genome sequence of an S. rugosoannulata monokaryotic strain (A15), which has 20 contigs and an N50 of 3.64 Mb, which was obtained by a combination of Illumina and Nanopore sequencing platforms. Further analysis predicted 12,752 protein-coding genes, including 486 CAZyme-encoding genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close evolutionary relationship between S. rugosoannulata and Hypholoma sublateritium, Psilocybe cyanescens, and Galerina marginata based on single-copy orthologous genes. Proteomic analysis revealed different protein expression profiles between the cap and the stipe of the S. rugosoannulata fruiting body. The proteins of the stipe associated with carbon metabolism, energy production, and stress-response-related biological processes had higher abundance, whereas proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis and mRNA splicing showed higher expression in the cap than in the stipe. The genome of S. rugosoannulata will provide valuable genetic resources not only for comparative genomic analyses and evolutionary studies among Basidiomycetes but also for alleviating the bottlenecks that restrict the molecular breeding of this edible mushroom.
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Foulongne-Oriol, Marie, Anne Rodier, Thierry Rousseau, and Jean-Michel Savoie. "Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Yield-Related Components and Oligogenic Control of the Cap Color of the Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 7 (January 20, 2012): 2422–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07516-11.
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ABSTRACTAs in other crops, yield is an important trait to be selected for in edible mushrooms, but its inheritance is poorly understood. Therefore, we have investigated the complex genetic architecture of yield-related traits inAgaricus bisporusthrough the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL), using second-generation hybrid progeny derived from a cross between a wild strain and a commercial cultivar. Yield, average weight per mushroom, number of fruiting bodies per m2, earliness, and cap color were evaluated in two independent experiments. A total of 23 QTL were detected for 7 yield-related traits. These QTL together explained between 21% (two-flushes yield) and 59% (earliness) of the phenotypic variation. Fifteen QTL (65%) were consistent between the two experiments. Four regions underlying significant QTL controlling yield, average weight, and number were detected on linkage groups II, III, IV, and X, suggesting a pleiotropic effect or tight linkage. Up to six QTL were identified for earliness. ThePPC1locus, together with two additional genomic regions, explained up to 90% of the phenotypic variation of the cap color. Alleles from the wild parent showed beneficial effects for some yield traits, suggesting that the wild germ plasm is a valuable source of variation for several agronomic traits. Our results constitute a key step toward marker-assisted selection and provide a solid foundation to go further into the biological mechanisms controlling productive traits in the button mushroom.
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Ratnaningtyas, Nuniek Ina, Hernayanti Hernayanti, Nuraeni Ekowati, Fajar Husen, Isnaini Maulida, Riama Kustianingrum, and Vika Vidiyanti. "Antioxidant Activities and Properties of Coprinus comatus Mushroom Both Mycelium and Fruiting Body Extracts In Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats Model." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v14i1.34244.
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Coprinus comatus, well-known as Shaggy Ink Cap mushroom, is potential herbal medicine. Synthetic medicines sometimes cause side effects; therefore, it is necessary to innovate with herbal medications with minimal side effects. The study evaluated in vitro and in vivo treatments to evaluate the antioxidant effect and activity of C. comatus. The in vivo treatment was conducted using six groups of Wistar rats (n = 24). Group 1 healthy control (HC), groups 2–6 received 45 mg/Kg BW of streptozotocin once, group 2 just streptozotocin-induced (NC), group 3 was given 45 mg/kg BW of metformin (PC), groups 4–6 were given 250 (T1), 500 (T2), and 750 mg (T3) of C. comatus extract for 14 days, and the in vitro was conducted using an antioxidant oxidant assay. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range tests. Based on qualitative analysis, C. comatus mycelium extract contained polyphenol, flavonoids, terpenoids, and fruiting body extract had flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. The in vitro analysis showed that the mycelium extract had an antioxidant activity by inhibiting free radicals up to 58.51% with an IC50 value of 72.77 mg/L. The in vivo treatment using C. comatus fruiting body extract showed that it could increase the endogenous antioxidant levels of GPx, SOD, catalase and reduce MDA levels (p 0.05). The most effective dose of C. comatus extract is 500 mg. This research has shown the potential of mycelium and C. comatus fruitbody extract as an antioxidant supplement in a diabetic rat model.
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Wang, G. Z., M. P. Guo, and Y. B. Bian. "First Report of Cladobotryum protrusum causing Cobweb Disease on the Edible Mushroom Coprinus comatus." Plant Disease 99, no. 2 (February 2015): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-14-0757-pdn.
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Coprinus comatus is one of the most commercially important mushrooms in China. Its fruiting body possesses rich nutritional and medicinal value. In November 2013, unusual symptoms were observed on C. comatus on a mushroom farm in Wuhan, Hubei, China. At first, fruiting bodies were covered by white and cobweb-like mycelia. Later, the cap and stipe turned brown or dark before rotting and cracking. The pathogen was isolated from infected tissue of C. comatus. Colonies of the pathogen on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium first appeared yellowish, followed by an obvious ochraceous or pinkish color. Aerial mycelia grew along the plate wall, cottony, 1 to 4 mm high. Conidiophores were borne on the tops of hyphae, had two to four branches, and were cylindrical, long clavate, or fusiform. Conidia were borne on the tops of the branches of conidiophores, had one to two separates, and were long and clavate. The spores ranged from 15.3 to 22.1 μm long and were 5.1 to 8.3 μm wide, which was consistent with the characteristics of Cladobotryum protrusum (1). The species was identified by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequencing. The ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified from the isolated strain using primers ITS1 and ITS4. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed the highest similarity (99%) to C. protrusum (GenBank Accession Nos. FN859408.1 and FN859413.1). The pathogen was grown on PDA at 25°C for 3 days, and the inoculation suspension was prepared by flooding the agar surface with sterilized double-distilled water for spore suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml). In one treatment, the suspension was sprayed on casing soil (106 conidia/m2) and mixed thoroughly with it, then cased with treated soil for 2 to 3 cm thickness on the surface of compost in cultivation pots (35 × 25× 12 cm), with sterile distilled water as a control (2). Eight biological replicates were included in this treatment. In the second treatment, mycelia plugs (0.3 × 0.3 cm) without spore production were added to 20 fruiting bodies. Mushrooms treated with blank agar plugs (0.3 × 0.3 cm) were used as a control. The plugs were covered with sterilized cotton balls to avoid loss of moisture. Tested cultivation pots were maintained at 18°C and 85 to 95% relative humidity. In the samples where casing soil was sprayed with conidia suspension, white mildew developed on the pileus, and a young fruiting body grew out from the casing soil. Eventually, the surface of the mushroom was overwhelmed by the mycelia of the pathogen and the pileus turned brown or black. For the other group inoculated with mycelia plugs, only the stipe and pileus inoculated with mycelia turned brown or dark; it rotted and cracked 2 to 3 days later. The symptoms were similar to those observed on the C. comatus cultivation farm. Pathogens re-isolated from pathogenic fruiting bodies were confirmed to be C. protrusum based on morphological characteristics and ITS sequence. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of C. protrusum on the edible mushroom C. comatus (3). Based on the pathogenicity test results, C. protrusum has the ability to severely infect the fruiting body of C. comatus. References: (1) K. Põldmaa. Stud. Mycol. 68:1, 2011. (2) F. J. Gea et al. Plant Dis. 96:1067, 2012. (3) W. H. Dong et al. Plant Dis. 97:1507, 2013.
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Meng, Li, Xiaoran Bai, Shaoyan Zhang, Mengfei Zhang, Sen Zhou, Irum Mukhtar, Li Wang, Zhuang Li, and Wei Wang. "Enhanced Ganoderic Acids Accumulation and Transcriptional Responses of Biosynthetic Genes in Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Bodies by Elicitation Supplementation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112830.
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Ganoderic acids (GAs) are a type of highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoids that are responsible for the pharmacological activities of Ganoderma lucidum. They have been investigated for their biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-HIV-1, antioxidation, and cholesterol reduction functions. Inducer supplementation is viewed as a promising technology for the production of GAs. This study found that supplementation with sodium acetate (4 mM) significantly increased the GAs content of fruiting bodies by 28.63% compared to the control. In order to explore the mechanism of ganoderic acid accumulation, the transcriptional responses of key GAs biosynthetic genes, including the acetyl coenzyme A synthase gene, and the expression levels of genes involved in calcineurin signaling and acetyl-CoA content have been analyzed. The results showed that the expression of three key GAs biosynthetic genes (hmgs, fps, and sqs) were significantly up-regulated. Analysis indicated that the acetate ion increased the expression of genes related to acetic acid assimilation and increased GAs biosynthesis, thereby resulting in the accumulation of GAs. Further investigation of the expression levels of genes involved in calcineurin signaling revealed that Na+ supplementation and the consequent exchange of Na+/Ca2+ induced GAs biosynthesis. Overall, this study indicates a feasible new approach of utilizing sodium acetate elicitation for the enhanced production of valuable GAs content in G. lucidum, and also provided the primary mechanism of GAs accumulation.
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Li, Chuang, Qing Wang, Jinhua Qin, Leiming Wang, Zhenghuai Wen, Aibing Gu, Shouhua Jiang, Gang Zhou, Chen Zhao, and Guolian Wang. "First Report That Mucor irregularis Causes White Mold Disease on Substrates Used for Wine-Cap Mushroom (Stropharia rugosoannulata) Cultivation in China." Plant Health Progress 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-06-21-0098-br.
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Stropharia rugosoannulata is a popular edible mushroom. In October 2020, white mold disease was found on substrates of S. rugosoannulata in a heliogreenhouse in Huai’an city, Jiangsu province, China. The cultivation materials included rice straw (30%), wheat straw (30%), saw dust (30%), and a small amount of wheat bran (5%) and rice bran (5%). In the diseased substrates, a large amount of thick white fungal mycelia was observed with yellow ooze on the surface, which prevented the growth of the mycelia and fruiting bodies of S. rugosoannulata. Disease incidence was calculated as ∼30%. The fungus was identified morphologically and through DNA as Mucor irregularis, and pathogenicity was confirmed. In order to ensure the safe production of S. rugosoannulata, once white mold disease is found, the infected tissue should be removed. This is the first report that M. irregularis causes white mold disease on S. rugosoannulata in China.
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Arain, F., A. Tohid, M. Jawad, A. Rashid, P. Korenis, and J. Sanchez-Lacay. "Snapshot of a Child and Adolescent Psychiatric ER during Pandemic." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S427—S428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1085.
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Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted numerous fundamental systems ranging from businesses to education system. The long-term consequences of the Pandemic, namely virtual learning and prolonged social isolation are coming to fruition in Child/Adolescent-Psychiatric Emergency-Rooms (CAP-ER). Discontinuity of in-person attendance of schools has poorly impacted the mental health of children and adolescents (C&A) of low-socioeconomic areas, who often rely on schools for meals, physical activity, and mental-health support. An increase in agitation, suicidal ideation, and a declining school performance has been observed in such situations. Objectives The primary objective of this study is to explore the increase in these symptoms as the presenting complaint in the psychiatric ER. Methods Between April to June 2021 a cross-sectional quality improvement (QI) study was done on children presenting to CAP-ER BronxCare-Hospital NY with psychiatric complaints. Concomitant substance use disorder was determined using CRAFT questionnaire. Results Our data comprised 209 patients (84 M/125 F) with 79 children and 130 adolescents. Ethnicity: 116 Hispanics (56%), 84 African Americans (40%), and 9 others. The most common presenting complaints were aggression (111, 53%), suicidal ideation/suicide attempt (50, 24%), acute exacerbation of chronic illness (7, 3.3%), accidental overdosage (5, 2.3%) and others (36, 17.4). Marijuana was the most used substance (34 patients). Conclusions There has been a surge in severity of presentation of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents, aggression so far, the most prevalent. Further studies are needed to delineate the social links with this high emergent load and pandemic. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Seng, Chan Kam, Noorlidah Abdullah, and Norhaniza Aminudin. "Antioxidative and Inhibitory Effects of the Fruiting Body of Black Lingzhi Mushroom, Amauroderma rugosum (Agaricomycetes), on LDL Oxidation and HMG-CoA Reductase Activity." International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 19, no. 9 (2017): 797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2017024374.
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Jaumien, F., M. Wiktorowicz, and B. Osinska. "VEGETATIVE GROWTH CONTROL AND FRUITING OF YOUNG PEAR TREES TREATED WITH CCC, SADH, PP333 (PACLOBUTRAZOL) AND A MIXTURE OF THESE COMPOUNDS WITH CEPA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 179 (July 1986): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.179.24.
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Zhao, J., and H. S. Kwan. "Characterization, Molecular Cloning, and Differential Expression Analysis of Laccase Genes from the Edible MushroomLentinula edodes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 4908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.11.4908-4913.1999.
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ABSTRACT The effect of different substrates and various developmental stages (mycelium growth, primordium appearance, and fruiting-body formation) on laccase production in the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes was studied. The cap of the mature mushroom showed the highest laccase activity, and laccase activity was not stimulated by some well-known laccase inducers or sawdust. For our molecular studies, two genomic DNA sequences, representing allelic variants of theL. edodes lac1 gene, were isolated, and DNA sequence analysis demonstrated that lac1 encodes a putative polypeptide of 526 amino acids which is interrupted by 13 introns. The two allelic genes differ at 95 nucleotides, which results in seven amino acid differences in the encoded protein. The copper-binding domains found in other laccase enzymes are conserved in the L. edodes Lac1 proteins. A fragment of a second laccase gene (lac2) was also isolated, and competitive PCR showed that expression of lac1 and lac2 genes was different under various conditions. Our results suggest that laccases may play a role in the morphogenesis of the mushroom. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the cloning of genes involved in lignocellulose degradation in this economically important edible fungus.
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Afieroho, Ozadheoghene, Elizabeth C. Chukwu, Osamuyi H. Festus, Chiazor P. Onyia, Mikailu Suleiman, and Olutayo Adedokun. "Evaluation of the Anti-mitotic and Bacteriostatic Activities of the Fruiting Bodies of Pleurotus Ostreatus (Jacq. Ex. Fr) P. Kumm. (Pleurotaceae)." Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/mjmbr.v6i1.468.
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Edible mushrooms aside being taken as foods, are used in ethnomedicine in the management of various ailments notably tumours and related ailments whose pathophysiology are linked to oxidative stress. This study investigated the anti-mitotic, and antibacterial activities of the aqueous extract of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus based on ethno-medicine.The Allium cepa anti-mitotic assay model was used for anti-proliferative investigation of the defatted aqueous ethanol extract at concentration range of: 10.00 – 0.08 ng/mL following a two-fold serial dilution approach. Methotrexate (0.25 ng/mL) and portable water were used as reference standard for positive control and negative control respectively. The student t-test was used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Antibacterial susceptibility evaluation against clinical isolates of selected pathogenic organisms: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aereus, and Bacillus subtilis was done using the Agar dilution method at 1000 and 10 µg/mL. The aqueous extract showed a dose and time dependent anti-mitotic activity with the three higher doses: 10.00, 5.00 and 2.50 ng/mL exhibiting complete inhibition of mitosis which was comparable to the reference drug methotrexate (0.25 ng/mL) after 96 hours incubation period. Although the aqueous extract was not bacteriocidal at the test concentration, a dose dependent bacteriostatic effect against E. coli, and B. subtilis was observed. The observed anti-mitotic activity of this mushroom validates its ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of tumours and related diseases.
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Nischwitz, C., D. Langston, H. F. Sanders, R. Torrance, K. J. Lewis, and R. D. Gitaitis. "First Report of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Causing ‘Twister Disease’ of Onion (Allium cepa) in Georgia." Plant Disease 92, no. 6 (June 2008): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-6-0974c.
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In the fall of 2007, onion seedlings with twisted and distorted leaves were observed in seedbeds in multiple fields in the Vidalia onion region of Georgia. Tests for viruses and bacteria were negative and chemical injury was deemed improbable because of disease distribution in the fields. Upon further investigation, fungal fruiting bodies were observed on the outside sheath of a few of the seedlings. Symptomatic plants were cut into 1-cm segments and surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 3 min. After rinsing in sterile water, the segments were placed onto potato dextrose agar amended with tetracycline. The fungus isolated from symptomatic plants fit the description of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. Conidia were aseptate, cylindrical, and hyaline. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region and a BLAST search in GenBank (99% sequence similarity to C. gloeosporioides accessions) confirmed the identification. Ten onion seedlings were spray inoculated with a suspension of 1 × 107 spores/ml until runoff, and four seedlings were inoculated with water as negative controls. Plants were bagged for 12 h to maintain high relative humidity. Five plants were placed in the greenhouse and five plants placed in a growth chamber at 22°C. All plants inoculated with C. gloeosporioides developed distorted and twisted leaves 3 weeks after inoculation in the growth chamber and 5 weeks after inoculation in the greenhouse. Night time temperatures in the greenhouse (15°C) were lower than those in the growth chamber (22°C). Seedlings inoculated with water showed no symptoms. The fungus was reisolated from symptomatic plants. C. gloeosporioides has been reported to cause a disease called twister on onion in tropical regions (1). The fall of 2007 was unusually warm with maximum temperatures reaching 26°C during the day. The pathogen is present on many crops in the United States, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of C. gloeosporioides causing twister disease of onion in the United States. In Nigeria and Brazil, yield losses as much as 100% were observed in fields with infected onions (1). The impact of infection on the growth of the transplants and subsequent yield in Vidalia onions is currently unknown. References: (1) J. P. Hill. Compendium of Onion and Garlic Diseases. 2nd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2008.