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Stander, Ockert Petrus Jacobus. "Fruit split and fruit size studies on Citrus." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79933.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fruit size and the integrity of the rind are key components that determine the value of a citrus fruit. The application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) to reduce splitting, a physiological disorder which entails cracking of the rind as well as to increase fruit size was conducted on three different split-susceptible mandarin and two split-susceptible orange cultivars. Treatments were applied directly after the physiological fruit drop period, as well as in January and February at 10 mg·L-1, alone or in combination with calcium (Ca), potassium (K) or gibberellic acid (GA3). Application of 2,4-D directly after physiological fruit drop, either alone or in a tank-mix with K, consistently reduced the number of split mandarin fruit, with later applications in January and February generally being ineffective. Post physiological fruit drop application of 10 mg·L-1 2,4-D significantly increased growth rate (mm.day-1) of all the mandarin cultivars, resulting in increased fruit size. Differences in sensitivity of cultivars to 2,4-D were evident, with the January application reducing the splitting in ‘Midknight’ Valencia. However, all the 2,4-D treatments reduced the fruit growth rate of the orange cultivars. The 2,4-D treatments, in terms of splitting, increased rind thickness, -strength and -coarseness of ‘Marisol’ Clementine, throughout fruit development. In addition fruit diameter and –length increased to such an extent that the fruit shape was altered (reduced d/l-ratio), reducing the potential of the rind to crack and the fruit to split, however rind coarseness of treated fruit was also increased. There were no major negative side effects on internal and external fruit quality, except for a possible reduction in juice content (%). Therefore, 10 mg·L-1 2,4-D can be applied directly after physiological fruit drop on ‘Marisol’ Clementine and ‘Mor’ mandarin to reduce fruit splitting.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vruggrootte asook die integriteit van die skil is belangrike aspekte in die bepaling van ʼn sitrusvrug se waarde. Die toediening van 2,4-dichlorofenoksie asynsuur (2,4-D) om vrugsplit, 'n fisiologiese defek wat tot die kraak van die sitrusskil lei, te verminder is getoets op drie mandaryn- en twee lemoenkultivars. Hiermee saam is die potensiaal van 2,4-D om vruggrootte te verbeter ook geëvalueer. Die 2,4-D behandelings is direk na die fisiologiese vrugval periode toegedien, asook in Januarie en Februarie, teen 10 mg·L-1, alleen of in kombinasie met kalsium (Ca), kalium (K) of gibberelliensuur (GS3). Al die mandarynkultivars het ʼn vermindering in die totale aantal gesplete vrugte getoon indien die 2,4-D (enkel of in kombinasie met K) toegedien was direk na fisiologiese vrugval. Suksesvolle behandelings het ook 'n toename in vruggrootte tot gevolg gehad. Toediening van behandelings in Januarie en Februarie was oor die algemeen oneffektief. Verskille in kultivar sensitiwiteit teenoor 2,4-D is gevind, met vrugsplit in ‘Midknight’ Valencia wat verminder was deur die Januarie toediening van 2,4-D. Al die 2,4-D behandelings het vruggrootte van die lemoenkultivars verlaag. Daar is bevind dat die 10 mg.L-1 2,4-D, enkel of in kombinasie met K, ‘n toename in beide skildikte en –sterkte van ‘Marisol’ Clementine teweeg bring asook ʼn growwer skil. Behandelings met 2,4-D het vrugdeursnee en –lengte laat toeneem, wat ʼn verandering in vrugvorm tot gevolg gehad het, tot so ʼn mate dat vrugte minder geneig was om gesplete te wees. Behalwe vir ʼn moontlike verlaging in die sapinhoud (%) van vrugte, was daar geen noemenswaardige negatiewe effekte op interne en eksterne vrugkwaliteit nie. Die toediening van 10 mg.L-1 2,4-D direk na fisiologiese vrugval kan dus aanbeveel word op mandaryn kultivars wat geneig is tot vrugsplit.
The Citrus Academy
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Astete, Napan Giancarlo, Morales Oswald Nicolai Cuadros, Vega Denisse Lorena Guevara, Gómez Raúl Alonso Montalvo, and Casquino Dámaso Heberto Rosillo. "AMAZON FRUIT." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/654743.
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En la actualidad, el mundo entero está pasando por una situación excepcional y retadora. Esto se debe a la pandemia que ha tocado vivir atodos los ciudadanos en estos tiempos. Por ello, se ha visto necesario acceder a cuarentenas focalizadas para evitar cualquier tipo de contagios por el acercamiento o aglomeración de personas, ello ha ocasionado que varios negocios quiebren al disminuir notoriamente sus ingresos mensuales.En el presente trabajo, se busca la viabilidad de un servicio que mezcla las ventas online junto con productos que ayuden a levantar las defensas en las personas, especialmente en estos tiempos que se amerita estar muy bien alimentados. Lo que busca este proyecto es poder combatir los malos hábitos de consumo a través de frutos exóticos de la selva peruana que aporten vitaminas y/o nutrientes que mejoren el estilo de vida con fines sociales para comunidades de la selva peruana.Por ello, luego de realizar un proceso de idealización el cual permitió escoger la idea de negocio más asertiva, se realizó el modelo de negocio que permite una mayor descripción de nuestro proyecto. Posterior a ello, se realizaron experimentos para validar el mismo. Finalmente, se realizó el concierge con todos los resultados obtenidos de las validaciones y estrategias junto con los objetivos a desarrollar.Currently, the entire world is going through an exceptional and challenging situation. This is due to the pandemic that all citizens have experienced in these times. For this reason, it has been necessary to access focused quarantines to avoid any type of contagion due to the approach or agglomeration of people, this has caused several businesses to go bankrupt by significantly reducing their monthly income.This proyect triesto find the viability of a service that mixes online sales with products that helps to raise people's defenses is sought, especially in these times when it is necessary to be very well fed. This project seeks is to be able to combat bad consumption habits through exotic fruits from the Peruvian jungle that provide vitamins and / or nutrients that improve the lifestyle for social purposes for communities in the Peruvian jungle.Therefore, after carrying out an idealization process which allowed us to choose the most assertive business idea, the business model that allows a greater description of our project was created. After that, experiments were carried out to validate it. Finally, the concierge was held with all the results obtained from the validations and strategies together with the objectives to be developed.
Trabajo de investigación
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Young, Deborah, Robert Call, and Michael Kilby. "Backyard Fruit Production at Elevations 3500 to 6000 Feet." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144776.
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Fallahi, Esmaeil, Mike Kilby, and Phil Tilt. "Adaptation of Deciduous Fruit to the Desert Climate." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215696.
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Chilling requirements and maturity of several varieties of peaches and apples were studied at the University of Arizona, Yuma Mesa Agricultural Center (Southwest Arizona) in 1985-1986. Flordared, Flordabelle, Flordabeauty, Flordagold, Desert Gold and Suwanee peaches broke their dormancy earlier than other cultivars and showed full bloom between mid-to-late January. Suwanee and Desert Gold matured earlier than other tested varieties, but they produced small size fruit with low sugar content. Anna and Dorsett Golden apples showed extended blooming period due to insufficient chilling.
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Roch, Léa. "Etude intégrative et comparative du métabolisme primaire des fruits au cours de leur développement." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0457/document.
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Le marché mondial des fruits représente des centaines de milliards d’euro par an et l’amélioration de la qualité organoleptique et nutritionnelle des fruits est l’un des principaux objectifs de ces dernières années. Le métabolisme primaire est une cible toute trouvée pour tenter de répondre à ces exigences. En effet c’est lui qui va fournir les briques nécessaires à la croissance et au développement, mais également les composés qui confèrent les valeurs gustatives tels que les sucres et les acides organiques. C’est pourquoi la compréhension de son fonctionnement au cours du développement des fruits est nécessaire. Pour cela le métabolisme primaire a été étudié chez huit espèces de fruits charnus qui diffèrent en termes de durée de développement, de taille de fruit, de famille botanique, de qualité gustative (sucrosité, acidité…), et sujettes ou non à une crise respiratoire au début de la maturation. Des données physiologiques et biochimiques ont été collectées tout au long du développement du fruit, de l’anthèse à la maturité physiologique. La modélisation de la croissance des fruits a permis de standardiser les stades de développement et ainsi d’améliorer la comparaison entre espèces. La composition de la biomasse a ensuite été caractérisée qualitativement et quantitativement par des approches analytiques ciblées et non ciblées mettant en évidence les similitudes et les différences de composition et d’évolution au cours du développement. Des modèles linéaires généralisés combinant la composition et les données de croissance ont été utilisés pour comparer différentes phases de développement du fruit et une analyse discriminante par régression des moindres carrés partiels (PLS-DA) a permis de séparer les fruits climactériques des non climactériques. Dans les deux cas, les composés des parois cellulaires, les protéines et les lipides interviennent dans la différentiation des groupes. Enfin, une étude détaillée du métabolome et de l’activome du fruit a été réalisée chez trois espèces de Solanacées. Elle montre qu’au sein d’une même famille botanique la régulation diffère au cours du développement, notamment au niveau du métabolisme des sucres et de la glycolyse. Ces travaux revisitent le caractère climactérique des fruits, le positionnant bien en amont du déclenchement de la crise respiratoire, et, plus généralement, permettent de mieux comprendre le métabolisme primaire au cours du développement du fruitThe world fruit market represents hundreds of billions of euros per year and improving the organoleptic and nutritional quality of fruit has been one of the main objectives in recent years. Primary metabolism is a target that can be used to try and meet these requirements. Indeed, it provides the bricks necessary for growth and development but also the compounds that contribute to taste such as sugars and organic acids. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how it operates during fruit development. For this purpose, primary metabolism has been studied in eight species of fleshy fruits that differ in terms of development duration, fruit size, botanical family, taste quality (sweetness, acidity, etc.), and are subject or not to a respiratory crisis at the initiation of ripening. Physiological and biochemical data have been collected throughout the fruit development from anthesis to physiological maturity. Fruit growth modelling allowed standardizing the stages of development and thus improved comparison between species. The composition of biomass was then characterized qualitatively and quantitatively by targeted and non-targeted analytical approaches highlighting similarities and differences in composition and changes during development. Generalized linear models combining composition and growth data were used to compare different phases of fruit development and a discriminant partial least square regression analysis (PLS-DA) was used to separate climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. In both cases, cell wall compounds, proteins and lipids were involved in group differentiation. Finally, a detailed study of the fruit metabolome and activome was performed in three species of Solanaceae. It revealed that within the same botanical family, regulation differs during development, particularly for sugar metabolism and glycolysis. This work revisits the climacteric character of fruits, positioning it long before the onset of the respiratory crisis, and, more generally, provides a better understanding of primary metabolism during fruit development
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Roberts, Stephanie Catherine. "Fruit pigmentation studies." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1844.
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Thesis (MscAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: For many apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars, attractive colour is essential to their profitability on export markets. This study focuses on problems related to poor green colour of ‘Granny Smith’ apples and insufficient red colour of bi-coloured pear cultivars. ‘Granny Smith’ apples often suffer from poor green colour. Green colour of fruit from various orchards was already found to differ midway through fruit development, with these differences being carried through to harvest. In a trial where nitrogen (N) fertilisers were applied using different forms at different times, there was no improvement in green colour. In another trial, artificial shading was applied to fruit only during their early development. Fruit that were shaded during this time were less green at harvest than unshaded fruit. Additional N applications may only improve colour where a deficiency exists. However, green colour may be improved by increasing light distribution early during fruit development. Bi-coloured pears attain their maximum red colour midway through their development, and this desired red colour is mostly lost prior to harvest. Red colour can also increase transiently with the passing of cold fronts. Anthocyanins, responsible for this red colour, may have a photoprotective function which would explain this pigmentation pattern, as photosystems are particularly sensitive to light damage at low temperatures. As ‘Rosemarie’ fruit bent over from a vertical to hanging position during development, peel photoinhibition was reduced as anthocyanins were synthesised. ‘Forelle’ peel was found to be very sensitive to high light levels at low temperatures. Substantial anthocyanin development took place in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples when weather conditions were cold, but clear following a cold front. A photoprotective role seems to explain daily changes in anthocyanins in response to temperature, but not the seasonal progression of colour development. For many apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars, attractive colour is essential to their profitability on export markets. This study focuses on problems related to poor green colour of ‘Granny Smith’ apples and insufficient red colour of bi-coloured pear cultivars. ‘Granny Smith’ apples often suffer from poor green colour. Green colour of fruit from various orchards was already found to differ midway through fruit development, with these differences being carried through to harvest. In a trial where nitrogen (N) fertilisers were applied using different forms at different times, there was no improvement in green colour. In another trial, artificial shading was applied to fruit only during their early development. Fruit that were shaded during this time were less green at harvest than unshaded fruit. Additional N applications may only improve colour where a deficiency exists. However, green colour may be improved by increasing light distribution early during fruit development. Bi-coloured pears attain their maximum red colour midway through their development, and this desired red colour is mostly lost prior to harvest. Red colour can also increase transiently with the passing of cold fronts. Anthocyanins, responsible for this red colour, may have a photoprotective function which would explain this pigmentation pattern, as photosystems are particularly sensitive to light damage at low temperatures. As ‘Rosemarie’ fruit bent over from a vertical to hanging position during development, peel photoinhibition was reduced as anthocyanins were synthesised. ‘Forelle’ peel was found to be very sensitive to high light levels at low temperatures. Substantial anthocyanin development took place in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples when weather conditions were cold, but clear following a cold front. A photoprotective role seems to explain daily changes in anthocyanins in response to temperature, but not the seasonal progression of colour development. Dwarfing rootstocks are known to improve red colour of bi-coloured pears due to improved light distribution. ‘Forelle’ fruit from six rootstocks of varying vigour were harvested from exposed positions only, so as to establish the effect of rootstock on red colour development independent of the effect of rootstock on canopy light distribution. Fruit from trees on quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) rootstocks were found to have redder fruit than those from vigorous BP pear rootstocks. This may be due to higher chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations present in the peel of fruit from BP rootstocks, whose leaf and peel N were also high. The use of quince rootstocks is recommended where red colour development of bi-coloured pears is a problem. An early season bi-coloured cultivar with good red colour is required. Breeding trials to find such a cultivar are resource intensive. To streamline the process, a method to preselect immature seedlings for their future fruit colour is required. Fruit colour from bearing seedlings was compared with colour of their immature leaves. Trees with red leaves were likely to produce fruit that were too red for the breeders’ requirements. Trees with green or blushed leaves were capable of producing blushed fruit. It would be feasible to cull red-leaved seedlings with minimal risk of losing potential bi-coloured cultivars.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie appel (Malus domestica Borkh.) en peer (Pyrus communis L.) kultivars se winsgewendheid word bepaal deur hul aantreklike kleur. In hierdie studie word die swak groen kleur van ‘Granny Smith’ appels asook rooi kleurontwikkeling van blospere ondersoek. Die groen kleur van ‘Granny Smith’ appels is dikwels onvoldoende. Verskille in groen kleur tussen boorde was reeds gedurende vroeë vrugontwikkeling aanwesig, en hierdie verskille het voortgeduur tot met oes. Groen kleur kon nie deur verskillende bronne en tye van stikstofbemesting verbeter word nie. Stikstofbemesting verbeter groen kleur moontlik net in boorde met ‘n stikstoftekort. Vrugte wat gedurende hul vroeë ontwikkeling oorskadu is, se groen kleur was swakker by oes in vergelyking met vrugte wat nie oorskadu is nie. Groen kleur kan moontlik verbeter word deur ligverspreiding tydens vroeë vrugontwikkeling deur middel van snoei aksies te verhoog. Blospeerkultivars bereik hul maksimum rooi kleur halfpad deur hul ontwikkeling, maar is geneig om hul rooi kleur grootliks voor oes te verloor. Rooi kleur mag egter kortstondig toeneem in reaksie op die lae temperature gepaardgaande met koue fronte. Antosianiene, wat verantwoordelik is vir die rooi kleur, het moontlik ‘n beskermende funksie teen hoë ligvlakke, en hierdie funksie mag moontlik die bogenoemde patroon van rooikleurontwikkeling verklaar. Die natuurlike buiging van ‘Rosemarie’ pere van hul aanvanklike regop oriëntasie tot hul karakteristieke hangende posisie, is gekenmerk deur ‘n afname in fotoinhibisie van die skil en ‘n gelyklopende sintese van antosianien. ‘Forelle’ skil was uiters sensitief vir hoë ligvlakke in kombinasie met lae temperature (16 ºC). ‘Cripps’ Pink’ appels het ‘n vinnig toename in rooi kleur getoon met die koue, maar helder, weerstoestande wat gevolg het op ‘n kouefront. Dit is welbekend dat dwergende onderstamme die rooi kleur van blospere verbeter deur ligverspreiding in die boom te verhoog. Ten einde die effek van onderstam op rooi kleurontwikkeling onafhanklik van die effek van onderstam op ligverspreiding te ondersoek, is ‘Forelle’ pere wat blootgestel was aan vol son geoes van bome geënt op ses onderstamme met verskillende groeikrag. Kweperonderstamme (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) het rooi kleur verbeter in vergelyking met die groeikragtige BP peeronderstamme. ‘n Moontlike rede vir die verbetering is die laer chlorofiel- en karotenoïedkonsentrasies in die skil van vrugte op kweperonderstamme. Bome op peeronderstamme het ook hoër blaaren skil stikstofvlakke gehad. Kweperonderstamme word aanbeveel in gevalle waar rooi kleurontwikkeling van blospere ‘n probleem mag wees. Die RSA vrugtebedryf benodig ‘n vroeë blospeerkultivar met goeie rooi kleurontwikkeling. Die teling van so ‘n kultivar is hulpbronintensief en baie duur. Ten einde die teelproses meer effektief te maak, word ‘n metode benodig om saailinge al voor uitplanting in die boord te selekteer na gelang van hul toekomstige vrugkleur. Die vrugkleur van oesryp pere van draende saailinge is vergelyk met die kleur van hul onvolwasse blare. Bome met rooi blare is geneig om vrugte te dra wat té rooi is om te kwalifiseer as blospere. Die meerderheid blospere is afkomstig van bome met blos of groen onvolwasse blare. Dit is prakties haalbaar om rooiblaarsaailinge uit te dun, met net ‘n klein, aanvaarbare risiko om ‘n moontlike blospeerkultivar in die proses te verloor.
medg2010-1
Imported from http://etd.sun.ac.za April 2010.
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Campbell, Julie Hutchinson Ebel Robert C. "Interaction of wax, fungicide and ethylene treatments on storage and shelf-life of Satsuma mandarins." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2005/SPRING/Horticulture/Thesis/CAMPBELL_JULIE_7.pdf.
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Li, Xi. "Studies on fruit abscission mechanisms during physiological fruit drop in citrus." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225672.
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Marques, José Roberto. "'Hass' avocado fruit quality : the role of fruit minerals and rootstocks /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16748.pdf.
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Schmidt, Veronika. "The role of fruit colour in avian fruit selection an objective approach /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965484610.
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Swatsitang, Prasan. "Phenolic antioxidants in fruit." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324103.
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Spence, Jacqueline. "Fruit dehiscence in Brassicas." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5439/.
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Dehiscence is a means by which some wild plants release their seeds. In Brassicas the mature fruit or 'pod', strictly a silique, releases seed by a sometimes explosive mechanism triggered by mechanical pressure and referred to as 'shatter'. This mechanism is a problem in Brassica crop plants and results in loss of seed, and hence loss of revenue, during harvesting. This problem is further compounded by the distribution of volunteers which contaminate future crops and the environment. The post-fertilisation development of the carpel wall of a number of Brassica species has been examined including, a range of Arabidopsis ecotypes and mutants, and fruits from two other Brassicas, Brassica napus and Brassica juncea, which exhibit differences in the dehiscence characteristic. These have been studied by a combination of cytological, cytochemical and molecular techniques. Following fertilisation, dehiscence zones form at the carpel margins, separating the carpel walls from the replum and forming two valves. Cells within the dehiscence zone exhibit reduced cellular cohesion due to breakdown of the middle lamella. Differentiation of the carpel wall layers results in a thickened exocarp, a senescing mesocarp, and modification of the endocarp layers in which the inner layer Enϸ lignifies whilst Enα collapses. It is proposed that the patterns of differentiation result in the development of the dehiscence mechanism. The dehiscence mechanism and pod 'shatter' is a result of; 1) weakening of valve attachment due to reduced cell cohesion in the dehiscence zone, and, 2) tensions which develop within the carpel walls due to desiccation and shrinkage of the mesocarp which is attached to a thickened, non-shrinking endocarp.The fruits from all of the Arabidopsis ecotypes examined exhibited a similar pattern of carpel wall development and similar dehiscence characteristics. Light microscopical examination of the fruits of Brassica napus and Brassica juncea which do not shatter as easily as those of Arabidopsis showed a different pattern of endocarp development in the post fertilised fruit. Enα tangential walls thickened considerably in the post-fertilised Brassica napus and Brassica juncea fruit, prior to the collapse of this cell layer. In Indian mustard, the Brassica juncea variety which had a non-shattering phenotype, the lignified walls of En6 were surrounded by a highly pectinised layer. This deposition of pectins confers more elasticity to the carpel walls, hence reducing the tensions which normally result in dehiscence and cause pod shatter. The model of the shattering and non-shattering phenotypes described in this study suggest a number of strategies which may be used to reduce the problems of pod shatter. These include modification of the separation layer to increase cellular cohesion, and modifications to the patterns of differentiation in the carpel wall to reduce the tensions which normally develop during fruit ripening.
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Dial, Lauren Ann. "Are Fruit Snacks Like Fruit? Children's and Parents' Evaluations of Deceptive Packaged Foods." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1617378849140852.
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Weldon, Christopher W. "Dispersal and mating behaviour of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) : implications for population establishment and control /." Connect to full text, 2005. http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/adt/public_html/adt-NU/public/adt-NU20051007.085638.
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Chen, Yi. "Ethylene receptors modulate fruit development and ripening." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0073.
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L'éthylène est synthétisé et perçu par toutes les plantes. C'est l'une des phytohormones les plus importantes contrôlant la maturation des fruits. L'éthylène est perçu par les protéines localisées au niveau du réticulum endoplasmique (RE), appelées récepteurs éthylène (ETR), qui régulent le développement et la maturation des fruits, mais les mécanismes par lesquels ils fonctionnent ne sont pas encore tous connus. Premièrement, pour étudier si les ETRs régulent le mûrissement des fruits climactériques et non climactériques, nous avons comparé les ETRs et les protéines apparentées des deux catégories de fruits et en analysant à nouveau des données RNAseq déjà publiées. Nous avons constaté que les ETRs atteignaient leur maximum d’expression au début du mûrissement à la fois dans les fruits climactériques et non climactériques, mais dans ces derniers, les ETRs ont un pic d’expression plus précoce par rapport à l’accumulation de sucres. Dans cette étude, nous avons également comparé la structure des ETRs et des protéines apparentées dans les deux classes de fruits, établissant ainsi une base pour l'annotation de gènes liés à la perception de l'éthylène. Enfin, les résultats ont montré qu'il y avait un plus grand nombre de gènes ETRs dans les fruits climatériques que dans les fruits non climatériques. Deuxièmement, chez la tomate, qui est un modèle de maturation des fruits charnus, un septième ETR a été trouvé récemment, suite au séquençage du génome. La caractérisation de ce SlETR7 a été réalisée. Nous avons montré que l’éthylène se lie à la partie transmembranaire de SlETR7. L'expression de SlETR7 augmente dans le péricarpe lorsque les fruits mûrissent, comme pour d’autre ETRs. Les profils d’expression des 7 ETRs au cours de la maturation des fruits peuvent être divisés en 2 groupes: le groupe 1, ETR3, ETR4 et ETR6 qui sont exprimés plus tôt à Breaker + 2 jours que les ETRs du groupe 2, ETR1, ETR2, ETR5 et ETR7. Nous avons construit des lignées de tomates Knock Out (KO) et OverExpressed (OE) pour SlETR7, et nous avons observé certains changements de phénotypes prouvant que SlETR7 est un ETR fonctionnel. Alors que les plantes et les fruits KO ne présentaient qu'un faible changement phénotypique: production d'éthylène supérieure à Br et 2 jours comparée à Wild Type (WT), les lignées OE montraient une floraison précoce, des plantes plus courtes et des fruits plus petits que WT. Les analyses de l'expression de 7 ETRs dans les lignées KO et OE ont révélé que d'autres ETR sont régulées positivement chez les mutants de KO, ce qui peut expliquer l'absence de phénotype évident. Et cela suggère que SlETR7 n'est peut-être pas essentiel pour la maturation des fruits. Troisièmement, en ce qui concerne les études des 7 ETRs de tomate, l’absence de méthode fiable pour les quantifier, au niveau protéine, constitue un obstacle majeur. Une méthode protéomique ciblée a été développée, PRM pour Parallel Reaction Monitoring, et cela a permis l'identification et la quantification relative des sept ETRs de tomate. Ce développement appliqué à l’étude des tomates WT et des mutants Never Ripe (NR) montre qu’il existe une sur-accumulation de ETR3 mutée qui pourrait être la cause de l’inhibition de maturation des tomates NR, qui restent oranges. En effet cette protéine ETR3 mutée, gain-de-fonction, bloque la signalétique éthylène même en présence d’éthylène. Enfin, les ARNm et les protéines d'ETRs ont été analysés au sein des mêmes échantillons, ce qui nous a amenés à suggérer l'existence d'une corrélation positive entre les ARNm et les protéines d'ETR, controversée dans la littérature précédenteEthylene is synthesized and perceived by all plants, and it is one of the most important phytohormone controlling fruit ripening. Ethylene is perceived by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- localized proteins, called Ethylene Receptors (ETRs), which regulate fruit development and ripening, however the mechanisms by which ETRs regulate fruit ripening are not fully explained. Firstly, to study if ETRs regulate the ripening of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, we compared ETRs and related protein members of both classes of fruit and by re-analyzing RNAseq data, already published, we found that ETRs were peaking at the inception of ripening in both climacteric and non- climacteric fruits, but in these data, the ETRs showed an earlier ETR expression peak relative to sugar accumulation. In this review, we also compared the structure of the ethylene receptors and related proteins in both classes of fruit, establishing a basis for the annotation of genes related to ethylene perception. Finally, the results show that there was a higher number of ETR genes in climacteric fruits than in non-climacteric fruits. Secondly, in tomato which is a fleshy fruit ripening model, a seventh ETR has been reported recently, following the genome sequencing. Characterization of this SlETR7 was carried out. We showed that ethylene binds to the transmembrane part of SlETR7. Like other ETR expression patterns during fruit ripening, SlETR7 expression in pericarp also goes up when fruit ripens. The profiles of the seven ETR expression during fruit ripening can be divided in 2 groups: group 1, ETR3, ETR4, and ETR6 are expressed earlier at Breaker+2 days than group 2, SlETR1, SlETR2, SlETR5, and SlETR7 that are expressed at a later stage of ripening. We constructed Knock Out (KO) and OverExpressed (OE) tomato lines for SlETR7, and we observed some phenotype changes proving that SlETR7 is a functional ETR. While there was only a small phenotype change in KO plants and fruits: more ethylene production at Br and Br+2days compared to Wild Type (WT). The OE lines showed early flowering, shorter plants, and smaller fruit than WT. The analyzes of the 7 ETR expression in KO and OE lines, revealed that other ETR expression is upregulated in KO mutants, which may explain the absence of obvious phenotype. and this suggest that SlETR7 maybe not critical in fruit ripening. Thirdly, regarding the studies of the seven tomato ETRs, one major bottleneck is the absence of reliable method to quantify them at the protein level. A targeted proteomic method was developed, PRM for Parallel Reaction Monitoring, and allow the identification and relative quantification of the seven tomato ETRs. This development applied to the study of the WT and Never Ripe mutant tomatoes showed that there is an over-accumulation of SlETR3, affected by a gain-of-function mutation in NR, while the NR tomatoes undergo ripening, which may be a cause of further ripening inhibition, as NR fruit stay orange. Finally, ETR mRNAs and proteins were analyzed within the same samples, and this led us to propose that there is a positive correlation between ETR mRNAs and proteins, which was controversial in the previous literature
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Xue, Yao. "Accessing Chilling Conditions For Perennial Fruit Crop Production in Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1486.
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Temperate Region fruit and nut trees, and many other perennial plants, require cool winter temperatures (chilling hours) to ensure leaf and flower bud production in the following season. Temperate Regions are characterized by variable winter and spring temperatures. Failure of meeting sufficient chilling requirement results in deformed fruits, unequal maturation, and other plant deformities, thereby reducing quality and yields. Chilling requirements are expressed as number of accumulated hours within a range of approximately 32º to 45ºF or 0º to 7.2ºC. These requirements are specific for level of temperature, length of temperature period, and species and cultivar of plants. Information on chilling hour production by the diverse Kentucky environments and chilling requirements of its plants is limited. Global warming is reducing the occurrence and length of chilling conditions, thereby negatively impacting perennial fruit production (IPCC, 2014). There is increasing interest in fruit crops by the state’s producers and consumers. The Kentucky Mesonet Weather System provides temperature data, which can readily be converted to chilling units. Also, commercial nurseries are beginning to publish chilling requirement data for their fruit stocks. The present study included data collected over A 5-years period at 33 Mesonet sites. The average number of chilling hours overall years and sites was 1544, year means ranged from 1427 to 1842, sites means ranged from 1422 to 1682. Chilling hour production exceeded chilling requirements of fruit and nut crops commonly grown in Kentucky.
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Meakem, Victoria. "Induced defenses in apple fruits: linking fruit chemistry, quality, and plant-insect-microbe interactions." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99100.
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Plants synthesize a diverse array of phytochemicals in response to interactions with herbivores, pathogens, and commensal microbes. These phytochemicals may simultaneously enhance crop defense and quality, representing a potential pest management strategy. However, plant chemical responses to different types and levels of biotic interactions remain unclear, particularly in fruit tissues, and the feasibility of inducing these defenses through elicitor application in field environments also requires further examination. Thus, apples were used to 1) examine the impact of distinct communities of biotic interactions among plants, insects, and microbes on fruit phenolic chemistry, and 2) examine the impact of the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and melatonin (M) on fruit phenolic chemistry and resistance against pests and pathogens. Ultimately, phenolic defenses were induced by fungal damage primarily in ripe pulp tissues, where there was also a positive relationship between fungal endophyte and phenolic diversity, supporting a broad hypothesis that chemical diversity may increase with biotic diversity. Additionally, two compounds were upregulated in response to fungal damage: chlorogenic acid and an unidentified benzoic acid. Elicitor applications did not affect phenolic chemistry, but the combined application of JA-SA analogues had some chemical or physical effect, as this treatment reduced emergence of the insect Rhagoletis pomonella. Thus, fruit induced defenses may be tissue-specific and subject to temporal, environmental, or genotypic variation. Overall, these chapters examined the relationship between biotic interactions and induced fruit chemistry, with the goal of improving understanding of plant-microbe-insect interactions and incorporating these interactions into more sustainable agricultural practices.Master of Science
Plants may produce a diverse array of defensive phytochemical compounds in response to interactions with herbivores, pathogens, and the microorganisms that reside within plant tissues. These phytochemicals may simultaneously improve crop defenses and quality, representing a potential agricultural management strategy. However, plant chemical responses to different types and levels of biotic interactions are not well-understood, particularly in fruit tissues, and the feasibility of activating these defenses in fruits through the application of phytohormones that regulate defense pathways as a potential management strategy also requires further examination. Thus, apples were used to 1) examine the impact of distinct communities of biotic interactions among plants, insects, and microbes on fruit chemistry, focusing on phenolics, an important class of phytochemical compounds, and 2) examine the impact of the defense-activating phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and melatonin (M) on fruit phenolic chemistry and resistance against pests and pathogens. Ultimately, phenolic defenses were activated by fungal damage primarily in ripe pulp tissues, where there was also a positive relationship between fungal endophyte and phenolic diversity, supporting a broad hypothesis that chemical diversity may increase with biotic diversity. Additionally, two compounds were produced in response to fungal damage: chlorogenic acid and an unidentified benzoic acid. Phytohormone applications did not affect phenolic chemistry, but the application of the combined JA-SA analogues had some chemical or physical effect, as this treatment reduced emergence of the insect Rhagoletis pomonella. Overall, the phytochemical defenses activated by biotic interactions in fruits may occur primarily in certain tissue types, and may also vary due to environmental conditions, time of year, or plant species. These chapters examined the relationship between fruit chemistry and biotic interactions with the goal of improving understanding of plant-microbe-insect interactions and incorporating these interactions into more sustainable agricultural practices.
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Petje, Kgomoamogodi Felix. "Determination of fruit yield and fruit quality in marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) selections." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08072009-130342.
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Díaz, de la Garza Rocío Isabel. "Folate engineering in tomato fruit." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0017287.
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Cifuentes, Cubillos Cristián. "Farm Fresh fruit export company." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116467.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en AdministraciónCifuentes Cubillos, Cristián [Parte I]
Autor autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su tesis en el Portal de Tesis Electrónicas de la U. de Chile.
El presente trabajo consta en el desarrollo del plan de negocios para una empresa exportadora de fruta fresca. El producto a exportar, es la vid o uva de mesa, hacia los mercados de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, Europa y Lejano Oriente. El emprendimiento mencionado, tiene el propósito de ampliar la cadena de valor, desde la producción agrícola a la exportación de fruta fresca, dentro de la industria de la Uva de Mesa, proyectándose a futuro para escalar hacia la industria de exportación de otros cultivos frutícolas que se exportan desde Chile al extranjero, principalmente a los países del hemisferio norte. Los objetivos de este trabajo se enfoca en el análisis de la industria, análisis de mercados y los requerimientos específicos tales como aspectos financieros, comerciales, regulaciones, exigencias fitosanitarias y normas para la comercialización de uva de mesa para los principales destinos de la fruta chilena: Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, Unión Europea y el mercado denominado Lejano Oriente. El presente proyecto es parte de un caso real definido por un grupo de empresas agrícolas relacionadas, que hace más de veinte años son productoras de fruta fresca de exportación. La particularidad está dada al ser un conglomerado familiar que ha tomado la decisión de comercializar su producto al extranjero sin el servicio de intermediarios y de esta forma aumentar los ingresos por venta, eliminando la comisión de una empresa exportadora externa. Los requerimientos de producción y empaque para la exportación del producto, están actualmente en regla, ya que los huertos en producción, cuentan con la certificación Global Gap. Esta certificación de origen británico, satisface la exigencia para ingresar a los principales mercados importadores de uva del mundo, tales como: Estados Unidos, Europa y Asia. La principal actividad operativa, es el trasporte del producto, que consiste en el diseño logístico de una cadena de valor, caracterizado principalmente por no interrumpir la cadena de frío del producto durante el traslado, resguardando la durabilidad para entregar un producto en buenas condiciones después de al menos 15 de viaje. La logística se basa en la distribución desde el campo hasta el país de destino. Para lograr esta tarea con éxito, se han identificado los puntos e indicadores críticos, los cuales entregan información y así crear, una nueva estructura organizacional comercial, sin intermediarios. Sociedad Agrícola Montefraile Ltda, está ubicada en la comuna de Paihuano, Provincia del Elqui IV Región. Zona geográfica que se caracteriza por el alto nivel de ventajas climáticas para la producción de distintos cultivos de clima seco, región que en el sector agrícola, está principalmente dedicada al cultivo de Uva de Mesa. Este trabajo está enfocado en la exportación de uva de mesa producida por Agrícola Montefraile, empresa que pertenece al grupo de empresas familiares mencionado. Debido a la necesidad de una gran inversión y el importante nivel de riesgo en esta actividad, para comenzar este emprendimiento nos concentramos en la industria de la uva de mesa con la proyección concreta de exportar a futuro los otros cultivos actualmente en producción por las otras empresas asociadas ubicadas en la VIII región. Actualmente producen los siguientes cultivos: Blueberries, Cherries y Red Apples. Mencionado lo anterior se respalda la proyección de la exportadora con una cadena de proveedores integrados, de alto nivel de experiencia, infraestructura, capacidad técnica y operativa, con una variedad de cultivos certificados asegurando la venta de productos de alta calidad.
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Adesina, Oluwakemi Bolaji. "Biochemical modelling of fruit ripening." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306376.
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Marais, Stephan J. S. "Sunburn control in apple fruit." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50458.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sunburn on apple and pear fruit results in large losses of export volumes in South African orchards. Producers estimate that losses due to sunburn are often about 10- 20%. Knowledge of temperature thresholds for sunburn as well as technologies available to manage sunburn is important to increase producer earnings. The effect of evaporative cooling on fruit surface temperature and sunburn was evaluated on 'Cripps' Pink', 'Royal Gala' and 'Fuji' apples as well as 'Forelle' pears. Evaporative cooling was effective in reducing fruit surface temperature by 0.6-3.7°C. Apple fruit under evaporative cooling treatments appeared to have acclimatised and had significantly higher surface temperatures when dry (0.9-4.7°C) than non-cooled fruit. This acclimitasing effect could be due to a modification of the cuticular wax layer. Futher trials are needed to investigate the cause of this acclimatising effect. The acclimatising effect was not found on 'Forelle' pears. Sunburn was reduced significantly only on 'Royal Gala' apples. Spraying 'Braeburn', 'Granny Smith', and 'Fuji' apples with reflective kaolin-based particle film (Surround WP) significantly reduced sunburn on 'Braeburn', 'Granny Smith' and 'Fuji' apple cultivars. Surround WP applications reduced leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate. Four applications of Surround WP with a commercial blower sprayer increased total soluble solids in 'Braeburn' . Four applications with a blower and five applications with a tower sprayer resulted in increased fruit size, higher flesh firmness, and lower percentage starch breakdown in 'Granny Smith'. Surround WP treatments slightly improved fruit colour in 'Granny Smith' apples. Futher trials are needed to establish whether Surround WP can,be reliably and economically removed from apple fruit and to evaluate the storage quality of fruit cleansed in this way. The effect of fruit surface temperatures (24°C, 30°C, 33-35°C, 40-43°C and 48-49°C) for increasing periods of time (two, four, six or eight hours) on maximum quantum yield of fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was measured on exposed and shaded sides of detached 'Cripps' Pink' and 'Royal Gala' apples. Measurements were taken directly after removal from the chamber as well as 12 hours later to assess recovery. Permanent damage to Photo system II (PSII) occurred between 48-49°C irrespective of duration, with permanent damage possible at 42-43°C when exposure exceeded six hours. There were no meaningful differences in Fv/Fm between shaded and exposed sides of apple fruit after exposure to high temperature. Duration of exposure was important in lowering PSU efficiency in 'Cripps' Pink' but less so in 'Royal Gala'. 'Cripps' Pink' apples harvested later in the season appeared to be able to recover from heat stress better than apples harvested earlier in the season. However, we only studied the effects of high temperature on apple tissues. More research is needed to establish the reaction of apple tissues to high temperatures in the presence of sunlight.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sonbrand op appel en peervrugte kom jaarliks voor in Suid-Afrikaanse boorde en lei tot groot afnames in vrugte wat geskik is vir die uitvoermark. Produsente beraam dat verliese a.g.v. sonbrand jaarliks 10-20% beloop. Kennis van drempelwaarde temperature vir die ontwikkeling van sonbrand sowel as die tegnologieë wat beskikbaar is om sonbrand te bekamp, is van groot belang om uitpakke te verbeter. Die effek van oorhoofse besproeïng op vrugtemperature en sonbrand van 'Cripps' Pink', 'Royal Gala' en 'Fuji' appels sowel as 'Forelle' pere is ondersoek. Oorhoofse besproeïng het vrugtemperature betekenisvol verlaag in al die proewe. Dit wil voorkom of appels onder oorhoofse besproeïng geakklimatiseer het en dié appels het hoër skil temperature geopenbaar wanneer hulle droog was as die kontrole vrugte. Moontlik is die effek te wyte aan 'n verandering in die kutikulêre waslaag. Verdere proewe om hierdie verskynsel te probeer verklaar is nodig. Die effek is nie waargeneem op die 'Forelle' pere nie. Sonbrand is betekenisvol verminder op 'Royal Gala' appels. Toediening van weerkaatsende kaolin-gebaseerde partikels (Surround'" WP) het sonbrand betenisvol verlaag op 'Braeburn' , 'Granny Smith', en 'Fuji' appels. Surround® WP toedienings het blaarhuidmondjie-geleiding en die tempo van fotosintese verlaag. Vier toedienings van Surround® WP met 'n kommersiële waaierblaser het totale oplosbare vastestowwe (TOVS) beduidend verhoog in 'Braeburn' appels. Vier toedienings met 'n waaierblaser en vyf toedienings met 'n toring spuitkar het gelei tot 'n verhoging in vrugmassa en vrugferrnheid, en 'n verlaging in persentasie styselafbraak in 'Granny Smith' appels. Surround® WP toedienings het gelei tot effens beter kleur op 'Granny Smith' appels. Verdere proewe is nodig om te bepaal of Surround® WP op 'n betroubare en ekonomiese wyse van vrugte verwyder kan word in die pakstoor, en wat die hou-vermoë is van appels wat só behandel is. Die effek van vrugoppervlaktemperature (24°C, 30°C, 33-35°C, 40-43°C en 48-49°C) vir toenemende tydsdure (twee, vier, ses en agt ure) op maksimum kwantum-opbrengs van fluoressensie is gemeet op sonkante en skadukante van geplukte 'Cripps' Pink' en 'Royal Gala' appels. Metings is geneem direk na verwydering uit die oonde sowel as 12 ure later om moontlike herstel waar te neem. Permanente skade aan Fotosisteem II (PSII) het plaasgevind tussen 48-49°C ongeag tydsduur, met permanente skade ook moontlik by 42-43°C wanneer blootstelling aan genoemde temperature ses ure oorskry het. Daar was geen betekenisvolle verskille in Fv/Fm tussen skadu- en sonkante van appels na blootstelling aan hoë temperature nie. Die tydsduur van blootstelling was belangrik om PSII effektiwiteit te verlaag in 'Cripps' Pink', maar minder so in 'Royal Gala'. Dit wil voorkom of 'Cripps' Pink' appels later in die seisoen beter daartoe in staat is om te herstel van hitte stres as vroeër in die seisoen. Ons het egter slegs die effek van hoë temperature op appel weefsels ondersoek. Verdere proewe is nodig om die reaksie van appelweefsels op hoë temperature in die teenwoordigheid van sonlig te ondersoek.
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Kirstein, Deon Louw. "Mechanical thinning of pome fruit." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97920.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Thinning is an important practice in pome fruit production which aims to ensure an optimal yield of high quality, large sized fruit as well as an adequate return bloom. In South Africa, pome fruit thinning is generally done by means of chemicals, with follow-up hand thinning. When thinning is effective, set and thus the hand thinning requirement should be reduced. This is important as labor cost associated with hand thinning is high and continually rising. Chemical thinning is weather dependent and can be environmentally harmful, which has led to a shift towards environmentally acceptable methods of thinning such as mechanical thinning. From 2013 until 2015 the mechanical string thinners, viz. Darwin 300™, BAUM, and Bloom Bandit™, were evaluated. These machines are used to thin trees during full bloom and reduce the number of flowers before fruit set. The aim of the trials was to reduce fruit set and therefore hand thinning requirement, while increasing fruit size and quality, maintaining yield and return bloom. A range of tractor speeds and rotational rates were evaluated with the Darwin 300™ on ‘Forelle’ pears and ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples, while the BAUM was evaluated only on ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples. The hand-held Bloom Bandit™ was evaluated on ‘Forelle’, ‘Cripps’ Pink’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Cripps’ Red’. The tractor-driven mechanical thinning devices gave erratic results. The most consistent results on ‘Forelle’ were obtained using the Darwin 300™ at 5.2 km·h-1 and 300 rpm, while the BAUM gave no consistent results. The unreliability of results were due to South African pome fruit orchards currently being unsuitable for tractor-driven mechanical thinning machines. The ‘Forelle’ orchard trained to a Palmette system was the most suited for thinning, which is reflected in the more positive results obtained, but further improvements are possible. The Bloom Bandit™ effectively thinned pear and apple trees and increased fruit size without a decrease in yield or return bloom. More time is spent on thinning with the device compared to tractor-driven machines and this should be taken into account when considering using the Bloom Bandit™. Thinning intensities of 25%, 50% and 75% of clusters or flowers was applied to mature ‘Forelle’ and ‘Cripps’ Red’ trees during full bloom. Variable effects were seen on fruit set, yield was reduced to acceptable levels, while fruit size was improved in ‘Forelle’ but not ‘Cripps’ Red’. Results showed that when thinning mechanically, the aim should be to remove between 25% and 50% of flowers clusters in ‘Forelle’ and 50% of flowers clusters in ‘Cripps’ Red’. These levels of thinning gave the best results in terms of the remaining hand thinning requirements and improved return bloom in ‘Forelle’. We, however, only evaluated full cluster thinning and not within cluster thinning, which might also occur during mechanical thinning.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vruguitdunning is 'n belangrike praktyk in kernvrugproduksie en het ten doel om voldoende opbrengs van hoë kwaliteit, groot vrugte en voldoende opvolgblom te lewer. In Suid-Afrika, word kernvrugte gewoonlik chemies uitgedun, opgevolg met handuitdunning. Effektiewe uitdunning verminder set en dus die benodigde handuitdunning. Dit is belangrik aangesien die arbeidskoste verbonde aan die handuitdunning hoog is en voortdurend styg. Chemiese uitdunning is afhanklik van weerstoestande en dit kan ook omgewing-onvriendelik wees. Hierdie nadele het gelei tot 'n verskuiwing na omgewingsaanvaarbare metodes van uitdunning soos meganiese uitdun. Vanaf 2013 tot 2015 is die meganiese Darwin 300™, BAUM en Bloom Bandit™ uitdunmasjiene geëvalueer. Hierdie masjiene word gedurende volblom gebruik om blomme uit te dun en verminder die aantal blomme voor vrugset. Die doel van die proewe was om vrugset en dus die handuitdunvereiste te verminder met ‘n gepaardgaande verbetering in vruggrootte en kwaliteit sonder om opbrengs en opvolgblom nadelig te beïnvloed. Trekker en rotasiespoed is gevarieer met die Darwin 300 ™ op 'Forelle' pere en ‘Cripps’ Pink' appels, terwyl die BAUM net op 'Cripps' Pink' appels geëvalueer is. Daarbenewens was die hand-draagbare Bloom Bandit™ geëvalueer op 'Forelle', 'Cripps' Pink’, ‘Fuji’ en ‘Cripps' Red’. Die trekkergedrewe uitdunmasjiene het wisselvallige resultate opgelewer. Die mees konstante resultate op 'Forelle' is verkry met die Darwin 300™ teen 5.2 km·h-1 en 300 rpm, terwyl die BAUM nie konsekwente resultate gegee het nie. Die wisselvallige resultate van die Darwin 300™ en die BAUM is te wyte aan die boorde wat nie vir trekkergedrewe uidunmasjiene geskik is nie. Die 'Forelle’ boord, wat as 'n Palmette stelsel opgelei is, was die meeste geskik vir uitdunning, soos duidelik uit die positiewe resultate wat verkry is, maar verdere verbeterings is steeds moontlik. Die Bloom Bandit™ het peer en appel bome effektief uitgedun deur die handuitdunvereiste te verminder en vruggrootte te verbeter sonder verlies in opbrengs of opvolgblom. Meer tyd word gespandeer tydens uitdunning met hierdie toestel in vergelyking met trekkergedrewe masjiene, en dit moet in ag geneem word met oorweging van die Bloom Bandit™. Uitdunningsintensiteite van 25%, 50% en 75% van die trosse of blomme is tydens volblom toegepas op volwasse 'Forelle’ en ‘Cripps’ Red' bome. Vrugset het aansienlike variasie getoon terwyl opbrengs tot aanvaarbare vlakke verminder en vruggrootte verbeter is in 'Forelle' maar nie in 'Cripps' Red’ nie. Resultate het getoon dat die doel moet wees om tussen 25% en 50% van alle blomme in trosse in 'Forelle’ en 50% van blomme in trosse in 'Cripps’ Red’ tydens meganiese uitdunnig te verwyder. Hierdie vlakke van uitdunning het die beste resultate gegee ten opsigte van die oorblywende handuitdunvereistes en het opvolgblom in 'Forelle’ verbeter. Ons het egter net volledige trosse uitdunning gedoen en nie blomuitdunning binne die tros wat ook tydens meganiese uitdun kan plaasvind nie.
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Kamo, Tsunashi. "Phenylphenalenone Phytoalexins from Banana Fruit." Kyoto University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150318.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第9105号
農博第1201号
新制||農||828(附属図書館)
学位論文||H13||N3564(農学部図書室)
UT51-2001-G825
京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻
(主査)教授 大東 肇, 教授 坂田 完三, 教授 津田 盛也
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Gomez, Stéphanie Madeleine. "Fruit juices market in France." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2004.
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The purpose of this project is to offer a market study of the fruit juices market in France. The aim is to propose not only a comprehensive analysis of the fruit juices market in France, but also a set of recommendations that could be used by managers of fruit juices companies in sustaining a mature market.
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Murray, Xavier John. "Physiological studies of the influence of light and water stress on harvest and postharvest quality of deciduous fruit." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53001.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Successful export of South African fresh fruit requires fruit of a high quality. Variable fruit quality within a consignment is detrimental to effective marketing of the product. The light microclimate under which the fruit develops is one of the factors that affect within-tree and between-tree variation in quality, maturity and yield. Light exposure effects on fruit quality at harvest and after commercial storage and ripening periods, as well as the physiological mechanisms of these responses to light exposure were studied. Increased exposure to light resulted in the development of typical sun leaf characteristics, with the associated increase in leaf nitrogen concentration and photosynthetic rates. Size and mass of 'Laetitia' plums and 'Cripps' Pink' apples increased with increasing exposure to light. Shade treatments were only started after the initial phase of cell / division was complete. Increased size of the fruit was likely due to the improved carbon balance of the exposed foliage and fruit from the end of cell division until harvest. The transpiration stream was higher in the more exposed foliage compared to the shaded parts of the canopy. This was supported by increased transpiration rates and decreased midday water potentials of exposed leaves. 'Songold' plums and 'Rosemarie' pears were also investigated in the first season, but results were not conclusive. Increased exposure to light was associated with advanced maturity of 'Laetitia' plums at harvest. Shaded fruit were able to attain a similar level of maturity as exposed fruit during storage and ripening periods. At harvest and after the storage and ripening periods, exposed fruit had a higher total soluble solid (TSS) content and therefore an improved eating quality. At harvest, blush colour of 'Laetitia' plums increased with increased exposure to irradiance. Blush colour continued to develop during storage and ripening, and after the ripening period it was evident that blush colour development was associated with a dosage effect i.e. exposure to a cumulative level of irradiance gives the fruit the potential to develop a certain amount of blush colour. Fruit exposed to more than 70% photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were .able to develop to a similar level of blush colour, whereas, fruit exposed to less than 50% PPFD were not able to attain the same level of blush colour. Increased exposure to light did not result in advanced maturity of 'Cripps' Pink' apples at harvest, but it did lead to improved blush colour and increased TSS levels. Blush colour of 'Rosemarie' pears was also dependent on exposure to light from four weeks before harvest. Exposed 'Laetitia' plums had a greater whole fruit content of Mn and B, but concentration on a dry mass basis of P, K, and B decreased with increasing light. Exposed 'Cripps' Pink' apples had increased whole fruit content of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and B, but concentration on a dry mass basis of K and Na decreased with increasing light. Nutrient content is often associated with the incidence of internal disorders of fruit after storage and further investigation of this effect is necessary as internal disorders were virtually absent in this study. The termination of irrigation shortly before harvest in order to advance the maturity of all the fruit to a similar level, and the subsequent strip harvest of the fruit on a single harvest date, is a practice commonly used by South African plum producers to reduce cost and ostensibly to improve fruit quality. The effect of this practice on 'Songold' plum quality at harvest, after storage and after ripening was also studied. Drip-irrigated plums and plums subjected to soil drying had a better eating quality and were more marketable than micro-irrigated and non-droughted fruit. Following commercial storage and ripening periods these fruit were firmer, had a higher TSS content and were of a similar size and mass to micro-irrigated and non-droughted fruit. The extended harvesting period, in contrast to a strip harvest, allowed the fruit that were smaller and less mature at the beginning of the period to attain a greater size and advanced maturity toward the end of the harvesting period.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suksesvolle uitvoer van Suid-Afrikaanse vars vrugte vereis volgehoue hoë gehalte. Wisselvallige vruggehalte binne 'n besending is nadelig vir die effektiewe bemarking van die produk. Die lig mikroklimaat waaronder die vrug ontwikkel is een van die faktore wat variasie in gehalte, rypheidsstadium en opbrengs binne die boom en tussen bome beïnvloed. Die effek van verhoogde ligblootstelling op vruggehalte by oes, na kommersiële opberging en na die rypwordingsperiode, sowel as die fisiologiese meganismes van die reaksie van verhoogde ligblootstelling is bestudeer. Verhoogde blootstelling aan lig lei tot die ontwikkeling van tipiese son-blaar karaktertrekke, met die gepaardgaande verhoging in blaar stikstof konsentrasie en fotosintetiese tempo. Grote en massa van 'Laetitia' pruime en 'Cripps' Pink' appels het toegeneem met verhoogde blootstelling aan lig. Skadu behandelings is eers begin na die einde van die periode van selverdeling. Toenemende grootte van die vrugte is as gevolg van die verbeterde koolstofbalans van die blootgestelde blare en vrugte vanaffase II van vruggroei tot oestyd. Die transpirasie stroom is geallokeer na die blootgestelde blare. Dit word ondersteun deur die verhoogde transpirasie tempo en verminderde middag waterpotensiaal van die blootgestelde blare. 'Songold' pruime en 'Rosemarie' pere is ook bestudeer, maar die uitslae is nie so oortuigend nie. Toenemende blootstelling aan lig is geassosieer met gevorderde rypheid van 'Laetitia' by oes. Dit was moontlik vir skadu vrugte om dieselfde rypheidsvlak as blootgestelde vrugte te bereik, tydens die opberging en rypwording periodes. Teen oestyd en na opberging en rypwording, het blootgestelde vrugte 'n hoër suiker inhoud gehad en dus 'n hoër eetgehalte. Teen oestyd, het die bioskleur van die pruime toegeneem met toenemende blootstelling aan lig. Ontwikkeling van bloskleur het aangehou gedurende opberging en rypwording, en na die die rypwordings periode was dit duidelik dat bioskleur ontwikkeling met 'n dosis-effek geassosieer word, m.a.w. blootstelling aan 'n sekere opgestapelde vlak van lig gee die vrug die potensiaal om 'n sekere hoeveelheid bioskleur te ontwikkel. Vrugte wat meer as 70% ligblootstelling gekry het, het dieselfde bioskleur ontwikkel, maar vrugte wat minder as 50% ligblootstelling gekry het, het minder bloskleur ontwikkel. Toenemende blootstelling aan lig het nie gelei tot gevorderde rypheid van 'Cripps' Pink' appels teen oestyd nie, maar dit het wel gelei tot verbeterde bioskleur en verhoogde suiker inhoud. Bloskleur van 'Rosemarie' pere is afhanklik van blootstelling aan lig kort voor oestyd. Blootgestelde 'Laetitia' pruime het 'n verhoogde vrug inhoud van Mn en B met verhoogde ligblootstelling gehad, maar die konsentrasie van P, K en B op 'n droë massa basis het afgeneem met verhoogde ligblootstelling. Blootgestelde 'Cripps' Pink' appels het 'n verhoogde vrug inhoud van P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu en B met verhoogde ligblootstelling gehad, maar die konsentrasie van K en Na op 'n droë massa basis het afgeneem met verhoogde ligblootstelling. Voedingstof inhoud is geassosieer met die voorkoms van interne probleme in vrugte na opberging en verdere navorsing oor hierdie effek is nodig. Die terminering van besproeiing kort voor oestyd met die doelom die rypheid van al die vrugte op dieselfde vlak te kry sowel as die gepaardgaande oes van al die vrugte op een dag, is 'n algemene praktyke wat gebruik word deur Suid-Afrikaanse pruim produsente om kostes te beperk en oënskynlik, om vruggehalte te verbeter. Die effek van hierdie praktyke op 'Songold' pruim gehalte teen oestyd, na opberging en na rypwording is ook bestudeer. Drup-besproeide pruime en pruime wat blootgestel is aan grond uitdroging het 'n beter eetgehalte en is meer bemarkbaar as mikro-besproeide en nie-droogte geïnduseerde vrugte. Na kommersiële opberging en rypwording periodes het hierdie vrugte 'n hoër fermheid en suiker inhoud gehad, en 'n gelyksoortige grootte en massa as mikrobesproeide en nie-droogte geïnduseerde vrugte. Die verlengde oesperiode het die kleiner en minder ryp vrugte aan die begin van die periode 'n kans gegee om toe te neem in grootte en 'n gevorderde vlak van rypheid te bereik aan die einde van die oesperiode.
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Yaseen, Mehwish. "Manipulation of Fruit Ripening, Quality and Storage Life in Pome Fruits Using Novel Ethylene Antagonists." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75530.
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Ethylene antagonists offer an effective way to prevent the deleterious effects of ethylene in climacteric fruits. 1-Methylcyclopropene, 1-hexylcyclopropene, (S)-(-)- limonene and trans-cinnamaldehyde were evaluated as ethylene antagonist to extend the storage life of apple and pear fruits. 1-Methylcyclopropene was most efficient followed by 1-HCP, (S)-(-)-limonene and trans-cinnamaldehyde in suppressing and delaying climacteric ethylene production, extending cold and controlled atmosphere storage life and maintaining fruit quality depending upon cultivar and storage period.
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Dreyer, Carlien. "Fruit set and fruit size studies on ‘Forelle’ and ‘Abate Fetel’ pear (Pyrus communis L.)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79870.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Maintaining constant high yields in „Abate Fetel‟ and „Forelle‟ orchards in South Africa is challenging. Improving productivity in these orchards could be achieved by increasing fruit set and fruit size. Fruit size is an important marketing and quality parameter and has a significant effect on the economic value of fruit. Various protocols to improve fruit set are used by South African producers but these are not well researched. We therefore evaluated different combinations of plant growth regulators including gibberellic acid (GA3), gibberellins 4+7 (GA4+7), GA4+7 combined with 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and prohexadione-calcium (P-Ca) in combination with trunk girdling during flowering on „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟ to determine the best fruit set strategy. All applied growth regulators improved fruit set relative to an untreated control over two consecutive seasons, but GA3 and P-Ca reduced return bloom and AVG resulted in smaller fruit size relative to the other treatments. The application of synthetic cytokinins are believed to enhance fruit size by stimulating and extending the cell division period in fruit when applied at the correct stage of fruit growth. In addition, combination of P-Ca with GA4+7 was used successfully on Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) and „Bing‟ sweet cherry to improve fruit size. This combination of GA4+7 and P-Ca was evaluated and combined with 6-BA treatments on European pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars, Forelle and Abate Fetel, to see if a similar effect on fruit size could be achieved under South African growing conditions. On both „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟ the combination of GA4+7 and P-Ca increased fruit size, but was more pronounced in „Abate Fetel‟. Growth regulators N-phenyl-N‟ -1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ), N (2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N‟ -phenylurea (CPPU), 6-BA and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) successfully increased fruit size in pear cultivars Coscia and Spadona in Israel. These growth regulators were applied to „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟ to determine if a similar effect could be achieved. None of the synthetic cytokinins applied had a significant effect on increasing fruit size in these two cultivars over two consecutive seasons although 6-BA increased return bloom and 2,4-D application resulted in increased fruit set. The stage when the cell division period in „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟ ends was also determined as 34 and 45 days after full bloom respectively, which can be used in the future to better plan the timing of fruit size enhancement treatments. Based on results from various fruit set and fruit size improvement trials, it can be recommended to use GA4+7 or AVG to increase fruit set on „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟, depending on the fruit set history of the orchard. Results from fruit size improvement trials were variable, and emphasises the fact that a balance between yield and fruit size must be determined for an orchard to achieve good fruit size and maximum return.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die handhawing van konstante, hoë opbrengste in „Abate Fetel‟ en „Forelle‟ boorde in Suid-Afrika is 'n uitdaging. Produktiwiteit in hierdie boorde kan verhoog word deur vrugset en vruggrootte te verbeter. Vruggrootte is 'n belangrike bemarkings- en kwaliteitsparameter en het 'n betekenisvolle effek op die ekonomiese waarde van vrugte. 'n Verskeidenheid protokolle om vrugset te verbeter word deur Suid-Afrikaanse produsente gevolg, maar hierdie protokolle is nog nie goed nagevors nie. Verskillende kombinasies van plantgroeireguleerders insluitend gibberelliensuur (GA3), gibberellien 4+7 (GA4+7), GA4+7 in kombinasie met 6-bensieladenien (6-BA), aminoetoksievinielglisien (AVG) en prohexadioon-kalsium (P-Ca) in kombinasie met stamringelering is aan „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ bome gedurende blomtyd toegedien om die beste vrugsetstrategie te bepaal. Alle plantgroeireguleerdes wat toegedien is het vrugset verbeter relatief tot 'n onbehandelde kontrole oor twee opeenvolgende seisoene, maar GA3 en P-Ca het die aantal blomme in die daaropvolgende seisoen verlaag en AVG het kleiner vruggrootte gelewer relatief tot alle ander behandelings. Dit is wel bekend dat die toediening van sintetiese sitokiniene vruggrootte verbeter deur die stimulering en bevordering van seldeling in vrugte wanneer dit in die regte groeifase toegedien word. Die kombinasie van P-Ca en GA4+7 was suksesvol om vruggrootte te verbeter toe dit aan Japanese pere (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) en „Bing‟ kersies toegedien is. Hierdie kombinasie van GA4+7 en P-Ca is geëvalueer en gekombineer met 6-BA-behandelings op die Europese peer (Pyrus communis L.) kultivars, Forelle en Abate Fetel, om te bepaal of dieselfde effek op vruggrootte bereik kan word onder Suid-Afrikaanse groei kondisies. Op beide „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ het die kombinasies van GA4+7 en P-Ca vruggrootte verbeter, maar dit was meer opmerklik in die geval van „Abate Fetel‟. Die groeireguleerders N-feniel-N‟ -1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ), N (2-chloro-4-piridiel)-N‟ -fenielurea (CPPU), 6-BA en 2,4- dichloorfenoksieasynsuur (2,4-D) het vruggrootte verbeter in „Coscia‟ en „Spadona‟ pere in Israel. Hierdie plantgroeireguleerders is toegedien aan „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ om vas te stel of dieselfde effek verkry kon word. Nie enige van die sintetiese sitokiniene wat toegedien is het 'n betekenisvolle effek op die verbetering van vruggrootte in hierdie twee kultivars oor twee opeenvolgende seisoene getoon nie, alhoewel 6-BA die verbetering van blom in die daaropvolgende seisoen tot gevolg gehad en 2,4-D vrugset verbeter het. Die stadium waar seldeling in „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ eindig is vasgestel as 34 en 45 dae na volblom, onderskeidelik, wat in die toekoms gebruik kan word om die beplanning en tydsberekening van vruggrootte behandelings te verbeter. Na verskeie vrugset en vruggroote verbeterings proewe, kan aanbeveel word dat GA4+7 of AVG gebruik kan word om vrugset in „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ te verbeter, afhangende van die vrugset geskiedenis van die boord. Resultate van vruggrootte verbeterings proewe het gevarieër en beklemtoon net weer die feit dat 'n balans tussen opbrengs en vruggrootte bepaal moet word om optimale vruggrootte te handhaaf en so hoë winste te verseker.
SAAPPA
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Soglio, V. M. "Transcriptional analysis of apple fruit development and mapping of expressed sequences putatively controlling fruit quality." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/58258.
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Prasad, Pagadala Venkatat Vara. "The effect of heat stress on fruit-set and fruit yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287379.
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Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in the semi-arid tropics are commonly exposed to air and soil temperatures> 35°C. This research in controlled environments has shown that continuous exposure of plants to hot air (day/night, 38°/22°C) and/or hot soil (38°/30°C) temperatures during the reproductive .phase (from flower bud appearance until reproductive maturity) significantly reduces total dry matter production, the partitioning of dry matter to pods and seed yields. The effects of hot air and hot soil temperature were additive and without interaction. Hot air temperature had no effect on flower production but significantlyreduced the proportion of flowers setting pegs (fruit-set) and hence the number of fruits. In contrast, hot soils significantly reduced flower production, the proportion of pegs forming pods and 100 seed weight. There was no evidence that plants dependent on symbiotic N2 fixation were more susceptible to heat stress than those dependent on inorganic N. Sensitivity to short (6 d) episodes of hot air temperature (38°/22°C) was acute during the period between 6 d before until 15 d after first flowering (OAF). The magnitude of that sensitivity depended on the number of floral buds exposed to heat stress before anthesis. In the Spanish cv. ICGV 86015, daytime air temperatures ~34°C imposed for only 6 d beginning at 9 DAF, significantly reduced flower number, pollen production and viability, fruit-set and seed yield. Fruit-set was most sensitive to heat stress during the first 6 h of the daylight period (AM). Warmer nights (28° cl 22°C) had no effect on flower numbers, but significantly reduced both pollen production and viability, and hence fruit-set. There were negative quantitative relations between flower number and day temperatures between 28° and 48°C. In contrast, reductions in fruit-set were quantitatively related to AM temperature >37.3°C. Pollen production and viability were also linearly reduced when day temperature was >34°C. These data will help plant breeders to screen germplasm and identify heat-tolerant cultivars, and should also improve simulation models of groundnut crops in the semi-arid tropics.
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Huff, Karleigh Rose. "Association of foodborne pathogens with Capsicum annuum fruit and evaluation of the fruit for antimicrobial compounds." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77213.
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Hot peppers are gaining popularity in the United States as both a vegetable and a spice. In 2008, jalapeño peppers were involved in a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul. This is the first outbreak implicating jalapeño as a vehicle for foodborne illness. Hot peppers contain many compounds thought to possess antimicrobial characteristics. This research was conducted to provide more information on the interactions of pathogenic bacteria and jalapeño peppers, as well as to identify properties of Capsicum annuum that affect bacterial survival, growth, and inhibition.
Behavior of pathogens associated with jalapeños was investigated by inoculating jalapeño fruits with a cocktail of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, or Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the intact external surface, injured external surface, or intact internal cavity and storing the jalapeños at 7°C or 12°C. Intact external jalapeñosurfaces did not support the growth of the bacteria tested under storage conditions of 7°C. However, L. monocytogenes populations remained detectable throughout the 2 week study. At 7°C, pathogenic bacteria were able to survive but not grow on injured and internally inoculated jalapeño, but populations increased at 12°C (p=0.05). The most supportive growth environment for the pathogenic bacteria was the internal cavity of jalapeño held at 12°C. This study demonstrated the importance of intact uninjured produce and proper storage temperatures for food microbial safety.
Inhibitory properties of jalapeños were studied by making extracts from fresh jalapeño peppers to test for antimicrobial activity. A disk diffusion assay determined that the extracts were capable of inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic bacteria tested. Listeria monocytogenes was especially sensitive to the extracts. jalapeño extracts were fractionated using HPLC and used for inhibition assays using disk diffusion and growth curve generation. Two fractions stimulated bacterial growth (p=0.05), while two other fractions inhibited bacterial growth. The inhibitory fractions were separated further using HPLC and tested for antimicrobial activity. Fraction E1 suppressed the growth of L. monocytogenes. HPLC-MS analysis revealed that Fraction E1 contained compounds known as capsianosides. To prove that inhibition is caused by capsianoside(s) and determine minimum inhibitory concentrations, a method to isolate the pure compound should be developed.Ph. D.
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Novela, Precious. "Delayed fruit harvest on yield, nutritional value and post-harvest quality of late maturing reed avocado (Persea Americana Mill)." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1711.
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Thesis (MSc .(Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016Delayed fruit harvest (DFH) or on-tree-fruit storage is a strategy being considered to extend the harvest season of late maturing ‘Reed’ avocado. However, avocado fruit growth beyond physiological maturity is accompanied by alterations in chemical and physical properties. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the effects of delayed harvest on tree productivity, mineral nutrition and post-harvest quality of late maturing ‘Reed’ avocado and further to evaluate the fruit quality response to varying ripening temperature regimes. As treatments, fruit were harvested early, mid and late in the season, with one month apart from each harvest during 2013 and 2014 seasons. Yield and fruit size were recorded at harvest. During each harvest time, two sets of fruit samples were collected to determine the fruit nutritional content while the second set was cold stored at 5.5°C for 28 days. After storage, fruit were ripened at 16, 21 or 25°C and evaluated for post-harvest disorders, pathological diseases and fruit physico-chemical properties. Yield dropped from 42 to 12 kg/tree from early to late harvest during 2013, while treatments showed no effect during 2014. Furthermore, treatments had no effect on fruit size during both seasons. Phosphorus content decreased by 40 and 23% from early to late harvest time during 2013 and 2014 seasons, respectively. Similar decreasing patterns were observed for K, Ca and Mg content. Zinc content remained constant during 2013; however, mid-season fruit maintained higher zinc levels during 2014 season when compared to early and late harvest time. Protein content was constant for early and mid-season fruit but significantly decreased during the late harvest in both seasons. Moisture content decreased from 74.0 to 65.0% from early to late harvest during both seasons. Starch, oil and ash content were high during late harvest time in both seasons; while crude fibre was high during the mid-harvest time when compared with early and late harvest time. Internal chilling injury increased with maturity and ripening temperature. In both seasons, higher temperatures induced higher anthracnose incidences during early and mid-harvest compared with late harvest time. Similarly, vascular browning was high on fruit ripened at 16°C during early and mid-harvest time but decreased on late harvest fruit during 2013. However, low ripening temperatures induced high incidences of vascular browning during 2014 season. Stem-end rot was high on fruit ripened at 16°C than 21 and 25°C during 2014 season. xvi Physico-chemical quality parameters showed similar behaviour in both seasons. Fruit lightness increased with ripening time regardless of ripening temperature during the early harvest, but remained constant during mid and late harvest. Hue angle (h0) and Chroma (C*) values were slightly reduced during ripening. Fruit ripened at 25°C had the highest respiration rate and reached a climacteric peak earlier (day 2) than fruit ripened at 21 and 16°C (day 4). Fruit firmness and weight loss were high and rapid at 25°C followed by 21 and 16°C regardless of the harvest time. Delayed harvest had no effect on yield and fruit size. Generally, nutritional content of avocado fruit increased with fruit maturity. Furthermore, fruit maturity played a major role in the response of fruit to ripening temperature. Higher temperature enhanced fruit ripening, but was conducive for development of post-harvest diseases. Keywords: Harvesting time, nutrition, yield, fruit size, ripening temperature, post-harvest quality
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Østgård, Jon Steinar, Bjørn Reite, and Wiggo Slåttsveen. "Bærekraftig eksport av frukt og grønt fra Kroatia : Sustainable export of fruit and vegetables from Croatia." Thesis, Karlstad University, Karlstad University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-627.
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Hensikten med denne masteroppgaven i Innovation Management, har vært å klargjøre de ulike faktorene som har påvirket prosessen med å få til eksport av frukt og grønnsaker fra Kroatia til Skandinavia, og mer konkret fra Erdut kommune i Øst-Slavonia til COOP Norge.
I kapittel tre har vi beskrevet relevant teori som belyser fagfeltet som er omhandlet i denne oppgaven.
Siden det har manglet sekundærdata som beskriver antall gårdsbruk, produkter som dyrkes, tilgjengelig teknologi, bruk av sprøytemidler og lignende, har vi gjennomført undersøkelser som beskriver situasjonen og potensialet for eksport fra regionen. Disse undersøkelsene ble gjennomført sammen med lokale partnere.
I tillegg gjennomførte vi to eksperimenter for å se om personell og produksjonsprosessen kunne levere den kvaliteten som markedet og kundene krevde . Disse eksperimentene ble mulige ved at COOP Norge kunne delta aktivt som en krevende og kompetent kunde i denne fasen av prosjektet. Begge eksperimentene avslørte til dels store avvik fra kundens krav. Det ble derfor iverksatt to kvalitative undersøkelser blant de lokale produsentene, representanter fra lokalt næringsliv, og våre lokale partnere i området. Hensikten med denne kvalitative undersøkelsen var å finne årsakene til leveringsproblemene og prøve å finne strategier for å få til gode leveranser i framtida.
Disse dataene ga oss relevant informasjon om årsakene til problemene og identifiserte kritiske suksessfaktorer for videreføring.
Eksperimentene viste at eksport av frukt og grønt fra dette området ga omlag den dobbelte inntjeningen av tilsvarende leveranser til det lokale markedet. Selv om dataene er begrenset i denne undersøkelsen, så opplever vi at de faktorene som ble tatt fram i denne undersøkelsen kan være relevante for tilsvarende prosjekter andre steder i denne regionen.
Basert på våre funn og den teoretiske drøftingen har vi kommet fram til følgende anbefalinger for å håndtere eksportprosjekter av frukt og grønt fra denne regionen:
- Dersom eksportprosjekter som dette skal lykkes, er det etter vår mening viktig at en krevende kunde deltar aktivt i prosjektet, og blir tidlig involvert. Dette for å kunne beskrive marked og markedskrav og spille en aktiv rolle i å utforme viktig detaljer og påvirke utviklingen av verdikjeden .
- Opplæring av nøkkelpersonell er viktig både for å endre mentale bilder og for å få introdusert nye arbeidsmetoder som er kritiske for å få til god kvalitet.
- For å styre disse to faktorene er det viktig å få på plass en lokal, sterk og kompetant prosjektleder. Nøkkelen er å finne en person som har evnen til å lede i en god balanse mellom transaksjons- og transformasjonsbasert lederskap. Prosjektledelsen trenger å involvere og motivere produsenter, men samtidig må de være i stand til å intervenere når det er nødvendig å korrigere prosessen (stoppe aktiviteter som har negativ effekt og holde et sterkt fokus på riktig sortering, pakking og kvalitetskontroll)
- Introdusere et system for sporbarhet og visuell kontroll slik at alle produsentene kan identifiseres og knyttes direkte til de leverte produktene. Hensikten er ikke hovedsakelig kontroll, men for å kunne skape en læringsarena og drive kompetanseutvikling.
- Prosjektet som dette der de gamle mentale bildene blir utfordret og må erstattes av nye, vil alltid trenge tid til å modnes og utvikles. Det er derfor viktig å ikke undervurdere tidsaspektet samt legge vekt på tett oppfølging og tilrettelegging i tidlige faser.
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Oliveira, Gabrieli Alves de. "Determinação de parâmetros de qualidade do maracujá (passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) por espectroscopia mid e nir e calibração multivariada." Thesis, Avignon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AVIG0659/document.
Full textAbstract:
La variété des climats et des sols du Brésil assure une production de fruits diversifiée au cours de toutes les saisons de l'année. Ainsi, le pays gagne en importance dans le domaine de l'horticulture. Le fruit de la passion est un fruit dont la production s’est développée au cours des dernières années dans et hors du pays en raison de l'augmentation de la consommation de fruits frais et de produits dérivés de la pulpe. Pour le meilleur usage des fruits, il est nécessaire de connaître les principaux paramètres de qualité. Les fruits sont des produits hautement périssables et dont le métabolisme se poursuit après la récolte. Il est donc important de pouvoir proposer des méthodes permettant un contrôle rapide et efficace, afin de les qualifier de manière plus précise, que ce soit pour la consommation, l'exportation ou la transformation. Les méthodes traditionnelles utilisées pour déterminer les paramètres de qualité des fruits sont essentielles pour la prévision des rendements potentiels dans les procédés industriels et également dans l'établissement de la valeur commerciale du fruit, cependant, elles sont coûteuses, souvent longues, demandent une main d’œuvre formée et sont en règle généralement destructrices. En ce sens, l’objectif de cette étude était de vérifier l'efficacité de l'application de spectroscopie dans les gammes du proche et du moyen infrarouge associée à une calibration multivariée pour déterminer les paramètres de qualité des fruits passion intacts, ainsi que des pulpes fraîches et lyophilisées. Les méthodes multivariées utilisées ont été l’analyse en composantes principales (ACP) et la régression linéaire par la méthode des moindres carrés partiels («partial least squares» ou PLS). Les paramètres de qualité analysés ont été les concentrations en sucres simples, les solides solubles totaux (°Brix), l’acidité totale, les concentrations des principaux acides organiques, la teneur en vitamine C et en caroténoïdes. Une faible corrélation a été obtenue entre les valeurs de référence et les valeurs calculées à partir des modèles PLS pour déterminer les concentrations des paramètres de la qualité du fruit intact. Par contre des prédictions satisfaisantes ont été obtenues à partir des spectres moyen-Infrarouge de la pulpe pour la détermination des concentrations en glucose, fructose, saccharose, AT et SSC. La région du proche infrarouge a donné des résultats moins bons à cause de la prédominance des bandes d'absorption de l'eau dans cette région. Par ailleurs, des modèles multivariés développés pour prédire les paramètres de qualité de la pulpe lyophilisée ont donné d'excellents résultats en particulier dans la région du moyen infrarouge pour le glucose (R2V = 0,938), le fructose (R2V = 0,907), le saccharose (R2V = 0,921) et l'acide citrique (R2V = 0,918). Les résultats pour l'acide malique et les caroténoïdes ne sont satisfaisants pour aucune des deux régions, probablement à cause des faibles concentrations de ces composés. Il a été constaté que: i) il est plus diffiicle d’obenir des équations de prédiction pour les composés en faible concentration; ii) le rayonnement infrarouge pénètre peu dans les fruits (quelques mm), et donc l’existence d’un épiderme épais constitue un obstacle à l'utilisation de cette technique, et iii) l'interférence de l'eau dans l'identification des bandes et des groupes spécifiques a été significative, à cause de la haute teneur en humidité des fruits. La région du moyen infrarouge semble mieux appropriée pour prédire la concentration des paramètres de qualité que le proche infrarouge. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus en utilisant la gamme du moyen infrarouge et de la pulpe fraîche, de bonnes corrélations pouvant être obtenues sans l'étape de lyophilisation de la pulpeClimate and soil variety of Brazil ensures a diversified fruit production during all seasons. Thus the country is gaining prominence in the orcharding field. Passion fruit is a fruit that stood out in recent years internally and out of the country due to the increased consumption of fresh fruit and products derived from the pulp. For the best use of this fruit, it is necessary to determine its main quality parameters. Since passion fruits are highly perishable products and their metabolism proceeds even after harvest, to establish methodologies that allow fast and efficient control becomes essential to qualify them in a more adequate way, either for export, processing or fresh consumption. Traditional methodologies employed to determine fruit quality parameters have been fundamental to prediction of potential yields in industrial processes and also to establish commercial value of the fruit, however, they are expensive, time consuming and destructive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of mid and near infrared spectroscopy coupled to multivariate calibration to determine quality parameters of the intact passion fruit, as well as fresh and lyophilized pulps. Quality parameters analyzed were simple sugars, SSC, AT, organic acids, vitamin C and carotenoids. Results showed low correlations between reference analyses values and predicted values to determine the quality parameters concentrations in intact fruit. Multivariate models developed to quality parameters of in nature pulp showed good prediction results to determine the concentration of glucose, fructose, sucrose, AT, and SSC using mid-Infrared. NIR region showed higher prediction difficulty due to the higher water absorption bands in this region. on the other hand, multivariate models developed to predict quality parameters of the lyophilized pulp presented excellent results especially in the MID region for glucose (R2v= 0,938), fructose (R2v = 0,907), sucrose (R2v = 0,921) and citric acid (R2v = 0,918). The results for malic acid and carotenoids contents were unsatisfactory in the two regions used in this study due to the low concentration of these compounds. From the results obtained in this study, it could be verified that: i) there is greater difficulty to correlate constituents at low concentrations, ii) light intensity through the fruit decreases significantly with skin depth, so thick skin has showed to be a barrier for using this technique and iii) water interference in identifying groups and specific bands was significant for passion fruit, due to its high moisture content. The results also revealed that the mid-Infrared region was most suitable for predicting the concentration of quality parameters, in comparison with NIR region. Based also on the results obtained, the use of fresh pulp with MID spectroscopy seemed to be the most suitable choice for quality parameters determination of the passion fruit, since good correlations could be obtained without pulp lyophilization step
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Giblin, Fiona Rosanna. "Avocado fruit responses to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19403.pdf.
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Cameron, Emilie C. "Fruit Fly Pests of Northwestern Australia." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1711.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of Philosophy(PhD),Until recently, Northwestern Australia was thought to be relatively free of serious fruit fly pests. Although a noxious strain, present in Darwin since 1985, was widely believed to be an infestation of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, from the East coast, the fruit flies present outside this area were believed to be the benign endemic species, B. aquilonis. However, during the year 2000, infestations of fruit flies were discovered on major commercial crops in both Western Australia and the Northern Territory. It was not known whether these outbreaks were due to an invasion of the major pest species, Bactrocera tryoni, a change in the behaviour of B. aquilonis, or a hybridisation event between the two species. Finding the source of these outbreaks has been complicated by the fact that, since B. tryoni and B. aquilonis are virtually indistinguishable morphologically, it was not known which species are present in the region. Traditionally any tryoni complex fly caught in the Northwest was called B. aquilonis based solely on location. In order to get a good population profile of the region, an extensive trapping program was set up to include flies from urban areas, commercial crops and natural areas where the benign strain is thought to remain. Tests of genetic differentiation and clustering analyses revealed a high degree of homogeneity in the Northwest samples, suggesting that just one species is present in the region. The Northwest samples were genetically differentiated from the Queensland samples but only to a small degree (FST =0.0153). MtDNA sequencing results also showed a small degree of differentiation between these regions. A morphological study of wing shape indicated that there are some minor identifiable morphological differences between East coast and Northwest laboratory reared flies. This difference was greater than that seen between B. jarvisi populations across the same geographic range. The results suggest that the flies caught in the Northwest are a separate population of B. tryoni. Soon after pest flies were discovered in Darwin, a population became established in Alice Springs. This population had a low genetic diversity compared with Queensland and Darwin populations, and showed evidence of being heavily founded. In 2000, an outbreak was discovered in the nearby town of Ti Tree. Due to the geographic and genetic similarity of these populations, Alice Springs was determined to be the source of the Ti Tree outbreak. To investigate the founding of these populations, a program was developed to estimate the propagule size. Using a simulation method seven different statistics were tested for estimating the propagule size of an outbreak population. For outbreaks originating from populations with high genetic diversity, the number of alleles was a good estimator of propagule size. When, however, the genetic diversity of the source population was already reduced, allele frequency measures, particularly the likelihood of obtaining the outbreak population from the source population, gave more accurate estimates. Applying this information to the Alice Springs samples, it was estimated that just five flies were needed to found the major population in and around Alice Springs. For Ti Tree, the propagule size was estimated to be 27 flies (minimum 10). In 2000, a much larger outbreak occurred in the developing horticultural region of Kununurra in northern Western Australia. An important question for the management of the problem is whether there is an established fly population or the flies are reinvading each year. This population was found to have a large amount of gene flow from the Northern Territory. Within the Kununurra samples, one group of flies was genetically differentiated from all the other samples. This group came from a small geographic area on the periphery of Kununurra and appeared to be the result of an invasion into this area at the time when the population was building up following the dry season. A further threat to the Northwest horticultural regions comes from B. jarvisi. A recent increase in the host range of this species has lead to speculation that it may become a greater pest in Northwestern Australia. At the present time, protocols for the population monitoring and disinfestation of this species are not in place. Here it is shown that B. jarvisi eggs are more heat tolerant than B. tryoni eggs and that monitoring of B. jarvisi populations is possible using cue lure traps placed according to fruiting time and location of their favoured host, Planchonia careya.
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SHUMAN, JOEL LEE. "ANTHRACNOSE FRUIT ROT RESISTANCE IN STRAWBERRY." NCSU, 2001. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20011113-210925.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research has been to determine the nature of strawberry fruit resistance to anthracnose fruit rot. Production in the United States and North Carolina is heavily dependent upon two cultivars, Chandler and Camarosa. Both cultivars are susceptible to anthracnose fruit rot (AFR), caused by the imperfect fungus . Results from this research will be used to further our understanding of the strawberry- system and to control AFR through breeding strategies or cultural practices. Components of resistance in strawberry to AFR were studied under field and controlled environment conditions; five strawberry genotypes were inoculated with conidia of under field conditions and seven genotypes were inoculated with either five inoculum concentrations or three isolates of in growth chambers. Strawberry genotypes responded differently to in the field and in a controlled environment. Components of resistance to AFR included rate-limiting resistance, reduced percent lesion, reduced probability of lesion formation due to fruit age and genotype, and plant canopy architecture. Rates of disease progress were different among genotypes, inoculum concentrations, isolates, and the genotype x isolate interaction. Susceptible genotypes and virulent isolates had faster rates of disease progress. Differences were observed among genotypes for yield, percent by weight, and number of berries with AFR. Plant canopy architecture influenced the hours of fruit wetness and the yield of berries with AFR; a loose open canopy had fewer hours. Young and old fruit were less susceptible to AFR than fruit of median age.
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Nosarzewski, Marta. "SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE EXPRESSION IN APPLE FRUIT." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/485.
Full textAbstract:
Sorbitol, the primary photosynthate and translocated carbohydrate in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.), is converted to fructose by SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE (SDH; EC 1.1.1.14) which is active in apple fruit throughout fruit development. Apple fruit set and early development is very sensitive to carbohydrate availability, but details on carbohydrate metabolism during this phase are limited. The first objective of this work was to determine if SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE, the primary enzyme responsible for metabolism of the major phloem-transported carbohydrate sorbitol, is present and active during apple fruit set and early development. The second objective of this work was to determine if SDH genes are differentially expressed and how their patterns of expression may relate to SDH activity in apple seed and cortex during early fruit development. Nine different genes encoding SDH were determined from analysis of a cDNA library and genomic-clones. Northern, Western and ELISA analyses showed that SDH transcripts and SDH protein were present in the fruit during the first 5 weeks after bloom and comprised 7 to 8 % of the total extractable protein. Whole fruit SDH activity was highest at 2 to 3 weeks after bloom in each of three cultivars, Lodi, Redchief Delicious and Fuji. Seed SDH activity was found to be much higher than cortex SDH activity per mg and g FW, and seed SDH activity contributed significantly to whole fruit SDH activity during the first five weeks of development after bloom. Five of the nine SDH genes present in apple genome were expressed in apple fruit (SDH1, SDH2, SDH3, SDH6, SDH9). Expression of SDH6 and SDH9 was seed-specific and expression of SDH2 was cortex-specific. Using 2D SDS-PAGE and Western analyses, SDH isomers with pI values 4.2, 4.8, 5.5 and 6.3 were found in seeds, and SDH isomers with pI values 5.5, 6.3, 7.3 and 8.3 were found in cortex. The present work is the first to show that SDH is differentially expressed and highly active in seed and cortex during early development. Thus, SDH during apple fruit set and early development may play a primary role in defining fruit sink activity.
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Khan, A. A. "Mechanical properties of fruit and vegetables." Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234479.
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Punan, Mohd Salleh. "Modified atmosphere packing of tropical fruit." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427380.
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Pearce, Bruce Denholm. "The control of tomato fruit growth." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317201.
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Aughinbaugh, Natalie. "The Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Problem." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/24803.
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Hawari, Aliah H. "Metabolic modelling of tomato fruit ripening." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a5e98a25-cdfa-4371-8d08-e6305c61f517.
Full textAbstract:
Tomatoes are the fourth most valuable commodity in agriculture after rice, wheat and soybeans globally with 151 million tonnes of fruit being produced in 2012. The tomato fruit is also a model system for fleshy fruit development. During ethylene-regulated fruit ripening there are complex changes in fruit chemical composition due to degradation and synthesis of a number of soluble and volatile metabolites. Ultimately, these changes control the composition of the ripe fruit and dictate its flavour and texture. It is known that ripening can proceed when mature green fruit are removed from the plant (and indeed this is standard commercial practice) but the extent to which metabolic changes are sustained when fruit are ripened in this way has yet to be established. A modelling approach such as constraints-based modelling can provide system-level insights into the workings of the complex tomato metabolic network during ripening. The first aim of this thesis was therefore to construct a genome-scale metabolic network model for tomato and to use this model to explore metabolic network flux distributions during the transitions between the stages of fruit ripening. The flux distributions predicted provided insight into the production and usage of energy and reductants, into routes for climacteric CO2 release, and the metabolic routes underlying metabolite conversions during ripening. The second aim of this thesis was to use the model to explore metabolic engineering strategies for increased production of lycopene in tomato fruit. The model predictions showed that rearrangement of dominant metabolic fluxes were required to cope with the increased demand for reductants at high lycopene accumulation, which came at a cost of a lower accumulation of other secondary metabolites. Overall the thesis provides an approach to connect underlying metabolic mechanisms to the known metabolic processes that happen during ripening.
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Aughinbaugh, Natalie Marie. "The Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Problem." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27295.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit and vegetable consumption is an essential component of a healthy diet and one of the most modifiable risk factors for chronic disease. Only a small percentage of the world?s population consumes the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables (Litt et al., 2011). In addition, young adults experience significant lifestyle changes as a result of independence, often establishing life-long dietary habits affecting future health and the health of their future families. The purpose of this project was to improve provider practice by using a food frequencyscreening tool and education within the clinical setting to facilitate increased knowledge, awareness, and fruit and vegetable consumption among young adults. A Fruit and Vegetable Checklist was incorporated into the clinic setting to provide ways to assess fruit and vegetable intake and identify education and interventional needs. The checklist tool was presented during well-check visits with patients between the ages of 18-24 years over a three-month period. The seven-question tool provided a comprehensive look at an individual?s nutritional status over the previous month and quickly identified nutritional deficits to narrow the focus for education and/or potential interventions. Printed educational information addressing the top barriers and top promoters of fruit and vegetable consumption were also provided to the patient at the end of their visit. Analysis at the conclusion of this project included the provider perception of client fruit and vegetable consumption after use of the checklist tool and educational material with patients in a clinic setting. Results of the project indicated overall positive provider perception of the checklist tool and educational materials. The ultimate goal of the practice improvement project was to incorporate these interventions into a live setting to improve patient care and provider practice.
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Preston, Nicola. "Fruit and vegetable supply to schools." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2001. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12292.
Full textAbstract:
This report, sponsored by the Fresh Produce Consortium (FPC), describes
the supply chain for fresh fruits and vegetables consumed as part of
school meals. FPC had previously identified schools serving children in
the 4-11 years age group as being the segment of specific interest. The
report also presents an insight into the decision making processes and
purchasing arrangements at the different points in the supply chain. The
study involved identifying the factors that will determine the level of
demand for fresh produce within the school meals sector.
In addition, FPC wanted to assess the likely impact of the government's
move towards transferring responsibility for the management of school
budgets from Local Education Authorities (LEAs) to the schools
themselves on demand for fresh produce in schools. Within the
education sector, this initiative is referred to as Fair Funding.
The methods employed in this research were eclectic in nature. In order
to describe decision making within the supply chain a series of personal
and telephone interviews were conducted within the context of a
multiple case study design. The interview data were analysed using
content analysis. In addition, several databases were constructed that
will allow FPC to conduct targeted marketing programmes. The
databases are: (1) UK schools serving 4-11 year old children, (2) LEA
caterers, (3) Contract caterers.
The principal conclusions reached are that demand for fresh produce,
within the schools meals sector, is likely to grow noticeably over the next
5 years. This growth will be driven by the government's decision to invest
in 'free fruits in schools' and initiatives taken to change children's
behaviour with respect to the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables.
Moreover there is a concerted effort on the part of government, health
professionals, the food industry and pressure groups towards improving
the diet of the nation and this too will impact on fresh produce demand
in the school meals sector.
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Cameron, Emilie C. "Fruit Fly Pests of Northwestern Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1711.
Full textAbstract:
Until recently, Northwestern Australia was thought to be relatively free of serious fruit fly pests. Although a noxious strain, present in Darwin since 1985, was widely believed to be an infestation of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, from the East coast, the fruit flies present outside this area were believed to be the benign endemic species, B. aquilonis. However, during the year 2000, infestations of fruit flies were discovered on major commercial crops in both Western Australia and the Northern Territory. It was not known whether these outbreaks were due to an invasion of the major pest species, Bactrocera tryoni, a change in the behaviour of B. aquilonis, or a hybridisation event between the two species. Finding the source of these outbreaks has been complicated by the fact that, since B. tryoni and B. aquilonis are virtually indistinguishable morphologically, it was not known which species are present in the region. Traditionally any tryoni complex fly caught in the Northwest was called B. aquilonis based solely on location. In order to get a good population profile of the region, an extensive trapping program was set up to include flies from urban areas, commercial crops and natural areas where the benign strain is thought to remain. Tests of genetic differentiation and clustering analyses revealed a high degree of homogeneity in the Northwest samples, suggesting that just one species is present in the region. The Northwest samples were genetically differentiated from the Queensland samples but only to a small degree (FST =0.0153). MtDNA sequencing results also showed a small degree of differentiation between these regions. A morphological study of wing shape indicated that there are some minor identifiable morphological differences between East coast and Northwest laboratory reared flies. This difference was greater than that seen between B. jarvisi populations across the same geographic range. The results suggest that the flies caught in the Northwest are a separate population of B. tryoni. Soon after pest flies were discovered in Darwin, a population became established in Alice Springs. This population had a low genetic diversity compared with Queensland and Darwin populations, and showed evidence of being heavily founded. In 2000, an outbreak was discovered in the nearby town of Ti Tree. Due to the geographic and genetic similarity of these populations, Alice Springs was determined to be the source of the Ti Tree outbreak. To investigate the founding of these populations, a program was developed to estimate the propagule size. Using a simulation method seven different statistics were tested for estimating the propagule size of an outbreak population. For outbreaks originating from populations with high genetic diversity, the number of alleles was a good estimator of propagule size. When, however, the genetic diversity of the source population was already reduced, allele frequency measures, particularly the likelihood of obtaining the outbreak population from the source population, gave more accurate estimates. Applying this information to the Alice Springs samples, it was estimated that just five flies were needed to found the major population in and around Alice Springs. For Ti Tree, the propagule size was estimated to be 27 flies (minimum 10). In 2000, a much larger outbreak occurred in the developing horticultural region of Kununurra in northern Western Australia. An important question for the management of the problem is whether there is an established fly population or the flies are reinvading each year. This population was found to have a large amount of gene flow from the Northern Territory. Within the Kununurra samples, one group of flies was genetically differentiated from all the other samples. This group came from a small geographic area on the periphery of Kununurra and appeared to be the result of an invasion into this area at the time when the population was building up following the dry season. A further threat to the Northwest horticultural regions comes from B. jarvisi. A recent increase in the host range of this species has lead to speculation that it may become a greater pest in Northwestern Australia. At the present time, protocols for the population monitoring and disinfestation of this species are not in place. Here it is shown that B. jarvisi eggs are more heat tolerant than B. tryoni eggs and that monitoring of B. jarvisi populations is possible using cue lure traps placed according to fruiting time and location of their favoured host, Planchonia careya.
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Sakimin, Siti Zaharah. "Hormonal regulation of mango fruit ripening." Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2008.
Full textAbstract:
Mango fruit ripen quickly. It is highly perishable. Short shelf life of mango fruit limits its transportation to distant domestic and international markets. The objective of my research was to elucidate the role of changes in endogenous levels of brassinosteroids (BRs), ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA) and/or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in modulating the ripening processes of 'Kensington Pride' mango fruit. The endogenous levels of these regulators were regulated using inhibitors of their biosynthesis and/or action to unfold their mechanism in delaying/hastening mango fruit ripening, extending storage life and improving fruit quality as well as to underpin the mode of action of ABA and NO in modulating ethylene biosynthesis and activities of fruit softening enzymes in the pulp during ripening and/or alleviating chilling injury (CI) during cool storage.Higher endogenous level of ABA at the climacteric-rise stage triggered the climacteric peak of ethylene production coupled with a significant quadratic relationship between both of them; suggest that ABA play a key role in modulating mango fruit ripening. The exogenous application of ABA (1.0 - 2.0 mM) promoted skin colour development and fruit softening during ripening, and the trend was reversed with its inhibitor of biosynthesis - nordihydroguaiaretic acid (0.1 - 0.2 mM NDGA). The endogenous level of IAA was higher at the initial stage of ripening and decline over ripening period. The exogenous application of 45 - 60 ng g-1 FW Epi- BL increased the climacteric peak of ethylene and respiration, promoted skin colour, but the changes in the endogenous level of BRs (castasterone and brassinolide) are unlikely to modulate mango fruit ripening as it is present in a trace amounts in mango pulp tissues throughout the ripening period.Exogenous postharvest application of ABA (1.0 mM) increased the climacteric peak of ethylene production through promoting the activities of 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS), ACC oxidase (ACO) enzymes, and ACC content, decreased the fruit firmness with increased exopolygalacturonase (exo-PG), endo-PG and endo-1,4-_-D-glucanase (EGase) activities, decreased pectinesterase (PE) activity in the pulp, higher total sugars and sucrose, advanced degradation of total organic acids, citric and fumaric acid. The application of 0.2 mM NDGA showed reverse trends for these ripening indicator parameters.NO fumigation (20 μL L-1 or 40 μL L-1) was more effective in delaying fruit ripening when applied at the pre-climacteric (PC) stage, than at the climacteric-rise (CR) stage. NO (20 μL L-1) fumigation delayed and suppressed the endogenous ethylene production, activities of ACS and ACO enzymes, and ACC content, rate of respiration, higher pulp rheological properties (firmness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, adhesiveness, and stiffness) with lower activities of exo-, endo-PG, EGase, but maintained higher PE activity in pulp tissues during ripening at 21°C and cool storage (13°C). NO treatments (20 and 40 μL L-1) significantly alleviated CI index during ripening at ambient temperature following 2- or 4-week of cold-stored (5°C) period. All NO fumigation treatments significantly suppressed ethylene production and respiration rates irrespective of cold storage period. NO–fumigated with above 5 μL L-1 significantly delayed fruit softening up to 2 days and retarded colour development, reduced total sugar and fructose concentrations, increased tartaric and shikimic acid at fully ripe stage during ripening period irrespective of cold-stored fruit.In conclusion, the higher levels of endogenous IAA in fruit pulp during the PC stage and the accumulation of ABA prior to the climacteric stage might switch on ethylene production that triggers fruit ripening. There is a significant quadratic relationship between endogenous level of ABA in the pulp and ethylene production during fruit ripening period. Exogenous Epi-BL promoted fruit ripening, whilst, the changes in endogenous levels of BRs are unlikely to modulate mango fruit ripening. Moreover, the exogenous application of ABA (1.0 mM) promoted the activities of ethylene biosynthesis enzymes (ACS and ACO) and ACC content and ethylene biosynthesis as well as endo-PG activity in the pulp, whilst, the NDGA-treated fruit showed the reverse trends. The application of NO fumigation (20 L L-1) at PC stage can be effectively used to delay the fruit ripening up to 2 days at ambient temperature (21°C) and cool-storage (13°C) through suppression the activity of ethylene biosynthesis and softening enzymes and alleviate CI following 2- and 4-week cold storage (5°C) without any adverse effects on fruit quality.
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Gutierrez, Maria Soledad <1978>. "Fruit ripening/scald relationship in apple." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6630/1/Gutierrez_MariaSoledad_tesi.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The ripening stage of apple fruits at harvest is the main factor influencing fruit quality during the cold storage period that lasts several months and give rise to physiological disorders in fruits of susceptible cultivars. In particular, superficial scald is connected to α-farnesene oxidation, leading to fruit browning. Therefore, the assessment of the optimal ripening stage at harvest is considered to be crucial to control the overall quality, the length of storage life and the scald incidence. However, the maturity indexes traditionally used in the horticultural practice do not strictly correlate with fruit maturity, and do not account for the variability occurring in the field. Hence, the present work focused on the determination of apple fruit ripening with the use of an innovative, non-destructive device, the DA-meter. The study was conducted on ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Pink Lady’ cultivars, which differ in scald susceptibility. Pre- and post- harvest ripening behavior of the fruits was studied, and the influence of ripening stage and treatments with 1-MCP were evaluated in relation to scald development and related metabolites. IAD was shown to be a reliable indicator of apple ripening, allowing cultivar-specific predictions of the optimal harvest time in different growing seasons. IAD may also be employed to segregate apple fruits in maturity classes, requiring different storage conditions to control flesh firmness reduction and scald incidence. Moreover, 1-MCP application is extremely effective in reducing superficial scald, and its effect is influenced by fruit ripening stage reached at harvest. However, the relation between ethylene and α-farnesene was not entirely elucidated. Thus, ethylene can be involved in other oxidative processes associated with scald besides α-farnesene regulation.
49
Gutierrez, Maria Soledad <1978>. "Fruit ripening/scald relationship in apple." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6630/.
Full textAbstract:
The ripening stage of apple fruits at harvest is the main factor influencing fruit quality during the cold storage period that lasts several months and give rise to physiological disorders in fruits of susceptible cultivars. In particular, superficial scald is connected to α-farnesene oxidation, leading to fruit browning. Therefore, the assessment of the optimal ripening stage at harvest is considered to be crucial to control the overall quality, the length of storage life and the scald incidence. However, the maturity indexes traditionally used in the horticultural practice do not strictly correlate with fruit maturity, and do not account for the variability occurring in the field. Hence, the present work focused on the determination of apple fruit ripening with the use of an innovative, non-destructive device, the DA-meter. The study was conducted on ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Pink Lady’ cultivars, which differ in scald susceptibility. Pre- and post- harvest ripening behavior of the fruits was studied, and the influence of ripening stage and treatments with 1-MCP were evaluated in relation to scald development and related metabolites. IAD was shown to be a reliable indicator of apple ripening, allowing cultivar-specific predictions of the optimal harvest time in different growing seasons. IAD may also be employed to segregate apple fruits in maturity classes, requiring different storage conditions to control flesh firmness reduction and scald incidence. Moreover, 1-MCP application is extremely effective in reducing superficial scald, and its effect is influenced by fruit ripening stage reached at harvest. However, the relation between ethylene and α-farnesene was not entirely elucidated. Thus, ethylene can be involved in other oxidative processes associated with scald besides α-farnesene regulation.
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Lemhemdi, Afef. "Caractérisation de réseaux des gènes qui contrôlent l’initiation du fruit chez le melon (Cucumis melo)." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS121.
Full textAbstract:
Les analyses du profil d’expression par qRT-PCR des gènes candidats, ont montré que ARF19 a le profil le plus intéressant pour la parthénocarpie, chez le melon et le concombre. Ces analyses montrent aussi que la pollinisation induit, uniquement, l'expression de GA20oxydase(1) et le GA20oxydase(5). En absence de la pollinisation, presque tous les GA2oxydases sont exprimés. L’étude globale du transcriptome par RNA-seq a permis d’identifier des gènes qui pourraient avoir un rôle de régulateurs négatifs ou positifs dans l’initiation du fruit chez le melon. L’étude de la matrice des gènes liés à la division cellulaire montre que leur expression est élevée dans les ovules et le péricarpe à l’anthèse et au stade fécondé.Les données montrent aussi que le développement du fruit est régulé en grande partie par des facteurs de transcription. L'analyse génétique de phénotypage systématique a permis d’identifier FS1, le premier candidat pour la parthénocarpie facultative chez le melonAnalyzes of candidates genes expression profile by qRT-PCR shown that ARF19 has the most interesting profile for parthenocarpy for melon and cucumber. These analyze show that the pollination induces the expression of GA20oxydase(1) and GA20oxydase(5). In the absence of pollination, almost all GA2oxydases are expressed. The study of the transcriptome by RNA-seq identifies genes which have a role of negative or positive regulators in the fruit initiation of melon. The study of genes matrix of cell division shows that their expression is high in ovules and pericarp at anthesis and fertilized stage. The data show that fruit development is largely regulated by transcription factors. Systematic phenotyping genetic analysis identified FS1 the first candidate for facultative parthenocarpy in melon