Journal articles on the topic 'Fruit yield'
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1
Maeda, Kazuya, and Dong-Hyuk Ahn. "Analysis of Growth and Yield of Three Types Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) Based on Yield Components." Horticulturae 8, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8010033.
Abstract:
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the yield of different types of cucumbers from the perspective of yield components. The yield and yield components of nine cucumber cultivars (Beit Alpha, Greenhouse, and Japanese) grown hydroponically in a greenhouse were investigated. Fruit yield fresh weight in the Beit Alpha type was higher than that of the Japanese type, and the fruit yield fresh weight was significantly correlated with fruit yield dry weight, total dry matter (TDM), fraction of fruits, and number of fruits. However, the fruit yield fresh weight was not significantly correlated with intercepted light, light use efficiency (LUE), leaf area index, light extinction coefficient, and fruit dry matter content. High fruit yield dry weight was associated with a high TDM and the fraction of fruits. Moreover, the high TDM and fraction of fruits were associated with LUE and the number of fruits, respectively.
2
Wubs, A. Maaike, Yuntao Ma, Lia Hemerik, and Ep Heuvelink. "Fruit Set and Yield Patterns in Six Capsicum Cultivars." HortScience 44, no. 5 (August 2009): 1296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1296.
Abstract:
Fruit set and yield patterns were studied in detail in six pepper cultivars. Fruit set differed largely between the cultivars: cultivars with small fruits (fruit fresh weight 20 to 40 g) showed higher fruit set (≈50%) than cultivars with large fruits (fruit fresh weight 120 to 200 g; 11% to 19%). The former showed continuous fruit set (four to five fruits/plant/week), whereas the latter showed fluctuations in fruit set. Fluctuations in weekly fruit set, expressed as the ratio between standard deviation of weekly fruit set and the mean of weekly fruit set (cv), were much lower for the cultivars with small fruits (0.44 to 0.49) than for the cultivars with large fruits (1.1 to 1.6). Fluctuations in weekly fruit yield varied between 0.51 and 0.77 for cultivars with small fruits and between 1.04 and 1.45 for cultivars with large fruits. Fluctuations in fruit yield were significantly positively correlated (Pearson R = 0.87) with fluctuations in fruit set. The correlation between fruit set and fruit yield patterns was highest with a lag time of 8 weeks for the cultivars with small fruits and 9 to 10 weeks for the cultivars with large fruits. This corresponds with the expected lag time based on the average fruit growth duration. The cultivars produced the same amount of biomass, implying that source strength was more or less similar. Hence, differences in fruit set and fruit yield patterns between the cultivars were not the result of differences in source strength and must therefore be related to differences in sink strength.
3
Mulyani, Prinsip Trisna, and Budi Waluyo. "Correlation Analysis Between Yield Component Traits and Yield of Watermelon Genotypes (Citrullus lanatus)." AGROSAINSTEK: Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pertanian 4, no. 1 (June 2, 2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/agrosainstek.v4i1.86.
Abstract:
Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsum & Nakai] is a plant that is widely cultivated and contains important nutritional compounds such as citrulline, arginine, and glutathione. In the last few years, the consumption of vegetables and fruits in Indonesia has tended to increase but cannot be fulfilled by domestic production. Yields are influenced by the character of yield components. This research aims to study the relationship between the character of the yield components on the yield in the watermelon. The study was arranged in augmented design and planting material are 75 watermelons genotypes and 3 checks varieties. The results showed that there are some characters of yield components that correlated with yields. The characters of yield components that have positive genetic correlation and positive phenotype correlation with fruit weight are stem length, number of branches, fruit stalk length, fruit length, fruit diameter, thickness of pericarp, number of seeds per plant, and weight of seeds per plant. The yield components characters that have a negative genetic correlation with fruit weight are day to flowering. The characters of yield components that have positive genetic and phenotype correlation with seed weight per plant are fruit weight, stem length, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of seeds per plant, seed length, and seed width. The Characters of yield components that have a negative genetic correlation with seed weight are day to flowering and the first female flower emerges. The characters of yield components that correlate with the yield are used as selection markers for indirect selection.
4
Ullah, MZ, L. Hassan, Sonia Binte Shahid, and AK Patwary. "Variability and inter relationship studies in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 13, no. 1 (July 14, 2016): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v13i1.28716.
Abstract:
Twenty parental genotypes of tomato were planted and observed of yield and yield attributing traits to measure genetic variability, character association and path coefficient analysis. Parent TM 371 ranked first with respect to yield (4.73 kg fruit yield per plant) followed by TM 390. In terms of average fruit weight TM 390 also was better performer. Analysis of variance for each trait showed significant differences among the genotypes. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for fruits per plant, locule number per fruit and fruit yield per plant. Heritability was observed high for flowers per cluster, fruits per plant, fruit weight and fruit length. fruit per plant (52.30), followed by fruit weight (46.32).High heritability associated with high genetic advance was observed for fruits per plant (52.30) and fruit weight (46.32) and flower per cluster (33.50). Selection for such traits might be effective for the fruit yield improvement of tomato. Significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation was observed of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit diameter and locule number per fruit with fruit yield per plant indicated that selection strategies must be focus on these traits. Fruit diameter showed the highest positive direct effect (3.25) on fruit yield per plant followed by fruits per plant (1.54). Direct selection may be executed considering these traits as the main selection criteria to reduce indirect effect of the other characters during the development of high yielding tomato variety.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 13(1): 65-69, June 2015
5
Saisupriya, Pallerla, P. Saidaiah, and S. R. Pandravada. "Analysis of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield and Yield Related Traits in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 13, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2022.2583.
Abstract:
Thirty five chilli genotypes were evaluated in a randomized block design at College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana state, India during Kharif, 2019 for seven months and at National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Regional station, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during Rabi 2019-20 for seven months to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic advance as % of mean of seventeen yield and yield related traits. For all the traits studied, the magnitude of PCV was higher than corresponding GCV. High Phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation estimates were recorded for plant height, plant spread, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of fruits plant-1, fruit weight, fruit yield plant-1, fruit yield plot-1, ascorbic acid, capsaicin content and capsanthin content indicating the existence of wider genetic variability for these traits in the genotypes studied. High heritability was recorded for the traits Days to first flowering, Fruit length, Fruit diameter, No. of fruits plant-1, Fruit weight, Fruit yield plant-1, Fruit yield plot-1, Ascorbic acid, Chlorophyll content, Capsaicin content and Capsanthin content. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as % mean indicates existence of additive gene action which was observed in fruit length, fruit diameter, number of fruits plant-1, fruit weight, fruit yield plant-1, fruit yield plot-1, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll content, capsaicin content and capsanthin content. Hence these traits can be improved by direct selection.
6
Cavero, J., R. Gil Ortega, and M. Gutierrez. "Plant Density Affects Yield, Yield Components, and Color of Direct-seeded Paprika Pepper." HortScience 36, no. 1 (February 2001): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.1.76.
Abstract:
Paprika pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L., `Agridulce SIA') was direct-seeded on raised beds in double rows 0.35 cm apart. Plants were thinned within the row to establish densities ranging from 13,333 to >500,000 plants/ha. Yield of paprika pepper increased as plant density increased, but plant densities >200,000 plants/ha resulted in only small increases in yield. Fruit number and dry fruit weight/plant decreased with increasing plant populations, and weight/fruit decreased slightly. The increase in yield/ha as plant density increased was a result of increased numbers of fruits/ha. Pigment content (ASTA units) declined linearly as plant density increased, whereas moisture content of red fruits at harvest remained unaffected. Plant densities in the range of 150,000 to 200,000 plants/ha were optimal in terms of fruit yield and pigment content.
7
Lahav, E., A. Korkin, and G. Adar. "Thinning Stage Influences Fruit Size and Yield of Kiwifruit." HortScience 24, no. 3 (June 1989): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.3.438.
Abstract:
Abstract An experiment in thinning kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch.) vines at the bud swell stage vs. at fruit set stage was conducted in the Western Galilee to a) determine the optimal physiological stage of thinning, b) optimize fruit weight and yield, and c) determine the relationship between fruit number per vine and alternate bearing. A negative relationship was found between the number of fruits per vine and fruit weight or alternate bearing. Vines thinned at the bud swell stage always carried larger fruits than those thinned after fruit setting. As the fruit load on the vine decreased, smaller differences were observed between the two thinning dates. Assuming that individual fruit weight should not be < 70 g, thinning at the bud swell stage allows a yield of 1700 fruits per vine, and that at the fruit-set stage only 1400 fruits per vine. Vines not sprayed with Alzodef (H2CN2, cyanamide) to break dormancy yielded less than half the number of fruits as the sprayed vines.
8
Chakrabarty, S., and A. K. M. Aminul Islam. "Selection Criteria for Improving Yield in Chili (Capsicum annuum)." Advances in Agriculture 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5437870.
Abstract:
The present investigation was carried out to estimate the genetic variability and character association. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for all the 15 traits for 20 chili genotypes. The highest genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation were found for ten edible fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, ten dry fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, and weight of seeds per fruit. High heritability coupled with very high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for ten edible fruit weight, ten dry fruit weight, fruit length, number of fruits per plant, and fruit yield per plant. Phenotypic correlation coefficient among different traits indicated that fruit yield per plant at green stage had significant and positive association with ten edible green fruit weight, number of primary branches, harvest duration, and first fruit maturity and significant negative correlation with days to first picking. The path coefficient analysis revealed that days to first picking had the maximum positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant followed by harvest duration, ten edible fruit weight, ten dry fruit weight, hundred-seed weight, number of fruits per plant, first fruit maturity, and number of primary branches. Days to first picking had the maximum positive direct effect but significant negative effect with fruit yield per plant which indicated that the trait should be selected to expunge the undesirable indirect effect in order to make use of the direct effect. Therefore, selection should be practiced for ten edible fruit weight, ten dry fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, harvest duration, and hundred-seed weight for direct improvement of fruit yield per plant.
9
Turhan, A., N. Ozmen, M. S. Serbeci, and V. Seniz. "Effects of grafting on different rootstocks on tomato fruit yield and quality." Horticultural Science 38, No. 4 (November 15, 2011): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/51/2011-hortsci.
Abstract:
The aim of the study was to find effects of tomato grafting on another cultivar. The tomato cultivars used as scions were Yeni Talya, Swanson and Beril. Cultivars used as rootstocks were Beaufort and Arnold. Cleft grafting methods were applied. The following characteristics of grafted and nongrafted plants were recorded: fruit index, number of fruits/truss, fruit weight, fruit yield, dry matter, pH, concentration of soluble solids, titratable acidity, total sugar and lycopene and vitamin C. The results showed that fruit yield and fruit index, number of fruits/truss and fruit weights were improved by grafting. Fruit quality, measured in terms of dry matter, concentration of soluble solids, total sugar, and vitamin C content, was lower in the fruits of grafted plants than in nongrafted ones. No significant difference in lycopene and pH content was found. Titratable acid content was improved by grafting. A positive effect of grafting was recorded when Beaufort was used as rootstock. These results showed that grafting could be an advantageous alternative in tomato production.
10
NeSmith, D. S. "Plant Spacing Influences Watermelon Yield and Yield Components." HortScience 28, no. 9 (September 1993): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.9.885.
Abstract:
Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] cultivars StarBrite and Crimson Sweet were grown during 1991 and 1992 in rows 1.5 m apart at plant spacings of 0.9, 1.5, or 2.2 m. Total fruit yield, marketable fruit yield, fruit-weight distribution, and estimated gross returns were determined for each spacing treatment. Total and marketable fruit yields were greater overall for `StarBrite' than for `Crimson Sweet'. Except for 1991 `Crimson Sweet' yields, marketable fruit yields per unit land area increased 29% to 34% as plant spacing decreased from 2.2 to 0.9 m. The yield component contributing the most to increased yields with high-density plantings was increased fruit count per unit land area. Average fruit weight responded only slightly to decreased plant spacing. Fruit-weight distribution on a relative frequency scale was stable regardless of plant spacing or production year. The potential for increasing gross returns per unit land area exists by increasing watermelon plant populations beyond the current Georgia recommendation of 2500 to 3000 plants/ha.
11
Assefa, Gezahegn, Sintayehu Girma, and Dereje Deressa. "Evaluation of improved plantain type of banana (Musa spp.) varieties at Mechara on Station, Eastern Ethiopia." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 9, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2022.905.004.
Abstract:
Fruit crops are widely grown in west Hararghe by small households and plays significant role for income generation and nutrition. Plantains are cooking type’s banana producing fruits that remain starchy at maturity and need processing before consumption. Even though the environment is suitable for the production of fruit, the productivity of the crop is highly influenced by low yielding variety and low moisture. Therefore, the trail was conducted to evaluate high yielding, drought and disease resistant/tolerant Plantain types of Banana varieties at Mechara onstation. Four plantain varieties were brought from Melkasa Agricultural Research Center and evaluated for agronomic and yield and yield related traits using Completely Randomized Block Design in three replications. The Analysis of variance results revealed significant variation among plantain varieties for all traits over both harvesting cycles except Fruit diameter (cm), number of fruit per bunch and unmarketable yield. The highest bunch weight, number of hands per bunch, number of fruits per bunch, marketable yield and total yields had recorded from Nijiru variety followed by kardaba. Nijiru variety was resistance to banana disease (sigatoka and panama disease) as compared to the other varieties. Whereas the lowest bunch weight, number of fruits per bunch, marketable yield, total yields was observed from Matokke variety. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed that average bunch weight, Fruit diameter, number of finger per hand and Marketable yield were positively correlated to total yield. It is, therefore, concluded that Nijiru variety was well performed and can be recommended for the growers for Mechara and similar agro ecology of the area.
12
Fan, Zihan, Huaye Xiong, Yayin Luo, Yuheng Wang, Huanyu Zhao, Wenli Li, Xinhua He, Jie Wang, Xiaojun Shi, and Yueqiang Zhang. "Fruit Yields Depend on Biomass and Nutrient Accumulations in New Shoots of Citrus Trees." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121988.
Abstract:
New shoots (including newly formed leaves and twigs) and fruits of citrus tree are key organs for present yield formation and flower differentiation in the next season, but the relationship between yield fluctuation and accumulations of major nutrients in new shoots and fruits of citrus tree is still unclear. Thus, to quantify the biomass and mineral nutrient accumulation in new shoots and fruits of citrus trees under varied yield levels has essential significance for rational fertilization and pruning management for citrus orchards. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to investigate the accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), and the distribution of biomass in new shoots and fruits of citrus trees under low, medium and high-yield levels in each of eight orchards located in Chongqing, China. The results showed that substantial variation of fruit yield was observed in all eight orchards with an average yield of 15.0 (low), 30.9 (medium) and 60.1 (high) kg/plant. The averaged biomass of new shoots ranged from 1.59 to 2.51 kg/plant, which was significantly and positively correlated with fruit yield. Nutrient accumulation in leaves was generally highest among new organs, while more than half of N (52.70–71.4%), P (66.5–80.4%) and K (68.9–85.9%) accumulated in fruit. Fruit yields closely correlated with total amounts of major nutrients in new shoots. Furthermore, the nutrient requirements per unit of newly developed shoots and fruits were gradually decreased with increased yield, but the removed nutrients per ton of fresh fruit were almost stable, indicating that more nutrients were distributed into fruit tissues. Taken together, these findings are valuable for optimizing nutrient and pruning management in citrus orchards in China and other similar countries.
13
Chang, L. S., A. F. Iezzoni, and J. A. Flore. "Yield Components in ‘Montmorency’ and ‘Meteor’ Sour Cherry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, no. 2 (March 1987): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.2.247.
Abstract:
Abstract Two sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivars ‘Montmorency’ and ‘Meteor’ were evaluated over two seasons to determine the relative importance of different components of yield. A path coefficient analysis was performed to determine the direct and indirect effects of primary, secondary, and tertiary components on limb yield. Fruit number, fruit weight, the number of lateral buds and spurs, and fruit set were found to be the most important components affecting limb yield in both cultivars. However, the fruiting habits of the two cultivars were significantly different. ‘Montmorency’ produced 68% of its fruit on lateral buds on 1-year-old wood, while ‘Meteor’ had 70% of its fruit on 2-year-old spurs. When the data were standardized by dividing by limb cross-sectional area, ‘Meteor’ had a higher flower bud density (number of flowers/cm2) and yield efficiency (grams of fruits/cm2) than ‘Montmorency’. Although ‘Meteor’ had higher limb yields than ‘Montmorency’, the ‘Montmorency’ trees sampled had about four times more limbs than ‘Meteor’, and, therefore, higher tree yields.
14
Silva, Paulo Sérgio Lima e., Rafaela Priscila Antonio, Keny Henrique Mariguele, Kathia Maria Barbosa e. Silva, Lidiane Kely de Lima, and Júlio César do Vale Silva. "Estimates of genetic parameters for fruit yield and quality in custard apple progenies." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 29, no. 3 (2007): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452007000300027.
Abstract:
Apparently, there are no custard apple cultivars defined for the northeastern region of Brazil. The establishment of breeding programs aimed at the selection of types from productive locations for later cloning is desirable. This work's objective was to evaluate the yield (during the first three crops) and quality (first crop) of fruits from 20 half-sibling custard apple tree progenies, selected from home orchards. An additional objective was to estimate genetic parameters for the traits evaluated. A micro sprinkling-irrigated experiment was conducted in Mossoró-RN, Brazil, as random blocks with five replications. In characteristics evaluated for periods longer than a year (diameter, height and mean weight of fruits, number of fruits ha-1 and fruit yield (kg ha-1), and a split-plot design was adopted, with progenies considered as plots and annual cropping seasons as subplots. The best progenies in terms of fruit yield (A3 and A4) are not necessarily the best for fruit dimensions and fruit mean weight (A2, FE4, JG1, JG2, SM1, SM7, and SM8). These progenies show great potential to be used in future studies on crosses or on vegetative propagation. In this regard, progeny JG2 should be highlighted as promising in terms of yield and fruit size. The progenies are not different with regard to percentages (in relation to mean fruit mass) of pericarp, endocarp, seeds, and receptacle, in the fruit, and fruit volume, number of seeds/fruit, and total soluble solids content in the fruit pulp, but progeny FE4 presents higher total titratable acidity in the fruit pulp. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were relatively high for all characteristics in which there was variability between progenies, with higher values for number of fruits ha-1 (80 %) and fruit yield (78 %). Relatively high coefficients of genotypic variation (around 20%) were observed for number of fruits ha-1 and fruit yield, with lower values for the other characteristics. There were positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations between fruit diameter (FD) and fruit height, FD and mean fruit weight, and number of fruits ha-1 and fruit yield.
15
Saleh H. Byari, Saleh H. Byari. "Effect of Pozzolan and Nitrogen Fertilizer in Reducing Irrigation Water and Soil Moisture Stress in Three Eggplant Cultivars (solanum melongina)." journal of King Abdulaziz University - Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences 23, no. 2 (January 20, 2012): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/met.23-2.1.
Abstract:
Two field experiments were carried out during 2009 and 2010 seasons to study the effects of pozzolan, nitrogen fertilization levels, (50, 75, 100, and 125 kg N/ha) and four irrigation intervals (2, 4, 6, and 8 days) on fruit yield, yield components and chemical proprieties of 3 eggplant cultivars (black beauty, long purple and top bell) in a split split split plot design with three replications. The results indicated that pozzolan treatment significantly increased plant height, leaf area/ plant, no. of fruits/plant and fruit yield/ha besides total soluble solids (TSS) and vitamin C in fruit compared with the pare land (without pozzolan). Increasing irrigation interval significantly reduced plant height, leaf area/plant, no. of fruits /plant, fruit yield/ha and increased TSS, and Vitamin C in fruits. As nitrogen fertilizer increased, plant height, leaf area, no. of fruits/plant and fruit yield/ha significantly increased also TSS, and Vitamin C in fruits increased. Eggplant cultivars significantly varied in their response to pozzolan, irrigation interval and nitrogen fertilizer treatments. Black beauty cultivar significantly dominated the other cultivars in fruit yield/ ha.
16
Malek, M. A., M. A. Bari Miah, M. O. Islam, A. M. M. Mosiul Hoque, and R. Gomes. "GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN POINTED GOURD (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.)." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 20, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v20i1.17026.
Abstract:
Genetic variability, heritability in broad sense and expected genetic advance as percent of mean for fruit yield and nine characters were studied in 25 pointed gourd genotypes. Fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant showed maximum variability. Genotypic coefficient of variation was found high for fruit yield and number of fruits per plant. All the characters under study were highly heritable in nature. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for fruit yield and fruits per plant, which indicated that these characters are more reliable for effective selection.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v20i1.17026
17
Endegena, Walelegn. "Yield and Yield Related Parameters of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Treated with Paclobutrazol at Different Stages in North West Ethiopia." Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research 6 (April 2019): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/jhpr.6.37.
Abstract:
The effects of Paclobutrazol (PBZ) on fruit yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) were investigated by spraying it on tomato seedlings grown in an open field. The treatments were 5 x 2 factorial combinations including five rates of PBZ (control, 1 kg ha-1, 2 kg ha-1, 3 kg ha-1and 4 kg ha-1) and two times of application (at 2 to 4 and 6 to 8 true leaf growth stages of tomato seedlings), arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design, each treatment replicated three times. The objective of the study was to characterize the effect of rate and time of application of PBZ on the yield and yield related parameters of tomato. Time and rate of application of PBZ significantly increased harvest index, yield concentration and index of economic earliness, and decreased fruit set percentage, pericarp thickness, fruit diameter and percentage of class one fruit. Irrespective of the time of application, an increase in the rate of PBZ compared to the control significantly increased days to fruit maturity. Time and rate of application of PBZ were significantly interacted to increase; unmarketable fruit yield but decrease means fruit weight. Compared to the control, the interaction effects also produced two significant trends of variations on fruit yield per plant, fruit dry weight per plant, marketable fruit yield and total fruit yield. Significant reduction in yields was observed for diluted concentrations like 1 and 2 kg/ha a.i. of PBZ in the second time of application and 1 kg/ha a.i. of PBZ in the first time of application, whereas all other treatments produced significantly higher yields than the controls. On the contrary, time and rate of application of PBZ were found to be effective in improving economic earliness of tomato. As a whole, time and rate of application of PBZ resulted in two significant trends of variations (increasing and decreasing) on fruit yields of tomato. Hence, it could be possible to propose that more assimilate reallocation to the fruits are significant advantage of PBZ treatments contributing to the improvement of seedling quality at planting for increased seedling survival rate, better stress protection, early and more fruit production.
18
Shashikanth Evoor, E. P. Madhuri, V. D. Gasti G. Raghavendra, and Bapurayagouda Patil. "Correlation and Path Analysis Studies in Early Generation Populations Derived from Commercial Hybrids of Ridge Gourd (Luffa acutangla L.)." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1102.048.
Abstract:
In this experiment, correlation and path analysis in F2 populations of two commercial hybrids i.e., Naga and NS-3 were studied for growth, earliness, yield and quality parameters by using unreplicated trials in College of Horticulture, UHS, Bagalkot, during Jan-March 2018. The results revealed that vine length at 60 DAP, number of fruits per vine, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter had significant positive correlation with fruit yield per plant, whereas days to first female flowering, days to first male flowering and sex ratio had significant negative association with fruit yield per plant, the associations of these characters is in the desirable direction. Thus, selection for these characters will improve the yield. Path coefficient studies revealed that number of fruits per vine, fruit length and fruit diameter showed direct positive effects on fruit yield per vine, whereas days to first male and female flowering and sex ratio showed direct negative effects on fruit yield per vine.
19
Whitehead, Wayne F., and Bharat P. Singh. "Yield and Fruiting Span of Tropical Vegetable Crop Parwal in a Temperate Climate." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 470c—470. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.470c.
Abstract:
Parwal, Trichosanthus dioica (Roxb.), is extensively cultivated in several areas of India, with the state of Bihar leading in total acreage and yield. This perennial cucurbit is a dioecious tropical vine producing small fleshy fruits used as a vegetable. The purpose of this study was to determine the total yield, duration of fruiting, and period of maximum yield of parwal for the middle Georgia climate. A ratio of one male to four female plants were established in 1995 on wire trellises (24.4 m long). Fruits from 16 female 4.65-m2 trellis sections were harvested weekly during Summer 1996. Data on fruit number (FNO), fruit fresh yield (FFY), and fruit dry yield (FDY) were recorded. Plants produced fruits over a 15-week period starting at the beginning of July and ending at the middle of October. The last 2 weeks of August were the peak time of production for FNO (25 fruits/plant), FFY (687.1 g/plant), and FDY (72.2 g/plant). Mean seasonal fruit number was 190 fruits/plant, while seasonal fresh fruit yield and fruit dry yield were 5.0 and 0.5 kg/plant, respectively. Results of this study indicate that parwal is able to produce fruits over 3 months in middle Georgia's temperate climate and that maximum fruit production occurs during the second half of August.
20
Gómez-del-Campo, María, Ana Centeno, and David J. Connor. "Yield determination in olive hedgerow orchards. I. Yield and profiles of yield components in north - south and east - west oriented hedgerows." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 5 (2009): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08252.
Abstract:
A study of the vertical distribution of flowering and fruit set and of components of yield (fruit numbers, fruit size, and fruit oil content) was maintained for 2 years in N–S- and E–W-oriented olive hedgerows of comparable structure (row spacing 4 m, hedgerow height to 2.5 m, width c. 1 m) near Toledo, Spain (39.9°N). Mean yield of the N–S orchard was 1854 kg oil/ha without difference between sides or years. Yield of the E–W orchard was greater in 2006, producing 2290 kg/ha, but only 1840 kg/ha in 2007, the same as the N–S orchard. The S side of the E–W orchard yielded more (59%) than the N side in 2007. In both orchards and years, most fruit was produced at 1.0–2.0 m height and fruit density was the most influential component in these differences, reflecting more intense bud initiation in these upper layers. Other components that determined fruit number, fertile inflorescences, fruits per fertile inflorescence, and fruit drop were not significantly different between layers. Fruit characteristics depended on hedgerow position. In both N–S and E–W hedgerows, fruit high in the hedgerow was the largest, most mature, and with highest oil content. These differences were more marked in N–S than in E–W hedgerows. Fruit growth and development were concentrated from the middle of September until the end November. Oil content per fruit increased linearly during that period when 65% of final oil content was accumulated. Similar patterns were observed between sides. The results of yield and yield profiles are discussed in the general context of light interception. The results suggest the importance of hedgerow porosity, and distinct penetration patterns of direct-beam radiation through N–S and E–W hedgerows, as the basis for explanation of the high yield of the N side of E–W hedgerows.
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Dutra, Josiéle Garcia, Roberta Marins Nogueira Peil, Tatiana da Silva Duarte, Cesar Valmor Rombaldi, Paulo Roberto Grolli, Aline Soares Pereira, and Athos Odin Severo Dorneles. "Fruit production and quality of mini-watermelon with different number of stems, in troughs cultivation system and substrate reuse." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): 471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n2p471.
Abstract:
Substrate-filled pots are growing systems commonly used for vegetable farming. However, few are the studies available relating them to mini-watermelon cultivation. Our study presents a growing system using substrate-filled troughs and leachate recirculation as a low-cost and less environmentally harmful soilless cultivation system for mini-watermelons. For a growing system to be viable and provide high fruit yield and quality, several aspects must be studied, including substrate physical properties and reuse potential in successive crops, besides plant management-related aspects. Therefore, our goal was to evaluate the effects of a trough system and substrate reuse on changes in the properties of raw rice husk and on fruit yield and quality for mini-watermelons at different stem training. To this purpose, two trials were conducted using nutrient solution recirculation systems. In the first, we evaluated the effects of pot and trough systems. In the second, first- and second-use substrates were compared in the trough system. In both trials, one and two-stem training systems were analyzed. The results of the first trial show that the trough system had a greater positive impact on substrate water holding capacity (WHC), which increased from 7.9 to 15.6%, while the pots increased substrate WHC only to 11.2%. However, both systems neither affected fruit yield (8 kg/m² on average) nor fruit quality. The two-stem training promoted higher fruit yields (4.2 kg/plant) and contents of total soluble solids - TSS (11.4 °Brix) but did not affect average fruit weight. Moreover, the one-stem training provided higher fruit number (7.3 fruits/m²) and fruit yield (9.7 kg/m²). In the second trial, the reused substrate showed a higher WHC (12.4%) than the one used for the first time (9.9%). The reused substrate also provided better results in terms of fruit yield and quality (5.9 fruits/m², 5.3 kg/m², and 10.5o Brix). In the second trial, two-stem training also increased average fruit weight, and hence yields per plant. Nevertheless, the stem number did not affect fruit number per plant, fruit yield per square meter, and fruit quality.
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CHUKWUDI, Uchechukwu Paschal, and Christian Ugwu AGBO. "Leaf and Fruit Yield Performance of Telfairia occidentalis Hook F. (Fluted Pumpkin) as Influenced by Fruit Size." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6, no. 4 (December 8, 2014): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb649462.
Abstract:
An experiment to ascertain the influence of fruit size on the yield of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook F.) was conducted in 2011 and 2012 at Nsukka. The mature fruits of T. occidentalis were graded into three length groups: large (more than 50 cm), medium (34-50 cm) and small (less than 34 cm). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six replications. The following data were collected: length of the longest vine, number of leaves/plant, vine diameter, marketable leaf and fruit yield. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance while Genotype by Genotype x Environment interaction biplot was used to show which-won-where among the groups. Significant means were separated using Fisher’s least significant differences. Medium sized fruits gave the highest marketable leaf yield that was significantly higher than the small sized fruits in both years. Small sized fruits were significantly (p<0.05) lower in total leaf yield, fruit weight/hectare, fruit circumference (33.9 cm) and length (22 cm). The biplot explained 100% of the variation in the fruit sizes. Large sized fruits were the best performer in fruit length, while medium sized fruits performed better in total marketable leaf yield, average fruit weight, number of fruits/hectare and total fruit weight/hectare. The highest Benefit Cost Ratio of 1.2 and 2.6 in 2011 and 2012, respectively were obtained from medium sized fruits Medium sized fruit are recommended in favour of small sized fruit for leaf and fruit production, having higher economic returns.
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Elgin Karabacak, Cigdem, and Aysel Yeşilyurt Er. "Serada Yetiştirilen Salkım Domatesinde Çiçek Budamasının Verim ve Kalite Üzerine Etkileri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, sp1 (December 10, 2019): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7isp1.126-132.2775.
Abstract:
This research was carried out in the greenhouses of Pamukkale University Menderes Basin Agricultural Application and Research Centre in order to determine the effects of different blossom pruning on yield and quality in Ayza F1 tomato cultivars. The experiment consisted three different applications; pruning group having 6 fruits in flower bunch, pruning group having 7 fruits in flower bunch and control group without pruning. As the quality criterion in the tomato cultivar, total amount of water soluble dry matter (TWSDM %), pH, titratable acidity (TA mval 100 ml-1), hardness of fruit flesh (Newton) and antioxidant content (%) were determined. In addition, fruit diameter (cm), fruit length (mm) and weight (g) were detected. Yield parameters such as total yield (g plant-1), marketable yield (g plant-1), number of fruits (number plant-1), average fruit weight (g fruit-1) were considered detailed. Flower pruning having 6 fruits was prominent in terms of marketable yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length and dry matter (DM) values. The effects of the applications on the quality characteristics such as fruit index, TWSDM and pH were found to be insignificant and their effects on DM, TA, fruit flesh hardness and antioxidant amount were detected to be significant.
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Stančić, Ivica, Jelica Živić, Saša Petrović, and Desimir Knežević. "THE EFECTS OF A CULTIVATION METHOD ON TOMATO YIELD SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, ICTTE 2019 (2019): 434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2019.07.008.
Abstract:
Investigated the effect of different forms of training system the yield of tomatoes in greenhouses. The study involved the genetic forms of tomatoes with one, two and three trees. The influence of training system on the number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per m2. The highest average yield per plant was achieved by growing tomatoes in the three trees, planting a tree in the form given by the average large fruit, and the highest number of fruits per plant was obtained with the training system with three trees, and the lowest in the training system on a tree. When growing on a tree reaches maturity at the earliest, and larger fruits, and the growing maturation of the two trees is a little later, the fruits are slightly smaller, but higher total yield of tomatoes. Growth on three trees achieved the highest yield, but the fruit is considerably smaller, which reduces their market value.
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Ullah, M. Z., M. J. Hasan, A. Z. M. K. A. Chowdhury, A. I. Saki, and A. H. M. A. Rahman. "GENETIC VARIABILITY AND CORRELATION IN EXOTIC CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus L.) VARIETIES." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 25, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v25i1.17008.
Abstract:
Twelve exotic cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) were grown to assess the presence of variability for desired traits and amount of variation for different parameters. Genetic parameters, correlations, partial correlation and regressions were estimated for all the traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among entries for all the characters. The estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were high for yield per plant, fruits per plant, fruit weight and fruit length. Broad sense heritability estimates for various traits ranged from 42.26 to 89.55%. Fruit yield per plant showed high significant positive correlation with fruits per plant, fruit weight, flesh thickness, fruit diameter and leaves per plant. Partial correlation was significant for fruits per plant and indicated these traits contributed over 70% to total fruit yield. By variability, correlation and regression analysis it was concluded that more fruits per plant and more fruit weight are major yield contributing factors in selecting high yielding cucumber cultivars.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v25i1.17008
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KUMAR, RAJEEV. "Correlation coefficient and path analysis studies in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)." Annals of Plant and Soil Research 23, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10052.
Abstract:
The investigation was carried out at the Horticulture Research Farm of the B.B.A. University, Lucknow (UP), India during rabi season of 2017-18 and 2018-19 to. Study the correlation coefficient and path analysis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The twenty genotypes were evaluated in randomized block design with three replication. Genotypic correlation coefficient was indicated that fruit yield (q ha-1) exhibited highly significant positive correlations with average fruit weight (1.042), fruits per plant (0.996), branches per plant (0.831) and fruits per cluster (0.749). It also registered significant negative correlation with days to 50 % flowering (-0.835). However, phenotypic correlation coefficient indicated that fruit yield (q ha-1) had highly significant positive correlations with fruits per plant (0.977), clusters per plant (0.893), average fruit weight (0.729) whereas, significant negative correlation with days to 50 % flowering (-0.178). Path analysis revealed that the traits like fruit yield kg/plot (1.430) and fruit yield per plant (0.034) exhibited positive direct effects on fruit yield and these traits also recorded positive correlation with yield. This suggested that direct selection based on these traits will be rewarding for crop yield improvement.
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Rahaman, Harith, Amar Saeed, and Mohanad Al-hamad. "Nutrients Effect on Tomato's (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Hybrids grown in Unheated Plastic House." Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences 19, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjas.19.2.4.
Abstract:
This experiment was conducted during autumn growing season of 2016-2017 under unheated greenhouse environment at the field station of college of Agriculture-University of Tikrit to study the effect of seaweed, and organic extracts spraying on growth and yield of tomato's (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) three hybrids. The following nutrients were used; Alga600, Seaweed, and Max in addition to control treatment. The three hybrids were; Rakan, Bushra, and Sadouf. The experiment was designed using split plot design with two factors. The experiment results showed that the organic nutrient Alga600 significantly dominated on fruit average weight (146.00 gm. each fruit-1, individual plant yield as it was recorded for 2.33 kg. each plant-1, number of fruits for each plant (16.59 fruits. each plant-1, the yield of experimental unit (46.67 kg), total greenhouse yield (3981.33 kg. each greenhouse-1), texture toughness of fruits, and the pH was 4.88 of nutrient at concentration of 6.14 kg. cm2 respectively. While the Seaweed affected the peel thickness as it was 1.00 mm and the fruit diameter was 6.67 cm. each fruit-1. The effect of hybrids, it was noticed that hybrid Rakan was significantly dominated in fruit peel thickness, fruit texture fruit toughness (0.86 mm) and (6.19 kg. cm2). The following characteristics of yield including fruit yield for each plant (2.05 kg. each plant-1, experimental unit total yield (41.00 kg), total yield of the green house (3.526 tones. green house), number of fruits per each plant (14.69 fruits. plant-1), and fruit average weight (137.67 gm). The hybrid Sadouf was dominated in the pH, which was 4.46.
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Ndereyimana, Assinapol, Bancy Waithila Waweru, Boniface Kagiraneza, Arstide Nshuti Niyokuri, Placide Rukundo, and Gregoire Hagenimana. "Effect of vine and fruit pruning on yield attributes of two watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cultivars." Advances in Horticultural Science 35, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ahsc-10193.
Abstract:
This study was carried out to determine the effect of vine and fruit pruning on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) yield. Five pruning methods: P1=no pruning at all, P2=pruning to four vines with two fruits per vine, P3=pruning to four vines with one fruit per vine, P4=pruning to three vines with two fruits per vine and P5=pruning to three vines with one fruit per vine were evaluated on two watermelon cultivars: ‘Sugar baby’ and ‘Julie F1’ under a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Investigations were carried out in the seasons 2017A (short rains) and 2017B (long rains) at Karama and Rubona experimental sites belonging to Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board. The obtained results indicated a significant difference among the different cultivars and pruning methods tested during both seasons and at two sites. Generally, all studied parameters recorded higher values during season 2017B than in season 2017A at Rubona site. A similar trend was recorded at Karama site except that the fruit yield per plant and per hectare for plants which were pruned to three vines with one fruit reduced during season 2017B as compared to season 2017A. The highest number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant and per hectare was recorded in ‘Julie F1’ compared to ‘Sugar baby’ at both sites and during both seasons. Higher fruit weight was obtained when both cultivars were pruned to three or four vines with one fruit per vine. Higher number of fruits per plant and higher fruit yield per plant was observed under pruning to four vines with two fruits per vine at Rubona site; while at Karama site, higher fruit yield per plant was recorded under pruning to three vines with one fruit or two fruits per vines and pruning to four vines with two fruits per vine. A similar trend was observed in fruit yield per hectare. Based on results of the current study, cultivation of the hybrid ‘Julie F1’ and pruning to three vines with one fruit per vine is recommended for optimum watermelon yield with big-sized fruits.
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Ariina, M. M. Shulee, S. P. Kanaujia, C. S. Maiti, Pauline Alila, Malini B. Sharma, and Animesh Sarkar. "Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in chowchow (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz.)." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28 (2022): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i07s.056.
Abstract:
Correlation and path analysis were carried out in twenty diverse genotypes of chow-chow collected from different North Eastern states of India. Correlation studies indicated that fruit yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with days to first flowering, number of nodes at first fruit set, length of internodes, length of leaf, width of leaf, petiole length, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit diameter which indicated the importance of these traits in selection for yield. Path analysis revealed that maximum positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant was imposed by fruit weight, number of fruits per plant and number of nodes at genotypic level. This indicated that these are the real independent characters and have maximum contribution towards increase in fruit yield per plant.
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KUMAR, RAJEEV. "Performance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes for growth, yield and quality." Annals of Plant and Soil Research 23, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10103.
Abstract:
The experiment was carried out at B.B.A. University, Lucknow (UP), India during rabi season of 2017-18 and 2018-19 to study the performance of tomato genotypes for growth and yield. The twenty genotypes were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications. Among the genotypes, Pusa Sadabahar proved superior for growth and yield contributing characters i.e. plant height (30.9 cm), number of branches per plant (7.0), number of cluster per plant (20.4), number of flower per cluster (9.8), number of fruits per cluster (5.0), number of fruits per plant (18.3), average fruit weight (53.0 g), fruit yield per plant (974.8 g), fruit yield (15.1 kg/plot) and fruit yield (36.1 t ha-1), followed by Selection -7. On the other hand, minimum values of these parameters were recorded in Toleu-32, I e plant height (25.1cm), number of branches per plant (4.5), number of cluster per plant (5.4), number of flower per cluster (5.6), number of fruits per cluster (3.1), average fruit weight (41.9 g), fruit yield per plant (550.8 g), fruit yield (8.8 kg/plot) and fruit yield (20.4 t ha-1). The genotype Toleu-32 was significantly superior for days to 50 % flowering (41.9). The accession H-86 was found to be superior for TSS (5.4 0Brix). The check variety VRT-50 was found to be superior for vitamin C (27.7mg) followed by TLCV-16.
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Khanom, MSR, MHK Khan, and L. Hassan. "Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)." Progressive Agriculture 19, no. 1 (November 12, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.16982.
Abstract:
The experiment was conducted during rabi season, 2003-2004 at the Field Laboratory of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Genotypic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing characters were studied on 55 tomato genotypes. Data were recorded on number of primary branches per plant, days to first flowering, plant height, number of bunches per plant, number of fruits per plant, individual fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit, dry matter content of fruits, pH level of fruit juice and yield per plant. Very little differences were observed between genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters except dry matter content and yield per plant indicating that they were less influenced to environmental factors for their phenotypic expression. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance in percentage of mean were obtained for number of primary branches per plant, number of days to first flowering, plant height, number of bunches per plant, number of fruits per plant, individual fruit weight and number of seeds per fruit indicating wide scope for improvement through selection of these traits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.16982 Progress. Agric. 19(1): 1 - 5, 2008
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Chowhan, S., MM Hossain, MA Hoque, G. Rasul, and MS Roni. "Yield performance of strawberry genotypes." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 3 (September 24, 2016): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v41i3.29720.
Abstract:
Five strawberry genotypes ('Rabi 3', 'Camarosa', 'BARI Strawberry 1', 'BADC Strawberry' and 'Festival') were evaluated for their field performance. The maximum number of leaves/plant (14.2), canopy spread (31.82 cm) and runners/plant (7.2) were found with 'Camarosa', 'Festival' and 'Rabi 3' respectively. Festival took the lowest number of days to flower initiation (32.5). The highest number of flowers (23.64) and fruits/plant (19.98) were found in 'Camarosa'. The heaviest (21.83 g) and the largest sized individual fruit (1539.31 mm2) were produced by 'Festival'. Fruit TSS (%) was the highest (15.83) in BARI Strawberry 1. Genotype 'Festival' gave the highest fruit yield (12.94 t/ha) and 'BADC Strawberry' yielded the lowest (6.15 t/ha). Considering growth, yield and quality of fruit, genotypes 'Festival' and 'Camarosa' were found promising under the climatic condition of Salna.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(3): 481-489, September 2016
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Mira-García, Ana Belén, Wenceslao Conejero, Juan Vera, and María Carmen Ruiz-Sánchez. "Effect of Water Stress and Shading on Lime Yield and Quality." Plants 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030503.
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to test the combined effect of water stress and cropping system on yield and fruit quality in Bearss lime trees. For this purpose, two irrigation treatments were applied during stage II of fruit growth: control (well irrigated, automatically managed by soil water content sensors) and stress (non-irrigated), both under open-field and shaded conditions. Soil water status was assessed by determining soil water content and plant water status by measuring stem water potential (Ψstem), stomatal conductance (gs), and net photosynthesis (Pn). Yield parameters (kg and the number of fruits per tree and fresh mass per fruit) and fruit quality were assessed on two harvest dates. In addition, on the second harvest date, the content of metabolites and nutrients in the lime juice was analyzed. The results showed that soil water deficit induced 35% lower gs values in open-field than in shaded conditions. The highest kg and the number of fruits per tree were observed in the shaded system, especially on the first harvest date. The lowest yield was observed in stressed trees grown without netting. Slightly higher fresh mass and equatorial diameter were observed in shaded fruits than in open-field fruit. Soil water deficit increased fruit total soluble solids and decreased juice content, especially in open-field trees. Shaded conditions made the lime trees more resilient to soil water deficit, which led to higher yields and better external fruit quality traits. In addition, fruit precocity was significantly higher in the shaded system.
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Darshini, T. K., and S. Gangaprasad. "Estimation of heterosis for yield and yield components in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 18, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/18.1/383-391.
Abstract:
Exploitation of heterosis is primarily dependent on the selection of available germplasm that could be produced by better combinations of important agronomic characters. The heterosis was recorded for fruit and its fifteen component characters. The crosses showing significant heterosis over standard check were Varsha Upahar x Kashi Kiranthi for plant height and days to 50% flowering, 307-10-01 x Arka Anamika for number of leaves, Parbhani Kranthi x ZARS for internodal length, Varsha Upahar x ZARS for number of branches per plant, Pusa Makhmali x ZARS for number of nodes on main stem, Phule Utkarshi x Kashi Kiranthi for stem diameter, Punjab Padmini x ZARS for fruit length, Pusa Makhmali x Kashi Kiranthi for fruit diameter,VRU-109x Arka Anamika for number of fruits per plant, Punjab Padmini x ZARS for average fruit weight per plant and for total fruit yield per plant was maximum in the hybrid VRU-109 x Arka Aanamika, followed by Phule Utkarshi x Kashi Kiranthi were these hybrids may be used for exploitation of hybrid vigour on commercial scale.
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Saha, SR, AFMS Islam, MM Hasan, and MM Rob. "Yield attributes and yield of okra as influenced by cultivars at Sylhet region." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 14, no. 1 (December 10, 2016): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v14i1.30590.
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted at the field laboratory of Sylhet Agricultural University from May to October 2013 comprising of 8 okra cultivars viz. BARI Dherosh-1 (control), Orka Onamika, Bankim, Durga, JO (Japanese okra)-1, JO-2, JO-3 and JO-4. This study was intended to select the superior okra cultivar(s) based on yield performance in acidic soil conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and all the cultivars were evaluated in relation to yield and yield attributes. Significant variations were observed in almost all parameters. Results revealed that high yielding cultivars JO-3 and Bankim produced largest fruits, however maximum number of fruits and fruit setting (%) were exhibited by the latter. The cultivars JO-1 and JO-4 showed maximum fruit weight but JO-4 provided highest fruit diameter. The cultivars Bankim followed by JO-3 & JO-4 were evaluated to be promising cultivars at Sylhet regions considering overall performances regarding yield and yield attributes.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(1): 13-16, June 2016
36
Isa, H. M., and A. A. Manga. "Effects of salicylic and benzoic acid on yield and yield components of moisture stressed tomato (solanum lycopersicun l.) at Kadawa Sudan Savannah." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i1.18.
Abstract:
Salicylic acid and Benzoic acids are antitranpirants usually used to reduce the rate of moisture loss and increase productivity of irrigated crops. To test antitranspiracy of Salicylic and Benzoic acids, field experiments were conducted during the two successive dry Seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 at the Agricultural Research Station Farm, Kadawa (11̊ 38ʹ 40.3ʺ N,8̊ 25ʹ3.9ʺ E) 498m elevation above sea level. The aim was to study the effects of antitranspirants and moisture stress on crop growth and development stages of tomato. The treatments consisted of two antitranspirants at four different concentrations of 0, 200, 400 and 600 ppm, and three moisture stress stages, vegetative, flowering and fruit setting. Antitranspirants and moisture stresses were assigned to the main plot and concentrations were used as sub–plot treatment. These were replicated three times and laid out in a split-plot design. The gross plot size was 3.6m x 3.0m (10.8m2) consisting of 6 rows of 3m length, while the net plot size was 1.2m 1.8m (2.16 m2) consisting of 2 inner most rows. Data were taken on tomato growth and yield attributes. Data generated were analysed using statistical analytics software (SAS). The results of the study revealed that application of both Antitranspirants enhanced growth and yield components such as fruit diameter, number of fruits plant1, average fruit weight, marketable fruit yield and total fruit yield of tomato. Significant interactions between and among the factors were also recorded for fruit diameter, number of fruits plant-1 marketable fruit yield and the total fruit yield. Application of 200 and 400 ppm of of Salicylic acid at fruit setting produced the highest total fruit yield (6.66 tha-1) which was statistically similar to 600 ppm of Benzoic (6.10 t ha-1) at flowering while the control had the lowest. Total fruit yield was positively and significantly correlated with number of fruit plant-1 and average fruit weight. Number of fruits plant-1 was found to have the highest direct contribution to the yield. Flowering and fruiting stages were found to be the critical growth stages for moisture stress of tomato. Foliar application of 400 ppm of Salicylic acid at fruit setting stage appeared to promote tomato yield in the study area.
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Santos, Paulo Ricardo dos, Sandra da Costa Preisigke, Alexandre Pio Viana, Natan Ramos Cavalcante, Carlos Misael Bezerra de Sousa, and Antônio Teixeira de Amaral Júnior. "Associations between vegetative and production traits in guava tree full-sib progenies." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 5 (May 2017): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017000500003.
Abstract:
Abstract: The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic parameters and to evaluate the associations between vegetative and yield characteristics, in full-sib progenies of guava tree (Psidium guajava). The following characteristics were evaluated: yield per plant, number of fruits, fruit mass, plant height, stem diameter, and canopy volume. The estimation of genetic parameters was obtained by the REML/Blup procedure. Based on the breeding values predicted by Blup, the genetic and canonical correlations were estimated, and the genetic correlation coefficients were unfolded into direct and indirect effects on the character yield per plant using path analysis. Genetic variability was estimated for number of fruits (567.66) and yield per plant (11.818), with high genetic correlation (0.9045), indicating simultaneous selection. Indirect selection did not promote simultaneous gains for yield per plant with the primary components number of fruits and fruit mass, making it difficult to obtain guava cultivars with high yield, number of fruits, and fruit mass. The vegetative traits had little effect on yield, number of fruits, and fruit mass.
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Simoni, Sauro, Gino Angeli, Mario Baldessari, and Carlo Duso. "Effects of Aculus schlechtendali (Acari: Eriophyidae) population densities on Golden Delicious apple production." Acarologia 58, Suppl (September 28, 2018): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20184276.
Abstract:
Field trials were carried out in order to evaluate the seasonal abundance and the impact on yields of the Apple Rust Mite (ARM) Aculus schlechtendali (Acari: Eriophyidae) in an experimental fruit orchard located in northern Italy (Trentino region). The effect of ARM on yield and market quality parameters were assessed on Golden Delicious apple fruits. Fruit size, fruit weight, round colour hue, presence of russet as well as inside quality, i.e. soluble solids, acidity and Perlim index, were evaluated over two seasons considering three population levels of ARM that were determined applying different pesticide strategies. Effects of rust mites on return bloom and yield efficiency were also evaluated. ARM seasonal abundance showed a peak in mid-summer. Relationships between ARM and predatory mites were weak. Moderate to high ARM densities affected fruits size, fruit weight, and round colour hue of Golden Delicious fruits. In contrast, ARM populations did not affect russet on fruits, return bloom and yield efficiency. Additional studies were conducted in the laboratory, on detached Golden Delicious apple leaves, to evaluate the potential for population increase at temperatures close to those recorded in field conditions. These studies evidenced a high potential for population increase.
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Cmelik, Zlatko, and Stanislav Tojnko. "(318) Influence of Orchard Site Parameters and Fruit Distribution within Canopy on Fruit Quality of `Fuji' Apple." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1027E—1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1027e.
Abstract:
Canopies of `Fuji' apple trees, grafted on M.9 rootstock, planted in 1998 on two orchard sites at 2.8 × 0.7 m and trained as super spindles, were subdivided in Spring 2003 into upper and lower parts. In each part, the number of fruits, yield per tree, external (fruit size classes, and fruit coloring), and internal (total sugar content, titratable acid content, and flesh firmness) fruit quality attributes were determined. The orchard site parameters affected growth, yield, and fruit quality in different ways. The less suitable orchard site had less growth, lower yield per tree, and a lower percentage of first class fruits, but most fruits had good color (86% in top and 75% in lower part of canopy). The favorable orchard site produced higher growth and yield, and a higher percentage of first class fruits, but fruits had poorer color. In the lower part of the canopy, fruits were of a good size, but had poor color. Fruits of the best quality were obtained from the top part of the tree.
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Chattopadhyay, Arup, Subrata Dutta, and Pranab Hazra. "Characterization of Genetic Resources and Identification of Selection Indices of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Grown in Eastern India." Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 74, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10032-011-0003-9.
Abstract:
Characterization of Genetic Resources and Identification of Selection Indices of Brinjal (Solanum melongenaL.) Grown in Eastern IndiaThirty five diverse genotypes of brinjal collected from different parts of Eastern India were characterized as per the documented descriptors and were evaluated for their morphological and yield component characters during autumn-winter season. All the brinjal genotypes under study showed highly significant variations among twelve quantitative traits. However, a wide range of days to 50% of flowering (47-79), fruit length (8.70 -23.90 cm), fruit girth (2.67-10.30 cm), fruit weight (52.33-319.37 g), number of marketable fruit per plant (4.33-12.00) and marketable fruit yield per plant (0.39-1.68 kg) among the genotypes was observed. Three characters namely, fruit weight, plant height and days to 50% of flowering exhibited high heritability and genetic advance indicating that such situation may arise due to the action of additive genes controlling the characters. The genotypic and phenotypic correlations agreed closely with each other. Fruit weight and fruit girth exhibited significantly positive correlations with marketable fruit yield per plant. Among the eleven yield component traits, fruit weight and number of marketable fruits per plant showed highly positive direct effect on marketable fruit yield per plant. Attention should be paid on selection based on marketable fruit weight and number of marketable fruits per plant for marketable yield improvement of brinjal.
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Génard, Michel. "Influence du nombre de feuilles et de la répartition des fruits sur la production et la qualité des pêches." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-065.
Abstract:
We compared the production of flower buds, fruit abscission, fruit growth and quality according to the fruit distribution on limbs (regular or not) and to the number of leaves per fruit (0, 1 or 2 shoots per fruit). Only one limb per tree was treated from a sample of 15 trees. The yield per limb and the mean growth of fruits were lowest, and the fruit abscission was highest on limbs without leaves. On leafy limbs, the yield components and the number of flower buds were not significantly affected by changes in the number of leaves per fruit or by the fruit distribution. Fruits on limbs without leaves had a lot of purple color, a greater firmness and a low sugar content. Fruits on limbs with many leaves before harvest had high sugar and malic acid content, as well as yellow and orange color.Key words: Yield components, quality, leaf, fruit, distribution, Prunus persica L.
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Nerson, Haim. "Relationship Between Plant Density and Fruit and Seed Production in Muskmelon." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, no. 5 (September 2002): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.5.855.
Abstract:
Field experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to examine the effects of plant density on yield and quality of fruit and seeds of muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.). Two open-pollinated cultivars, Noy Yizre'el (Ha'Ogen type) and TopMark (western U.S. shipper type), were grown at plant densities ranging from 0.5 to 16.0 plants/m2 under commercial conditions. The highest marketable fruit yields were achieved with plant densities of 2 to 4 plants/m2. In contrast, the highest seed yields were obtained at 8 to 12 plants/m2. Seed yield index [seed yield (g)/fruit yield (kg)] was used as a parameter to define seed production efficiency. High seed yield was closely related to high value of the seed yield index. High seed yield indexes resulted from high plant densities (up to 12 plants/m2), at which the crops produced many, but relatively small fruit. In all cases, the seed yield per fruit (seed number and seed size) increased with increasing fruit weight. However, the sum of the seed yield of two small fruit was always greater than the seed yield of one, double-sized fruit. There was a clear exception with extremely small fruit (<500 g), which produced both low seed yields and poor seed quality. A positive relationship was found between fruit size and seed size in both cultivars. Nevertheless, relatively small seeds (25 to 30 mg) extracted from relatively small fruit (500 to 1000 g) showed the best performance in terms of germination and emergence percentages and rates, and in the vegetative development vigor of the seedlings.
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Ibrahim, Ali, Dov Pasternak, Iro Dan Guimbo, Abdou Salam Saidou, and Moustapha Amadou. "Rain-Fed Plantations Of The Domesticated Ziziphus Mauritiana In The Sahel: Effects Of Varieties And Rootstocks On Yields And Fruit Quality." Journal of Horticultural Research 23, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2015-0005.
Abstract:
AbstractA long-term study was conducted to explore the possibility of using traditional rain-fed systems for growing domesticatedZiziphus mauritiana(so-called Pomme du Sahel) in the Sahel. Five varieties, Gola, Ben Gurion, Seb, Umran and Kaithli, were grafted on six rootstocks ofZ.mauritianafrom various agroecological zones of Niger. Trees were planted inside microcatchments at 8 × 8 m spacing. Over a period of six years, the variety Umran gave the highest fruit yield (3600 kg·ha−1) and the lowest fruit yield was documented for variety Seb (1970 kg·ha−1). Individual fruit weight ranged from 25.8 g for ‘Umran’ to 9.5 g for ‘Seb’. The rootstocks had no effect on average fruits yields and fruit size. There was a significant linear correlation between fruit yield and annual rainfall. In a rainy year (680 mm), the average yield of the five varieties was 7580 kg·ha−1. The results of the current study indicate that dry land plantations of Pomme du Sahel can guarantee food security during dry years in the Sahel. However, further studies are required to evaluate the economic feasibility of this system.
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Higashide, Tadahisa, Ken-ichiro Yasuba, Katsumi Suzuki, Akimasa Nakano, and Hiromi Ohmori. "Yield of Japanese Tomato Cultivars Has Been Hampered by a Breeding Focus on Flavor." HortScience 47, no. 10 (October 2012): 1408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.10.1408.
Abstract:
The yield of greenhouse tomatoes in Japan has not increased since the 1980s and remains much less than 30 kg·m−2 per year. To investigate the cause of this low yield, we compared six Japanese tomato cultivars that were commonly grown or released during the past 80 years to see whether fruit yield (fruit fresh weight per area) and dry matter (DM) content per fruit improved under current cultivation conditions. Fruit yield in ‘Momotaro’ (released in 1985) was lower than that in older cultivars. Total DM was determined mainly by light use efficiency and photosynthetic rate, and light use efficiency was correlated with maximum photosynthetic rate. The more modern cultivars did not show improved DM content per fruit. The DM content per fruit was strongly correlated with the soluble solids content in fruits except in ‘Momotaro’ and ‘Momotaro colt’, but soluble solids in fruits of the ‘Momotaro’-type cultivars were higher than in other cultivars for a given DM content per fruit. Thus, tomato breeding in Japan appears to have focused on fruit soluble solids content per unit DM rather than fruit yield or DM content; as a result, only the former parameter has improved greatly.
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Handley, D., M. Schupp, T. Work, R. Work, and A. Bushway. "FIELD PERFORMANCE AND SENSORY ANALYSIS OF EARLY TO MIDSEASON TOMATO CULTIVARS." HortScience 29, no. 4 (April 1994): 252d—252. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.4.252d.
Abstract:
Twelve early to midseason ripening tomato cultivars were evaluated for early and total marketable yield, fruit size, and external characteristics under the cool, short growing season of northern New England. The acceptability of external and internal color, texture, and flavor of four cultivars was evaluated by a sensory panel of 50 members. There was little difference between cultivars in total yield. This was probably due to an early frost that destroyed much of the later ripening fruit. `Summerset' had the highest early and overall yields but the smallest fruit size. `Johnny's 361` had high overall yield and large fruit with good early yields. `Pilgrim' had high early yield, good overall yield, and fair fruit size. `Jetstar' and `Daybreak' fell into the middle of the range for total yield and fruit size, but `Jetstar' had very low early yield. `Pik Red' and `Pik Rite' had low early and total yields but good fruit size. `Moreton Hybrid' had fair early and total yields and small fruit size. In the sensory analysis, `Sunrise' had the highest rated external color, while `Moreton Hybrid' had the lowest rating. Internal color ratings did not vary greatly, although `Sunrise' was least acceptable in this characteristic. `Jetstar' was rated highest for flavor and texture, followed by `Moreton Hybrid', `Sunrise', and `Valley Girl'.
46
Amarante, Cassandro Vidal Talamini do, Cristiano André Steffens, Álvaro Luiz Mafra, and Jackson Adriano Albuquerque. "Yield and fruit quality of apple from conventional and organic production systems." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 43, no. 3 (March 2008): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2008000300007.
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to assess the yield and fruit quality of apple produced with a conventional and an organic production systems in Southern Brazil. The orchards consisted of alternate rows from 10 to 12-year old 'Royal Gala' and 'Fuji' apple trees on M.7 rootstocks, grown as slender spindles, on 4x6 m spacing. Eighteen apple trees of each cultivar and management system were randomly selected and assessed for nutrition, flowering, fruit set, yield, and fruit quality during two growing seasons (2002/2003 and 2003/2004). The organic management system resulted in lower concentrations of K, Mg, and N in leaves and fruits, and in smaller fruits for both cultivars, and lower fruit yield for 'Fuji' than from the conventional production system. For both cultivars, fruits from the organic orchard harvested at commercial maturity had a more yellowish skin background color, higher percentage of blush in the fruit skin, higher soluble solids content, higher density, higher flesh firmness, and higher severity of russet than fruits from the conventional orchard. Fruit from the organic orchard had lower titratable acidity in 'Royal Gala', and higher incidence of moldy core and lower incidence of watercore in 'Fuji', than fruit from the conventional orchard. A non-trained sensory panel detected no significant differences for fruit attributes of taste, flavor and texture between fruit from the production systems for either cultivar.
47
Rangel Junior, Ivan Marcos, Deniete Soares Magalhães, Filipe Almendagna Rodrigues, Moacir Pasqual, and Leila Aparecida Salles Pio. "Fruit quality and harvest point determination in white-fleshed dragon fruit." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 7 (June 15, 2021): e11810716287. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i7.16287.
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of white-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) at harvest and postharvest to determine fruit quality and the feasibility of harvesting the fruits at different outer fruit color stages. The treatments consisted of four peel color stages – S1 (<25% red peel), S2 (25%-49% red peel), S3 (50% to 75% red peel) and S4 (>75% red peel) – and two evaluation times (at harvest and one day after full red peel color), which corresponded to 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after harvest for the S4, S3, S2 and S1 color stages, respectively. The total, peel and pulp weights, pulp yield, peel thickness, pulp firmness, pH, total soluble solids and peel, scale and pulp colors were evaluated. The peel and scale colors are reliable indicators of fruit quality. It is possible to extend the postharvest shelf life of the fruits by harvesting at the S1 stage, but this negatively affects yield and final quality; the fruits are smaller and less sweet, making harvesting unfeasible at this timepoint. Despite the higher yield and quality of fruits harvested at a more advanced ripeness stage (S4), the postharvest shelf life is considerably reduced. Thus, fruits at stages S2 or S3 should be harvested to obtain higher yield and quality.
48
Novy, Elissa M., and Nicholi Vorsa. "CRANBERRY VARIETY FRUIT YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENETS." HortScience 28, no. 4 (April 1993): 258E—258. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.258e.
Abstract:
Accurate estimates of yield and yield components for parental selection would facilitate cranberry breeding efforts. A study was designed to obtain value estimates for traits related to yield. Ten commonly-cultivated varieties grown in a replicated planting, were evaluated in 1991 and 1992 for fruit yield per unit area (FY), average berry weight (BW) and number of berries per unit area, or berry concentration (BC). Averaged over all varieties, FY was significantly greater in 1992. BC was responsible for higher yields in 1992. Regression analysis revealed that BC accounted for more of the variation in FY than did BW in both years. BW accounted for some variation, however, in 1991 when FY was lower. Varieties differed significantly in FY, BW and BC. Hybrid varieties bad significantly greater FY and BW than wild selections. Variation for yield components exists among varieties tested, suggesting genetic gain is possible for yield with additional breeding efforts. In particular, greater fruit set should be emphasized as a breeding objective.
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Islam, S., R. Hasan, A. Bashar, MK Hossain, AKM M. Huque, and N. Alam. "Character association and path coefficient analysis for identification of yield enhancing characters in snake gourd (Trichosanthes anguina L.)." Jahangirnagar University Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 19, 2016): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jujbs.v3i2.28286.
Abstract:
Correlations and path coefficient were studied in seven snake gourd genotypes namely Turag, Surma, Vorosa, Manghosito, Jhumlong, Green nitch and Monosha for yield and eleven yield contributing characters. The correlation coefficients were determined to find out the interrelationship among the characters studied. The correlation studies revealed that, yield/plant had positive and highly significant correlation both in phenotypic and genotypic level with fresh weight/fruit, fruit girth, fruits/plant, plant height and fruit length which indicated that yield could be increased by selecting these characters. Direct and indirect effects were measured using path coefficient analysis in order to obtain mechanisms of interrelationship between yield/plant and its components. The highest positive direct effect (0.9763) on yield/plant was found in fresh weight/fruit followed by fruits/plant (0.4179) and fruit length (0.2665). The characters showed direct positive effect on yield/plant indicated that direct selection for these traits might be effective for improving yield through selection in snake gourd.Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 3(2): 57-65, 2014 (December)
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Marini, Richard P. "Thinning 'Golden Delicious' and Spur 'Delicious' with Combinations of Carbamates and NAA." HortScience 37, no. 3 (June 2002): 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.3.534.
Abstract:
For 2 years, 'Redchief Delicious' apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) trees were treated with combinations of NAA and oxamyl and 'Smoothee Golden Delicious' trees were treated with combinations of NAA and carbaryl. Oxamyl, at concentrations of 250 to 750 mg·L-1, but not NAA at concentrations of 1 to 6 mg·L-1, reduced fruit set, yield and crop value. NAA did not consistently affect average fruit weight or the percentage of small fruits on 'Redchief Delicious' trees. Carbaryl reduced fruit set and yield on 'Smoothee Golden Delicious' trees one of the two years. Fruit set and yield were negatively related to NAA concentration both years. In one of the two years the combination of NAA plus carbaryl was more effective than NAA alone. Treatments that provided adequate thinning tended to reduce crop value because the increase in fruit size did not compensate for the reduced yields. Chemical names used: 1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl); methyl N′,N′-demethyl-N [(methylcarbomoyl)oxy]-1-thiooxamimidate (oxamyl); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).