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Journal articles on the topic 'Fruit thinning'
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1
Septiriyani, Lusiana, Mohammad Chozin, and Yulian Yulian. "PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL BLEWAH (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis L.) PADA TINGKAT PENJARANGAN BUAH DAN DOSIS PUPUK NPK BERBEDA." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 23, no. 2 (December 24, 2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jipi.23.2.72-77.
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[PRODUCTIVITY AND FRUIT QUALITY OF CANTALOUPE AT DIFFERENT RATES OF FRUIT THINNING AND NPK FERTILIZER APPLICATION]. Productivity and fruit quality of cantaloupe depend on the availability of nutrients and the number of fruits maintained. The aim of this study was to compare the productivity and fruit quality of cantaloupe at different rates of fruit thinning and NPK fertilizer application. The research was conducted in August-October 2020 on street Kapuas V, Lingkar Barat Village, Gading Cempaka District, Bengkulu city. A field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications for alloting two factorial treatments structure, namely rates of fruit thinning (no fruit thinning, thinned to one fruit /plant, thinned to two fruits/plant, and thinned to three fruits/plant) and rates of NPK fertilizer application (400, 600, and 800 kg/ha) on rhe experimental plots. The results showed that fruit thinnings resulted no increament in crop productivity, but the fruit quality was improved as fewer number of fruits were retained on each plant. The NPK fertilizer at 400, 600, and 800 kg/ha were not able to increase the productivity of cantaloupe and the quality of the produced fruit when the application were made only at planting and 23 days after planting.
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Mohamed Arba and Siham Farhat. "Effects of fruit thinning and some fruit and cladode components on fruit growth and fruit weight of cactus pear Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill." International Journal of Frontiers in Science and Technology Research 3, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 027–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53294/ijfstr.2022.3.1.0041.
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The aim of this paper is to study the effect of fruit thinning and some fruit and cladode components on fruit growth and weight of cactus pear Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. The relationships between the fruit fresh weight and each of the parameters number of fruits per cladode, surface of cladodes and the dry weight of cladodes are studied. Experiments were carried out on an adult plantation of cactus pear in the Agadir area. Fruit thinning treatments used were: T: control without thinning, T1: thinning treatment of 6 fruits per cladode and T2: thinning treatment of 12 fruits per cladode. The size of cladodes used are: the small cladodes (C1), the medium cladodes (C2) and the large cladodes (C3). Obtained results showed that fruit thinning and the surface of cladodes and the interaction of the two factors have a significant effect (p ≤ 0.001) on fruit growth. On May 10, 2019, the highest rate of growth was obtained with the combination T1/C3 (thinning treatment T1 and large cladodes C3), with 1.6 cm for fruit length and 1 cm for fruit diameter, and the lowest rate of growth was obtained with the combination C1/T (not thinned plants and small cladodes C1) with 0.5 cm for fruit length and 0.3 cm for fruit diameter. The ratio dry weight of cladodes/ number of fruits per cladode has a significant effect (p ≤ 0.001) on the fruit fresh weight. The increase in the dry weight of cladodes and the reduction in the number of fruits per cladode leads to the production of fruits with large size. Positive linear relationships exist between the fruit fresh weight and the ratio dry weight of cladodes/ number of fruits per cladode, between the fruit fresh weight and the number of fruits per cladode, and between the fruit fresh weight and the surface of cladodes and the coefficient of determination R2 for each linear relationship is close to 1.
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Zaaroor-Presman, Merav, Sharon Alkalai-Tuvia, Daniel Chalupowicz, Marina Beniches, Abraham Gamliel, and Elazar Fallik. "Watermelon Rootstock/Scion Relationships and the Effects of Fruit-Thinning and Stem-Pruning on Yield and Postharvest Fruit Quality." Agriculture 10, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090366.
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This study examined the effects of stem-pruning and fruit-thinning on the yield of marketable watermelon fruit (>5 kg) and watermelon quality after four days of postharvest storage at 22 °C (marketing simulation). We examined the fruits from non-grafted and grafted plants (TZ and Nurit rootstocks) for two consecutive years. Grafting increased the number of marketable fruit per m2. The weight of the average marketable fruit was increased by pruning, but was not affected by thinning or by the choice of rootstock. The level of total soluble solids was higher among fruits from Nurit rootstock. Flesh texture was improved by grafting, but was not affected by thinning or pruning. Thinning improved the taste of the fruit significantly better than stem-pruning did. Grafting (both rootstocks) was associated with crispier fruits. The fruits from Nurit-grafted plants tasted best. The combination of grafting + fruit-thinning increased the fruit lycopene content. The highest levels of vitamin C were found among the fruit from Nurit-grafted plants and the pruned + Nurit-grafted plants, in particular. Overall, fruit quality was affected mainly by grafting onto Nurit rootstock in combination with fruit-thinning and less by stem-pruning. However, not all internal and nutritional quality parameters were significantly affected by the grafting + fruit-thinning treatment.
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Oliveira, Paula Duarte de, Gilmar Arduino Bettio Marodin, Gustavo Klamer de Almeida, Mateus Pereira Gonzatto, and Daniel Chamorro Darde. "Heading of shoots and hand thinning of flowers and fruits on 'BRS Kampai' peach trees." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 11 (November 2017): 1006–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017001100006.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of shoot heading and of hand thinning in different development stages of flowers and fruits on the fruit production and quality of 'BRS Kampai' peach (Prunus persica) trees. The experiment was performed during three crop years, under the conditions of the “Depressão Central” region in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and the treatments were: T1, heading of half of the mixed shoot; T2, heading of one third of the mixed shoot; T3, flower thinning in the pink bud stage; T4, thinning at full bloom; T5, thinning of fruit with 5 mm; T6, thinning of fruit with 20 mm; and T7, no thinning or heading (control). Fruit production and quality were evaluated. Plants with no thinning were more productive, but showed high frequency of fruits with a diameter smaller than 60 mm. Shoot heading reduced production per tree and resulted in small-sized fruit. Thinning time did not affect production, and fruit size was greater when thinning was performed at the bloom stage. 'BRS Kampai' peach trees can be thinned starting at bloom, which provides greater fruit size, with no production loss.
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YESHITELA, T., P. J. ROBBERTSE, and J. FIVAS. "EFFECTS OF FRUIT THINNING ON ‘SENSATION’ MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA) TREES WITH RESPECT TO FRUIT QUANTITY, QUALITY AND TREE PHENOLOGY." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 4 (October 2004): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704002091.
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Different fruit thinning methods were tested on ‘Sensation’ mango trees over two seasons in a trial conducted in Northern Province, South Africa. The objective of the study was to select the best thinning intensity and method based on different parameters. Thinning was carried out in October prior to the occurrence of excessive natural fruit drop. When fruits were thinned to one and two fruits per panicle, fruit number, weight and yield per tree at harvest were all increased. When 50% of the panicles were thinned there was an increase in the fruit retention potential of the trees as well as in the size and quality of the fruit produced. Large fruits were, however, prone to certain physiological problems. Chemical thinning with Corasil.E produced very small fruits with an increased percentage of ‘mules’ (fruit without seed). Trees subjected to severe thinning intensities showed earlier recovery of starch reserves and better vegetative growth than the control.
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Lahav, E., A. Korkin, and G. Adar. "Thinning Stage Influences Fruit Size and Yield of Kiwifruit." HortScience 24, no. 3 (June 1989): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.3.438.
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Abstract An experiment in thinning kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch.) vines at the bud swell stage vs. at fruit set stage was conducted in the Western Galilee to a) determine the optimal physiological stage of thinning, b) optimize fruit weight and yield, and c) determine the relationship between fruit number per vine and alternate bearing. A negative relationship was found between the number of fruits per vine and fruit weight or alternate bearing. Vines thinned at the bud swell stage always carried larger fruits than those thinned after fruit setting. As the fruit load on the vine decreased, smaller differences were observed between the two thinning dates. Assuming that individual fruit weight should not be < 70 g, thinning at the bud swell stage allows a yield of 1700 fruits per vine, and that at the fruit-set stage only 1400 fruits per vine. Vines not sprayed with Alzodef (H2CN2, cyanamide) to break dormancy yielded less than half the number of fruits as the sprayed vines.
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Angami, Thejangulie, H. Kalita, Anup Chandra, Jitendra Kumar, Badapmain Makdoh, K. Suraj Singh, and Letngam Touthang. "Augmenting the production and quality of Kiwifruit var. Allison through manual thinning and pruning." emergent Life Sciences Research 08, no. 02 (2022): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31783/elsr.2022.82150155.
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On well pollinated seven years old kiwifruit vines var. Allison, different hand thinning severities of fruitlets were executed under the Sub-tropical mid hill conditions. Among the different hand thinning treatments, thinning to retain two fruits and four fruits per fruiting shoot with regular winter pruning exhibited significantly higher fruit size of length (7.21 ± 0.02 cm, 7.13 ± 0.11 cm), breadth (5.35 ± 0.06 cm, 5.24 ± 0.09 cm) and average fruit weight (83.69 ± 1.44 g, 82.37 ± 0.53 cm). The fruit number per vine and total yield declined with an increase in the severity of thinning, whereas the control treatment (no thinning and pruning) exhibited the highest fruit number per vine (457.65 ± 1.09) and total yield (31.94 ± 1.47 kg). Though the maximum production was observed in control yet the yield of grade ‘A’ fruit was the least (8.88 ± 0.91 kg) resulting in the lowest net profit (Rs. 1240 per vine). Manual thinning by retaining six fruits per fruiting shoot yielded optimum thinning and the highest production of ‘A’ grade fruits (23.48 ± 2.62 kg) with the highest net profit (Rs. 2290 per vine) over other treatments. The experiment also vividly revealed that TSS, sugars, ascorbic acid content as well as pigments viz. likes total chlorophyll and carotenoids of fruits increased as the intensity of thinning was augmented.
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Wociór, Stanisław. "Influence of hand thinning of flowers and fruits on yielding and fruit quality of apples cultivar Szampion." Acta Agrobotanica 61, no. 2 (2012): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2008.042.
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The thinning of flowers and fruit sets did not change the strength of tree growth in a signifi cant way. Szampion cv. trees on rootstock A 2 grew better than on M.7. The trees of Szampion RENO cv. grew significantly worst. The thinning of flowers and fruit sets decreased the yield from a tree and the total yield from 1 ha of the studied biological material. Flower thinning slightly increased the mean commercial yield as compared to the control trees. Thinning of 50% of flowers at the stage of the pink bud and sets after the June fall decreased the number of fruits on the trees of Szampion cv. grafted on M.7. It was only in 2004 that the flower thinning treatment significantly increased the fruit weight. Flower thinning increased the percentage of fruits with a diameter of over 7 cm in the case of Szampion cv. trees grafted on M.7. This treatment considerably (in 2006 significantly) improved fruit colouring. A positive reaction to flower thinning was also observed in Szampion RENO trees. In the case of Szampion cv., which shows a tendency to excessive fruit setting and small fruits, it is better to apply flower thinning eliminating the excess of sets in the period of cell division in growing fruits than do it later, after the June fall. The inflorescence removal treatment requires much more time than thinning of fruit sets.
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Mohamed Arba and Siham Farhat. "Effect of fruit thinning on fruit yield and quality of cactus pear Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. in a semi-arid area." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2022.6.1.0122.
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The aim of this work was to study the effect of fruit thinning on fruit yield and quality of cactus pear. To meet this objective, trials on fruit thinning were conducted on an adult plantation of cactus pear in a semi-arid region in southern Morocco. The fruit thinning consisted of reducing the fruit load of overcharged cladodes by reducing the number of fruits to 6 or 12 per cladode. It was practiced in early May on three types of one-year old cladodes (small cladodes, the medium ones and large cladodes), by removing some floral buds or young fruits at the flowering stage. The control cladodes had an average number of 18 fruits per cladode. Obtained results showed that the reduction in the load of cladodes improved fruit size and quality. In thinned plants to 6 fruits per cladode and for the three types of cladodes, average fruit weight was 160.44 g and average fruit length and diameter was 8.64 and 6.38 cm respectively. While in not thinned plants and for the three types of cladodes, average fruit weight was only 74.53 g and average fruit length and diameter was 6.40 and 4.46 cm respectively. Fruit thinning increased the content of sugar in the fruits and decreased the number of seeds in the fruits and the fruit peel thickness, but did not affect the juice content in the fruits and the pH and titratable acidity of the juice. Fruit thinning also improved the economic income of the yield and the gain in the yield of thinned plants to 6 fruits per cladode was 33912 DH per hectare compared to not thinned plants.
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PERES, LUDMILLA DE LIMA CAVALLARI, ANTONIO BALDO GERALDO MARTINS, LÍVIA FELÍCIO BARRETO, and ULIANA VIEIRA PIMENTEL. "EFFECT OF FRUIT THINNING INTENSITY ON FIVE VARIETIES OF LYCHEE." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 4 (December 2017): 1079–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n430rc.
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ABSTRACT Fruit thinning is the removal of fruitlets in heavy fruit set situations and aims to increase salable fruit sizes, avoid branch breakdown, reduce harvesting costs, and promote a balance between the vegetative and reproductive growth of plants. Furthermore, this procedure may improve coloring, increase soluble solids, and maintain plant vigor. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fruit thinning in five varieties of lychee (Bengal, American, Mauritius, Sweet Cliff, and WB4), in the conditions of Jaboticabal - São Paulo state (Brazil). The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and seven replications of three plants each. Treatments consisted of fruit thinning intensities characterized by the number of fruit left on terminal branch panicles, being T1: 3 fruits/branch; T2: 6 fruits /branch; T3: 9 fruit/ branch; T4: 12 fruits/branch; T5: no thinning (control plot). Evaluations were made through a colorimetric assay on ripe fruits, besides a physical and chemical analysis for each variety. The treatments affected the response of varieties on each studied variable. The variety “Mauritius” showed interesting physical and chemical characteristics for the consumer market.
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Assirelli, Alberto, Daniela Giovannini, Mattia Cacchi, Sandro Sirri, Gianluca Baruzzi, and Giuseppina Caracciolo. "Evaluation of a New Machine for Flower and Fruit Thinning in Stone Fruits." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 4088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114088.
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Peach and apricot trees usually set more fruit than they can adequately support. Crop load adjustment through fruit thinning is a routine practice adopted by fruit growers to obtain a marketable product. However, hand thinning is an expensive, labor-intense operation. The interest in the mechanization of thinning has increased in the last decades. A new machine, consisting of a tractor-mounted rotor equipped with elastic rods radially inserted on a central axis, has been recently developed to thin both flowers and green fruits in stone fruit crops. In order to test its effectiveness and optimize the operative conditions, trials were carried out in 2016 in two apricot and two peach commercial orchards located in the northeast Italy. Tests were carried out on narrow-canopied orchards, during blooming time, and on green fruit, assessing the flower and fruit removal percentage and the labor saving as compared with the standard fruit hand-thinning practice. In apricot, the machine removed 20.8% of flowers and 43.6% of fruit, allowing 48% time saving in the follow-up fruit manual thinning as compared with the control (hand-thinning only). In peach, mechanical thinning at blooming time removed 63% of flowers, allowing 42.4% time saving in the follow-up fruit manual thinning as compared with the control, whereas mechanical thinning of fruit at the beginning of pit hardening stage removed less than 10%. The development of a mechanical thinning practice, complemented by a manual finishing, could represent a valuable near-term solution to reduce thinning labor time.
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Dennis, Frank G. "Physiology of Fruit Set and Abscission." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 553a—553. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.553a.
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Thinning, whether mechanical or chemical, prevents the development of some fruits, allowing the remainder to become larger and more marketable. Chemicals used for thinning either prevent fruit set or increase the proportion of fruits that fall in the “June drop”; some, however, are effective even after this drop. The mechanisms involved in blossom thinning are straightforward. Either pollination is prevented, or some of the flowers are injured, causing their abscission. The mechanisms involved in fruit thinning are more complex; physiologists continue to debate the effects of thinning agents on phloem transport, endogenous hormone content/production, seed development, and other physiological processes. The effects of ethephon in thinning have led to the suggestion that the response to applied hormones is mediated by their effects in stimulating ethylene biosynthesis. Hypotheses as the mechanisms of action of thinning agents will be reviewed, emphasizing those most often invoked today.
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Davis, Kathy, Ed Stover, and Ferdinand Wirth. "Economics of Fruit Thinning: A Review Focusing on Apple and Citrus." HortTechnology 14, no. 2 (January 2004): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.2.0282.
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Hundreds of fruit thinning experiments have been reported for various fruits including apple (Malus × domestica) and citrus (Citrus spp.). Unfortunately, very few of these reports attempt to evaluate the economic implications of thinning. Researchers routinely report significant cropload reduction accompanied by an increase in fruit size. Although these are crucial responses to thinning, they are not always associated with an increase in crop value, which is the commercial justification for thinning. The few economic studies summarized in this review illustrate that the economic effects of fruit thinning vary widely, and successful thinning often reduces returns to the grower, at least in the year of treatment. It is important to quantify the economic benefits of thinning and identify croploads that balance the trade-off between yield and fruit size to provide optimal crop value. Future thinning research should report total yields and fruit size distributions to permit economic assessments and comparisons of treatments.
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Mamun, AA, MH Rahman, and MA Rahim. "Effect of Shoot Bending and Fruit Thinning on Productivity of Guava." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 5, no. 2 (April 29, 2013): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14808.
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The study was carried out at the Germplasm Centre of Fruit Tree Improvement Programme (GPC-FTIP), Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period February, 2011 to March, 2012 to find out the effect of shoot bending and fruit thinning on productivity of guava. The treatments of the experiment were four varieties of guava viz., Swarupkathi, BAU piyara-5, Chiang Mai (round) and Chiang Mai (long) and six different management practices viz., (i) control (no shoot bending + no fruit thinning); (ii) shoot bending; (iii) 25% fruit thinning; (iv) 50% fruit thinning; (v) 75% fruit thinning and (vi) 100% fruit thinning. The ages of the plants were 4-5 years. Results revealed that the variety Chiang Mai (round) showed superiority over BAU piyara-5, Chiang Mai (long) and Swarupkathi in respect of fruit yield (15.63 kg/plant) and fruit retention (72.92%) during on-season but during off-season, Swarupkathi showed superiority over Chiang Mai (round), BAU piyara-5 and Chiang Mai (long) in case of number of flowers set per plant (127.44), number of fruits set per plant (75.28), fruit retention (88.66%) and yield (11.78 kg/plant). Different management practices had significant effect on all studied parameters in both seasons. Fifty percent fruit thinning treatment showed the highest fruit yield (20.46 kg/plant) and 75% fruit thinning treatment performed lowest fruit yield (10.06 kg/plant) during on-season but during off-season shoot bending performed highest fruit yield (13.50 kg/plant). Highest fruit retention in both seasons (on-season 89.28% and off-season 90.47%) was observed in 50% fruit thinning treatment. In case of combined effect of variety and different management practices, 50% fruit thinning treatment combined with Chiang Mai (round) produced highest yield (23.15 kg/plant) and fruit retention (92.72%) during on-season, but shoot bending treatment combined with Swarupkathi gave the highest yield (16.06 kg/plant) and 50% fruit thinning combined with Swarupkathi showed highest fruit retention (94.12%) during off-season.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14808 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 167-172 2012
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Hudina, M., and F. Štampar. "Effect of a postbloom naphthaleneacetic acid thinning spray and hand thinning on quality and quantity of pear fruit (Pyrus communis L.) cv. Harrow Sweet." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09083.
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The effect of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and hand thinning on quality and quantity of pear fruit (Pyrus communis L.) cv. Harrow Sweet was investigated in 2005, 2006 and 2007. The experiment included the following treatments: an unsprayed control, hand thinning to 3 fruit cm-2 of trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), hand thinning to 6 fruit cm-2 of TCSA, NAA at 8 mg L-1 (2005-2007), NAA at 16 mg L-1 (2006-2007) and NAA at 20 mg L-1 (2007). The same treatments were applied to the same trees in each of the three years. NAA thinning did not reduce yield per tree and had no negative effect on fruit set, yield efficiency, or crop load in any of the years. In 2005 and 2006, NAA and hand thinning significantly increased fruit diameter and weight. In 2007, only NAA at 20 mg L-1 significantly increased fruit diameter and weight relative to the control. Fruit firmness was not influenced by NAA or hand thinning in 2005 or 2007, but in 2006, hand-thinned fruits were significantly less firm than control fruit. Hand thinning to 6 fruit cm-2 of TCSA increased fruit soluble solids content in 2006 and 2007. Neither NAA nor hand thinning influenced total sugars or organic acids in fruit. Key words: Yield, sugars, organic acids, HPLC
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Southwick, Stephen M., and James T. Yeager. "Chemical Fruit Thinning with Armothin® Sprays to Reduce Fruit Set in `Loadel' Cling Peach." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 854B—854. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.854b.
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Hand-thinning is required every season to ensure large fruit size of `Loadel' cling peach in California. Hand-thinning is costly. Chemical thinning could help to lower costs of hand-thinning. Armothin® {[N,N-bis2-(omega-hydroxypolyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene)ethyl alkylamine], AKZO-Nobel, Inc., Chicago; AR} was sprayed at 80% of full bloom (FB), FB and FB + 3 days. The spray volume was 935 liters·ha–1. Concentrations of AR were 1%, 3%, and 5% AR applied at FB. No damage to fruit was noted. Leaf and fine shoot phytotoxicity were seen at 5% AR. The amount of time needed and number of fruits thinned were reduced by those same treatments. Salable yield and fruit size after AR treatments equaled those found on hand-thinned controls. Armothin® shows promise for chemical thinning of peach when used as a bloom spray that damages flowers, thereby reducing fruit set. An experimental use permit was issued for use of AR for stone fruit thinning in California during 1995.
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Racskó, József. "Crop Load, Fruit Thinning and their Effects on Fruit Quality of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 24 (October 11, 2006): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/24/3221.
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Crop load, a quantitative parameter used by industry, is generally defined as the number of fruit per tree. It is often expressed in terms of number of fruit per trunk cross-sectional area (fruit/TCSA). Crop load is the most important of all factors that influence fruit size, and the removing of a part of the crop is the most effective way to improve fruit size.The potential size of a given pome fruit is determined early in the season and growth proceeds at a relatively uniform rate thereafter. This uniform growth rate permits the accurate prediction of the harvest size of the fruit as early as mid-summer. The growth rate, once established, is not easily altered, and fruit numbers, therefore, can affect fruit size only within definite limits and maximum effectiveness requires adjustment in fruit numbers relatively early in the season. It was established, that „thinning does not change a potentially small fruit into a large fruit, but rather insures that a potentially large fruit will size properly.” Emphasis should be on estimating fruit numbers rather than fruit size.Fruit thinning can quickly reach the point of diminishing returns. Rather than a high percentage of large fruits, the objectives of thinning should be the elimination of the smallest fruits, improved fruit quality and annual production. Fruit thinning is accomplished by hand or chemical thinning. Chemical thinners are separated into categories as bloom thinners and post-bloom thinners. Early removal of potential fruit (blossom thinning) is currently used in many apple producing areas to enhance flower initiation for next year’s crop and thus, return bloom. It also results in reduced competition for photosynthates. Blossom thinners usually have a caustic effect on floral parts.The amount of fruit left on a tree should be determined by the vigor and general condition of the tree. Leaf area per fruit affects the number of spurs flowering the following season. It can be difficult to separate timing and fruit number effects in crop loading studies, as abscission rates after hand thinning of retained flowers/fruitlets tend to very with the time of hand thinning.
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Haouari, Afef, Marie-Christine Van Labeke, Kathy Steppe, Fethi Ben Mariem, Mohamed Braham, and Mohamed Chaieb. "Fruit thinning affects photosynthetic activity, carbohydrate levels, and shoot and fruit development of olive trees grown under semiarid conditions." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 11 (2013): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13094.
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Olive (Olea europaea L.) production is marked by annual oscillations as trees alternate from high to low crop loads in successive years. Gas exchanges and carbohydrate content of leaves and fruits in olive tree (O. europaea cv. Besbassi) were monitored at pit hardening and fruit ripening. After fruit set, three crop loads were applied (100%, 50% and 25% of the initial fruit load) by manual thinning. Severe fruit thinning reduced photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. Crop load had no significant effect on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The reduction of 75% of the initial crop load favoured the accumulation of starch in leaves and soluble sugars in leaves and fruits. The reduction in initial fruit load had a significant positive effect on the current year’s shoot elongation and on inflorescence number the following spring. To increase the fruit size, a strong thinning (75%) was necessary, which coincided with the highest shoot vigour. Moderate thinning (50%) hardly affected leaf carbohydrate content and fruit size, but photosynthetic capacity was only limited at fruit ripening.
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Major, Mélanie, and André Desrochers. "Wildlife-mitigated precommercial thinning maintains the abundance of fruit shrubs in a boreal forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 3 (March 2013): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0422.
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In boreal forests, fruits are an abundant resource in late summer and benefit many wildlife species. Fruits are mainly found in early successional stands, which are often subject to precommercial thinning designed to increase diameter growth of residual trees and manage stand species composition. Concerns about the consequences of precommercial thinning on wildlife have led to various methods of precommercial thinning with mitigation for wildlife. In summers 2007 and 2008, we examined the impact of wildlife-mitigated thinning on fruit shrub abundance and distribution at the Forêt Montmorency, Quebec. The abundance of fruit shrubs of all species except Amelanchier was similar in thinned and control stands but was highly variable among individual stands. Amelanchier shrubs appeared to benefit from thinning, especially 10 to 20 years after clearcutting. Fruit shrubs were highly clustered within early successional stands, but less so after thinning. We conclude that wildlife-mitigated precommercial thinning does not reduce access to fruits for birds and other frugivores and may even facilitate it in eastern Canadian boreal forests.
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Hampson, Cheryl, and Karen Bedford. "Efficacy of blossom thinning treatments to reduce fruit set and increase fruit size of Ambrosia and Aurora Golden Gala™ apples." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-070.
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Hampson, C. and Bedford, K. 2011. Efficacy of blossom thinning treatments to reduce fruit set and increase fruit size of Ambrosia and Aurora Golden Gala™ apples. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 983–990. The usefulness of several blossom thinning treatments to reduce fruit set and improve the final fruit size of two new Canadian apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) cultivars was investigated. Ambrosia and 8S6923 (also called Aurora Golden Gala™) apple trees in a high density commercial superspindle planting were used. Ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) at 1.6% vol/vol or Crocker's fish oil and lime sulphur (FOLS) at 2+2% vol/vol were applied at 20 and 80% full bloom with an airblast sprayer. The chemical blossom thinning treatments were compared with a positive control [hand blossom thinning (HBT)], done at open cluster to king bloom stage, and a negative control (no blossom thinning). All trees received follow-up hand thinning as necessary to end up with a commercial crop load (single fruits about 15 cm apart). Hand blossom thinning resulted in about 95% single-fruit clusters and obviated the need for further thinning, but required considerable labour. Both ATS and FOLS reduced initial set (fruit number per tree, mean fruit number per cluster), but neither eliminated the need for follow-up fruitlet thinning. The two chemicals had similar efficacy in many respects, but FOLS was superior in certain specific measures of performance. In 2009, ATS negatively altered the fruit size distribution for 8S6923. For 8S6923, HBT improved fruit size without reducing yield. Ambrosia fruit size was less responsive to blossom thinning, and in the second year, yield was lower for trees receiving HBT. No fruit russet occurred on either cultivar. Return bloom was sufficient for a full crop for both cultivars after both years. 8S6923 was more productive than Ambrosia but was more difficult to thin.
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De Mello Farias, Roseli, Caroline Farias Barreto, Carlos Roberto Martins, Renan Ricardo Zandoná, Andressa Vighi Schiavon, and Paulo Celso De Mello Farias. "Chemical thinning of peach trees." Comunicata Scientiae 13 (June 12, 2022): e3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v13.3686.
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Peach tree thinning is essential to harvest quality fruits and to keep balanced production for several years. Manual thinning of peach trees demands much work force and increases production costs. Chemical thinning may be an alternative solution, but efficiency depends on doses and species. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of metamitron – applied at different concentrations – on chemical thinning of peach trees in the south of Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a commercial peach tree orchard where ‘Sensação’ cultivars, in Morro Redondo, Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, Brazil. The following metamitron concentrations were applied at concentrations of 100 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1, 300 mg L-1, 400 mg L-1, manual thinning was carried out 40 days after full bloom (DAFB) and to the treatment where the plants have no thinning. Fruit abscission, effective fructification, total number of plants per plant, production per plant, mean mass and fruit diameter were evaluated. Concentrations of 300 and 400 mg L-1 metamitron 40 DAFB provides promoted high fruit abscission, besides decreasing the number of fruits and production. Therefore, concentrations of 100 and 200 mg L-1 of metamitron 40 DAFB provides results in an efficient thinning practice similar to manual thinning for production, mass and fruit diameter.
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Ambrožič Turk, B., N. Fajt, and M. Stopar. "Tergitol as a possible thinning agent for peach cv. Redhaven." Horticultural Science 41, No. 2 (June 12, 2014): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/22/2014-hortsci.
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The effect of different blossom thinners ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) (1%, 2%), Armothin (1.5%), Tergitol-TMN-6 (0.5%, 1%), applied on peach cv. Redhaven at 50–60% full bloom was evaluated in thinning experiments in south-west Slovenia. The photosynthesis inhibitor metamitron (0.05%) applied at 8 mm fruit diameter was evaluated as fruitlet thinner as well. Application of 2% ATS resulted in excessive thinning. The thinning effect of 1% ATS was also too strong in two out of three thinning experiments. The use of 0.05% metamitron did not cause any thinning effect on peach trees and gave similar results as the non-treated control. The effective fruit set reduction and increase of average fruit weight was achieved with 0.5% and 1% Tergitol application. In three-year experiment both Tergitol applications reduced fruit set toward hand thinned level, but the share of fruit from bigger size class was only once enhanced to the level of hand thinned trees. No sign of phytotoxicity was noticed on fruits in all thinner application treatments.
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Smith, Michael W., William Reid, Becky Carroll, and Becky Cheary. "Mechanical Fruit Thinning Influences Fruit Quality, Yield, Return Fruit Set, and Cold Injury of Pecan." HortScience 28, no. 11 (November 1993): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.11.1081.
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Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] fruit were thinned from `Mohawk' trees in Oklahoma and `Giles' trees in Kansas with a mechanical trunk shaker. All trees bore an excessive crop load before shaking. Fruit thinning improved the kernel percentage, individual nut weight, and kernel grade of `Mohawk', but nut characteristics of `Giles' were not affected by fruit thinning. Cold injury, caused by a sudden temperature drop in November, was positively related to the percentage of fruiting shoots in both cultivars. Fruit set in 1992 was negatively related to the percentage of fruiting shoots in 1991 in both cultivars. Consistent annual fruit set could be induced in `Giles' by fruit thinning, but return fruit set in `Mohawk', even at high levels of thinning, was low. Fruit thinning reduced yield the year of thinning in both cultivars. Thus, `Mohawk' trees should be thinned so that 50% to 60% of shoots bearing fruit at mid-canopy height would remain, and `Giles' trees should be thinned similarly to 65% to 70%.
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Silva, Marcelo Souza, Sarita Leonel, Jackson Mirellys Azevedo Souza, Rafael Bibiano Ferreira, Rafaelly Calsavara Martins, and Rafael Augusto Ferraz. "Chemical thinning increasing larger fruits and profit in red guava orchards." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 5 (July 2, 2021): 2769–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n5p2769.
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The guava is a fruit of strong economic and social relevance, regionally projected and greatly important in some regions of Brazil. The chemical thinning has been adopted in some fruit trees to obtain greater caliber of fruits and better prices. However, some aspects still need to be investigated for the safe and economical viability use of such technique. This research aimed to evaluate the chemical thinning efficiency, production and commercial classification of guava fruits cv. Paluma and provide an economic analysis of this crop system. The ethephon and benzyladenine were applied to fruits with an average size of 18 mm at 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg L-1. The trial was carried out in two crop seasons, and the randomized block design was used as statistical model in a factorial arrangement 2x4. The economic analysis was calculated through total production operational cost, in order to determine gross revenue, net revenue, profitability index, equilibrium price and yield. The benzyladenine and ethephon promoted the highest percentage of thinning fruits at 450 mg L-1, with averages of 67.6% and 70.0%, respectively. However, benzyladenine had a phytotoxic effect when applied at highest concentrations, 300 and 450 mg L-1, respectively. The ethephon enabled greater production of larger caliber fruits in the highest concentration (450 mg L-1). Chemical thinning reduced total operational cost and increased net revenue by 7.57%, as compared to hand thinning. Results also presented that chemical fruit thinning provided equilibrium yield of 4.98 t ha-1 for ‘Paluma’ guava fruit, as fresh fruit.
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Berlanga-Reyes, David I., Alejandro Romo-Chacón, Ángel R. Martínez-Campos, and Víctor M. Guerrero-Prieto. "APPLE FRUIT CHEMICAL THINNING IN CHIHUAHUA, MÉXICO." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2008): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2008.3.243.
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Chemical fruit thinning is a common practice in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) orchards for achieving high quality fruits, reduced costs of hand-thinning and promote return of flowering. Hand thinning is a common and high cost practice, not only due to the labor involved, but also because seedling and vigorous clonal rootstocks result in large trees. The chemical thinning agents: Ethephon (ETH), Carbaryl (CB), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6- Benzyladenine (6-BA), and fish oil were evaluated on ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘RedChief Delicious’ apple trees in 2004 and 2005. Chemical thinning effect was compared with early and late handthinnings. Treatments were sprayed when the biggest fruit in the clusters was 10 mm in equatorial diameter. NAA showed the best effect in reducing final fruit set in both cultivars and years evaluated, with results comparable to those of early hand-thinning (thinned when king-fruit size was 10 mm) in ‘Golden Delicious’ trees. In ‘RedChief Delicious’, fruit set reduction by NAA, fish oil and CB treatments was similar to early hand-thinned trees only in 2005. In 2005, time spent during supplementary hand-thinning in ‘Golden Delicious’ trees was reduced by chemical thinning treatments, except by fish oil; whereas in ‘RedChief Delicious’ only NAA K-salt reduced it in 2004. An increase in fruit equatorial diameter was observed only in 2004 with NAA and fish oil. Alternate bearing, typical of ‘Golden Delicious’, was not diminished by these chemical thinning treatments.
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Perwira, Prajna Jaya, Tatiek Kartika Suharsi, and Dan Muhamad Syukur. "Peningkatan Komponen Hasil dan Mutu Benih Dua Varietas Okra melalui Penjarangan Buah." Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) 47, no. 3 (January 14, 2020): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v47i3.27196.
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The fruit thinning treatment is known to be able to improve seed quality. This research aimed to increase the yield component and seed quality on two okra varieties (Naila and Zahira) through fruit thinning. This experiment was conducted in May until September 2018 at the Leuwikopo IPB Field, Postharvest Laboratory, and Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. This experiment conducted using the two-factors nested design, which is a fruit thinning factor as subplots consisting of five levels and okra varieties consisting of two levels. The results showed that the fruit thinning factor influenced the parameters of yield components (fruit length and weight per fruit) and 1,000 seeds weight. The variety factor influenced most of the yield component parameters and seed quality in okra plants. The thinning treatment of the first two fruits and elimination of one fruit interval resulted in the highest physical quality of seed based on 1,000 seeds weight (67.99 g).
Keywords: 1,000 seed weight, physical quality
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Kim*, Wol-Soo, and Xiu-Yu We. "Effects of Fruits Loading, Thinning Time, and Water Stress on Medium-size and Regular Shaped Fruit of `Niitaka' Pear." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 799C—799. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.799c.
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Consumers in the United States. and the European Union prefer to purchase medium-sized and symmetrical pears, while most Koreans prefer fruit that is as large as possible. This study was carried out to determine the effect of fruit loading, thinning time, and water management at full bloom stage on the number of seed and size and shape of fruit. As fruit loading increased and the time of fruit thinning was delayed, there was a decrease in fruit weight. The rate of fruit weight under 450 g was 41.7% in the treatment of 30% increase of fruit loading compared to control. There was an increasing tendency of symmetry fruits as the increase of fruit loading. By water stress treatment for 30 days after full bloom, a lot of medium sized fruit were harvested. The rate of symmetrical fruits was increased from the fruit, which held nine to ten seeds per fruit as well as uniformed seed development. Therefore, these results suggested that the number of seed s per fruit showed a close relationship to fruit shape, but water stress and fruit thinning time did not affect the fruit shape.
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Yangchen, Tshering, Lungki, and Loday Phuntsho. "Effect of Fruit Thinning on ‘Hosui’ Pear Fruit Quality and Yield." Bhutanese Journal of Agriculture 4, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55925/btagr.21.4107.
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In Bhutan, naturally occurring local type of pears were grown. Asian or Nashi pears are recent introduction which have become quite popular in eastern Bhutan since it was promoted by Agriculture Research and Development Centre (ARDC) Wengkhar. Although, horticulture has been gaining momentum in recent years, many growers in Bhutan follow traditional methods of crop cultivation and thus, majority of farmers still do not adopt important aspects of fruit production like fruit thinning. In commercial fruit farms elsewhere, fruit thinning is an essential management practice. However, in Bhutan, it is rarely practiced and there is no empirical study on its benefits. Fruit thinning is believed to be beneficial in increasing yield efficiency whilst also sustaining or increasing market returns by improving the fruit size and quality. Thus, a study was conducted in 2019 and 2020 at ARDC, Wengkhar. Effect of hand thinning on Hosui pear was assessed by randomly sampling 15-year-old Hosui trees with four replications – each tree treated as an experimental unit. Canopy of these trees were divided into two equal halves so that one half represents thinning and the other half non-thinning treatments. The treatments were randomly assigned to the two halves of each tree. Hand thinning resulted in significant increase in the fruit weight by 39%, fruit diameter by 12% and fruit height by 12 % over the non-thinning treatments; Total Soluble Solids (TSS) content, an indicator of taste, was greater by 9%. However, the overall yield was lower in the thinning treatments but in the second year of the study, the mean fruit yield in thinning treatments increased by 55% while the yield of non-thinning treatments plummeted by 33%. Hence, the study indicates that fruit thinning has significant effect on fruit quality and yield stability.
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Suryaningsih, Dwie Retna. "KAJIAN INTENSITAS PENAUNGAN DAN PENJARANGAN BUAH TERHADAP HASIL TANAMAN ARBEI Fragariasp." Berkala Penelitian Hayati 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2001): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.6.2.20011.
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This study was done in Materia Medica, Technical Implementation Unit East Java Health Service Bureau, Batu, East java, from May to December 1995. It has an altitude of approximately 750 m above sea level. This study has the objective of determining light intensity and fruit thinning which maximize strawberry yield of high quality. A three replicate two factors experiment, laid out in a completely randomized design with repeated measurements were. The first factor was shading intensity consisting of three levels: unshaded, shading intensity of 40 percent and 65 percent. The second factor was fruit thinning consisting of three levels: no fruit thinning applied, fruit thinning of 40 percent and 60 percent. The result indicated that: (1) maximum growth and yield of strawberry was attained at 40 percent incoming light, (2) removing 40 percent of fruits in a cluster increased weight of individual fruit, (3) shading which passed 40 percent of incoming light coupled with fruit thinning of 40 percent was the best combination, (4) shading increased vitamin C content of strawberry fruit, and (5) yield components might be predicted from tiller number, flower number per plant, and fruit weight average.
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Pavel, E. W., and T. M. DeJong. "Source- and Sink-limited Growth Periods of Developing Peach Fruits Indicated by Relative Growth Rate Analysis." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 6 (November 1993): 820–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.6.820.
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Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit thinning was used to reduce the competition for assimilates among peach fruits and to identify periods of source- and sink-limited growth during development. Individual fruit size, based on diameter or calculated dry matter accumulation, increased in trees with lower crop loads compared to fruits of unthinned trees in three peach cultivars. Relative growth rate analysis indicated that peach fruit growth was apparently limited by the assimilate supply (source-limited) or by its genetic growth potential (sink-limited) during specific growth periods. In stage I and at the beginning of stage III of the double-sigmoid growth curve, periods of source-limited growth occurred in the later-maturing cultivars Flamecrest and Cal Red. Peach fruit growth was apparently sink-limited during stage II of the growth curve when fruit relative growth rates were similar for the thinning treatments. Fruit growth in `Spring Lady', an early maturing cultivar, appeared to be primarily source-limited during the season. Although total fruit dry matter production was reduced by thinning, individual fruit dry weight on thinned trees was higher than that on trees with a heavy crop load. This typical thinning response was apparently caused by the differences in the amount of time that fruits grew under sink-vs. source-limited conditions with different crop loads. Final crop yield depended on fruit count per tree and on the available assimilate supply, and was affected by the individual fruit growth potential.
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Knight, J. N. "FRUIT THINNING WITH CARBARYL." Acta Horticulturae, no. 179 (July 1986): 707–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.179.121.
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Stiles, Warren C. "`Empire' Apple Responses to Fruit-thinning Chemicals." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 765E—765. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.765e.
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Effects of NAA at 5, 10, and 15 ppm, Accel at 50, 75, and 100 ppm, NAA at 7.5 ppm plus carbaryl at 600 ppm, and a nontreated control on fruit set, fruit size, length–diameter ratio, seed numbers per fruit, and total yield of fruit were evaluated during the 1994 season. All treatments were applied to 10-year-old `Empire'/M.9/MM.111 trees as dilute sprays at a rate of 935 liters·ha–1 with an airblast sprayer on 3 June. King fruit measured 9–11 mm in diameter at time of application. Fruit set (fruits per 100 blossom clusters) was reduced significantly by Accel at 50 ppm (17%) and by NAA plus carbaryl (26%) in comparison with the nontreated control. Total yield of fruit was increased by all treatments; however, fruit from trees treated with NAA plus carbaryl was significantly larger than that from all other treatments. Percentages of small fruit, <108 g, were reduced by all treatments. Percentage of fruit ≥ 153 g was increased significantly only by NAA plus carbaryl. Length–diameter ratios and numbers of fully developed seeds per fruit were not influenced significantly by treatments. NAA at rates of 5, 10, and 15 ppm, or Accel at 50, 75, or 100 ppm, were less effective than a combination of NAA at 7.5 ppm plus carbaryl at 600 ppm in reducing fruit set and in affecting fruit size or fruit size distribution.
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Ortiz, Coral, Antonio Torregrosa, Enrique Ortí, and Sebastià Balasch. "Mechanical Thinning of Mandarins with a Branch Shaker." HortTechnology 30, no. 6 (December 2020): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04451-20.
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Thinning is the process of removing some flowers or fruit to increase fruit size at harvest. In the Valencia region of Spain, the thinning operation for citrus fruit (Citreae) is performed for some mandarin varieties. This is always performed manually; however, this method is very expensive. The goal of this research study was to assess the mechanical thinning of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) using a hand-held branch shaker. Different thinning treatments were conducted over a 3-year period. The gasoline-powered branch shaker was capable of detaching fruit four- to five-times faster than manual thinning. Final fruit size was significantly higher using manual and mechanical thinning compared with a no thinning treatment. Similar final fruit size was obtained with manual and mechanical thinning. However, no significant differences were found in final fruit yield by weight among no thinning, mechanical thinning, and manual thinning treatments. The use of a branch shaker could be recommended for thinning operations to increase efficiency, reduce labor costs, and obtain larger and higher-quality fruit.
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Marini, Richard P. "Heading Fruiting Shoots before Bloom Is Equally Effective as Blossom Removal in Peach Crop Load Management." HortScience 37, no. 4 (July 2002): 642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.4.642.
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Three experiments were performed to determine if pruning treatments could reduce the need for peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit thinning without reducing average fruit weight. To determine if dormant shoot heading affected fruit size simply by reducing the number of flowers per tree, all 1-year-old shoots on `Cresthaven' trees were headed by 50% or blossoms were removed from the terminal half of each shoot. At 45 days after full bloom, all trees were hand-thinned to obtain predetermined crop densities. Average fruit weight was highest on trees with blossom removal, but crop value and net profit were highest for nontreated trees. To determine the influence of treatment severity on fruit weight, all shoots on `Cresthaven' trees were blossom-thinned or headed to remove blossoms on varying proportions of each shoot. Fruit set and the number of fruit removed during postbloom thinning decreased as the percentage of a shoot that was headed or blossom-thinned increased. Average fruit weight at harvest and crop value were higher for trees with blossom removal than for trees with headed shoots. Fruit weight and crop value were not affected by the percentage of the shoot treated. In the final experiment, all shoots on `Cresthaven' trees were headed by 50% or were not headed. Heading of shoots reduced fruit set, number of fruits removed at thinning, and thinning time per tree, but yield, crop density, and average fruit weight were not affected by heading. Profit was increased by shoot heading one of the 3 years. Results from this study indicate that heading peach shoots by 50% while dormant pruning can reduce thinning costs without reducing fruit size, but a similar level of labor-intensive blossom removal may reduce postbloom thinning costs and improve fruit size.
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Robinson, Terence. "Optimum Fruit Size and Yield to Maximize Crop Value of Gala Apple." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 982D—982. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.982d.
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Field thinning studies were conducted in two orchards at Geneva and Milton, N.Y., over 3 years (2003–05) using mature Gala/M.9 trees. A range of final croploads was achieved with various chemical thinning treatments, including, benzyladenine combined with carbaryl, or napthaleneacetic acid combined with carbaryl. The most-aggressive thinning treatments in the year with high rainfall achieved an average fruit size of 190–200 g; however, the yield was reduced considerably, resulting in a reduced farm gate crop value compared to less-aggressive thinning. In a dry year, the fruit sizes were smaller even with aggressive thinning. The optimum yield for maximum crop value varied for each orchard block for each year. The optimum croploads varied less than the optimum yield, since cropload normalizes the tree size between blocks. Optimum fruit size to maximize crop value varied narrowly between 155–170 g (113–100 count size) across blocks and years. This was true despite a substantial price difference between large, 80-count fruits and the moderate-size 113-count fruits. If lower prices received for processed apples were used in the analysis, then the optimum yield was significantly higher than with fresh fruit prices. In New York State, it appears that achieving 80-count fruit requires too large of a reduction in yield, which causes a reduction in crop value.
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Ferreira, Rafaella Martins de Araújo, Edna Maria Mendes Aroucha, Cristiane Alves de Paiva, José Francismar de Medeiros, and Flavinicíus Pereira Barreto. "Influence of the main stem pruning and fruit thinning on quality of melon." Revista Ceres 63, no. 6 (December 2016): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201663060007.
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ABSTRACT Among many management practices used in melon crops, those that change source: sink relationship, such as pruning and fruit thinning, directly influence production, affect fruit size and its composition, including sugar and vitamin contents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of pruning of the main stem and time of fruit thinning in melon postharvest quality. Thus, two experiments were set up in Mossoró, state of Rio Grande do Norte, each with a melon hybrid (Amaregal and Banzai). Each experiment was conducted in a randomized block, in a (2 x 4) + 1 factorial design, 2 pruning management (with and without pruning), 4 levels of fruit thinning (3, 6, 9 and 12 DARB - days after removal agro textile blanket) and a control (without pruning and thinning), and four replications. Fruits were harvested at commercial maturity and transported to the Laboratory of Food Technology of UFERSA, where they were evaluated for the following characteristics: weight, diameter, length, flesh thickness, flesh firmness, soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity, soluble solids: titratable acidity ratio and vitamin C. No interaction between factors in any of the experiments was found. Titratable acidity (0.077%) and vitamin C content (3.4 mg/100 g) in Amaregal melon and soluble solids (10.2%) in Banzai melon were lower in the treatments with stem pruning. In Amaregal melon, fruits showed longer length (134 mm) and greater flesh firmness (40 N) when thinning was carried out on 6 DARB, and as thinning was delayed, it found a decrease in the values of soluble solids, SS: TA ratio and pH. In Banzai melon, fruits showed greater flesh thickness (33.5 mm) and SS: TA (247.5) ratio when thinning was carried out on 6 DARB. However, delay in thinning promoted an increase in pH and vitamin C content of the fruits. Pruning of the main stem and thinning season had effect on the quality of Amaregal and Banzai melons in different ways.
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Inglese, P., G. Barbera, T. La Mantia, and S. Portolano. "Crop Production, Growth, and Ultimate Size of Cactus Pear Fruit following Fruit Thinning." HortScience 30, no. 2 (April 1995): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.2.227.
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We established a cladode load and thinning time that maximized fruit and flesh size in `Gialla' cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill.). Five weeks after spring flush removal, second flush flower buds were thinned to nine, six, or three per cladode; the same treatment was repeated during the early stages of fruit development. Control cladodes had a natural load of 15 fruit. Time of thinning did not affect fruit growth and ultimate weight. Fruit and flesh weight increased with thinning, but export weight was obtained only in cladodes with no more than six fruit. Heavier thinning did not result in any further increase of fruit or flesh weight. Percent flesh was not affected by thinning. Fruit characteristics, such as total soluble solids concentration and seed content did not change with thinning, but the seeds: flesh ratio decreased with thinning. Fruit on cladodes with the lowest load ripened earlier than those on more heavily yielding cladodes.
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Moriya-Tanaka, Yuki, Hiroshi Iwanami, Toshio Hanada, Chikako Honda, and Masato Wada. "Effects of Chemical Flower and Fruit Thinning on Fruit Thinning Time and Fruit Weight in Apple." Horticultural Research (Japan) 15, no. 3 (2016): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/hrj.15.283.
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Sidhu, Ramandeep Singh, Sally A. Bound, and Ian Hunt. "Crop Load and Thinning Methods Impact Yield, Nutrient Content, Fruit Quality, and Physiological Disorders in ‘Scilate’ Apples." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12091989.
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Most apple cultivars produce too many flowers to enable consistent yields of high-quality fruit, thus, crop load management (thinning) is an integral part of orchard management in modern apple cultivation. Crop load is managed by thinning excess flowers and/or fruit from a tree, however ideal targets vary between cultivars. In this two-year study, the effect of thinning methods at different levels of crop load on fruit quality and production, post-harvest storability and physiological disorders, and fruit and leaf nutrient content in ‘Scilate’ apples were investigated in southern Tasmania, Australia. Two thinning methods, artificial bud extinction (ABE) and hand thinning (HT), were compared at three levels of crop load: 3, 6, or 12 fruit cm−2 limb cross-sectional area (LCSA), described as low, medium, and high, respectively. During the second season, all the ABE and HT treatments received additional chemical thinning (CT). The results demonstrated that ABE consistently outperformed HT in terms of improved fruit set, return bloom, and fruit weight. The fruit quality parameters, such as flesh firmness, total soluble solids, dry matter content, malic acid content, and fruit shape, were also improved under the ABE regime, with these positive effects being the clearest in the second season. In general, high-quality fruits were obtained from the low and medium crop loads, while the fruit quality was poor for the high crop load trees, but the low crop load fruit had a slightly higher incidence of internal flesh browning (predominantly radial) and fruit softening after regular atmosphere storage. The crop load also impacted on the fruit and leaf mineral nutrient content, where fruit N, Ca, Mn, and Zn, and leaf N, Fe, Zn, and Cu content increased while fruit and leaf K declined with a higher crop load. High crop load, irrespective of the thinning regime, and HT with a medium crop load, induced severe biennial bearing, whereas, the fruit yield was relatively consistent with ABE, even with a medium crop load. We conclude that ABE with a medium crop load (around six fruit cm−2 LCSA) is an effective method of managing crop load and optimizing the fruit quality in ‘Scilate’ apples.
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Rettke, M. A., and A. P. Dahlenburg. "Effect of timing of hand thinning on productivity of Moorpark apricots destined for drying." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 7 (1999): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99018.
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Summary. Thinning at full bloom was compared with thinning at 3 stages of fruit development and the effects on size, total soluble solids level (TSS) and yield of apricots are reported. In 2 seasons separate branches of 9-year-old Moorpark apricot trees were hand-thinned to a density of 1 blossom or fruit per 50 mm of fruiting wood. Times of thinning were at full bloom, 5–15 mm size fruit, stone tip hardening and 21 days post stone tip hardening. These treatments were compared with an unthinned control. Experimentation was carried out at Loxton, South Australia. All thinning treatments reduced the yield of fresh fruit. Thinning reduced yield of dried fruit irrespective of timing in the first season but only at the 5–15 mm diameter fruit timing in the second season. Total soluble solids level of the fruit was increased by thinning which tended to improve drying ratio. Compared to the unthinned control all thinning treatments increased the size of fresh fruit. Mean fruit weight and diameter progressively decreased as thinning was delayed from full bloom till stone tip hardening. Thinning at full bloom produced higher yields of 35-mm-grade dried fruit than other treatments. To achieve the greatest benefit from thinning it should be carried out at blossoming.
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Stander, Ockert P. J., and Paul J. R. Cronjé. "Reviewing the Commercial Potential of Hand Thinning in Citrus with a Cost-benefit Analysis of Summer Hand Thinning of ‘Nadorcott’ Mandarin." HortTechnology 26, no. 2 (April 2016): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.26.2.206.
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Hand thinning is not often applied as a commercial cultural practice in citriculture due to the practice’s reliance on costly manual labor. However, hand thinning could provide unique benefits such as treatment selectivity and easier control over thinning intensity, as opposed to foliar sprays of chemical thinning agents. In “on-year” ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata) trees, summer (January) and autumn (April) hand-thinning treatments of removal of all fruit <20 and <40 mm diameter were evaluated for effects on leaf carbohydrates and fruit growth rate. Other factors assessed included treatments’ effects on tree total fruit yield, fruit quality, and fruit size distribution. In addition, two different summer hand-thinning treatments (removal of all fruit <20 and <25 mm) were evaluated for effects on fruit size distribution and fruit yield over two seasons to determine their potential financial implications. Summer hand thinning reduced the numbers of small fruit and increased initial growth rate of prevailing fruit. This resulted in larger numbers of premium-sized fruit per tree, without treatments reducing total fruit yield and fruit quality. Additional labor was eliminated by quicker picking of fruit during harvest, and in season 2, fruit yield was higher for summer hand-thinning treatments compared with control. A higher potential income resulted from change in fruit size distribution and the breaking of alternate bearing over the 2-year period. The results provide producers of late mandarin cultivars with an alternative to chemical thinning agents to manage crop load and improve fruit size in individual “on-year” trees.
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Caruso, T., P. Inglese, C. Di Vaio, and L. S. Pace. "Effect of Different Fruit-thinning Patterns on Crop Efficiency and Fruit Quality for Greenhouse-forced `May Glo' Nectarine Trees." HortTechnology 11, no. 3 (January 2001): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.3.412.
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Fruit thinning is the most effective tool in regulating fruit growth potential for early-ripening peach and nectarine (Prunus persica) cultivars, and the common strategy is to space fruit 25 to 30 cm (9.8 to 11.8 inches) throughout the canopy, while scarce attention to the canopy environment in which the fruit develops. It is likely that different light environments within the canopy require different thinning patterns and to test this hypothesis, an experiment was set up to evaluate various fruit thinning patterns (fruit densities) in relation to fruit location within the canopy of early-ripening `May Glo' nectarine trees trained to Y-shape. Differentiated fruit thinning resulted in higher yield efficiency due to a higher fruit number and average fruit weight. Differentiated thinning hastened fruit harvest and shortened the harvest period. Differentiated thinning reduced fruit variability within the tree in terms of size and soluble solids content, resulting in a higher crop value.
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DeJong, T. M., K. R. Day, R. Beede, and R. S. Johnson. "EARLY THINNING OF PROCESSING PEACHES COSTS MORE BUT IS PROFITABLE." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 590d—590. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.590d.
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Current recommendations for fruit thinning of processing clingstone peaches in California suggest that growers delay thinning until an assessment of fruit size is made at reference date (10 days after first indications of pit hardening) and then adjust the crop load according to the fruit size attained. Recent research on modelling peach fruit growth indicates that delaying thinning until reference date (usually mid-May) can substantially limit final fruit size potential and crop yield when initial fruit set is heavy. In 1991 we initialed a field study to lest these model predictions and evaluate the yield response and economic feasibility of fruit thinning within 50 days of bloom to a specific crop load. The experiment was conducted in commercial orchards of the extra-early maturing cling peach cultivars Loadel and Carson. Three thinning treatments involved thinning different sets of trees on April 10, April 30, (∼30 and 50 dafb) and May 23 (reference date). Although costs of thinning at the earlier dates were 140-290% of thinning at reference date the increase in yield resulting from early thinning more than compensated for the higher thinning costs. There were no major effects of thinning treatment on the occurrence of split pits or other quality characteristics. This research has stimulated a re-evaluation of commercial fruit thinning practices used for clingstone peaches in California.
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Sutton, Mary, John Doyle, Dario Chavez, and Anish Malladi. "Optimizing Fruit-Thinning Strategies in Peach (Prunus persica) Production." Horticulturae 6, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6030041.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit size is a highly valued commercial trait in peach. Competition among fruit and among other sinks on a tree reduces potential growth rate of the fruit. Hence, crop-load management strategies such as thinning (removal of flowers or fruit) are often practiced by growers to optimize fruit size. Thinning can be performed at bloom or during early fruit development and at different intensities to optimize fruit growth responses. Responses to thinning may be cultivar and location specific. The objective of the current study was to fine-tune thinning strategies in the southeastern United States, a major peach producing region. Timing and intensity of thinning were evaluated across multiple cultivars over three years. Thinning at bloom or at 21 d after full bloom (DAFB) improved fruit size in comparison to unthinned trees in ‘Cary Mac’ and ‘July Prince’, respectively, in one year. Bloom-thinning reduced fruit yield (kg per tree) in the above cultivars in one year, suggesting that flower thinning alone may not be a viable option in this region. Intensity of thinning, evaluated as spacings of 15 cm and 20 cm between fruit, did not differentially affect fruit weight or yield. However, fruit diameter decreased quadratically with increasing fruit number per tree in ‘Cary Mac’, ‘July Prince’ and ‘Summer Flame’. Similarly, fruit weight decreased quadratically in response to increase in fruit number per tree in ‘Cary Mac’ and ‘July Prince’. Further, yield-per-tree decreased with increasing fruit size in ‘Cary Mac’ and ‘July Prince’. Importantly, these relationships were cultivar specific. Together, the data suggest that achieving a target fruit number per tree is an effective strategy for crop-load management to optimize fruit size in southeastern peach production. The target fruit number per tree may potentially be achieved through a combination of flower and fruit-thinning during early fruit development. Such an approach may provide flexibility in crop-load management in relation to adverse weather events.
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Ye, Tiantian, Xue Liu, Xiaojie Liang, Xueyan Zhu, Qian Bai, and Shuchai Su. "Flower Thinning Improves Fruit Quality and Oil Composition in Camellia oleifera Abel." Horticulturae 8, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111077.
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Camellia oleifera is a woody oil tree with overlapping flower bud differentiation and fruit maturation. Therefore, mechanical harvesting of fruits leads to flower abscission. The present study investigated the effects of flower number per tree on fruit growth, yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil fatty acid composition in C. oleifera. Here, we set different flower numbers per tree by thinning flowers. Heavy flower thinning (T2 and T3) significantly reduced fruit yield and the proportion of palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid in fatty acids compared with other treatments. However, heavy thinning favored an increase in fruit size and weight, seed and dry kernel rate of fresh fruit, soluble protein and oil accumulation in seeds, and the proportion of oleic acid and stearic acid in fatty acids, and it had no significant effect on oil yield per tree compared with light thinning (T1) and control (T0). T2 and T3 decreased soluble sugar content in the kernels at the later stage of fruit development (260–320 days after full bloom (DAFB)) in contrast to the rapid fruit growth period (200–230 DAFB). As the crop load decreased, fruit ABA content increased continuously during 260–320 DAFB, while fruit IAA content increased during 260–300 DAFB and then decreased during 310–320 DAFB. These data suggest that the abscission of a few flowers during mechanical harvesting will not affect fruit production efficiency in C. oleifera.
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Gonzatto, Mateus Pereira, Gerson Nestor Böettcher, Leonardo André Schneider, Ângelo Azeredo Lopes, Jairo Camargo Silveira Júnior, Henrique Belmonte Petry, Roberto Pedroso de Oliveira, and Sergio Francisco Schwarz. "3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid as effective thinning agent for fruit of 'Montenegrina' mandarin." Ciência Rural 46, no. 12 (December 2016): 2078–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140057.
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ABSTRACT: The 'Montenegrina' mandarin ( Citrus deliciosa Tenore) is widely cultivated in southern Brazil. This cultivar has a great tendency for alternate bearing, requiring thining of the fruit. However, the chemical thinners studied until now in this cultivar have not been successful. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid (3,5,6-TPA) on the production and fruit quality of the 'Montenegrina' mandarin, in comparison with hand thinning and the options of chemical thinning previously studied. Hand thinning and no thinning were used as controls. Ethephon was applied in three doses: 200mg L-1, 300mg L-1 or 200mg L-1 + 3% urea; or 3,5,6-TPA, in four doses: 10, 20, 30 or 40mg L-1. Fruits of the hand thinned trees and those treated with 40mg L-1 showed greater average size, greater distribution of commercial caliber and more orange colors. No treatment reduced alternate bearing. Applications of 40mg L-1 of 3,5,6-TPA as a chemical thinner, during the physiological drop of young fruit, had a similar effect that of hand thinning over yield and quality of fruits of 'Montenegrina' mandarin.
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Al Saikhan, Mohamed S., and Abdel-Kader A. Sallam. "Impact of Chemical and Non-Chemical Thinning Treatments on Yield and Fruit Quality of Date Palm." Journal of Food Research 4, no. 4 (April 29, 2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v4n4p18.
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<p>The fruit thinning process is employed for the production of high quality large-sized fruits and prevent the production of compact bunches. It is also one way to reduce the alternate bearing habits in date palm. In this study, seven thinning treatments (i.e. without spraying water after pollination, spraying water at 3 minutes after 3, 4 and 5 h, spraying Ethephon at 0, 500 and 1000 ppm after ten days from pollination) are used for Khalas and Ruzeiz date palm cultivars. The factorial experiment in a randomized completely block design with three replicates was done. The results reveal that, spraying water after mechanical pollination has reduced fruit set% and increased fruit shees%. Most thinning treatments reduced fruit yield/palm in both Khalas and Ruzeiz. Spraying water after 5 h enhanced fruit quality compared with the other thinning treatments in besr and tamr stages. Spraying with ethephon at 1000 ppm gave the increased sugars content and TSS, whereas reduced the moisture content in besr stage. Spraying water after 5 h from mechanical pollination or Ethephon at 1000 ppm after 10 days are suitable for obtaining economic yield with best fruit quality.</p>
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Marini, Richard P. "Peach Fruit Weight, Yield, and Crop Value Are Affected by Number of Fruiting Shoots per Tree." HortScience 38, no. 4 (July 2003): 512–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.4.512.
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Mature `Norman'peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were dormant pruned to retain a range of fruiting shoots per tree (71 to 250) during 3 years from 1997 to 1999. About 40 days after bloom each year, fruits on all trees were thinned to similar crop loads, so only the number of fruits per shoot varied. Fruit set and number of fruits removed by hand thinning were positively related to number of fruiting shoots retained per tree. Number of fruits harvested per tree was not related to number of shoots per tree, whereas average fruit weight at thinning and at harvest, and crop value per tree were negatively related to the number of shoots retained per tree. These results indicate that commercial peach producers should consider modifying pruning and thinning strategies. Rather than retaining a large number of fruiting shoots per tree and hand thinning to distribute fruits every 15 to 20 cm along each fruiting shoot, producers should first determine the number of fruits that trees of a given cultivar can adequately size and then perform the thinning operation to obtain the desired crop load. The number of fruiting shoots retained per tree during pruning should be one-fifth to one-seventh of the number of fruits desired per tree, so that five to seven fruits per fruiting shoot are retained after hand thinning.
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Smith, Michael W., and James C. Gallott. "Mechanical Thinning of Pecan Fruit." HortScience 25, no. 4 (April 1990): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.4.414.
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Fruit of `Mohawk' in 1986 and 1988 and `Shoshoni' pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] in 1986 were thinned during early August using a pecan shaker with modified shaker pads. Fruit removed ranged from 44% to 57% of the crop load. Fruit thinning increased nut size of `Mohawk' in both years, but did not affect nut size of `Shoshoni'. Kernel percentage of thinned `Mohawk' and `Shoshoni' trees increased, and kernel grade of `Mohawk' improved relative to unthinned trees. Return bloom of `Mohawk' was not affected either year by thinning, but return bloom on `Shoshoni' was increased by thinning. Mechanical fruit thinning appears to be a useful commercial tool until better thinning methods are available.
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Glenn, D. Michael, Donald L. Peterson, Daniela Giovannini, and Miklos Faust. "Mechanical Thinning of Peaches is Effective Postbloom." HortScience 29, no. 8 (August 1994): 850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.8.850.
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Hand-thinning (Prunus persica L. Batsch) “Y”-trained peach trees at bloom and 51 days after full bloom (DAFB) was compared to mechanical fruit thinning 51 DAFB using a spiked-drum and an impact shaker. The spiked-drum shaker removed more fruit from horizontal branches than from vertical branches, yet did not selectively remove either large or small fruit. Bloom thinning by hand increased fruit size compared to postbloom thinning 51 DAFB, and both postbloom mechanical thinning techniques were as effective as postbloom hand thinning. The spiked-drum shaker may be a better thinning technique than the impact shaker because it transfers less shaking energy to the fruit, can be used in high-density plantings, and does not contact the trunk, lessening the potential for tree damage.