Academic literature on the topic 'Fruit size STK'

Abstract Cell wall modifications are of pivotal importance during plant development. Among cell wall components, xyloglucans are the major hemicellulose polysaccharide in primary cell walls of dicots and non-graminaceous monocots. They can connect the cellulose microfibril surface to affect cell wall mechanical properties. Changes in xyloglucan structure are known to play an important role in regulating cell growth. Therefore, the degradation of xyloglucan is an important modification that alters the cell wall. The α-XYLOSIDASE1 (XYL1) gene encodes the only α-xylosidase acting on xyloglucans in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we showed that mutation of XYL1 strongly influences seed size, seed germination, and fruit elongation. We found that the expression of XYL1 is directly regulated in developing seeds and fruit by the MADS-box transcription factor SEEDSTICK. We demonstrated that XYL1 complements the stk smaller seed phenotype. Finally, by atomic force microscopy, we investigated the role of XYL1 activity in maintaining cell stiffness and growth, confirming the importance of cell wall modulation in shaping organs.

Although much is known about seed and fruit development at the molecular level, many gaps remain in our understanding of how cell wall modifications can impact developmental processes in plants, as well as how biomechanical alterations influence seed and fruit growth. Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana constitute an excellent tool to study the function of gene families devoted to cell wall biogenesis. We have characterized a collection of lines carrying mutations in representative cell wall-related genes for seed and fruit size developmental defects, as well as altered germination rates. We have linked these studies to cell wall composition and structure. Interestingly, we have found that disruption of genes involved in pectin maturation and hemicellulose deposition strongly influence germination dynamics. Finally, we focused on two transcriptional regulators, SEEDSTICK (STK) and LEUNIG-HOMOLOG (LUH), which positively regulate seed growth. Herein, we demonstrate that these factors regulate specific aspects of cell wall properties such as pectin distribution. We propose a model wherein changes in seed coat structure due to alterations in the xyloglucan-cellulose matrix deposition and pectin maturation are critical for organ growth and germination. The results demonstrate the importance of cell wall properties and remodeling of polysaccharides as major factors responsible for seed development.

A survey was conducted to study the fruit characters of jackfruits grown in West Garo Hills of Meghalaya during 2016 to 2018. More than 50 jackfruit trees bearing 15 to 40 years of age were initially evaluated, out of which 10 accessions exhibiting distinct morphological characters were selected for detailed characterization. Significant variations were observed in terms of qualitative and quantitative parameters of fruit under the study. Jackfruit accession viz. WGHJ-1 exhibited desirable characters such as big sized flakes, big and heavy seeds, high fruit:rind ratio, flake:fruit ratio, juicy pulp etc. hence it is considered ideal for making processed products like jam, jelly, halwa, candy, juice etc. as well as for starch extraction from seeds. Considering the small sized fruit with flat spines, thin rind, high flake: fruit ratio, highest number of thick and sweet flakes, accession WGHJ-5 is recommended for table purpose. The sweet, thick, heavy and non-juicy flake makes WGHJ-8 a probable good type for chips making and table purpose. This paper presents 41 characteristic features related to the whole fruit, flakes and seeds of 10 jackfruit accessions selected from the West Garo Hills of Meghalaya.

The biosynthesis of CuO nanoparticles was studied. The aims of this research were biosynthesis CuO nanoparticles from Cu2+ion solution and leaves aquoeus extract of sweet star fruit and its in vitro study as antibacterial agent of Escherichia coli. CuO nanoparticles was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and X-Ray diffractometer. CuO nanoparticles was synthesized by reaction between Cu2+ion solution and leaves aquoeus extract of sweet star fruit. Paper disk method was used as the application of the suspension of CuO nanoparticles. The result showed that Cu-O groups detected at wave number of 503, 619, 767 and 821 cm-1. Diffractogram of CuO nanoparticles had sharp and narrow diffraction peaks. The crystallite size of CuO nanoparticles was 4.25 nm. The average inhibition zone of CuO nanoparticles at concentration 10.000, 7.500, 5.000 and 2.500 ppm was 17.43 ± 1.81 ; 15.73 ± 0.40 ; 14.50 ± 2.96 and 9.67 ± 0.28 mm respectively.

ABSTRACT Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is a botanically indeterminate plant where flowering, fruit initiation, and pod maturity occurs over an extended time period during the growing season. As a result, the maturity and size of individual peanut pods vary considerably at harvest. Immature kernels that meet commercial edible size specifications negatively affect quality during processing due to their increased propensity for off flavors, higher moisture and water activity, and variable roasting properties. As peanuts progress toward maturation, late season flowers set within 40 days till harvest will not have sufficient time to develop into mature, marketable pods prior to harvest. Research was conducted to determine the effect of late season flower termination on peanut yield, grade, and seed germination. Diflufenzopyr-Na (Diflufenzopyr) (BASF Biosciences), a synthetic auxin transport inhibitor, and the herbicide glyphosate were applied at three sub-lethal rates along with a “hand flower removal” and a non-treated control in both irrigated and non-irrigated plots. No differences in non-irrigated pod yield across all treatments were detected. Glyphosate at 56 and 112 g/ha increased non-irrigated sound mature kernels plus sound splits (SMK+SS) and decreased other kernels (OK). Non-irrigated seed germination was negatively affected by glyphosate. Diflufenzopyr at 17 and 25 g/ha increased irrigated peanut yield. Glyphosate at 112 and 168 g/ha increased irrigated SMK+SS and decreased OK and germination.

The clean and healthy behavior of adolescents is very low, even though adolescents are a very important stage of child development considering that adolescents enter growth sports or rapid development, apart from puberty. In this phase there is physical growth accompanied by mental cognitive development, psychological development and reproduction, which regulates the function of sexuality, so it is very important to implement clean and healthy behavior. The purpose of this study was to analyze the development of clean and healthy life behaviors among students of the Citra Medika Group Health Vocational School. The research method used in this study is an exploratory survey, with a sample size of 288 students with a sampling technique proportionate stratifired random sampling. The results showed that the clean and healthy lifestyle of the students was good as much as 77.1% with indicators of good hand washing behavior with soap as much as 91.8%, behavior using good healthy latrines as much as 97.6%, behavior doing sports or high physical activity. 53.4%, good mosquito larva eradication behavior as much as 63.7%, smoking behavior mostly do not smoke as much as 99.4%, all students do not consume drugs or as much as 100%, behavior throwing garbage in its place is good as much as 98.4% , behavior measuring body weight and height irregular as much as 73.8% and behavior of consuming good fruit and vegetables as much as 57.6%. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that most of the students have a good clean and healthy lifestyle, this is because all students have gained good knowledge as well.

Environmental pollutants, like pesticides, have been destructive on different aspects of life. Silkworm, as a beneficial insect, is no exception to this matter. Due to this, many problems have appeared in sericulture because of pesticide applications to cultivations, especially when mulberry trees grow next to cultivated plants. Many studies that have focused on the effect of insecticides on B. mori deal with toxicity, retardation of development and growth, fecundity, mortality, food utilization and economic parameters (Vassarmidaki et al., 2000). However, between these studies a few documents focused on the effect of fungicide residue on silkworm growth and performances (Dutta et al., 2003). Sik et al (1976) reported that more than 1.4% of yield reduction in sericulture is due to side effect of pesticide application. 49.4% was due to the application of different pesticides in rice filed, 21.2% in fruit garden and 12.3% in olericulture. Therefore, the present investigation deals effects of long term application of systemic insecticide, Oxydemeton-methyl(metasystox R) on some biological performance of silkworm. Because metasystox has just recently used to against of mulberry thrips in sericulture and it is necessary to study different side effects of this insecticide on silkworm.

A study on feeding behavior of two primate species viz; Phayre’s leaf monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei, Blyth, 1847) and capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus Blyth, 1843) was conducted during summer season (March–May, 2014) in Dampa Tiger Reserve (DTR), Mizoram, India. Study was carried out in the Terei range of forest reserve. A total of 87 plant species including bamboo were recorded in the area. Both species of primates (T. phayrei and T. pileatus) were studied for their food plant selection, diet composition, time budget for activities during day. Selection of trees to sleep at night was also observed. Capped langur selected 7 food plant species whereas Phayre’s leaf monkey selected 8 food plants. 40% of the plant species were common to both the primate species; however they showed a distinct variation in food plant preference. Phayre’s leaf monkey spent S 90% of feeding time on Musa ornata, Melacana baccifera and Dendrocalamus longispathus and S 80% Musa balbisiana, Gmelina arborea and Buetneria pilosa; an indication of preference for bamboo species and climbers. Capped langur spent feeding time S 90% on Ficus maclellendi and Ficus semicordata while other species were given comparatively less time. Both the species had consumed young leaves, flowers and fruits in their diet that constitute nearly 80% of the diet. Food items were drawn from different plants. The Phayre’s preferred Dendrocalamus longispathus, (98%) as sleeping site while the Capped langur selected Ficus benghalensis (90%) to sleep at night. Both the species are folivorous in nature but the selection of food plants, source of diet components and plants used to sleep at night were different that indicates that both species has distinct niche within the same habitat type; a very strong survival strategy.

Перспективные форм различных видов рода Robinia L., представляющих большой интерес для обогащения генофонда культивируемых древесных растений в засушливых регионах. Генетическое разнообразие является важным условием для обеспечения способности популяций адаптироваться к изменениям окружающей среды. Чем выше генетическая неоднородность, тем выше способность вида к адаптации в изменяющихся условиях среды. Цель исследований – инвентаризация видового и формового разнообразия интродукционных популяций Robinia и разработка их диагностических признаков на основе изучения строения и развития генеративных органов. Объектами исследований являлись интродукционные популяции различных видов и форм рода Robinia: Р. клейкая – R.viscosa Vent.; Р. ново-мексиканская – R. neomexicanaA. Gray; Р. лжеакация – R. pseudoacacia L. произрастающие в кластерных коллекционных участках ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН, кадастр №34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10. Результаты инвентаризации коллекционных фондов позволили установить, что на семенных плантациях ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН встречаются формы Robinia pseudoacacia и Robinia neomexicana, значительно отличающиеся от типичных представителей (Robinia neomexicana: R. neomexicana ф. бледнорозовая, R. neomexicana ф. бледно-фиолетовая; Robinia pseudoacacia - R. pseudoacacia ф. позднецветущая). Они представлены крупными интродукционными популяциями (возраст 15 лет), поддержание численности которых происходит за счет естественных вегетативных и генеративных способов размножения. Анализ ареалов естественного распространения выявил, что самым полиморфным видом считается Робиния новомексиканская (Robinia neomexicana Grey). В России она часто культивируется и описывается под названием Робиния пышная (R. luxurians(Dieck) S.K. Schneid.). Разработаны диагностические признаки, характерные для выделенных форм и типичных представителей различных видов рода робиния. Среди них: цвет венчика и чашечки, строение чашечки, опущение плодов, наличие крыла на плодах, размеры плодов, генеративные оси соцветий, средние размеры соцветий, количество соцветий на побеге, длительность цветения по срокам. Важным диагностическим признаком в идентификации видов рода робиния считается строение чашечки. Измерения показали, что полностью срастаются верхние чашелистики только у Robinia pseudoacacia (адаксиальный синус составляет не более 0,3 – 0,6 мм). Чашечки R. neomexicana, R. viscosa и даже R. pseudoacacia ф. позднецветущая иногда имеют отчетливый адаксиальный синус до 4,5 мм. Размеры цветков и среднее количество цветков в соцветии отличается незначительно. Так, среднее количество цветков варьирует от 20,5 шт. (Robinia neomexicana) до 22,3 (R. neomexicana ф. бледно-фиолетовая). Существенно отличаются размеры соцветий и количество соцветий на побеге (во время весеннего массового цветения). Плоды R. viscosa Vent., R. neomexicana A. Gray (включая формы) имеют боковые швы одинаковой ширины (крыло отсутствует). Кроме этого, плоды R. pseudoacacia и ее позднецветущей формы всегда голые, плоды R. neomexicana A. Gray и ее форм – щетинистые, а плоды R. viscosa Vent. – железисто-щетинистые (липкие в незрелом состоянии). Проанализированы особенности строения и развития генеративных органов, определена семенная продуктивность и плодопродуктивность различных видов и форм рода робиния. Выявлено, что самый высокий генеративный потенциал в засушливом климате имеет R. pseudoacaciaи ее формы, а самый низкий – представители R. viscosa. Высокий процент завязавшихся семян (количество семязачатков/количество завязавшихся семян) наблюдался у R. pseudoacacia и ее позднецветущей формы (более 70%). Низкий процент завязавшихся семян имели представители R. viscosa Vent. и R. neomexicana A. Gray ф. бледно-фиолетовой. Завязываемость семян типичных представителей R. neomexicana A. Gray составляла более 60%. Выявлено, что наиболее обильно- и продолжительно-цветущим видом в засушливых условиях Нижнего Поволжья является R. viscosa Vent. Широкое распространение в культуре получили два вида: R. pseudoacacia L. и R. viscosa Vent. Robinia pseudoacacia, имеющая самый большой ареал естественного распространения, обладает широким спектром адаптационных возможностей и легче приспосабливается к новым условиям существования в процессе интродукции. Данное преимущество, позволило R. pseudoacacia получить самое широкое распространение в культуре не только на территории Северной Америки, но и на территории России. Второй вид – R. viscosa Vent., имеет самый узкий ареал естественного распространения, однако, высокие декоративные свойства и, как следствие, активное использование данного вида в объектах озеленения, позволили значительно расширить ареал его вторичного распространения на территории Северной Америки, Европы и южных регионов России. Кластеризация главных диагностических признаков выявила принадлежность выделенных форм к тому или иному виду, что подтверждается результатами корреляционного анализа. Promising forms of various species of the genus Robinia L., which are of great interest for enriching the gene pool of cultivated woody plants in arid regions. Genetic diversity is an important condition for the ability of populations to adapt to environmental changes. The higher the genetic heterogeneity, the greater the ability of the species to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The aim of the research is to inventory the species and form diversity of introduced Robinia populations and develop their diagnostic features based on the study of the structure and development of generative organs. The objects of research were introduced populations of different species and forms of the genus Robinia: R. adhesive-R. viscosa Vent.; R. neomexicana – R. neomexicana A. Gray; R. liegacy – R. pseudoacacia L., which grow in a cluster collectible parts FNTS Agroecology Russian Academy of Sciences, cadastre №34:34:000000:122, 34:34:060061:10. The results of the inventory collection funds has allowed to establish that the parental lines FNTS Agroecology wounds there are forms Robinia pseudoacacia and Robinia neomexicana, differing significantly from the typical representatives (Robinia neomexicana: R. neomexicana f. pale pink, R. neomexicana f. pale purple; Robinia pseudoacacia R. pseudoacacia f. postseconda). They are represented by large introduced populations (age 15 years), maintaining the number of which is due to natural vegetative and generative methods of reproduction. Analysis of natural distribution areas revealed that The most polymorphic species is considered to be Robinia neomexicana Grey (Robinia neomexicana Grey). In Russia it is often cultivated and is described, entitled Robinia lush (R. luxurians (Dieck) S. K. Schneid.). Developed diagnostic features characteristic of the selected forms and typical representatives of different species of the genus Robinia. Among them: the color of the Corolla and calyx, calyx structure, pubescence, the presence of a wing on the fruit, fruit size, generative axis of inflorescences, the average size of inflorescences, the number of inflorescences on the shoot, the duration of flowering terms. An important diagnostic feature in the identification of species of the genus Robinia is the structure of the calyx. The measurements showed that only Robinia pseudoacacia has fully fused upper sepals (adaxial sinus is not more than 0.3-0.6 mm). Cups R. neomexicana and R. viscosa and even R. pseudoacacia f. postseconda sometimes have distinct adaxial sinus to 4.5 mm. the Size of the flowers and the average number of flowers per inflorescence differs slightly. So, the average number of flowers varies from 20.5 units (Robinia neomexicana) to 22.3 (R. neomexicana f. pale purple). The sizes of inflorescences and the number of inflorescences on a shoot (during spring mass flowering) significantly differ. Fruits of R. viscosa Vent., R. neomexicana A. Gray (including forms) have side seams of equal width (wing absent). In addition, the fruits of R. pseudoacacia and its late-flowering form are always glabrous, the fruits of R. neomexicana A. Gray and its forms are bristly, and the fruits of R. viscosa Vent. - glandular-bristly (sticky in the immature state). The features of the structure and development of generative organs are analyzed, the seed productivity and fruit productivity of various species and forms of the genus Robinia are determined. It was revealed that the highest generative potential in arid climate has R. pseudoacacia and its forms, and the lowest – representatives of R. viscosa. A high percentage of set seeds (number of ovules/number of set seeds) was observed in R. pseudoacacia and its late-flowering form (more than 70%). Representatives of R. viscosa Vent had a low percentage of set seeds. and R. neomexicana A. Gray f. pale purple. The setability of seeds of typical representatives of R. neomexicana A. Gray was more than 60%. It was revealed that the most abundant and long - flowering species in arid conditions of the Lower Volga region is R. viscosa Vent. Widespread in the culture were two species: R. pseudoacacia L. and R. viscosa Vent. Robinia pseudoacacia, which has the largest range of natural distribution, has a wide range of adaptive capabilities and is easier to adapt to new conditions of existence in the process of introduction. This advantage allowed R. pseudoacacia to receive the widest distribution in culture not only in North America, but also in Russia. The second kind is R. viscosa Vent. it has the narrowest area of natural distribution, however, high decorative properties and, as a consequence, the active use of this species in the objects of gardening, allowed to significantly expand the area of its secondary distribution in North America, Europe and southern regions of Russia. Clustering of the main diagnostic signs revealed the belonging of the selected forms to a particular species, which is confirmed by the results of correlation analysis.

Asiatic citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, is a bacterial disease of major economic importance in tropical and subtropical citrus-producing areas. X. citri pv. citri pathotype A can cause severe infection in a wide range of citrus species and induces erumpent, callus-like lesions with water-soaked margins evolving to corky cankers and leading to premature fruit and leaf drop and twig dieback on susceptible/very susceptible cultivars. A chlorotic halo is typically visible around canker lesions on leaves and young fruit, but not on mature fruit and twigs. This quarantine organism can strongly impact both national and international citrus markets. Long distance dispersal is mainly through infected propagative material. Asiatic citrus canker occurs on most islands in the Southwest Indian Ocean region (Comoros, Mauritius, Reunion, Rodrigues, and Seychelles islands), but was not yet reported in Mayotte (EPPO-PQR available at http://www.eppo.int ). In May 2012, typical canker-like symptoms were observed on sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) groves on Mtsamboro islet and soon after on the main island of Mayotte, mostly on sweet oranges, but also on Tahiti limes (C. latifolia) and mandarins (C. reticulata). Eighty-one Xanthomonas-like strains were isolated using KC semi-selective medium (4) from disease samples collected from both commercial groves and nurseries on different Citrus species located all over the island. Sixteen Xanthomonas-like isolates were tentatively identified as X. citri pv. citri based on a specific PCR assay with 4/7 primers (3). All strains but the negative control, sterile water, produced an amplicon of the expected size similar to X. citri pv. citri strain IAPAR 306 used as positive control. Multilocus sequence analysis targeting six housekeeping genes (atpD, dnaK, efp, gltA, gyrB, and lepA) (1,2) fully identified three strains from Mayotte (LJ225-3, LJ228-1, and LJ229-11) as X. citri pv. citri (and not other xanthomonad pathovars pathogenic to citrus or host range-restricted pathotypes of pathovar citri), and more specifically as sequence type ST2 composed of pathotype A strains of X. citri pv. citri (2) (including all strains from the Southwest Indian Ocean region). Eight strains were inoculated by a detached leaf assay (2) to Mexican lime SRA 140 (C. aurantifolia), Tahiti lime SRA 58, sweet orange cv. Washington Navel, alemow SRA 779 (C. macrophylla), and tangor cv. Ortanique (C. reticulata × C. sinensis) and developed typical erumpent, callus-like tissue at wound sites for all Citrus species, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Xanthomonas-like yellow colonies were reisolated from symptoms produced by the eight strains inoculated on Mexican lime. Boiled bacterial suspensions were assayed by PCR with 4/7 primers (3) and produced the expected 468-bp amplicon in contrast with the negative control (sterile water). No lesions developed on the negative control consisting of inoculations by 10 mM tris buffer (pH 7.2). Citrus canker-free nurseries and grove sanitation should be implemented for decreasing the prevalence of Asiatic canker in this island territory. References: (1) N. F. Almeida et al. Phytopathology 100:208, 2010. (2) L. Bui Thi Ngoc et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60:515, 2010. (3) J. S. Hartung et al. Phytopathology 86:95, 1996. (4) O. Pruvost et al. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:803, 2005.

The MADS-box gene SEEDSTICK (STK) controls several aspects of plant reproduction. STK is co-expressed with CESTA (CES), a basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factor-encoding gene. CES was reported to control redundantly with the brassinosteroid positive signaling factors BRASSINOSTEROID ENHANCED EXPRESSION1 (BEE1) and BEE3 the transmitting tract development. Through the characterization of the stk ces-2 double mutant, we observed that STK and CES act together in the regulation of transmitting tract development. Combining the stk with ces-2 bee1 bee3 we have obtained the quadruple mutant showed a clear increase of the unfertilized ovules and septum defects. In the quadruple mutant carpel fusion was compromised, causing the formation of holes at the center of the septum where transmitting tract differentiates. These phenotypes do not allow a proper pollen tube growth in the double mutant stk ces-2, and even more in the quadruple mutant bee1 bee3 stk ces-2 leading to high number of unfertilized ovules. The transcriptome profile of the quadruple mutant bee1 bee3 stk ces-2 compared to wild type revealed a small subset of misregulated genes, which probably act downstream of the transcription factor described above, mainly involved in cell death, the extracellular matrix of the transmitting tract, cell wall composition and auxin signaling. This specific subset of downstream target genes controlled directly or indirectly by STK-CES-BEE1-BEE3 protein complex, open doors to a new regulatory network controls transmitting tract development. Altogether our data reveal new insights in the regulation of transmitting tract development together by bHLH and MADS-box transcription factors.
Upon fertilization, the ovary increases in size and undergoes a complex developmental process to become a fruit. The fruit of Arabidopsis thaliana is named silique. We show that cytokinins (CK), required to define ovary size before fertilization, have to be degraded to obtain the correct fruit growth. The expression of CYTOKININ OXIDASE DEHYDROGENASE 7 (CKX7), which encodes a cytosolic CK degrading enzyme, is directly regulated post-fertilization by the MADS-box transcription factor STK. Similar to stk, two ckx7 mutant alleles possess shorter fruits compared to wild type. Quantification of CKs revealed that stk has high CK levels during fruit elongation, which negatively control cell expansion during fruit development, compromising fruit growth. Overexpression of CKX7 partially complements the stk fruit phenotype. We show that CKX6 does not regulate fruit elongation process. CKX6 encodes for one of the fourth CK degrading enzymes that acts in the apoplast. The CKX6 promoter is not active during fruit elongation phases. Moreover, the ckx6 mutant does not display differences in fruit length when compared to wild type. Finally, we show that STK is also required for the correct expression of the MADS-box gene FUL, which is considered the master regulator of valve elongation in fruit. The double mutant stk ful displayed shorter siliques when compared to wild type, but also respect to the two single mutants. The additive phenotype of the double mutant stk ful suggests the possibility that the two MADS-box transcription factors act in two parallels pathways that can regulate fruit elongation process. Overall, we provide novel insights into the regulatory pathway that control fruit growth.