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Journal articles on the topic 'Fruit genetics'
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1
Lippman, Zachary, and Steven D. Tanksley. "Dissecting the Genetic Pathway to Extreme Fruit Size in Tomato Using a Cross Between the Small-Fruited Wild Species Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium and L. esculentum var. Giant Heirloom." Genetics 158, no. 1 (May 1, 2001): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.1.413.
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Abstract In an effort to determine the genetic basis of exceptionally large tomato fruits, QTL analysis was performed on a population derived from a cross between the wild species Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (average fruit weight, 1 g) and the L. esculentum cultivar var. Giant Heirloom, which bears fruit in excess of 1000 g. QTL analysis revealed that the majority (67%) of phenotypic variation in fruit size could be attributed to six major loci localized on chromosomes 1-3 and 11. None of the QTL map to novel regions of the genome—all have been reported in previous studies involving moderately sized tomatoes. This result suggests that no major QTL beyond those already reported were involved in the evolution of extremely large fruit. However, this is the first time that all six QTL have emerged in a single population, suggesting that exceptionally large-fruited varieties, such as Giant Heirloom, are the result of a novel combination of preexisting QTL alleles. One of the detected QTL, fw2.2, has been cloned and exerts its effect on fruit size through global control of cell division early in carpel/fruit development. However, the most significant QTL detected in this study (fw11.3, lcn11.1) maps to the bottom of chromosome 11 and seems to exert its effect on fruit size through control of carpel/locule number. A second major locus, also affecting carpel number (and hence fruit size), was mapped to chromosome 2 (fw2.1, lcn2.1). We propose that these two carpel number QTL correspond to the loci described by early classical geneticists as fasciated (f) and locule number (lc), respectively.
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Golabadi, Maryam, Pooran Golkar, and Abdolreza Eghtedary. "Combining ability analysis of fruit yield and morphological traits in greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 2 (March 2015): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-387.
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Golabadi, M., Golkar, P. and Eghtedary, A.-R. 2015. Combining ability analysis of fruit yield and morphological traits in greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 377–385. Knowledge about the genetic control of the different quantitative characters related to fruit yield and its components is still insufficient in greenhouse cucumbers. This information is useful in planning breeding programs in this economically important crop. In this study, the genetics of morphological traits and fruit yield was investigated using a 9×9 full diallel population of cucumbers for the greenhouse market. Data were collected on internode length, leaf length, leaf width, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of fruits per plant, yield per fruit and yield per plant. Variance components showed that both the additive and the dominant gene effects played significant roles in the genetic control of the traits studied. Genetic control of internode length, leaf width and number of fruits per plant was accomplished by additive effects. The significant mean squares of reciprocal crosses for all of the studied traits suggested that maternal inheritance also played an important role in the inheritance of these traits. Significant general combining ability for fruit yield revealed that both selection and hybridization methods would lead to desirable genetic improvements in cucumber through accumulation of desirable alleles from parents in the target genotype, but that hybridization would be preferred.
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Khanom, MSR, MHK Khan, and L. Hassan. "Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)." Progressive Agriculture 19, no. 1 (November 12, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.16982.
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The experiment was conducted during rabi season, 2003-2004 at the Field Laboratory of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Genotypic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing characters were studied on 55 tomato genotypes. Data were recorded on number of primary branches per plant, days to first flowering, plant height, number of bunches per plant, number of fruits per plant, individual fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit, dry matter content of fruits, pH level of fruit juice and yield per plant. Very little differences were observed between genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters except dry matter content and yield per plant indicating that they were less influenced to environmental factors for their phenotypic expression. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance in percentage of mean were obtained for number of primary branches per plant, number of days to first flowering, plant height, number of bunches per plant, number of fruits per plant, individual fruit weight and number of seeds per fruit indicating wide scope for improvement through selection of these traits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.16982 Progress. Agric. 19(1): 1 - 5, 2008
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Wangler, Michael F., Shinya Yamamoto, and Hugo J. Bellen. "Fruit Flies in Biomedical Research." Genetics 199, no. 3 (January 26, 2015): 639–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.171785.
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Callaway, Ewen. "Genetics: Eau de fruit fly." Science News 173, no. 10 (September 30, 2009): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.2008.5591731014.
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Rodriguez Castillo, Nohra Cecilia, Xingbo Wu, María Isabel Chacón, Luz Marina Melgarejo, and Matthew Wohlgemuth Blair. "Genetic Diversity of Purple Passion Fruit, Passiflora edulis f. edulis, Based on Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers Discovered through Genotyping by Sequencing." Diversity 13, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13040144.
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Orphan crops, which include many of the tropical fruit species used in the juice industry, lack genomic resources and breeding efforts. Typical of this dilemma is the lack of commercial cultivars of purple passion fruit, Passiflora edulis f. edulis, and of information on the genetic resources of its substantial semiwild gene pool. In this study, we develop single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for the species and show that the genetic diversity of this fruit crop has been reduced because of selection for cultivated genotypes compared to the semiwild landraces in its center of diversity. A specific objective of the present study was to determine the genetic diversity of cultivars, genebank accession, and landraces through genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and to conduct molecular evaluation of a broad collection for the species P. edulis from a source country, Colombia. We included control genotypes of yellow passion fruit, P. edulis f. flavicarpa. The goal was to evaluate differences between fruit types and compare landraces and genebank accessions from in situ accessions collected from farmers. In total, 3820 SNPs were identified as informative for this diversity study. However, the majority distinguished yellow and purple passion fruit, with 966 SNPs useful in purple passion fruits alone. In the population structure analysis, purple passion fruits were very distinct from the yellow ones. The results for purple passion fruits alone showed reduced diversity for the commercial cultivars while highlighting the higher diversity found among landraces from wild or semi-wild conditions. These landraces had higher heterozygosity, polymorphism, and overall genetic diversity. The implications for genetics and breeding as well as evolution and ecology of purple passion fruits based on the extant landrace diversity are discussed with consideration of manual or pollinator-assisted hybridization of this species.
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Cohen, Eliahou, Yavin Shalom, and Ida Rosenberger. "Postharvest Ethanol Buildup and Off-flavor in `Murcott' Tangerine Fruits." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 5 (September 1990): 775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.5.775.
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Britex and Zivdar, water-based polyethylene waxes, were applied in commercial and experimental formulations as spray coating, a single dip, or double dips on `Murcott' tangerine (Citrus reticulate Blanco) fruits. Postharvest waxing of `Murcott' tangerine reduced weight loss but affected the sensory characteristics of the fruit. Charges in fruit weight loss and juice composition occurred in the waxed fruits after 4 weeks of storage at 5C plus 1 week of simulated retail handling at 17C. Changes in internal fruit atmosphere were related to fruit flavor quality.
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Pavel, E. W., and T. M. DeJong. "Source- and Sink-limited Growth Periods of Developing Peach Fruits Indicated by Relative Growth Rate Analysis." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 6 (November 1993): 820–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.6.820.
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Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit thinning was used to reduce the competition for assimilates among peach fruits and to identify periods of source- and sink-limited growth during development. Individual fruit size, based on diameter or calculated dry matter accumulation, increased in trees with lower crop loads compared to fruits of unthinned trees in three peach cultivars. Relative growth rate analysis indicated that peach fruit growth was apparently limited by the assimilate supply (source-limited) or by its genetic growth potential (sink-limited) during specific growth periods. In stage I and at the beginning of stage III of the double-sigmoid growth curve, periods of source-limited growth occurred in the later-maturing cultivars Flamecrest and Cal Red. Peach fruit growth was apparently sink-limited during stage II of the growth curve when fruit relative growth rates were similar for the thinning treatments. Fruit growth in `Spring Lady', an early maturing cultivar, appeared to be primarily source-limited during the season. Although total fruit dry matter production was reduced by thinning, individual fruit dry weight on thinned trees was higher than that on trees with a heavy crop load. This typical thinning response was apparently caused by the differences in the amount of time that fruits grew under sink-vs. source-limited conditions with different crop loads. Final crop yield depended on fruit count per tree and on the available assimilate supply, and was affected by the individual fruit growth potential.
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Lang, Gregory A., and Robert G. Danka. "Honey-bee-mediated Cross- versus Self-pollination of `Sharpblue' Blueberry Increases Fruit Size and Hastens Ripening." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 5 (September 1991): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.5.770.
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To study self- and cross-pollination effects on fruit development in southern highbush (mainly Vaccinium corymbosum L.) blueberries, `Sharpblue' plants were caged with honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and other `Sharpblue' or `Gulfcoast' plants at anthesis. Ratios of pollinizer: fruiting flowers ranged from 2.1 to 4.5. Cross-pollination increased fruit size by ≈14% and seed count by 27% but did not influence fruit set. Overall, seed count decreased by 58% during the 30 days of harvest, but this did not directly affect fruit size. Seed count appeared to influence earliness of ripening as much as it influenced fruit size. Cross-pollination increased the harvest percentage of early-ripening fruits by ≈140% and of premium market fruits (those ≥ 0.75 g) by 13% and decreased the percentage of small fruits by 66%. Consequently, a 43% increase in premium early market crop value (nearly $5000/ha) resulted from optimizing `Sharpblue' cross-pollination.
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Mladenovic, Emina, Janos Berenji, Ksenija Hiel, Marija Kraljevic-Balalic, Vladislav Ognjanov, Mirjana Ljubojevic, and Jelena Cukanovic. "Inheritance of warty fruit texture and fruit color in bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.]." Genetika 45, no. 2 (2013): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1302427m.
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Bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] is one of the most interesting species in the plant kingdom, due to the diversity of fruit shapes, sizes and ways of use. Warty genotypes are rare compared to non warty genotypes. Considering unusual external appearance of warty fruits, we focused our research on the investigation of its inheritance patterns. By crossing different bottle gourd phenotypes, we studied the mode of inheritance and identified and verified genes responsible for the fruit skin color and warty phenotype segregation. Two parental lines, LAG 70 (with warty fruit of light green color) and LAG 71 (smooth fruit, variegated), F1, F2 and backcrosses populations along with both parents were evaluated. Genetic analysis indicated that warty fruit type is a result of monogenic inheritance, whereby the warty fruit type is dominant (Wt) trait over to the non-warty fruit type (wt). The mode of inheritance of fruit color was controlled by recessive epistasis, with a ratio of 9 variegated (A-, B-), 3 dark green colored (aaB-) and 4 light green colored (aabb) fruits in the F2 generation.
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Rêgo, Elizanilda R. do, Fernando L. Finger, Vicente W. D. Casali, and Antônio A. Cardoso. "Inheritance of fruit color and pigment changes in a yellow tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) mutant." Genetics and Molecular Biology 22, no. 1 (March 1999): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571999000100019.
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A naturally occurring yellow tomato fruit mutant cv. Santa Clara was reciprocally crossed with the red wild type, after which F1 plants were self pollinated or backcrossed with both parents. Plants from F1 generations produced all fruits with a homogeneous deep red color when ripe. F2 plants showed a 3:1 red:yellow segregation of fruit color, and 100% red when backcrossed with red wild type or 1:1 red:yellow segregation in backcrosses with the yellow mutant; hence, yellow fruit color was determined by a recessive allele. Based on reciprocal crosses, fruit color is unlikely to be determined by maternal genes. Accumulation of lycopene dropped by 99.3% and<FONT FACE="Symbol"> b</font>-carotene by 77% in ripe yellow fruits, compared to the red wild type. Leaf and flower chlorophyll and total carotenoid concentrations were not affected by the yellow mutation. However, the mutant fruit had a higher rate of chlorophyll degradation during fruit ripening, whilst fruit from the F1 generation showed lower rates of degradation, similar to that observed in red wild type fruits.
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Nesbitt, T. Clint, and Steven D. Tanksley. "Comparative Sequencing in the Genus Lycopersicon: Implications for the Evolution of Fruit Size in the Domestication of Cultivated Tomatoes." Genetics 162, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.365.
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Abstract Sequence variation was sampled in cultivated and related wild forms of tomato at fw2.2—a fruit weight QTL key to the evolution of domesticated tomatoes. Variation at fw2.2 was contrasted with variation at four other loci not involved in fruit weight determination. Several conclusions could be reached: (1) Fruit weight variation attributable to fw2.2 is not caused by variation in the FW2.2 protein sequence; more likely, it is due to transcriptional variation associated with one or more of eight nucleotide changes unique to the promoter of large-fruit alleles; (2) fw2.2 and loci not involved in fruit weight have not evolved at distinguishably different rates in cultivated and wild tomatoes, despite the fact that fw2.2 was likely a target of selection during domestication; (3) molecular-clock-based estimates suggest that the large-fruit allele of fw2.2, now fixed in most cultivated tomatoes, arose in tomato germplasm long before domestication; (4) extant accessions of L. esculentum var. cerasiforme, the subspecies thought to be the most likely wild ancestor of domesticated tomatoes, appear to be an admixture of wild and cultivated tomatoes rather than a transitional step from wild to domesticated tomatoes; and (5) despite the fact that cerasiforme accessions are polymorphic for large- and small-fruit alleles at fw2.2, no significant association was detected between fruit size and fw2.2 genotypes in the subspecies—as tested by association genetic studies in the relatively small sample studied—suggesting the role of other fruit weight QTL in fruit weight variation in cerasiforme.
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Yates, I. E., and Darrell Sparks. "Three-year-old Pecan Pollen Retains Fertility." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 3 (May 1990): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.3.359.
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Stored pollen from pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] was analyzed for in vitro germination, fertilization efficiency, final fruit set, and characteristics of mature fruits. We demonstrate pecan pollen can be stored for several years and set fruit. Pollen stored for 1, 2, and 3 years at -80C and 1 year at -196C retained the capacity for fertilization. Pollen stored at -196C was more viable than pollen stored at -80C, with no significant correlation between length of storage at -80C, as judged by fruit abortions during the second drop. Final fruit set was not affected by pollen storage conditions, except for pollen collected in a season of drought. Fruit set is a more reliable indicator of pollen viability than in vitro germination. With two minor exceptions, fruits produced with stored pollen were similar to those developing after pollination with fresh pollen.
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Greene, Duane W., Wesley R. Autio, Jeffrey A. Erf, and Zhongyuan Y. Mao. "Mode of Action of Benzyladenine When Used as a Chemical Thinner on Apples." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 5 (September 1992): 775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.5.775.
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BA thinned apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruits when applied to either the leaves or the fruit, although it was much more effective when applied to the leaves. BA increased fruit size independent of its effects on reducing crop load, but only when applied directly to the fruit. When applied to one of two fruit in a cluster, BA had no influence on abscission, fruit size, or fruit characteristics of the adjacent nontreated fruit. BA reduced fruit flesh Ca only on treated fruit and the response was inversely proportional to the increase in fruit size. More than 60% of the BA applied to a fruit was absorbed during 24 hours, and this amount was considerably larger than penetration through either the abaxial or adaxial leaf surface. BA treatments that thinned also increased ethylene production linearly in both leaves and fruit 24 hours after application, but the magnitude of increase was not considered large enough to be the primary cause for thinning. BA thinned spurs with two or three fruit more than spurs with one fruit, and it did not selectively thin to just one fruit per cluster. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)].
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Klee, Harry J., and Denise M. Tieman. "The genetics of fruit flavour preferences." Nature Reviews Genetics 19, no. 6 (March 21, 2018): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41576-018-0002-5.
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Fray, Rupert G., and Donald Grierson. "Molecular genetics of tomato fruit ripening." Trends in Genetics 9, no. 12 (December 1993): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(93)90108-t.
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Moradi, Mohammad, Hamid Dehghani, and Sied Zabihallah Ravari. "Genetics of physiological and agronomical traits linked to salinity tolerance in tomato." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 4 (2021): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20394.
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Improvement of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) for growth in saline soils is a major goal of tomato breeders. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic combining ability and genetics of salinity tolerance in tomato. Plant materials were grown under normal (NG) and salinity stress (SSG) conditions. Results showed that the genetic controlling mechanism of salinity-related traits and fruit weight is complex and that all genetic components of additive, non-additive and maternal are involved. The nature of gene action for fruit weight and salinity-related traits was significantly affected by salinity stress. Dominance and additive gene action were predominant under NG and SSG, respectively. Under NG, the best general combiner parent for fruit weight was P3 (salt-tolerant with moderate fruit yield). Under SSG, P1 (highly salt-tolerant with low fruit yield) was the best general combiner parent for fruit weight and exhibited high genetic combining ability for K+/Na+, lipoxygenase activity, proline, relative water content, total carbohydrate and cell membrane stability. With the high frequency of genes effective in salt tolerance, the P1 parent appeared as the best specific mating partner with other parents under SSG. Simultaneous selection for fruit weight and surrogate traits (cell membrane stability, proline and relative water content) in a population derived from the P1 × P5 (susceptible with high fruit yield) cross could result in a salt-tolerant tomato genotype.
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Green, M. M. "It Really Is Not a Fruit Fly." Genetics 162, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.1.
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Pereira, Lara, Lei Zhang, Manoj Sapkota, Alexis Ramos, Hamid Razifard, Ana L. Caicedo, and Esther van der Knaap. "Unraveling the genetics of tomato fruit weight during crop domestication and diversification." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 134, no. 10 (July 12, 2021): 3363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03902-2.
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Abstract Key Message Six novel fruit weight QTLs were identified in tomato using multiple bi-parental populations developed from ancestral accessions. Beneficial alleles at these loci arose in semi-domesticated subpopulations and were likely left behind. This study paves the way to introgress these alleles into breeding programs. Abstract The size and weight of edible organs have been strongly selected during crop domestication. Concurrently, human have also focused on nutritional and cultural characteristics of fruits and vegetables, at times countering selective pressures on beneficial size and weight alleles. Therefore, it is likely that novel improvement alleles for organ weight still segregate in ancestral germplasm. To date, five domestication and diversification genes affecting tomato fruit weight have been identified, yet the genetic basis for increases in weight has not been fully accounted for. We found that fruit weight increased gradually during domestication and diversification, and semi-domesticated subpopulations featured high phenotypic and nucleotide diversity. Columella and septum fruit tissues were proportionally increased, suggesting targeted selection. We developed twenty-one F2 populations with parents fixed for the known fruit weight genes, corresponding to putative key transitions from wild to fully domesticated tomatoes. These parents also showed differences in fruit weight attributes as well as the developmental timing of size increase. A subset of populations was targeted for QTL-seq, leading to the identification of six uncloned fruit weight QTLs. Three QTLs, located on chromosomes 1, 2 and 3, were subsequently validated by progeny testing. By exploring the segregation of the known fruit weight genes and the identified QTLs, we estimated that most beneficial alleles in the newly identified loci arose in semi-domesticated subpopulations from South America and were not likely transmitted to fully domesticated landraces. Therefore, these alleles could be incorporated into breeding programs using the germplasm and genetic resources identified in this study.
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Kaźmińska, Karolina, Ewelina Hallmann, Aleksandra Korzeniewska, Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Szczytt, and Grzegorz Bartoszewski. "Identification of Fruit-Associated QTLs in Winter Squash (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) Using Recombinant Inbred Lines." Genes 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040419.
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Cucurbita maxima Duchesne squash and pumpkins are cultivated world-wide. Cucurbita maxima fruits are produced for fresh market and are valuable for food processing. Therefore, fruit characteristics and yield are the traits of high economic importance for breeders. To date, the genetic basis of fruit-associated traits in C. maxima have been poorly understood. In the present study, we evaluated fruit-associated traits and conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross of two inbred lines with different fruit morphotypes. Phenotypic data for nine fruit traits (earliness, weight, number per plant, yield per plant, length and diameter, shape index, flesh thickness, sucrose content and dry matter content) were collected for RILs in two open-field experiments. Pairwise analysis of the phenotypic data revealed correlations among the fruit and yield-associated traits. Using a previously developed genetic map, we identified 26 QTLs for eight traits. The QTLs were found in 10 locations on eight chromosomes of C. maxima. The QTLs were detected across experiments and explained up to 41.4% of the observed phenotypic variations. Major-effect QTLs for multiple fruit-associated traits were clustered on chromosome 4, suggesting that this genomic region has been under selection during diversification and/or domestication of C. maxima.
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Saftner, Robert A., William S. Conway, and Carl E. Sams. "Effects of Postharvest Calcium and Fruit Coating Treatments on Postharvest Life, Quality Maintenance, and Fruit-surface Injury in `Golden Delicious' Apples." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 2 (March 1998): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.2.294.
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The effects of postharvest pressure infiltration of calcium chloride (CaCl2) solutions, fruit coatings and shrink-wrap film treatments of apples (Malus domestica Borkh. `Golden Delicious') on peel injury, quality attributes, respiration and internal atmospheres after storage at 0 °C for 2 to 6 months, and during subsequent ripening at 20 °C were investigated. CaCl2 treatments (0.14 to 0.34 mol·L-1) reduced internal and evolved ethylene and softening of fruits, but they also caused distinctive injury to the fruit surface. Following the CaCl2 treatments with a water rinse and a wax- or shellac-based coating or a shrink-wrap film reduced surface injury in fruits treated with 0.24 or 0.34 mol·L-1 solutions of CaCl2 and eliminated injury resulting from a 0.14 mol·L-1 CaCl2 treatment. The fruit coatings delayed ripening; as indicated by better retention of fresh mass, green peel color, titratable acidity and flesh firmness, and the reduced respiration and ethylene production rates that were observed upon transferring the fruits to 20 °C. Sequential treatments with CaCl2 and a shrink-wrap film also reduced fresh mass loss, respiration and ethylene production rates, but had no effect on other quality characteristics. Internal CO2 levels increased and O2 and ethylene levels decreased in surface coated fruits during storage at 0 °C. Coating fruits without the use of CaCl2 also delayed ripening though not as well as that for fruits sequentially treated with CaCl2 and a surface coating.
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Génard, Michel, and Claude Bruchou. "A Functional and Exploratory Approach to Studying Growth: The Example of the Peach Fruit." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 2 (March 1993): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.2.317.
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An approach to studying fruit growth is presented for peach fruit (Prunus persica L. Batsch). It combines a functional description of growth curves, multivariate exploratory data analysis, and graphical displays. This approach is useful for comparing growth curves fitted to a parametric model, and analysis is made easier by the choice of the model whose parameters have a meaning for the biologist. Growth curves were compared using principal component analysis (PCA) adapted to the table of estimated parameters. Growth curves of 120 fruits were fitted to a model that assumes two growth phases. The first one described the pit growth and the first part of the flesh growth. The second described the second part of the flesh growth. From PCA, firstly it was seen that fruit growth varied according to cumulated growth during both growth phases and to date of maximal absolute growth. Secondly, fruit growth varied according to cumulated growth and relative growth rates during each phase. Further examples are presented where growth curves were compared for varying fruit number per shoot and leaf: fruit ratio, and for different sources of variation (tree, shoot, and fruit). Growth of individual fruit was not related to fruit number per shoot or to leaf: fruit ratio. Growth variability was especially high between fruit within shoots.
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Saenz, J. L., T. M. DeJong, and S. A. Weinbaum. "Nitrogen Stimulated Increases in Peach Yields Are Associated with Extended Fruit Development Period and Increased Fruit Sink Capacity." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 6 (November 1997): 772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.6.772.
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This study was designed to characterize the mechanisms of N-stimulated peach Prunus persica (L.) Batsch productivity. The effects of N fertilization on potential assimilate availability (source capacity) and on the growth capacity of individual fruit (sink capacity) were assessed. On heavily thinned trees, fertilization did not stimulate fruit growth rates relative to those on nonfertilized trees, suggesting that fruit growth rates were not assimilate-limited throughout the period of fruit development. However, N fertilization resulted in a longer fruit development period and increased the growth potential of individual fruit by 20% (fresh mass) and 15% (dry mass) vs. controls. In unthinned trees, N fertilization increased total fruit yield by 49% (fresh mass) and 40% (dry mass) compared to the unthinned, nonfertilized controls. N fertilization increased total fruit yield per tree in unthinned peach trees by extending the fruit development period and thus increasing the amount of assimilate accumulated for fruit growth. The fruit development period was prolonged both by assimilate deprivation associated with increasingly higher crop loads and by N fertilization. Thus, the prolongation of the peach fruit development period by N-fertilization appears inconsistent with the role of N in increasing assimilate availability for fruit growth. We conclude that N fertilization stimulates peach yields by increasing the period for fruits to use assimilates (sink capacity). The effect of N on assimilate availability was not directly evaluated. The timing of fertilizer N availability did not influence fruit growth potential.
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Stutte, G. W., and J. Gage. "Gibberellin Inhibits Fruit Abscission Following Seed Abortion in Peach." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 1 (January 1990): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.1.107.
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Seed coats of developing fruit of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cvs. Redkist, Redskin, and Loring] were punctured at 31, 33, and 38 days after full bloom (DAFB), respectively. Injections of water, 390 mg GA3/liter, or 390 mg GA4+7/liter were made immediately following seed puncture. Seed puncture and water injection following puncture resulted in abscission of all fruit. Injection of GA3 and GA4+7 delayed abscission of `Redkist' and `Redskin' fruits of punctured seeds by 6 to 10 days. Both GA treatments resulted in normal growth into Stage II and increased fruit retention through Stage III in `Loring'. About 100 μl of 250, 500, or 1000 mg GA3/liter was injected into the locule of `Loring' fruits following seed puncture at 30, 40, or 50 DAFB. GA treatments at 30 DAFB resulted in≈ 75% fruit set in comparison to seeded control fruit, while fruit treated at 40 and 50 DAFB abscised by the end of Stage II. Increasing GA concentration from 250 to 1000 mg·liter-1 had no additional effect. Movement of the GA was examined by injecting 3H-GA1 into the locule following the puncture treatment. More than 97% remained in the fruit after 96 hours. The percentage of 3H recovered in the seed cavity decreased over time, whereas recovered label increased in both endocarp and mesocarp. The results suggest a potential regulatory role for seed-produced gibberellins during early Stage I of development. We have identified an apparent change in tissue sensitivity to gibberellin induction of seedless fruit development between 30 and 40 DAFB in `Loring' peach.
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Engelkes, Cheryl Ann, Irvin Widders, and Hugh Price. "Ontogenetic Changes in Calcium Concentration and Content in Pickling Cucumber Fruit as Influenced by Genotype and Environment." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 4 (July 1990): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.4.555.
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A field experiment was conducted to quantify the ontogenetic changes in Ca concentration and content of pickling cucumber fruits as influenced by environmental conditions and genotype. Pericarp tissue Ca concentrations (1.1% to 0.7% of dry weight) were higher but declined less rapidly during fruit development than endocarp concentrations (0.8% to 0.2% of dry weight). About 90% of net fruit Ca content accumulated within the pericarp of ≈150 g fresh weight fruit, the rest in the endocarp. The rate of Ca accumulation was highly variable during fruit ontogeny but was closely correlated with growth rate (grams fresh weight/day). Environmental conditions had the largest effect on Ca accumulation rate. Fruit tissue Ca concentrations were affected both by genotype and the cultural environment, especially at the later stages of fruit development. Calcium concentrations (1.5 to ≈3.0% of dry weight) in fully expanded leaf tissue were higher than in rapidly growing fruit tissues on the same plants.
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Wan, C. K., and F. G. Dennis. "Fruit-induced Dormancy in Apple Seeds: Role of Water and Inhibitors." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 3 (May 1992): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.3.463.
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The roles of inhibitors in the seedcoat and locules and of seed water content in fruit-induced dormancy of apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) seeds were investigated. Seeds were after-ripened at 5C for various periods up to 12 weeks: 1) in the locules of intact fruits or half-fruits, 2) on wire mesh over moist filter paper, which simulated the locule in preventing leaching, or 3) on moist filter paper. The seeds were subsequently germinated in the locules of half-fruits, on screen, or on moist paper. In some experiments, the seeds were soaked in distilled water before or after after-ripening, or the embryos were excised before germination. The results indicate that fruit volatiles are unlikely to inhibit germination of seeds after-ripened in the fruit. Although limited water content reduced the ability of the seeds to germinate, it did not prevent after-ripening. An unidentified inhibitor(s) present in the locule and on the surface of the seed appears to be the major factor(s) preventing germination in the fruit, as seeds after-ripened on moist paper germinated well on paper or screen but poorly in the locule. The inhibitor(s) appears to be metabolized or to break down spontaneously when seeds are after-ripened on a screen, suggesting that the locule serves as a reservoir of the inhibitor as long as the seed remains in the fruit.
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Gvozdanovic-Varga, Jelica, Mirjana Vasic, Dragan Milic, and Janko Cervenski. "Diallel cross analysis for fruit traits in watermelon." Genetika 43, no. 1 (2011): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1101163g.
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Current demands of consumers and thus producers are important when targeting watermelon breeding programs, especially in programs aimed at improvement of fruit traits. A complete diallel set has been investigated for breeding values of six watermelon lines, via general and specific combining ability, relationships between general and specific combining ability, heritability and heterosis for fruit size, rind thickness, soluble solids and fruit shape. The lines P2 and P4 were good general combiners for fruit size. These lines also had high values of specific combining ability in direct and reciprocal crosses. The lines with negative general combining ability for fruit size (P1 and P5) can be used in breeding for small fruits (4-6 kg), good taste (high sugar content), desired rind thickness, desired fruit form and high fruit ratio. Relationships between general and specific combining ability indicated that the additive effect played an important role in the expression of fruit weight, rind thickness and sugar content, while fruit shape was inherited incompletely dominantly.
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Medeiros, Artur Mendes, Rosana Rodrigues, Leandro Simões Azeredo Gonçalves, Cláudia Pombo Sudré, Hérica Santos de Oliveira, and Marilene Hilma dos Santos. "Gene effect and heterosis in Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum." Ciência Rural 44, no. 6 (June 2014): 1031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782014000600013.
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Heterosis has been exploited in Capsicum annuum commercial hybrids; however, the use of heterosis in C. baccatum still remains to be explored, and studies related to the genetics and breeding of this species are scarce. The present study aimed to estimate the combining ability of five parents of C. baccatum var. pendulum , representatives of two distinct types of fruits (namely, lady's finger and cambuci), to calculate heterosis and to evaluate the agronomic potential of the hybrids for yield and fruit quality. The hybrids were produced from a complete diallel without reciprocals. The parents and hybrids were evaluated under field conditions in a randomized block design with three replications, and the following traits were assessed: number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, yield per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and soluble solids. All traits were significant for general and specific combining ability, indicating that additive and non-additive effects are involved in the genetic control of these traits. The hybrid combinations between the types lady's finger and cambuci provided elongated fruits with smaller diameters and greater weight compared with the parents of the cambuci type. However, these factors did not lead to a significant increase in the yield per plant due to the decreased number of fruits except in hybrid UENF 1616 x UENF 1732. Considering only the parents and hybrids within each type of fruit, the genitor UENF 1624 (lady's finger) and the hybrid UENF 1639 x UENF 1732 (cambuci x cambuci) stood out for achieving a high yield per plant.
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Ulas, Firdes. "Response of different rootstocks on vegetative growth, fruit and seed yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)." Genetika 53, no. 2 (2021): 593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2102593u.
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In this study, different eggplant scion genotypes were grafted onto different eggplant rootstock genotypes in order to assess the plant growth, development, and fruit yield of eggplant plants based on the physiological and morphological response mechanisms. The experiment was conducted at the vegetable research field plot on the campus at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Erciyes, Kayseri-Turkey. The field experiment was carried out to determine plant growth, shoot and root fresh and dry biomasses, plant height, total leaf area, leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), rootstock and scion stem diameter, number of fruits per plant, total fruit yield, fruit dry matter, fruit diameter and length, total seed yield, and thousand seed weight. Two eggplant cultivars (Topan and Pala) were grafted onto two different eggplant rootstock genotypes (Hawk and K?ksal F1), while non-grafted scion genotypes were used as control plants. The experiment was laid in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) containing three replications. The results indicated that between grafted and non-grafted plants significant (P<0.001) differences were observed in shoot and root fresh and dry biomasses, plant height, total leaf area, leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), rootstock and scion stem diameter, number of fruits per plant, total fruit yield, fruit dry matter, fruit diameter and length, total seed yield, and thousand seed weight. The rootstocks utilized have influenced the vigour of the grafted plants. The ?Pala? grafted on the rootstock ?K?ksal F1? registered 61.91% increment in shoot fresh biomass and 49.04% increment in root fresh biomass in comparison to the non-grafted plants. Grafting influenced plant height which reached values of roughly 1.0 m, leaf are resulting in values of 5645.04 cm2 plant-1, and SPAD resulting in values of 47.48 at ?Pala/K?ksal F1? graft combination in comparison to the non-grafted plants. The grafting combinations also influenced the productivity of plants as compare to non-grafted plants. The significantly highest fruit yield obtained from ?Pala/K?ksal F1? graft combination was of 4711.89 g plant-1, followed by ?Topan/K?ksal F1? graft combination with 3834.54 g plant-1. ?Pala? was produced 11.49 number of fruits per plant when grafted on the ?K?ksal F1? rootstock and 8.46 number of fruits per plant when grafted on the ?Hawk? rootstock. Regarding seed yield, ?Pala? grafted on the rootstock ?K?ksal F1? registered 72.03% increment in total seed yield in comparison to the non-grafted plants. Overall, the eggplant rootstock genotypes ?K?ksal F1? showed a better performance shoot and root fresh and dry biomasses, plant height, total leaf area, leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), rootstock and scion stem diameter, number of fruits per plant, total fruit yield, fruit dry matter, fruit diameter and length, total seed yield, and thousand seed weight as compared to non-grafted plants.
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Lācis, Gunārs. "Characterisation of Latvia Fruit Crop Genetic Resources by Application of Molecular Genetics Methods." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 67, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2013-0014.
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A large diversity of fruit crop accessions is maintained at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit- Growing, which consists of modern cultivars, landraces and selections from local breeding programmes, as well as germplasm that has resulted from scientific exchange and co-operation with other institutes. Presently, the germplasm collection comprises 2509 accessions of 17 fruit crops; 676 accessions are designated as national genetic resources. Conservation of germplasm itself has little value without characterisation and further utilisation of the stored plant material. To intensify these activities, DNA-based technologies have been implemented in the characterisation of germplasm. Two main groups of molecular markers have been utilised: non-specific markers and gene-specific (functional) markers, subsequently applicable for Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). Genotyping protocols based on SSR, RAPD and Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) markers have been developed for twelve fruit crops for use in plant material identification, True-to-Type verification and evaluation of genetic diversity and internal collection structure. In total, 790 accessions have been genotyped using any of the mentioned markers. These markers have been harmonised with the European cooperative programme for plant genetic resources working group (ECPGR WG) recommended sets to ensure international data exchange. Gene specific molecular markers have been applied to apple and pear (resistance to scab), strawberry (resistance to Gnomonia fragariae), sweet cherries and plums (self-incompatibility).
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Dash, Madhumita, Lisa Klima Johnson, and Anish Malladi. "Reduction of Fruit Load Affects Early Fruit Growth in Apple by Enhancing Carbohydrate Availability, Altering the Expression of Cell Production-related Genes, and Increasing Cell Production." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 4 (July 2013): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.4.253.
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Carbohydrate availability is a key factor determining fruit growth in apple (Malus ×domestica) and other fruits. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating fleshy fruit growth in response to changes in carbohydrate availability are not well understood. In this study, carbohydrate availability was manipulated by reducing fruit load, and its effects on apple fruit growth, cell production and expansion, and the expression of genes associated with these processes was investigated. Reduction of fruit load during early fruit development led to a rapid increase in early fruit growth. The increase in fruit growth was associated with a transient increase in sorbitol and fructose concentrations and altered expression of sorbitol dehydrogenase and sucrose synthase genes. Increase in early fruit growth was mediated primarily by an increase in cell production. The aintegumenta gene, MdANT1, an AP2-domain transcription factor associated with the regulation of cell production and fruit growth, displayed an increase in expression by up to 5-fold during early fruit development in response to the reduction in fruit load. Additionally, multiple cell cycle genes positively associated with cell production such as the cyclins, MdCYCA2;1, MdCYCA2;3, MdCYCB1;1, and MdCYCB2;2, and the B-type cyclin-dependent kinases, MdCDKB1;1, MdCDKB1;2, and MdCDKB2;2, displayed higher expression by up to 5-fold under reduced fruit load conditions during early fruit growth. These data indicate that carbohydrate availability affects the expression of key transcription factors and cell proliferation genes, thereby regulating cell production during early fruit growth. Several genes associated with cell expansion such as the expansins, and cobra and cobra-like genes, also displayed altered expression in response to the reduction in fruit load. The expression of three expansin genes was higher under reduced fruit load conditions at maturity, a stage at which a minor increase in cell size was apparent. Together, data from this study indicate that fruit load reduction induces changes in carbohydrate availability and metabolism, which in turn affect cell production-related mechanisms, thereby enhancing early fruit growth.
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Bhavani, B., C. Anilkumar, A. Mohan Rao, and S. Ramesh. "Genetics of fruit oleoresin and capsaicin contents in chilli inter-species (Capsicum annuum × C. chinense) cross." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 18, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262119000418.
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AbstractChoice of the most appropriate breeding method hinges on mode of action of genes controlling expression of target traits. Pungency (capsaicin) and colour (oleoresin) are most important fruit quality traits in chilli. Genetics of fruit quality traits was unravelled using a combination of first and second degree statistics. An additive-dominance model was inadequate to explain the inheritance of fruit yield and quality traits. Magnitude of additive genetic effects [a] and their variances [σ2A] were higher than those of dominance genetic effects [d] and dominance genetic variances [σ2D] suggesting predominance of additive effect genes in the inheritance of both oleoresin and capsaicin contents. These results are discussed in relation to appropriate selection strategy to be followed for genetic improvement of chilli for oleoresin and capsaicin contents.
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Qiu, Yunxia, Melvin S. Nishina, and Robert E. Paull. "Papaya Fruit Growth, Calcium Uptake, and Fruit Ripening." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 2 (March 1995): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.2.246.
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The uptake of Ca by `Sunset' papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit and its role in ripening was studied. The highest mesocarp Ca uptake rate occurred in fruit that were <40 days postanthesis when fruit transpiration was probably highest. Ca uptake rate by the mesocarp was low, from 60 to 80 days postanthesis when fruit fresh and dry weight increased. Mesocarp Ca uptake rate increased again from 100 to 140 days postanthesis when fruit fresh weight growth rate declined and dry weight growth rate increased. Mesocarp Ca concentration did not significantly differ from the peduncle to the blossom end. although Ca was significantly higher in the outer than inner mesocarp at the fruit equator. Mesocarp Ca concentration fluctuated significantly throughout the year ranging from 68 to 204 μg·g-1 fresh weight (FW). Soil Ca application did not always increase fruit mesocarp Ca concentration, while K and N fertilization decreased mesocarp Ca concentration. Attempts to increase mesocarp Ca concentration by spraying CaCl2 onto papaya fruit during growth and by postharvest vacuum infiltration and dipping of the cut peduncle into CaCl2 were unsuccessful. Mesocarp Ca concentration was positively correlated to the firmness of ripe papaya fruit and the rate of softening of mesocarp plugs. Less correlation was found between fruit firmness and the ratio of Ca concentration to K or Mg concentration, or to Mg plus K concentrations. Mesocarp Ca concentration of 130 μg·g-1 FW or above was associated with slower fruit softening rate than fruit with a lower concentration.
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Hernández-Delgado, Sanjuana, José Saúl Padilla-Ramírez, Alejandro Nava-Cedillo, and Netzahualcoyotl Mayek-Pérez. "Morphological and genetic diversity of Mexican guava germplasm." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 5, no. 03 (November 22, 2007): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262107827055.
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Fifty morphological characteristics, fruit production over 3 years (from 1999 to 2002) and the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique were used to analyse a set of 48 guava (Psidium guajavaL.) accessions cultivated in Mexico, in order to characterize their genetic relationships. Germplasm was collected from the Calvillo-Cañones region and planted in Huanusco, Mexico. The study included twoP. cattleianum(Sabine) and twoP. friedrichsthalianum(Berg-Niedenzu) accessions from Costa Rica as outgroups. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained less than 30% of total variation and 14 characteristics from trees (1), leaves (2) and fruits (11) were the most informative. PCA analysis separated the germplasm into three major groups of accessions based on fruit size and weight, stem diameter and leaf size. Significant differences in fruit yield were detected among accessions and years, whereP.guajavaproduced 36 kg/year/tree of fresh fruit whileP. cattleianumandP. friedrichsthalianumshowed fruit yield lower than 7 kg/year/tree. The fruit yield broad sense heritability was 0.25. The AFLP analysis produced two clusters ofPsidiumaccessions, the first includedP. cattleianumandP. friedrichsthalianum, and the secondP. guajavaaccessions. This is the first report about the use of AFLP marker methodology for the genetic characterization of Mexican native guava germplasm and the results based on phenotypic and productive characteristics suggest that germplasm was selected from open pollinated trees.
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Byers, R. E., D. H. Carbaugh, and C. N. Presley. "`Stayman' Fruit Cracking as Affected by Surfactants, Plant Growth Regulators, and Other Chemicals." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 3 (May 1990): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.3.405.
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Submerging `Stayman' apples in nonionic and anionic surfactant-water solutions caused increased water uptake and fruit cracking. The primary sites of water uptake were lenticels and injured areas of the fruit cuticle. Fruit cracking caused by submerging fruit in 1.25 ml X-77/liter surfactant was used to predict the natural cracking potential of `Stayman' strains and apple cultivars in the field. Submerging apples in aqueous pesticide mixtures did not Increase fruit cracking or water uptake. Fruit cracking and uptake of surfactant-water were not correlated between apple cultivars. In a surfactant-water bath, `Starkrimson Delicious' absorbed more water than `Stayman', `York', `Jonathan', and `Golden Delicious'; no `Starkrimson Delicious' fruits cracked, but 32% to 80% of the other cultivars did. In field tests, four airblast spray applications of GA4+7 in July and Aug. 1987 reduced fruit cracking from 56% to 21%, and five applications In July, Aug., and Sept. 1988 reduced fruit cracking from 93% to 75%. In 1987, daminozide reduced cracking, but, in 1988, neither daminozide, NAA, nor Vapor Gard alone reduced cracking. However, in 1988, a combination treatment of GA4+7, daminozide, NAA, and Vapor Gard reduced fruit cracking from 93% to 22%. Also, two scorings of the trunk with a carpet knife reduced fruit cracking 22%. Chemical names used: alkylaryl polyoxyethylene alcohol glycol (X-77); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); di-1-p-methene (Vapor Gard); gibberellic acid (GA4+7).
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Martina, Matteo, Yury Tikunov, Ezio Portis, and Arnaud G. Bovy. "The Genetic Basis of Tomato Aroma." Genes 12, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020226.
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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) aroma is determined by the interaction of volatile compounds (VOCs) released by the tomato fruits with receptors in the nose, leading to a sensorial impression, such as “sweet”, “smoky”, or “fruity” aroma. Of the more than 400 VOCs released by tomato fruits, 21 have been reported as main contributors to the perceived tomato aroma. These VOCs can be grouped in five clusters, according to their biosynthetic origins. In the last decades, a vast array of scientific studies has investigated the genetic component of tomato aroma in modern tomato cultivars and their relatives. In this paper we aim to collect, compare, integrate and summarize the available literature on flavour-related QTLs in tomato. Three hundred and fifty nine (359) QTLs associated with tomato fruit VOCs were physically mapped on the genome and investigated for the presence of potential candidate genes. This review makes it possible to (i) pinpoint potential donors described in literature for specific traits, (ii) highlight important QTL regions by combining information from different populations, and (iii) pinpoint potential candidate genes. This overview aims to be a valuable resource for researchers aiming to elucidate the genetics underlying tomato flavour and for breeders who aim to improve tomato aroma.
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Colic, Slavica, Gordan Zec, Dejan Marinkovic, and Zoran Jankovic. "Genetic and phenotypic variability of cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh) pomological characteristics." Genetika 35, no. 3 (2003): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0303155c.
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Cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh) is one of the most widely spread fruit species in our country. The fruits are mostly used for brandy production and the seed is used for rootstock production in fruit culture. As cherry plum is resistant to plant diseases and pests, chemical protection is not required. Concerning that, cherry plum is reach and cheap source for the production of healthy food. The objective of this research was the analysis of genetic and phenotypic variability, as well as study on correlation of pomological traits of 49 cherry plum genotypes selected from the native population in Serbia. It was measured mat the highest genetic variance in total phenotypic variance was for the fruit height and total sugar content. The lowest genetic variance in total phenotypic variance was for the length of the stalk and dry matter content. The highest genetic variance coefficient (CVg = 22.93%) was calculated for the total acid content although the lowest value of genetic and phenotypic variance was for the fruit width (CVg = 0.69%; CVf = 0.80%). The highest coefficient of phenotypic and genetic correlation was calculated between the weight and height of the fruit. Native population of cherry plum in Serbia and Montenegro is specific because of the extensive variability of the forms which is highly important for the selection of raw material in breeding process.
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Kaur, Sukhninder, Mohinder Sidhu, and Ajmer Dhatt. "Genetic diversity analysis through cluster constellation in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)." Genetika 53, no. 2 (2021): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2102629k.
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In present investigation, 110 locally developed genotypes from different breeding programmes in brinjal were classified into eleven clusters on the basis of their D2 values computed from Mahalanobis D2 statistics of twelve morphological traits, wherein inter-and intra-cluster distances highlighted the genetic divergence of the genotypes grouped among and within different clusters. Among all, fourth cluster was the largest with 33 genotypes; however, each of second, fifth, ninth, tenth and eleventh clusters contained only single genotype. The genotypes of eighth and tenth clusters were highly diverse (1584.40) followed by third and eighth (1431.31), eighth and ninth (1302.69), sixth and eighth (1126.33) and first and eighth (1042.91) clusters. Intra-cluster (within cluster) variation was the highest in seventh cluster (74.43) followed by eighth (61.20) and sixth (54.36) that described the diverse nature of eighteen, five and nineteen genotypes in these groups, respectively. However, PBL-268, PBGL-401, PBL-243, PSR 308 and PBOB-518 were grouped individually in IInd, Vth, IXth, Xth and XIth clusters, respectively. Overall, fifth cluster had most vigorous and high yielding ((2.82 kg/plant) genotype (PBGL-405); eighth cluster included genotypes with big round fruits and maximum fruit weight (317.43g); and tenth cluster had the earliest genotype (PSR-308) with the maximum number of fruits per plant (43.17). Out of twelve morphological traits, 94.19% diversity was brought by average fruit weight (67.86%), number of fruits per plant (17.26%), fruit yield per plant (5.37%) and fruit breadth (3.70%), however, other traits had negligible share towards the variation. This study created the foundation for future hybridization programmes in brinjal, where the parents can be selected on the basis of highly diverse groups as well as traits.
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Yamamoto, Toshiya. "Breeding, genetics, and genomics of fruit trees." Breeding Science 66, no. 1 (2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.66.1.
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Silveira, Greiciele Farias da, Ana Aparecida Bandini Rossi, Uéliton Alves de Oliveira, Tatiane Lemos Varella, Fernanda Saragosa Rossi, Alessandro Antonio Cavallari, and Edinéia Aparecida dos Santos Galvanin. "ANÁLISE BIOMÉTRICA DE FRUTOS E SEMENTES DE Passiflora cristalina Vanderplank & Zappi." Nativa 7, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i2.6554.
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O objetivo do presente trabalho é caracterizar biometricamente os frutos e sementes de Passiflora cristalina Vanderplank & Zappi ocorrentes na região de Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso. Foram coletados em 2013 um total de 100 frutos maduros de 15 genótipos e destes foram selecionadas 300 sementes aleatoriamente. Os frutos foram analisados quanto ao comprimento, largura, espessura, peso, espessura da casca, o peso da polpa, o peso das sementes/fruto, número de sementes/fruto e teor de sólidos solúveis. As sementes foram avaliadas em relação ao comprimento, largura, espessura e índice de volume. As características biométricas foram analisadas mediante distribuição de frequência calculando-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e o nível de significância através do teste T. O comprimento do fruto correlacionou-se positivamente com a largura e peso do fruto, espessura da casca e com peso das sementes, não havendo uma correlação com o número de sementes por fruto. Houve uma ampla distribuição de frequência das características avaliadas nos frutos, com exceção do peso das sementes. A alta variação fenotípica encontrada para a maioria das características avaliadas nos frutos e sementes de P. cristalina revela que a espécie tem divergência genética a ser utilizado em programas de seleção e conservação de recursos genéticos.Palavras-chave: divergência genética, maracujá, recursos genéticos. BIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FRUITS AND SEEDS OF Passiflora cristalina Vanderplank & Zappi ABSTRACT: The present work has presented the fruits and seeds of Passiflora cristalina Vanderplank & Zappi occurring in the region of Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso. A total of 100 mature fruits of 15 genotypes were collected in 2013 and 300 seeds were randomly selected. The fruits were inert to the length, thickness, thickness, weight, bark thickness, pulp weight, seed/fruit weight, number of seeds / fruit and soluble solids content. The seeds were evaluated for length, width, thickness and volume index. The biometric characteristics were analyzed with the calculation frequency calculated with the Spearman correlation coefficient and the level of significance throughout the T test. Fruit weight was correlated with fruit width and weight, bark thickness and weight of the fruits. Seeds without a key with the number of seeds per fruit. There is an offer of food distribution in the fruits, with the exception of the weight of the seeds. The high phenotypic variance found for a greater number of species evaluated in fruits and seeds of P.cristalina reveals that a type of genetics has been characterized in programs of selection and conservation of genetic resources.Keywords: genetic divergence, passion fruit, genetic resources.
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Haymer, D. S., J. E. Anleitner, M. He, S. Thanaphum, S. H. Saul, J. Ivy, K. Houtchens, and L. Arcangeli. "Actin genes in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata." Genetics 125, no. 1 (May 1, 1990): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/125.1.155.
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Abstract We have undertaken the study of actin gene organization and expression in the genome of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata. Actin genes have been extensively characterized previously in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, and they have valuable properties for comparative studies. These genes are typically highly conserved in coding regions, represented in multiple copies per genome and regulated in expression during development. We have isolated a gene in the medfly using the cloned Drosophila melanogaster 5C actin gene as a probe. This medfly gene detects abundant messages present during late larval and late pupal development as well as in thoracic and leg tissue preparations from newly emerged adults. This pattern of expression is consistent with what has been seen for actin genes in other organisms. Using either the D. melanogaster 5C actin gene or the medfly gene as a probe identifies five common cross reacting EcoRI fragments in genomic DNA, but only under less than fully stringent hybridization conditions.
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Mladenovic, Emina, Janos Berenji, Marija Kraljevic-Balalic, Jelena Cukanovic, and Ivana Blagojevic. "Multivariate analisys of species from Cucurbitaceae family." Genetika 44, no. 2 (2012): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1202227m.
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Species from Cucurbitaceae family are not widely present in Serbia, although because of their morphological and decorative features deserve more attention. The aim of this paper was to study the morphological variability and usage of ten species of the Cucurbiataceae family. Based on genetic variability, species were grouped into 8 clusters. Fruit characteristics of most investigated species showed great similarity and the greatest differences were attained for flower and fruit characteristics. The longest was the fruit of Trichosanthes cucumerina (46.2 cm), while the shortest of Cucumis myriocarpus (3.4 cm) which had the smallest circumference as well (4.4 cm). The largest circumference of fruit was recorded for the species Cucumis aculeatus (16.4 cm). In terms of fruit color Momordica balsamina had a red fruit, allocated from other species whose fruits were in various shades of green. Variability is reflected in large variations in size, shape and color of fruit. Considerating that usages of these species are multiple (food for humans and animals, ornamental) studyed species deserve special attention in their further propagation and use.
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Eduardo, Iban, Pere Arús, Antonio José Monforte, Javier Obando, Juan Pablo Fernández-Trujillo, Juan Antonio Martínez, Antonio Luís Alarcón, Jose María Álvarez, and Esther van der Knaap. "Estimating the Genetic Architecture of Fruit Quality Traits in Melon Using a Genomic Library of Near Isogenic Lines." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 1 (January 2007): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.1.80.
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A melon (Cucumis melo L.) genomic library of near-isogenic lines derived from the cross between the Spanish cultivar Piel de Sapo and the exotic accession PI 161375 has been evaluated for fruit quality traits in four different locations. Traits evaluated were fruit weight, soluble solids content, maximum fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit shape index, ovary shape index, external color, and flesh color. Among these traits, soluble solids content showed the highest genotype × environment interaction, whereas genotype × environment interactions for fruit shape and fruit weight were low. Heritability was high for all traits except soluble solids content, with the highest value for fruit shape and ovary shape. Ten to 15 quantitative trait loci were detected for soluble solids content, fruit diameter, fruit length, and fruit shape; and four to five for ovary shape, external color, and flesh color. Depending on the trait, between 13% and 40% of the detected quantitative trait alleles from PI 161375 increased the trait, and between 60% and 87% of them decreased it, resulting in some PI 161375 alleles of interest for breeding. Most of the quantitative trait loci detected in previous experiments could be verified with the near-isogenic line population. Future studies with the melon near-isogenic line genomic library will provide a better understanding of the genetic control of melon fruit quality in a wider context related to agronomy, genetics, genomics and metabolomics studies.
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Tang, Yajun, Zhipeng Qu, Jiajun Lei, Reqing He, David L. Adelson, Youlin Zhu, Zhenbiao Yang, and Dong Wang. "The long noncoding RNA FRILAIR regulates strawberry fruit ripening by functioning as a noncanonical target mimic." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): e1009461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009461.
Full textAbstract:
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators in plant development, but few of them have been functionally characterized in fruit ripening. Here, we have identified 25,613 lncRNAs from strawberry ripening fruits based on RNA-seq data from poly(A)-depleted libraries and rRNA-depleted libraries, most of which exhibited distinct temporal expression patterns. A novel lncRNA, FRILAIR harbours the miR397 binding site that is highly conserved in diverse strawberry species. FRILAIR overexpression promoted fruit maturation in the Falandi strawberry, which was consistent with the finding from knocking down miR397, which can guide the mRNA cleavage of both FRILAIR and LAC11a (encoding a putative laccase-11-like protein). Moreover, LAC11a mRNA levels were increased in both FRILAIR overexpressing and miR397 knockdown fruits, and accelerated fruit maturation was also found in LAC11a overexpressing fruits. Overall, our study demonstrates that FRILAIR can act as a noncanonical target mimic of miR397 to modulate the expression of LAC11a in the strawberry fruit ripening process.
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Thomas, Ronald S., and Jack E. Staub. "Water Stress and Storage Environment Affect Pillowy Fruit Disorder in Cucumber." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 3 (May 1992): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.3.394.
Full textAbstract:
Mean daily stomatal resistance was higher (58%; to 384%), photosynthesis values lower (11% to 49%), and crop water stress index values higher (92% to 95%) in stressed cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants than in irrigated control plants in three experiments performed in 1987 and four in 1988. Pillowy fruit disorder (PFD) was more frequent (110% to 150%) and more severe (59% to 81%) in freshly harvested fruits from stress plots when compared to controls. No after-storage differences in PFD were detectable between water stress treatments. Mean PFD ratings of processed fruit following postharvest storage at 26.5C and either 60% or 75% relative humidity were significantly higher than ratings of fruit stored at either 10.5 or 15.5C and 85% relative humidity. The progressive development of pillowy and the observed enhancement of PFD symptoms following storage at higher storage temperatures indicated that postharvest changes can occur in fruit mesocarp tissue and that the development of PFD can be altered, to some extent, during storage. Negative correlations (- 0.18 to - 0.78) between fruit quality and PFD ratings suggested that these changes can affect processed product quality. Pillowed tissue of processed fruit was significantly softer (33% to 39%) than nonpillowed tissue.
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Koch, Linda. "Sequencing bears fruit." Nature Reviews Genetics 21, no. 1 (November 15, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41576-019-0197-0.
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Eshed, Y., and D. Zamir. "An introgression line population of Lycopersicon pennellii in the cultivated tomato enables the identification and fine mapping of yield-associated QTL." Genetics 141, no. 3 (November 1, 1995): 1147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/141.3.1147.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Methodologies for mapping of genes underlying quantitative traits have advanced considerably but have not been accompanied by a parallel development of new population structures. We present a novel population consisting of 50 introgression lines (ILs) originating from a cross between the green-fruited species Lycopersicon pennellii and the cultivated tomato (cv M82). Each of the lines contains a single homozygous restriction fragment length polymorphism-defined L. pennellii chromosome segment, and together the lines provide complete coverage of the genome and a set of lines nearly isogenic to M82. A field trial of the ILs and their hybrids revealed at least 23 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for total soluble solids content and 18 for fruit mass; these estimates are twice as high as previously reported estimates based on traditional mapping populations. For finer mapping of a QTL affecting fruit mass, the introgressed segment was recombined into smaller fragments that allowed the identification of three linked loci. At least 16 QTL for plant weight, 22 for percentage green fruit weight, 11 for total yield and 14 for total soluble solids yield were identified. Gene action for fruit and plant characteristics was mainly additive, while overdominance (or pseudo-overdominance) of wild species introgressions was detected for yield.
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Luo, Ya, Yuanxiu Lin, Fan Mo, Cong Ge, Leiyu Jiang, Yong Zhang, Qing Chen, et al. "Sucrose Promotes Strawberry Fruit Ripening and Affects Ripening-Related Processes." International Journal of Genomics 2019 (November 20, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9203057.
Full textAbstract:
Strawberry is a typical nonclimacteric fruit, whose ripening mechanism needs to be further investigated. Sucrose has been recently proved as a signal molecule, participating in strawberry fruit ripening and related processes. While in the effects of sucrose application timing and concentration on ripening, fruit qualities remain unclear, as well as the transcriptome-wide details about the effects of sucrose on the gene expression involved in ripening-related processes. In this study, strawberry fruits at the degreening (DG), white (W), and initial-red (IR) stages were treated with different concentration of sucrose. The results showed that anthocyanin was increased while total polyphenol concentration (TPC) and total flavonoid concentration (TFC) were decreased during fruit development after sucrose treatment. Interestingly, It was showed that 100 mM sucrose application at the DG stage had the most obvious effects on fruit ripening; it made all the fruits turn into full-red (FR) around 4 days (d) earlier than the control, while it did not affect fruit quality traits and most bioactive compounds in the FR fruits. Subsequently, RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of the fruits collected at 8 days after 100 mM sucrose treatment was carried out. It was suggested that 993 genes were differentially expressed comparing with the control. Transcriptome-based expression analysis revealed that sucrose induced the expression of genes involved in the AsA and anthocyanin biosynthesis, while largely suppressed the expression of genes in TCA. The results obtained in this study provided more expression profiles of ripening-related genes under the treatment of sucrose, which will contribute to a better understanding for the mechanism underlying sucrose-induced fruit ripening.
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Morel, Séverine, Richard E. Harrison, Donald D. Muir, and E. Anthony Hunter. "Genotype, Location, and Harvest Date Effects on the Sensory Character of Fresh and Frozen Red Raspberries." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 1 (January 1999): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.1.19.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit from three red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars—`Glen Clova', `Glen Lyon', and `Glen Moy'—were harvested from four sites on two harvest dates and evaluated fresh or following storage at -20 °C to determine the relative importance of genotype, harvest date, location and freezing effects on 19 sensory attributes using a trained sensory panel. Freezing and cultivar × freezing interaction effects were relatively large while site, harvest date, and other interactions were of minor importance. The cultivar × freezing interaction was caused by differential responses among cultivars for the sensory attributes purple, juicy, sweet, and raspberry aroma with less discrimination among cultivars postfreezing. `Glen Clova' fresh fruit received the highest values for juicy, fruity, sweet, and raspberry aroma; `Glen Moy' fresh fruit received the highest values for purple; `Glen Lyon' fresh fruit received the lowest values for juicy, postfreezing, `Glen Lyon' received the highest values for purple and sweet and all three cultivars were similar for the other attributes. These data suggest that selection for improved postfreezing sensory characteristics should not rely solely on fresh fruit evaluations although further study of a more genetically diverse group of genotypes would be beneficial. The significant cultivar and minimal harvest date and location effects suggest that these fruit sensory analysis methods should be useful in selecting raspberry genotypes with superior fruit quality.
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Kagan-Zur, V., D. Yaron-Miron, and Y. Mizrahi. "A Study of Triploid Tomato Fruit Attributes." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 2 (March 1991): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.2.228.
Full textAbstract:
A spontaneous tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) triploid was studied with a view to its commercialization. Fruits induced by auxin contained 50% more DNA and 30% more protein than their diploid counterpart. The fruits were 50% larger than those of the diploid counterpart and were juicy but seedless. All fruit quality characteristics checked (polygalacturonase activity, reducing sugars content, electrical conductivity, pH, titratable acidity, pigment content, and shelf life) were comparable to the diploid except for ethylene evolution rate, which was lower than that of the diploid counterpart, and flavor, which was superior. The line seems suitable for agricultural cultivation.