Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fruit flies'
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1
Weldon, Christopher W. "Dispersal and mating behaviour of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) : implications for population establishment and control /." Connect to full text, 2005. http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/adt/public_html/adt-NU/public/adt-NU20051007.085638.
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Corcoran, R. J. "Fruit fly (Diptera:Tephritidae) responses to quarantine heat treatment /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16489.pdf.
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Hilton, Emily M. (Emily Margaret). "Characterization and analysis of the flight dynamics of fruit flies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40431.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (p. 39).
For centuries, the human race has been perplexed by the various complex physical manifestations in nature. Much of what we have seen in nature we have tried to recreate, from the migration tendencies and routes of sea creatures to the flight of birds and insects. The flight of the fly, in particular, is of interest because of their natural stabilization techniques. The works of two scientists, Steven Vogel and Michael Dickinson, were researched in order to find out how the flight dynamics of the fly worked. It was found that the fast horizontal wing beating of the fly as well as the body angle of the fly helped to generate lift and thrust within the fly. Equilibrium was achieved due to the haltere of the fly, a small stubby organ behind the forewing which detected Coriolis forces at the base of the wing and created counter-rotations. Both scientists used work done by earlier scientist J.W. Pringle, who modeled the haltere as a mass-dashpot-spring system using dynamics in order to analyze the oscillatory motion and how it affects flight. The research done by all three scientists can serve to one day be able to produce micro aerial vehicles, using the flight dynamics of the fly as the basis of the flight of these vehicles.
by Emily M. Hilton.
S.B.
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Majkut, Joesph. "Foraging Fruit Flies: Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions of Insect Swarming." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2006. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmc_theses/183.
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In this work, I seek to model swarms of fruit flies, drosophila melanogaster, whose flights are characterized by straight flight segments interrupted by rapid turns called saccades. These flights are reminiscent of Levy-distributed random walks which are known to lead to efficient search behavior. I build two types of model for swarms of foraging fruit flies, whose behavior depends on swarm density and chemoattractant concentration, using rules inspired by experimentally observed flight patterns. First I will present a Lagrangian model where the path of each individual fly is tracked. I will also consider an Eulerian model where the fruit fly density evolves as a function of time and position in space. I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two models and the relationship between them.
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Howie, Lynita Joy. "The Influence of Physiological State on Feeding Behaviour of Bactrocera tryoni(Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368102.
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This thesis examined the feeding behaviour of B. tryoni relative to the physiological
state (sex, maturity, mated state and nutritional condition) of the fly. I particularly
focused on the attraction of B. tryoni to proteinaceous food types with the intention of
explaining fly response as a function of physiological state.
All B. tryoni, irrespective of age, sex or mated state, preferentially feed in the first few
hours after sunrise, both in the laboratory and field cage environment. Sugar feeding
was greatest by mature mated females, followed closely by immature flies (both
sexes). Protein feeding was greatest in immature flies, while mature unmated females
spent very little time in protein feeding. Thus, proteinaceous baits used for B. tryoni
control would be least effective over mature unmated females.
Fly hunger is also relevant in determining how a fly will respond to food types. Some
results with A. ludens suggested that sugar hungry flies had a reduced attraction to
proteinaceous odours, a relevant consequence that significantly reduces the success of
proteinaceous baits. Indeed, gravid female B. tryoni had a much decreased attraction
to bacteria when sugar hungry, but the effect was not significant for immature flies
(both sexes). Therefore, I tested B. tryoni attraction to sugar food (open fruit) and
protein food (bacteria) combined, but the combined odours did not appear to be
significantly more attractive than one food source alone. Gravid females were
primarily attracted to fruit odour as an oviposition resource, independent of their
nutritional condition. Further, gravid females were only significantly attracted
bacterial odour when protein hungry and were repelled when fed. These results then
lead me to a further examination of fly attraction to bacterial odours. Common phyllosphere bacteria are a known protein source for B. tryoni. Anecdotal
evidence suggests that fly attraction to bacteria increases as the bacterial culture ages.
However this was only found true for immature flies. Gravid females that were
protein hungry initially had a strong response to bacterial odours in the exponential
growth phase, but had a much reduced response to stronger bacterial odours in the
stationary / death phase. This supports the theory that bacterial odours represent an
ovipositional deterrent to B. tryoni.
A common volatile released by phyllosphere bacteria, 2-butanone, is also thought to
be the attractive volatile in cue lure (a male B. tryoni sex attractant). However,
mature males had a relatively low response to bacteria, suggesting that bacterial
odours do not act as a sex attractant in the same way as cue lure.
My findings help explain why protein baits may or may not be effective in controlling
B. tryoni and will improve the decision making process when considering how best to
control B. tryoni.Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Muniz, Ortiz Jorge G. "Toxicogenetic studies in Drosophila using fruit flies to study arsenic toxicity /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1231776077.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.Advisor: Iain Cartwright PhD (Committee Chair), Gary Dean PhD (Committee Member), Dan Hassett PhD (Committee Member), Anil Menon PhD (Committee Member), Alvaro Puga PhD (Committee Member). Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed May 28, 2010). Keywords: Drosophila; arsenic; methylation; glutathione synthetase; arsenic methyltransferase; fruit fly; glutathione; genetic susceptibility, transgenic. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Muñiz, Ortiz Jorge G. "Toxicogenetic Studies in Drosophila: Using Fruit Flies to Study Arsenic Toxicity." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1231776077.
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Foda, M. E. M. "Chemical communication in the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234432.
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Hobololo, Vuyisile Lanele. "Field biology and identification of fruit flies in the Western Cape Province." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49966.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Two fruit fly species, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and C. rosa (Karsch) (Diptera: Tephritidae) are known to attack deciduous fruit in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The relative abundance of these two pests was studied in different kinds of fruit throughout the year. To facilitate field monitoring, using the immature stages, morphological differences between larval instars of C. capitata and C. rosa were investigated. Morphological characters of the larvae, such as the spiracles (anterior and posterior), mouth hooks and oral ridges were used. Many of these characters are only suitable to distinguish between the second and third instar larvae as these structures are not yet developed in the first instar larvae. Anterior spiracles were examined in terms of the number of tubules (papillae) and size or shape of the felt chambers. The number of papillae in both species was similar in the second and third instar larvae, but differed between the larvae of the two species (8-10 for C. capitata and 10-13 for C. rosa). In both species the felt chambers of the second instar larvae were narrow and elongate whilst those of the third instar larvae were broad and short. The major difference between the mouthhooks of the two tephritids was the presence of a sub-apical tooth in the third instar larva of C. rosa, being absent in the third instar of C. capitata. For the morphometric study, both laboratory-reared and field-collected specimens were examined. Measurements of the body dimensions (length and width) and various parts of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton (CPS) (mandible base, mandible length and distance between the tip and notch) were recorded in all three instars of both C. capitata and C. rosa. The data were analysed using finite mixture analysis (FMA-N1) and Levene's test was used to test for homogeneity of variances. The results of these analyses were used to estimate the frequency distributions of the larval measurements. In some cases overlaps in distributions were evident and were resolved using the same program, finite mixture analysis (FMA-N1), based on the probability of the overlapping measurements belonging to the designated instar (i.e. the one with highest probability). Determination of growth ratios suggested an approximate conformation to Dyar's rule thereby disputing the possibility of any hidden instar. However, in most cases measurements of the field samples did not conform to Dyar's rule. For the larval instars of C. capitata and C. rosa with overlapping morphological features, the morphometric approach as a distinguishing tool was demonstrated. In the field survey, the relative abundance of C. rosa at all experimental sites was very low in both orchards and adjacent vines. This suggested that this pest was either not a threat in these sites (crops) or the monitoring procedures applied, should be revised. Trap catches indicated high levels of infestation by C. capitata on some sites and low infestation levels at others. On the site with the highest population levels, activity peaks in the orchards did not co-incide with those in the adjacent vineyards. This suggested that these vineyards could be alternative hosts for fruit fly after the fruit in the orchards have been harvested. Forced oviposition (in vitro) studies indicated that Colombard (grown in Simonsvlei) was the most suitable host for survival of C. capitata. Other wine grape cultivars such as Chardonnay were also suitable for the total larval development of C. capitata.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Twee spesies van die vrugtevlieg, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) en C. rosa (Karsch) (Diptera: Tephritidae), val sagtevrugte in die Wes Kaap Provinsie van Suid- Afrika aan. Die groot hoeveelheid van hierdie twee plae op verskillende soorte vrugte is regdeur die jaar bestudeer. Voordat enige insekplaag gemonitor kan word, is dit belangrik dat die identiteit van die besondere plaag, insluitend sy onvolwasse stadiums, bekend moet wees. In hierdie studie word die morfologiese verskille tussen die larwe stadiums van C. capitata en C. rosa ondersoek. Kenmerke soos die spirakels (voor en agter), mondhake en mondriwwe is gebruik. Baie van hierdie morfologiese kenmerke kan net gebruik word om te onderskei tussen larwes in die tweede en derde stadiums omdat hierdie strukture nog nie in die eerste stadium ontwikkel is nie. Die voorste spirakels is ondersoek in terme van die aantal tubules (papillae) en die grootte en vorm van die vilt kamers. In beide spesies is die aantal papillae dieselfde vir die tweede en derde larwe stadiums, maar daar was en verskil tussen die larwes van die twee spesies (8-10 vir C. capitata en 10-13 vir C. rosa). In altwee spesies was die viIt kamers van die twee stadium larwes sma I en verleng, terwyl dit in die derde stadium larwes breed en kort was. Die hoof verskil tussen die mondhake van die twee vrugtevliee was die aanwesigheid van die subapikale tand in die derde stadium larwe van C. rosa, terwyl dit afwesig is in die derde stadium van C. capitata. Vir die morfometriese studie is voorbeelde van laboratorium geteelde vrugtevliee, asook vilee wat in die veld gevind is, ondersoek. Die liggaamsafmetings (Iengte en breedte) is gemeet asook die skelet (mandibel basis, mandibel lengte en die afstand tussen die punt en die kerf) in al drie stadiums van C. capitata en C. rosa. Die data is ontleed deur middel van eindige mengsel analise (FMA-N1) en Levene se toets is gebruik om vir homogeniteit en variansies te toets. Die resultate van die ontleding is gebruik om die frekwensie verspreiding van die larwale metings te skat. In sommige gevalle was daar oorvleueling en dit is opgelos met die gebruik van dieselfde program FMA-N1 baseer op die moontlikheid dat die metings wat oorvleuel, aan die aangeduide stadium (d.w.s die een met die hoogste waarskynlikheid) behoort. Die vasstelling van groei ratios dui aan dat dit naasteby ooreenstem met Dyar se reel en dus die moontlikheid van 'n versteekte stadium betwis. Maar in die meeste gevalle stem die veldmonsters nie ooreen met Dyar se reel nie. Die feit dat die morfometriese benadering die verrnoe het om larwale monsters met oorvleuelende morfologiese kenmerke, beteken dat dit kwalifiseer as In instrument om tussen die larwe stadiums van C. capitata en C. rosa te onderskei. Baie min C. rosa is in vrugteboorde en in nabygelee wingerde gevind. Dit dui of dat die plaag nie 'n bedreiging vir die vrugte inhou nie, of dat die monitor prosedures hersien moet word. Lokvalle dui aan dat daar 'n hoe vlak van infestasie van C. capitata in sommige gebeide is en In lae vlak in ander. Op die plek met die hoogste bevolking van vrugtevliee het die aktiwiteit in die boorde nie ooreengestem met die aktiwiteit in die nabygelee wingerde nie. Dit dui aan dat hierdie wingerde 'n alternatiewe blyplek bied aan die vrugtevliee nadat die vrugte in die boorde geoes is. Gedwonge oviposisie studies dui aan dat C. capitata die beste kan oorleef in Colombard (gekweek te Simonsvlei). Ander wyndruif kultivars is ook geskik vir die ontwikkeling tot by die laaste larwe stadium van C. capitata.
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Velandia-Huerto, Cristian A., Sarah J. Berkemer, Anne Hoffmann, Nancy Retzlaff, Marroquín Liiana C. Romero, Maribel Hernández-Rosales, Peter F. Stadler, and Clara I. Bermúdez-Santana. "Orthologs, turn-over, and remolding of tRNAs in primates and fruit flies." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-209565.
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Background: Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are ubiquitous in all living organism. They implement the genetic code so that most genomes contain distinct tRNAs for almost all 61 codons. They behave similar to mobile elements and proliferate in genomes spawning both local and non-local copies. Most tRNA families are therefore typically present as multicopy genes. The members of the individual tRNA families evolve under concerted or rapid birth-death evolution, so that paralogous copies maintain almost identical sequences over long evolutionary time-scales. To a good approximation these are functionally equivalent. Individual tRNA copies thus are evolutionary unstable and easily turn into pseudogenes and disappear. This leads to a rapid turnover of tRNAs and often large differences in the tRNA complements of closely related species. Since tRNA paralogs are not distinguished by sequence, common methods cannot not be used to establish orthology between tRNA genes. Results: In this contribution we introduce a general framework to distinguish orthologs and paralogs in gene families that are subject to concerted evolution. It is based on the use of uniquely aligned adjacent sequence elements as anchors to establish syntenic conservation of sequence intervals. In practice, anchors and intervals can be extracted
from genome-wide multiple sequence alignments. Syntenic clusters of concertedly evolving genes of different families can then be subdivided by list alignments, leading to usually small clusters of candidate co-orthologs. On the basis of recent advances in phylogenetic combinatorics, these candidate clusters can be further processed by cograph editing to recover their duplication histories. We developed a workflow that can be conceptualized as stepwise refinement of a graph of homologous genes. We apply this analysis strategy with different types of synteny anchors to investigate the evolution of tRNAs in primates and fruit flies. We identified a large number of tRNA remolding events concentrated at the tips of the phylogeny. With one notable exception all phylogenetically old tRNA remoldings do not change the isoacceptor class. Conclusions: Gene families evolving under concerted evolution are not amenable to classical phylogenetic analyses since paralogs maintain identical, species-specific sequences, precluding the estimation of correct gene trees from sequence differences. This leaves conservation of syntenic arrangements with respect to "anchor elements" that are not subject to concerted evolution as the only viable source of phylogenetic information. We have demonstrated here that a purely synteny-based analysis of tRNA gene histories is indeed feasible. Although the choice of synteny anchors influences the resolution in particular when tight gene clusters are present, and the quality of sequence alignments, genome assemblies, and genome rearrangements limits the scope of the analysis, largely coherent results can be obtained for tRNAs. In particular, we conclude that a large fraction of the tRNAs are recent copies. This proliferation is compensated by rapid pseudogenization as exemplified by many very recent alloacceptor remoldings.
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Exley, Katherine Ann. "Structure, frequency and distribution of P elements in relation to P-M hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279706.
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Mahmood, Khalid. "Taxonomy of the fruit flies (Dacinae, Tephritidae, Diptera) of the Indo-Pak subcontinent and the oriental fruit fly complex." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300090.
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Armstrong, James Douglas. "Structural characterisation of the Drosophila mushroom bodies." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295342.
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Tan, Cedric Kaiwei. "The effect of relatedness on sexual dynamics : studies of red junglefowl and fruit flies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7ea10d0d-b1f5-45f2-9d5e-63e852594c3f.
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In this thesis, I explore four different ways in which relatedness affects sexual interactions in the red junglefowl Gallus gallus ssp., and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. First, I show that in both species, inbreeding depression is sex-specific and modulated by parental age and gametic age. However, the sex that suffers higher inbreeding depression was trait- and species-dependent. Second, I examined patterns of inbreeding avoidance. I found no evidence of inbreeding avoidance in the fruit fly, but in the red junglefowl both males and females avoided mating with relatives, independently from sex-ratio of the social group. Third, I investigated whether relatedness amongst members of one sex affects mate choice in members of the opposite sex. Male fruit flies preferentially courted females unrelated to females with whom they had previously mated, while female flies displayed a weak preference for males related to their previous mates. In the red junglefowl, females exposed to male trios of two males related to each other and one unrelated male, displayed a marked preference for mating with the male unrelated to the other two males, and might also bias postcopulatory sperm utilization in favour of the unrelated male. Fourth, I explored the implications of male relatedness on the intensity of male-male competition. Male red junglefowl were less aggressive towards related competitors, but invested more sperm in females that had previously mated with a related male rather than with an unrelated male. In fruit flies, male relatedness had a strong impact on female life-history and offspring viability, although I found no evidence that these effects were modulated by changes in male-male competition. Collectively, the findings of these studies demonstrate the complex relationship between relatedness and other important biological phenomena as such senescence and sexual conflict.
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Culwell, Thomas Franklin. "Study of the reproducibility of proteomics methods and variability of fruit fly proteomes /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2252.pdf.
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Turney, Catherine Louise. "Transposable elements of the mariner family in the tephritid fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1998. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27649.
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The research outlined in this thesis primarily focused on the isolation and
characterization of representatives of the mariner family of transposable
elements in the genome of the tephritid, Bactrocera tryoni (Queensland
fruit fly). A preliminary investigation was also made of the mobility
properties of constructs based on the mariner element Mos], following
their transient introduction into the embryonic soma of B. tryoni. This
involved the use of plasmid-based excision and transposition assays. These
studies were partly undertaken to obtain an initial idea of the feasibility of
developing a germline transformation system based on particular mariner
elements for use with B. tryoni, and possibly other related tephritids.
To investigate whether the B. tryoni genome contained endogenous
mariner element copies, an initial PCR analysis was carried out using
degenerate oligonucleotide primers that had previously been designed to
stretches of conserved residues within transposases encoded by particular
mariner elements. Using this approach, examples of at least five distinct
types of mariner elements were detected in the genome of B. tryoni
following the cloning and DNA sequencing of 20 unique amplified
fragments. Phylogenetic analyses using the conceptual amino acid
translations of these partial transposase gene regions indicated that the B.
tryom‘ sequences represented three subfamilies of mariner elements. Using
the same PCR-based approach, diverse mariner sequences were also
isolated from Bactrocera neohumeralis, a sibling species of B. tryoni, and
an additional tephritid, Bactrocera jarvisi.
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Ero, Mark Marakus. "Host searching behaviour of Diachasmimorpha kraussii (Fullaway) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae), a polyphagous parasitoid of Dacinae fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/28602/2/Mark_Ero_Thesis.pdf.
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Diachasmimorpha kraussii (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae) is a koinobiont larval parasitoid of dacine fruit flies of the genus Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) in its native range (Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands). The wasp is a potentially important control agent for pest fruit flies, having been considered for both classical and inundative biological control releases. I investigated the host searching, selection and utilisation mechanisms of the wasp against native host flies within its native range (Australia). Such studies are rare in opiine research where the majority of studies, because of the applied nature of the research, have been carried out using host flies and environments which are novel to the wasps. Diachasmimorpha kraussii oviposited equally into maggots of four fruit fly species, all of which coexist with the wasp in its native range (Australia), when tested in a choice trial using a uniform artificial diet media. While eggs laid into Bactrocera tryoni and B. jarvisi developed successfully through to adult wasps, eggs laid into B. cucumis and B. cacuminata were encapsulated. These results suggest that direct larval cues are not an important element in host selection by D. kraussii. Further exploring how D. kraussii locates suitable host larvae, I investigated the role of plant cues in host searching and selection. This was examined in a laboratory choice trial using uninfested fruit or fruit infested with either B. tryoni or B. jarvisi maggots. The results showed a consistent preference ranking among infested fruits by the wasp, with guava and peach most preferred, but with no response to uninfested fruits. Thus, it appears the wasp uses chemical cues emitted in response to fruit fly larval infestation for host location, but does not use cues from uninfested fruits. To further tease apart the role of (i) suitable and non-suitable maggots, (ii) infested and uninfested fruits of different plant species, and (iii) adult flies, in wasp host location and selection, I carried out a series of behavioural tests where I manipulated these attributes in a field cage. These trials confirmed that D. kraussii did not respond to cues in uninfested fruits, that there were consistent preferences by the wasps for different maggot infested fruits, that fruit preference did not vary depending on whether the maggots were physiologically suitable or not suitable for wasp offspring development, and finally, that adult flies appear to play a secondary role as indicators of larval infestation. To investigate wasp behaviour in an unrestrained environment, I concurrently observed diurnal foraging behaviours of both the wasp and one of its host fly in a small nectarine orchard. Wasp behaviour, both spatially and temporally, was not correlated with adult fruit fly behaviour or abundance. This study reinforced the point that infested fruit seems to be the primary cue used by foraging wasps. Wasp and fly feeding and mating was not observed in the orchard, implying these activities are occurring elsewhere. It is highly unlikely that these behaviours were happening within the orchard during the night as both insects are diurnal. As the final component of investigating host location, I carried out a habitat preference study for the wasp at the landscape scale. Using infested sentinel fruits, I tested the parasitism rate of B. tryoni in eucalyptus sclerophyll forest, rainforest and suburbia in South East Queensland. Although, rainforest is the likely endemic habitat of both B. tryoni and D. kraussii, B. tryoni abundance is significantly greater in suburban environments followed by eucalyptus sclerophyll forest. Parasitism rate was found to be higher in suburbia than in the eucalyptus sclerophyll forest, while no parasitism was recorded in the rainforest. This result suggests that wasps orient within the landscape towards areas of high host density and are not restricted by habitat types. Results from the different experiments suggest that host searching, selection and utilisation behaviour of D. kraussii are strongly influenced by cues associated with fruit fly larval feeding. Cues from uninfested fruits, the host larvae themselves, and the adult host flies play minimal roles. The discussion focuses on the fit of D. kraussii to Vinson’s classical parasitoid host location model and the implications of results for biological control, including recommendations for host and plant preference screening protocols and release regimes.
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Ero, Mark Marakus. "Host searching behaviour of Diachasmimorpha kraussii (Fullaway) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae), a polyphagous parasitoid of Dacinae fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/28602/.
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Diachasmimorpha kraussii (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae) is a koinobiont larval parasitoid of dacine fruit flies of the genus Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) in its native range (Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands). The wasp is a potentially important control agent for pest fruit flies, having been considered for both classical and inundative biological control releases. I investigated the host searching, selection and utilisation mechanisms of the wasp against native host flies within its native range (Australia). Such studies are rare in opiine research where the majority of studies, because of the applied nature of the research, have been carried out using host flies and environments which are novel to the wasps. Diachasmimorpha kraussii oviposited equally into maggots of four fruit fly species, all of which coexist with the wasp in its native range (Australia), when tested in a choice trial using a uniform artificial diet media. While eggs laid into Bactrocera tryoni and B. jarvisi developed successfully through to adult wasps, eggs laid into B. cucumis and B. cacuminata were encapsulated. These results suggest that direct larval cues are not an important element in host selection by D. kraussii. Further exploring how D. kraussii locates suitable host larvae, I investigated the role of plant cues in host searching and selection. This was examined in a laboratory choice trial using uninfested fruit or fruit infested with either B. tryoni or B. jarvisi maggots. The results showed a consistent preference ranking among infested fruits by the wasp, with guava and peach most preferred, but with no response to uninfested fruits. Thus, it appears the wasp uses chemical cues emitted in response to fruit fly larval infestation for host location, but does not use cues from uninfested fruits. To further tease apart the role of (i) suitable and non-suitable maggots, (ii) infested and uninfested fruits of different plant species, and (iii) adult flies, in wasp host location and selection, I carried out a series of behavioural tests where I manipulated these attributes in a field cage. These trials confirmed that D. kraussii did not respond to cues in uninfested fruits, that there were consistent preferences by the wasps for different maggot infested fruits, that fruit preference did not vary depending on whether the maggots were physiologically suitable or not suitable for wasp offspring development, and finally, that adult flies appear to play a secondary role as indicators of larval infestation. To investigate wasp behaviour in an unrestrained environment, I concurrently observed diurnal foraging behaviours of both the wasp and one of its host fly in a small nectarine orchard. Wasp behaviour, both spatially and temporally, was not correlated with adult fruit fly behaviour or abundance. This study reinforced the point that infested fruit seems to be the primary cue used by foraging wasps. Wasp and fly feeding and mating was not observed in the orchard, implying these activities are occurring elsewhere. It is highly unlikely that these behaviours were happening within the orchard during the night as both insects are diurnal. As the final component of investigating host location, I carried out a habitat preference study for the wasp at the landscape scale. Using infested sentinel fruits, I tested the parasitism rate of B. tryoni in eucalyptus sclerophyll forest, rainforest and suburbia in South East Queensland. Although, rainforest is the likely endemic habitat of both B. tryoni and D. kraussii, B. tryoni abundance is significantly greater in suburban environments followed by eucalyptus sclerophyll forest. Parasitism rate was found to be higher in suburbia than in the eucalyptus sclerophyll forest, while no parasitism was recorded in the rainforest. This result suggests that wasps orient within the landscape towards areas of high host density and are not restricted by habitat types. Results from the different experiments suggest that host searching, selection and utilisation behaviour of D. kraussii are strongly influenced by cues associated with fruit fly larval feeding. Cues from uninfested fruits, the host larvae themselves, and the adult host flies play minimal roles. The discussion focuses on the fit of D. kraussii to Vinson’s classical parasitoid host location model and the implications of results for biological control, including recommendations for host and plant preference screening protocols and release regimes.
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Martinez-Sañudo, Isabel. "Phylogenetic studies of tephritid flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) and their symbiotic bacteria." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426159.
Full textAbstract:
Tephritidae, commonly known as “fruit flies” is a large and complex family. Most, particularly the frugivorous species, are notorious pests. These include Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Mediterranean fruit fly), Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (olive fly), Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) (cherry fly), Rhagoletis completa (Cresson) (walnut husk fly) and other exotic species. Other species, however, live on the flower heads of Asteraceae. Since the beginning of the last century, some authors (Petri 1909, Stammer, 1929) report
the presence of symbiotic bacteria in flies belonging to the subfamily Tephritinae. Recently the olive fly symbiont has been described and designated as ‘Candidatus Erwinia dacicola’ by (Capuzzo et al., 2005). The present work aims to study the relationships between species of the family Tephritidae
and their symbiotic bacteria. It is based upon three main studies, the first of which has already been published.
1.- The first study is the continuation of Alessia Piscedda PhD. thesis and deals with the identity of symbiotic bacteria, in 25 flies belonging to the subfamily Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae), which were collected mainly in northern Italy. In order to detect and identify symbiotic bacteria, the first tract of the midgut of flies emerging from previously sterilized pupae, was plated on different microbiological media, LIVE/DAD BacLight staining was performed and biomolecular techniques were used. According to Stammer, (1929) the presence of non culturable symbiotic bacteria has been detected in species of genera Tephritis, Campiglossa, Trupanea, Acanthiophilus, Sphenella, and Oxyna. Symbiotic bacteria have also been found in other genera (Capitites, Dioxyna, Noeeta), which were not
studied by Stammer. Sequencing 1000 bp of the small subunit rDNA gene from these symbiotic bacteria has indicated that they belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae and a novel candidate organism has been proposed for the symbiotic bacteria of the genus Tephritis, under the designation ‘Candidatus Stammerula tephritidis’. These analyses have been extended to other tribes of the subfamily Tephritinae (Xyphosiini, Myopitini e Terellini), using the same techniques reported above, but non symbiotic bacteria have been detected in these tribes, as suggested by Stammer (1929).
2.- The second study of the present work analyzes the phylogenetic relationships between tephritid flies of the subfamily Tephritinae. Two regions of the mitochondrial DNA, 16S rDNA e COI-tRNALeu-COII, were examined. The phylogenetic trees obtained from a Bayesian Inference and a Maximum-Likelihood analysis have suggested, as a rule, the presence of five monophyletic clusters corresponding to the fives tribes of this subfamily: Tephritini, Myopitini, Xyphosiini, Noeetini e Terellini. The phylogenetic tree obtained from the analysis of the COI-tRNALeu-COII showed more highly resolved trees and the internal nodes more highly supported than the phylogeny inferred from the 16S data set, and defined the relationships among the tribes better. Cophylogenetic analysis has been carried out, and the presence of congruence between hosts and symbionts, even if imperfect, has been suggested. The reconstructions obtained showed two principal events. The most important and probably earliest event corresponds with the acquisition of symbiotic bacteria by the common ancestor of the tribe. The presence of non-strict congruence is probably due to other events such as losses, duplications and hostswitchings. Indeed, these bacteria are extracellular symbionts and some opportunities for host-switching occur during the biological cycle of the fly. In the larval stadium, for instance, bacteria are located in the intestinal caeca (Petri 1909; Stammer, 1929), without the protection of the peritrophic membrane and are thus, in contact with free living bacteria present in the intestinal lumen. The contemporaneous presence of different species in the same host plant could also be an opportunity for host-switching. Considering all of these aspects, the presence of congruence, even if not strict, results particularly interesting and a physiological compatibility between host and symbiont seems to appear.
3.- In the third part of my PhD. thesis, the phylogenetic analysis of insects has been extended to Paleartic species belonging to other subfamilies (Trypetinae e Dacinae). It has been based on the analysis of two regions of the mitochondrial DNA: 16S e COI-tRNALeu-COII. The availability of sequences of the 16S rDNA of several species in GenBank, has allowed extending this data set. These phylogenetic analysis still in progress, confirms the traditional classification based on a morphological approach but suggests also interesting relationships among the tribes. I have also attempted to associate the phylogeny obtained with morphological symbiotic arrangements and biological characteristics. Interestingly, it was pointed out that all the species of the subfamily Tephritinae that overwinter as adults, present symbiotic bacteria in the first tract of the midgut. The presence of these bacteria seems to be essential for the overwintering adults. Indeed, while the diet of larval stages includes relatively rich substrates such as flower tissue and seeds, glyciphagous adults have access to less resources. Thus the presence of bacteria could be more critical for their survival than that in the earlier stages.I tefritidi costituiscono un’importante famiglia di ditteri fitofagi molti dei quali rivestono un notevole interesse economico in quanto dannosi alle colture agrarie. Le specie di maggior importanza sono quelle che si riproducono a carico del frutto tra cui Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (mosca mediterranea della frutta), Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (olivo), Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) (ciliegia), Rhagoletis completa (Cresson) (noce) e altre specie esotiche. Altre specie invece, come quelle appartenenti alla sottofamiglia Tephritinae vivono soprattutto a carico dei capolini fiorali delle Composite (Asteraceae). Nella famiglia dei tefritidi sono presenti simbiosi batteriche note per alcune specie da quasi un secolo (Petri, 1909; Stammer, 1929). Recentemente, grazie alle tecniche biomolecolari, è stata identificata e sequenziata la specie batterica simbionte della mosca dell’olivo. Per tale simbionte, che è risultato appartenere alle Enterobacteriaceae è stato proposto il nome “Candidatus Erwinia dacicola”. Il presente lavoro ha come obiettivo l’approfondimento delle conoscenze sulle relazioni tra i ditteri tefritidi e i loro batteri simbionti e si articola in tre parti la prima delle quali è già stata oggetto di una pubblicazione. 1. In continuazione della tesi di dottorato della dottoressa Alessia Piscedda, l’identità dei batteri simbionti è stata studiata in 25 specie della sottofamiglia Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) provenienti da diverse zone del nordest d’Italia e da paesi limitrofi. Per queste specie si è provveduto alla coltivazione del contenuto del mesointestino di mosche provenienti da pupe preventivamente sterilizzate, all’osservazione di preparati microscopici di questo stesso tratto dell’intestino con LIVE/DAD BacLight e all’utilizzo di tecniche biomolecolari. In accordo con quanto riportato da Stammer (1929) le indagini hanno consentito di accertare la presenza di batteri simbionti non coltivabili in numerose specie dei generi: Tephritis, Campiglossa., Trupanea, Acanthiophilus, Sphenella, e Oxyna. Simbiosi batteriche sono state rinvenute anche in alcuni generi non considerati da Stammer (Capitites, Dioxyna, Noeeta). I batteri, di cui è stato sequenziato un frammento del 16S rDNA di oltre 1000 bp, risultano specifici per ogni specie di insetto ospite e, come il simbionte della mosca dell’olivo (Bactrocera oleae), appartengono tutti alla famiglia delle Enterobacteriaceae. I batteri simbionti riscontrati nelle specie del genere Tephritis per la loro affinità filogenetica sono stati designati come “Candidatus Stammerula tephritidis”. L’estensione dell’indagine ad altre tribù paleartiche della sottofamiglia Tephritinae (Xyphosiini, Myopitini e Terellini) con le medesime tecniche, sia tradizionali che biomolecolari, non ha evidenziato la presenza di batteri simbionti come suggerito da Stammer (1929). 2. Nella seconda parte del lavoro sono state studiate le relazioni filogenetiche tra i tefritidi, appartenenti alla sottofamiglia Tephritinae, analizzando due regioni del DNA mitocondriale, 16S rDNA e COI-LeutRNA-COII. Gli alberi filogenetici risultati da una analisi bayesiana e di maximum-likelihood hanno evidenziato la presenza di 5 cluster monofilettici e di regola altamente supportati corrispondenti alle 5 tribù della sottofamiglia Tephritinae: Tephritini, Myopitini, Xyphosiini, Noeetini e Terellini. La ricostruzione filogenetica ottenuta dal COI-tRNALeu-COII data set è risultata più risolta e supportata nei nodi interni rispetto a quella del 16S rDNA, contribuendo maggiormente a definire i rapporti di parentela tra le tribù. La disponibilità di una filogenesi dei batteri simbionti e dei loro insetti ospiti ha consentito inoltre lo studio della congruenza filogenetica. I diversi test di cofilogenesi addottati hanno evidenziato la presenza di una congruenza, seppur imperfetta, tra ospiti e simbionti. Dalle ricostruzioni si riconoscono due principali eventi di acquisizione il più importante e antico dei quali è quello avvenuto a carico dell’antenato comune della Tribù Tephritini. La causa di una non perfetta congruenza è da imputare all’esistenza di perdite, riacquisizioni e trasferimenti orizzontali. È importante ricordare che, essendo tali simbionti extracellulari, il ciclo biologico di questi insetti potenzialmente offre parecchie occasioni per trasferimenti orizzontali accidentali. Essendo nello stadio larvale i simbionti presenti nei cechi gastrici, parzialmente a contatto con il bolo alimentare, risulterebbero vulnerabili e sostituibili da altri batteri. Anche la frequentazione, da parte di specie diverse, delle stesse piante ospiti potrebbe essere occasione per trasferimenti orizzontali e sostituzioni. A fronte di queste molteplici possibilità la congruenza filogenetica riscontrata, seppure imperfetta, risulta a maggior ragione particolarmente interessante e va probabilmente spiegata con il coinvolgimento di altri fattori quali l’esistenza di una compatibilità fisiologica tra l’insetto ospite ed il battere. 3. Nella terza parte del lavoro l’analisi filogenetica degli insetti è stata ampliata a specie paleartiche appartenenti ad altre sottofamiglie (Trypetinae e Dacinae) sempre basandosi su due regione del DNA mitocondriale (16S e COI-LeutRNA-COII). La disponibilità in GenBank di sequenze del 16S di altre specie appartenenti a diverse regioni zoogeografiche ha consentito di allargare almeno per questo gene il data set. L’elaborazione dei dati, ancora parzialmente in corso, conferma in generale la tradizionale classificazione condotta su base morfologica ma offre anche spunti di discussione per eventuali riarrangiamenti di alcuni taxa. É stato realizzato anche un tentativo di affiancare alla ricostruzione filogenetica, oltre agli aspetti legati al ciclo biologico della specie, anche le diverse caratteristiche morfologiche degli organi adibiti ad ospitare i batteri simbionti nell’adulto. Risulta interessante notare come, tutte le specie paleartiche analizzate che svernano come adulti, ospitano batteri simbionti. Al contrario (tranne in un caso), tutte le specie che non svernano come adulto, sono risultate prive di batteri simbionti. Tali acquisizioni lasciano supporre che la presenza dei simbionti a livello del mesointestino, più che una opportunità per integrare la dieta larvale probabilmente già relativamente ricca, possano rappresentare, per quelle specie che hanno scelto di svernare allo stadio di adulto, una componente indispensabile.
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Ottens, Kristina Jane. "Ecological and biogeographical patterns associated with genetic differentiation in a diverse genus of Neotropical fruit flies." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1716.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the processes that generate biodiversity is a major goal of evolutionary biology. The ultimate cause of biodiversity is the evolution of barriers to gene flow between populations of organisms, but the proximate mechanisms are often more complex. I am interested in disentangling the roles of geographic isolation and ecological selection in the diversification of a species-rich genus of tropical tephritid fruit flies. Blepharoneura are highly specialized and host specific flies; most species specialize on a single plant host and flower sex although multiple species may exploit the same resource. At one location in Peru, two plant species (two sexes - four plant niches) are host to 14 Blepharoneura species. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal that some species may be diverging as a result of shifts to new host plants (suggesting possible ecological selection acting in speciation), while other species show an apparent pattern of geographic divergence in addition to or without host shifts. To further investigate these ecological and geographic signals underlying the history of Blepharoneura speciation, more rapidly evolving molecular markers are required. Here, I use microsatellites to address this question for seven Blepharoneura species (sp1, sp4, sp8, sp10, sp21, sp28, and sp30) characterized by differing patterns of host-plant use and geographic distribution. Microsatellite data indicates patterns of ecological divergence associated with host use in at least five species (sp1, sp4, sp10, sp21, sp30) and patterns of geographic divergence in all seven species.
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Kraft, Robert, Allon Kahn, José L. Medina-Franco, Mikayla L. Orlowski, Cayla Baynes, Fabian López-Vallejo, Kobus Barnard, Gerald M. Maggiora, and Linda L. Restifo. "A cell-based fascin bioassay identifies compounds with potential anti-metastasis or cognition-enhancing functions." The Company of Biologists, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/605272.
Full textAbstract:
A first-of-its-kind, proof-of-concept drug screen with implications for two unmet medical needs.The actin-bundling protein fascin is a key mediator of tumor invasion and metastasis and its activity drives filopodia formation, cell-shape changes and cell migration. Small-molecule inhibitors of fascin block tumor metastasis in animal models. Conversely, fascin deficiency might underlie the pathogenesis of some developmental brain disorders. To identify fascin-pathway modulators we devised a cell-based assay for fascin function and used it in a bidirectional drug screen. The screen utilized cultured fascin-deficient mutant Drosophila neurons, whose neurite arbors manifest the 'filagree' phenotype. Taking a repurposing approach, we screened a library of 1040 known compounds, many of them FDA-approved drugs, for filagree modifiers. Based on scaffold distribution, molecular-fingerprint similarities, and chemical-space distribution, this library has high structural diversity, supporting its utility as a screening tool. We identified 34 fascin-pathway blockers (with potential anti-metastasis activity) and 48 fascin-pathway enhancers (with potential cognitive-enhancer activity). The structural diversity of the active compounds suggests multiple molecular targets. Comparisons of active and inactive compounds provided preliminary structure-activity relationship information. The screen also revealed diverse neurotoxic effects of other drugs, notably the 'beads-on-a-string' defect, which is induced solely by statins. Statin-induced neurotoxicity is enhanced by fascin deficiency. In summary, we provide evidence that primary neuron culture using a genetic model organism can be valuable for early-stage drug discovery and developmental neurotoxicity testing. Furthermore, we propose that, given an appropriate assay for target-pathway function, bidirectional screening for brain-development disorders and invasive cancers represents an efficient, multipurpose strategy for drug discovery.
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Gisloti, Laura Jane 1983. "O gênero Neosilba McAlpine (Tephritoidea: Lonchaeidae) = revisão, ocorrência e diversidade = The genus Neosilba McAlpine (Tephritoidea: Lonchaeidae) : revision, occurence and diversity." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314137.
Full textAbstract:
Orientadores: Angelo Pires do Prado, Silmara Marques Allegretti, José Roberto TrigoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: As moscas da família Lonchaeidae (Diptera), juntamente com as da família Tephritidae formam um grupo conhecido como moscas-das-frutas, já que suas larvas utilizam como recurso alimentar frutos de interesse comercial. Espécies de Tephritidae são comumente relatadas como pragas importantes para a fruticultura e têm sua biologia e ecologia profundamente estudadas. Já as espécies de Lonchaeidae, mesmo estando associadas a diversos frutos de interesse agrícola, são pouco estudadas. Isto pode estar relacionado ao fato de que não há estudos distinguindo taxonomicamente esse grupo no nível de gênero e espécies. Paralelamente, esta inconsistência taxonômica dificulta e desencoraja estudos com o grupo, fazendo com que a história natural dessas moscas permaneça desconhecida. Em Neosilba, o gênero de Lonchaeidae alvo deste estudo, a taxonomia tradicional é baseada unicamente na análise da morfologia genital masculina e assim todos os trabalhos a respeito deste grupo excluem grande parte do material obtido: as fêmeas. Alguns estudos já foram desenvolvidos no intuito de facilitar a identificação destas moscas, envolvendo técnicas eletroforéticas de sistemas enzimáticos e análises empregando métodos morfométricos. Porém nenhuma técnica se mostrou específica o bastante para distinguir as espécies neste gênero. Dentro desse contexto, a tese foi estruturada em três capítulos. No capítulo 1 fazemos uma revisão da biologia, ecologia e taxonomia da família Lonchaeidae. Dentro desse capítulo disponibilizamos um mapa da distribuição mundial dos oito gêneros, além de uma chave taxonômica dicotômica ilustrada, adaptada de McAlpine, para todos os gêneros de Lonchaeidae. No capítulo 2 realizamos uma revisão centrada em diversidade, distribuição e plantas hospedeiras de moscas do gênero Neotropical Neosilba. Listamos a distribuição e as plantas hospedeiras das 40 espécies de Neosilba. Por fim, no capítulo 3 estudamos a diversidade de espécies frugívoras do gênero Neosilba em 35 espécies de frutíferas cultivadas, de duas localidades do estado de São Paulo e concluímos que Neosilba zadolicha é a espécie que apresenta o maior número de plantas hospedeiras e é a mais abundante entre as sete espécies de Neosilba encontradas. Este trabalho acrescenta informações inéditas ao gênero Neosilba e a compilação de dados a respeito deste grupo pretende estimular o ingresso de novos pesquisadores a fim de preencher as lacunas existentes no âmbito da taxonomia, sistemática, biologia e ecologia desse táxon
Abstract: The flies of the Lonchaeidae family, alongside with the Tephritidae, form a group known as fruit-flies, since their larvae feed on fruits of huge economical interest in their diet. Species of Tephritidae are generally reported as important pests to the horticulture, with their biology and ecology deeply studied in detail. However the Lonchaeidae species, despite being associated to many fruits of agricultural interest, are not as studied. This can be related to the fact that there aren¿t many studies distinguishing taxonomically this group at the genus or species level. In parallel, this taxonomic inconsistency complicates and discourages studies of the group, keeping the natural history of those flies unknown. In Neosilba, the traditional taxonomy is based only on the analysis of the male genitalia morphology, and so, this method excludes great part of the material collected: the females. Some studies were done on the purpose of facilitating the identification of these flies, involving electrophoresis techniques of enzymatic systems and analysis employing morph metric methods. However, no technique demonstrated to be specific enough to distinguish the species of this genus. Inside this context, this work was structured in four chapters. In chapter 1 a revision of the biology, ecology, and taxonomy of the Lonchaeidae family is made. Inside this chapter, we make available a map containing the global distribution of all genus, in addition to an illustrated dichotomic taxonomic key, adapted from McAlpine, to all Lonchaeidae genus. In chapter 2 we realize a revision centered in the diversity, distribution and hosting plants of the Neotropical genus Neosilba. We listed a distribution of hosting plants of 40 Neosilba species. In chapter 3, we study the diversity of frugivorous species in the Neosilba genus in 35 fruit species cultivated from 2 locations in the state of São Paulo and we conclude that Neosilba zadolicha is the species that contains the biggest number of hosting plants, and is also the most abundant compared to the 7 species of Neosilba that were found. This work adds unpublished information of the Neosilba genus and the compilation of data concerning this group aims to stimulate the entrance of new researchers for the purpose of fill the existing lacunae in the scope of taxonomy, systematics, biology, and ecology of this taxon
Doutorado
Biodiversidade Animal
Doutora em Biologia Animal
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Prezotto, Leandro Fontes. "Tipificação de linhagens de Wolbachia do complexo Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) da região neotropical por análise de locos múltiplos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-23072013-145455/.
Full textAbstract:
Wolbachia é uma bactéria intracelular encontrada tanto nos tecidos somáticos quanto nos reprodutivos de diversas espécies de artrópodes e nematódeos. Estudos filogenéticos baseados nos genes 16S e ftsZ indicaram que o gênero Wolbachia congrega seis supergrupos taxonômicos (\"A\" a \"F\"). Infecções por Wolbachia têm sido associadas a diversas alterações na reprodução de seus hospedeiros, p. exemplo, a incompatibilidade citoplasmática (IC), partenogênese, feminização de machos genéticos e morte dos machos. A identificação das diferentes cepas da bactéria é mais precisa quando a análise por locos múltiplos (MLST) é aplicada. Infecção por Wolbachia foi descrita em diversas espécies de moscas-das-frutas da familia Tephritidae, Bactrocera ascita, Rhagoletis cerasi, Ceratitis capitata, nas quais a bactéria induz a incompatibilidade citoplasmática. No gênero Anastrepha, endêmico do Continente Americano, infecção por Wolbachia foi descrita em várias espécies pela análise do gene wsp, existindo também a indicação de que IC mediada por Wolbachia ocorra em duas espécies do grupo fraterculus. A ocorrência de IC aliada à sugestão do emprego da Wolbachia em programas de controle populacional das moscas-das-frutas, impõem a necessidade de uma caracterização mais precisa das diferentes cepas da Wolbachia. No presente trabalho foram amplificados e sequenciados fragmentos dos genes gatB, coxA, hcpA, ftsZ e fbpA, que integram a metodologia de MLST (\"Multiloci Sequence Typing\") e do gene wsp da Wolbachia. Foram analisadas amostras populacionais do complexo de espécies crípticas de Anastrepha fraterculus do Brasil e da Argentina, Peru, Equador, Colômbia, Guatemala e México, além de amostras de Anastrepha obliqua do Brasil. Todas as amostras estavam infectadas com Wolbachia do supergrupo \"A\". Para os cinco genes, foram encontrados haplótipos únicos e outros já descritos anteriormente, determinando, assim, os alelos de cada um presentes nas amostras. O conjunto de cinco alelos de cada amostra determinou a linhagem da bactéria que estava presente. Comparação entre as análises filogenéticas das sequências de cada um dos genes isoladamente, mostrou discordância nas relações entre os alelos e amostras populacionais. As sequências dos cinco genes concatenadas, com 2079 pb, foram analisadas tendo sido encontrados 20 linhagens, com distâncias variando de 0,001 a 0,058. A análise filogenética isolou as linhagens de Wolbachia obtidas das amostras de Anastrepha em clados distintos, demonstrando que diferentes linhagens estão presentes nesses hospedeiros e regiões geográficas. Mostrou, também, que pode ocorrer mais que uma cepa de Wolbachia em uma mesma amostra populacional. Uma das linhagens foi detectada em duas espécies do complexo fraterculus e é, também, a mais comumente encontrada (ST1) em diferentes organismos. As sequências do wsp tinham cerca de 500 pb, tendo sido encontradas 22 sequências distintas. O nível de variabilidade de nucleotídeos não é uniforme ao longo do gene, formando um padrão com quatro regiões hipervariáveis, \"HVRs\". As distâncias genéticas entre os haplótipos de wsp mostrou uma variação de 0,001 a 0,235. Foram observadas evidências de recombinação intragência entre os haplótipos do gene wsp. A análise filogenética também isolou os haplótipos de Wolbachia em clados distintos, porém, em contraste com o MLST, a árvore do gene wsp, não suporta os grupos monofiléticos gerados pelo MLST. Os resultados mostram que linhagens similares de Wolbachia estão disseminadas por vasta extensão do Continente Americano, além da presença de linhagens específicas em determinadas áreas geográficas. Análises de ovários e testículos de indivíduos infectados e não infectados (curados por tratamento térmico) de A. sp. 1 e de A. obliqua foram feitas para avaliar possíveis efeitos da Wolbachia nesses hospedeiros. A análise das preparações dos ovários, coradas pelo DAPI, não mostrou diferenças perceptíveis nesta análise morfológica entre fêmeas infectadas e não infectadas, de ambas as espécies. A produção de espermatozoides aumenta progressivamente durante alguns dias, após a emergência das imagos, e cai nos dias seguintes. A análise da produção de espermatozoides pelos machos infectados e pelos curados mostrou que as diferenças entre eles não foram significativas, em ambas as espécies de hospedeiros. Foram feitas estimativas da fecundidade de fêmeas infectadas e não infectadas, de ambas as espécies. Mostrou-se que fêmeas infectadas são mais fecundas que as não infectadas em A. sp.1, mas mostram fecundidade similar em A. obliqua. As taxas de eclosão de larvas foram também estimadas em cruzamentos intraespecíficos compatíveis (fêmeas infectadas ou não cruzadas com machos não infectados) e cruzamentos incompatíveis (fêmeas não infectadas cruzadas com machos infectados) de ambas as espécies. A fertilidade foi significativamente mais elevada entre os ovos produzidos pelas fêmeas infectadas, de ambas as espécies. Foi observado que machos infectados, em ambas as espécies, estão relacionados com os cruzamentos onde ocorreram as taxas mais altas de eclosão. Analisando os cruzamentos incompatíveis, foi demonstrada a presença de incompatibilidade citoplasmática (IC), como seria esperado pela atuação da Wolbachia. Foi mostrado um alto valor para os índices de IC em A. sp,1 (IC= 54,01%) e em A. obliqua (IC = 66,2%). Os resultados sugerem que podem existir relações mutualísticas insipientes da Wolbachia com suas espécies de Anastrepha hospedeirasWolbachia is an intracellular bacteria found in somatic and in the reproductive tissues of various arthropods and nematodes. Phylogenetic studies based on 16S and ftsZ genes indicated the existence of six Wolbachia taxonomic supergroups (\"A\" through \"F\"). Infection of Wolbachia have been linked to several changes in the reproduction of their hosts, like cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), parthenogenesis, feminization of genetic males and male killing. T Wolbachia infection has been described in several species of fruit flies of the family Tephritidae, like Bactrocera ascita, Rhagoletis cerasi, Ceratitis capitata, in which the bacteria induces cytoplasmic incompatibility. In Anastrepha, endemic to the American Continent, Wolbachia infection has been described in several species by analysis of the wsp gene, and there is also indications that Wolbachia-mediated CI occurs in two species of the fraterculus group. The occurrence of CI coupled with the suggestion of the use of Wolbachia in population supression programs, impose the need for a more precise characterization of the different strains of Wolbachia. The identification of the different strains of the bacteria is most accurate when the methodology of multiple loci (MLST) is applied. In this study fragments of genes gatB, coxA, hcpA, ftsZ and fbpA, integrating the methodology MLST, and of wsp gene were amplified and sequenced. Population samples of the Anastrepha fraterculus.complex of cryptic species from Brasil, Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala and Mexico, and samples of A. oblique from Basil were analysed. All samples were infected with supergroup \"A\" Wolbachia. For each of the five MLST genes, unique as well already known haplotypes were found. Phylogenetic analyses of each gene isolated showed incongruences in the relationships among haplotypes and population samples. The concatenated sequences of the five genes, with 2079 bp, were analyzed and 20 haplotypes were found, with distances ranging from 0.001 to 0.058. Phylogenetic analysis of Wolbachia isolated haplotypes into distinct clades, demonstrating that different strains of Wolbachia were present in these hosts, and in distinct geographic areas. Hosts specific haplotypes were found as well as more than one strain of Wolbachia was found in given population samples. A haplotypes (ST1) was detected in two species of the complex and is also the most commonly found in different organisms. Twenty two different sequences of about 500 bp were found for the wsp gene. The level of nucleotide variability is not uniform along the gene, forming a pattern with four hypervariable regions, HVRs. Genetic distances between haplotypes showed a variation from 0.001 to 0.235. Phylogenetic analysis of the haplotypes also isolated Wolbachia into distinct clades, but in contrast to the MLST, the tree formed by wsp gene does not support the monophily of some groups. The data show that strains of Wolbachia are disseminated along the American Continent, and also that there are specific strains in determined geographic areas. Analyses of ovaries and testes from infected and non infected (cured by heat treatment) individuals of A. sp. 1 and A. obliqua were made in search of possible effects of Wolbachia on its hosts. Ovaries from infected and cured females of both species, stained by DAPI, showed no visible differences in this morphological analysis. The production of sperms increases during few days after ermergence and drops out later one. Analysis of infected and cured males showed that the production of sperms were not significant between them, for both the host species. Fecundity of infected females of A, sp.1 was significantly higher than that of cured females, but was similar in A. obliqua, Egg hatching was scored in compatible intraspecies crosses and also in incompatibles crosses, of both species. Fertility was significntly higher for infected females of both species. Infected males of both species were found associated to crosses in which the higher egg hatching was observed. Analyses of incompatible crosses showed that CI occurred at high rates in A. sp.1 (CI = 54.01%) and in A. obliqua (CI = 66.2%). The data suggest that an incipient mutualism may be present in the relationships of Wolbachia and its Anastrepha hosts
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Camargos, Maria Gisely. "Padrão de dispersão espacial e temporal de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) criado em larvas de Ceratitis capitata e Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-23032016-114303/.
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A capacidade de dispersão e parasitismo de D. longicaudata, proveniente de larvas de Ceratitis capitata (linhagem Ceratitis) e de Anastrepha fraterculus (linhagem Anastrepha) foi avaliada após liberação em pomar de goiaba. Onze liberações de cerca de 3.000 parasitoides foram realizadas entre março de 2014 e abril de 2015 no centro de um talhão de 15 ha de goiaba localizado no Projeto de Irrigação do Jaíba (15°14\'03.7\"S 43°56\'54.0\"W), em Jaíba, MG, Brasil. A dispersão foi monitorada, a partir de um ponto central de liberação, nas direções cardeais e colaterais, a uma distância de 6 m até 272 m, distantes 12 m entre si nas direções cardeais e 17 m nas colaterais. Em cada ponto uma \"unidade de parasitismo\", ou seja, um sache com cerca de 20 larvas de terceiro instar do hospedeiro mais dieta envoltos em tecido voile, foi pendurada. Larvas de C. capitata e de A. fraterculus foram oferecidas para recuperar os parasitoides em cinco liberações onde os parasitoides não tiveram escolha pelo hospedeiro e outras seis onde tiveram escolha. As \"unidades de parasitismo\" permaneceram 24 h no pomar quando foram substituídas por novas, também retiradas após 24h. Após sete e 15 dias novas \"unidades de parasitismo\" foram distribuídas e mantidas por 24 h. Foram verificadas a porcentagem de parasitismo, razão sexual, mortalidade das larvas hospedeiras e a direção de dispersão. Os dados foram analisados utilizando modelos lineares generalizados de efeito misto através do sistema estatístico R. A distância média de dispersão (DM) e a área de dispersão (S²) de D. longicaudata foram determinadas utilizando-se o modelo proposto por Dobzhansky e Wright. O total de 10.351 parasitoides foi recuperado, todos pertencentes à espécie D. longicaudata, 769 provenientes do hospedeiro A. fraterculus e 9.582 de C. capitata. A mortalidade das larvas foi maior para o hospedeiro A. fraterculus. A razão sexual foi preferencialmente (ou tendeu) para machos e diferiu apenas entre os hospedeiros, sendo maior em parasitoides recuperados de A. fraterculus (0,34), independente da linhagem liberada. Nenhuma variável climática analisada influenciou o parasitismo ou a mortalidade das larvas. A linhagem Ceratitis foi a que mais se dispersou e parasitou larvas até a distância máxima de 173 m e atingiu uma área de dispersão de até 34.067,17m². As duas linhagens do parasitoide se dispersaram em todas as direções, mas demonstraram uma tendência a se dispersar para a direção leste. As duas linhagens foram capazes de sobreviver e parasitar larvas de A. fraterculus e C. capitata por até 15 dias após sua liberação, mas, número maior de exemplares da linhagem Anastrepha foi recuperado após 15 dias parasitando larvas dos dois hospedeiros. A linhagem Anastrepha proporcionou os mais altos índices de parasitismo nas maiores distâncias do ponto de liberação e a linhagem Ceratitis em pontos mais próximos. Com base na maior capacidade de sobrevivência em condição de semiárido, maior capacidade de parasitismo em distâncias maiores do ponto de liberação e na área de dispersão média obtida (27.368,24 m²) recomenda-se a liberação de 3.000 parasitoides da linhagem Anastrepha a cada 2,7 ha de goiabaThe ability of dispersal and parasitism of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata reared with the larval host of Ceratitis capitata (Ceratitis strain) and Anastrepha fraterculus (Anastrepha strain) was evaluated in a guava orchard. Eleven releases of approximately 3,000 parasitoids were conducted between March 2014 and April 2015 at the center of a 15-ha guava orchard located in the Jaíba Irrigation Project area (15°14?03.7?S, 43°56?54.0?W) in Jaíba, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The dispersal of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata was monitored within a distance of 6 m to 272 m from a central point of release to the cardinal and collateral directions; each cardinal and collateral direction point was located at a distance of 12 m and 17 m from each other, respectively. At each point, a \"parasitism unit\", that comprised a sachet made of voile fabric containing 20 third instar larval host more diet was hung. Larvae of C. capitata and A. fraterculus were offered to recover the parasitoids into five releases where the parasitoids had no choice by the host and six where they had choice. The \"parasitism units\" remained for 24 hours in the orchard when they were replaced with new ones, also remained for 24 hours. After 7 and 15 days others \"parasitism units\" were distributed and maintained for 24 h. Observations on parasitism, sex ratio, mortality of host larvae, and the direction of dispersal were made for each time point. Data were analyzed using the general linear models and mixed effect models by the R statistical system. The average distance dispersion (DM) and the dispersion area (S²) of D. longicaudata were determined using the model proposed by Dobzhansky and Wright. A total of 10,351 parasitoids was recovered, all belonging to D. longicaudata, 769 from the host A. fraterculus and 9,582 from C. capitata. Larval mortality was higher in A. fraterculus. The sex ratio showed a tendency for males and differed between the hosts; the number of males was higher in the parasitoids recovered from A. fraterculus (0.34), regardless of the strain of D. longicaudata released. Parasitism or larval mortality was not influenced by any of the climatic variables analyzed. The Ceratitis strain was most dispersed and parasitized larvae up to a maximum distance of 173 m and scattering area of up to 34,067.17 m². Both parasitoid strains scattered in all directions, but showed a tendency to disperse toward the east. The two strains were able to survive and parasitize the larvae of A. fraterculus and C. capitata for up to 15 days after its release, but more number of the Anastrepha strain were recovered after 15 days of parasitizing the larvae of the two hosts. The Anastrepha strain showed the highest parasitism rate over larger distances from the point of release, while the Ceratitis strain parasitized the larval hosts close to the release points. Based on the highest survival in semiarid conditions, the higher parasitism capacity at greater distances from the point of release, and the average obtained dispersion area (27,368.24 m²), we recommend the release of 3,000 parasitoids of Anastrepha strain in every 2.7 ha of guava orchards
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Perre, Paula. "Caracterização de três espécies do grupo fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae, Anastrepha) por meio da análise de imagens e morfometria." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-24042012-100427/.
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As moscas-das-frutas são pragas de importância quarentenária, entre as quais se destacam as espécies do gênero Anastrepha. Apesar de muito estudada, a taxonomia de alguns grupos do gênero ainda não está adequadamente resolvida. A correta identificação do grupo fraterculus exige prática/conhecimento e a utilização de uma série de técnicas. Assim, o presente estudo propõe testar a eficiência de duas técnicas na identificação de três espécies (A. fraterculus, A. obliqua e A. sororcula) e na identificação de espécimes de A. fraterculus em relação a três hospedeiros (goiaba, nêspera e pêssego). Foram testadas as técnicas de análises de imagens, pela primeira vez em moscas-das-frutas, e de morfometria (multivariada para os acúleos e geométrica para as asas). Pela análise de imagens, obtiveram-se acurácias bastante altas na identificação das espécies, tanto por meio das imagens de asas quanto dos acúleos, com médias de acerto de 87,8% e 90,6%, respectivamente. Em relação à associação de A. fraterculus com os hospedeiros, também foram obtidos resultados positivos com a análise de imagens (médias de 85,3% de acerto nas imagens de asas e de 88,3% nas imagens de acúleos). A morfometria geométrica das asas, utilizando 17 marcos, indicou diferenças na forma das asas dos indivíduos de cada espécie, separando-os com sucesso em grupos distintos. Em relação à associação de A. fraterculus com seus hospedeiros, os grupos formados não foram muito distintos, principalmente em relação aos indivíduos provenientes de pêssego. A análise de morfometria multivariada de sete medidas dos ápices dos acúleos, por meio da análise discriminante linear (ADL), também indicou diferenças entre as espécies, separando-as em três grupos. Por meio da análise de cluster (UPGMA), verificou-se que A. fraterculus e A. obliqua formam um grupo e A. sororcula fica isolada, indicando que as medidas que mais influenciaram o agrupamento das espécies, foram o comprimento da serra (L3 e L7). Na associação com hospedeiros, foram obtidos resultados positivos com a ADL, entretanto, não foi possível separar as populações de um mesmo hospedeiro por meio da UPGMA. As duas técnicas foram eficientes na separação das espécies e na associação de A. fraterculus com seus hospedeiros, mostrando que o fruto hospedeiro pode influenciar na coloração e forma da asa e no formato do acúleo nas três espécies do grupo fraterculus.The fruit flies are pests of quarantine importance, among which stand out the genus Anastrepha. Despite of many study, the taxonomy of some groups of the genus is still not adequately resolved. The correct identification of fraterculus group requires practice/knowledge and the use of a number of techniques. Thus, this study proposes to test the efficiency of two techniques in the identification of three species (A. fraterculus, A. obliqua e A. sororcula) and in the identification of A. fraterculus specimens related to three hosts (guava, loquat and peach). Were tested the techniques of image analysis, for the fists time in fruit flies, and of morphometry (conventional for the aculeus and geometric for the wings). By image analysis, very high accuracies were obtained for species identification, both by the images of the wings and aculeus, with average accuracy of 87,8% and 90,6%, respectively. Regarding the association of A. fraterculus with the hosts, also were obtained positive results with image analysis (means of 85,3% of accuracy on images of wings and 88,3% on images of aculeus). The geometric morphometric of wings, using 17 landmarks, indicated differences in the wings shape of the individuals of each species, separating them into distinct groups successfully. Regarding the association of A. fraterculus with the hosts, the groups obtained were not very distinct, specially in relation to individuals from peach. The multivariate morphometric of seven measures of the aculeus tip, by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), also indicated differences in the species, separating them in three groups. By cluster analysis (UPGMA), was noted that A, fraterculus and A. obliqua form a group and A. soroscula is isolated, suggesting that the measures that most influenced the grouping of the species were the length of the serrate part (L3 and L7). In the host association, were obtained positives results with LDA, however, was not possible separate the populations of the same host by UPGMA. Both techniques were effectives in separating the species and in the association of A. fraterculus with their hosts, showing that the host fruit can influence in the color and shape of the wing and in the shape of the aculeus in the three species of the group fraterculus.
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Starkie, Melissa L. "Systematics and evolution of the Australian Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/207990/8/Thesis_Starkie_2021.pdf.
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This thesis investigates the drivers of fruit fly speciation in Australia. Utilising genetic and fossil data, a dated phylogeny was produced and used to investigate trait evolution across the tribe. Morphological data was evaluated for its utility in phylogenetic reconstructions and found to have limited signal. Biogeographic analysis showed flies entered Australia from PNG, and into the Western Pacific from both PNG and Australia. Additionally, the study documented new fruit fly species, new distributions, and new lure records. The results help refine the taxonomy and systematics of the tribe and support future work in pest management.
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BARROS, ADILSON C. de. "Efeitos das ondas acústicas em pupas de Ceratitis capitada. (Wied., 1824)(Diptera:Tephritidae)." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2007. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11620.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Widmayer, Heather. "Biogeographical patterns associated with genome-wide genetic differentiation in a widespread species of South American Blepharoneura fruit flies (Tephritidae)." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6337.
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Studying how new insect species originate can help us better understand the evolutionary processes that lead to the rich insect biodiversity found in the tropics. New insect species arise via the evolution of reproductive isolation, a result of the accumulation of reproductive isolating barriers. Reproductive isolating barriers can arise in the context of geographical isolation and/or can be influenced by differences in ecology. Complex evolutionary mechanisms may underlie the origins of the more than 40 species of neotropical fruit flies in the genus Blepharoneura (Diptera: Tephritidae). The immature stages of these flies are specialist feeders on plants in the Cucurbitaceae (cucurbit) family in Central and South America. Previous research focusing on six geographically widespread Blepharoneura species used 18 microsatellite loci to identify patterns of geographical and ecological divergence. While conclusions from microsatellite data are valid, these markers provide only a limited signal of genetic structure. Fine-scale, genome-wide data can reveal patterns of genetic differentiation that may help us discover and date historical and recent lineage divergence. Here I use double-digest restriction-associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing to explore the hypothesis that geographic and ecologic barriers are restricting gene flow in one species of Blepharoneura, B. sp10. First, I use two methods to detect population structure within B. sp10 individuals. I find evidence for three distinct genetic groups characterized by geography and one genetic group defined by a difference in host plant use. Then I investigate these relationships using Mantel tests and pairwise spatial-genetic plots, which reveal distinct biogeographical genetic patterns. Finally, I infer the evolutionary history of B. sp10 using approximate Bayesian computation and find that the timing of divergence between flies collected from the Amazon Basin and those collected from the Guiana Shield coincides with the late Pleistocene, between 24,412 and 83,000 years ago. Connecting these results to historical climate data from the Late Pleistocene may help explain evolutionary processes that contributed to the patterns of genetic diversity that we see in Blepharoneura. This research provides a framework for investigating the biogeographic and evolutionary history of the more than 50 species in the Blephaorneura genus, a step towards understanding the complexity of insect diversity in the tropics.
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Schützner, Peter [Verfasser]. "Time-resolved analysis of wing and body kinematics in freely maneuvering wild-type and transgenic fruit flies Drosophila / Peter Schützner." Ulm : Universität Ulm, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1097380688/34.
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Diatta, Pierre Maurice. "TBD Economic Impact of Fruit Flies in Mango Production in Senegal: Ex-Post Analysis of mango losses in Ziguinchor (Casamance)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82484.
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The mango tree is one the important sources of income in the rural economy of Senegal. However, mango producers in Ziguinchor are facing fruit fly infestations leading to important losses in income. The aim of this study is to measure the impact of the losses encountered by mango farmers in Ziguinchor over three years 2012, 2013, and 2014 and conduct an econometric study to examine household characteristics associated with high level of losses. At the household level, the total yearly losses on average from fruit fly infestations represent 17.09 % of the average total household income in Ziguinchor (Casamance). The losses associated with variability of production are much smaller than losses from decreases of average yield. Furthermore, the results show that the number of hectares, level production, and use of Keitt varieties are three factors statistically significant, with a significant positive influence on losses from infestation. The use of fruit fly control technologies does not appear to significantly reduce losses.Master of Science
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Takata, Roberto Mitsuo. "Padrões de emissão acústica em moscas-das-frutas do gênero Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) e suas implicações no isolamento reprodutivo pré-copulatório." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-12052011-160047/.
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Três tipos de sons de cortejo foram descritos para machos de tefritídeos: de chamada, na ausência de fêmeas; de aproximação, na proximidade de fêmeas; e de pré-cópula, após a monta das fêmeas pelos machos. Nas espécies do gênero Anastrepha em que foram registrados sons de acasalamento, somente dois tipos estão presentes: de chamada e de précópula. As emissões acústicas de acasalamento de algumas espécies foram caracterizadas quanto a parâmetros como duração e freqüência dos sons, incluindo a espécie nominal Anastrepha fraterculus - importante praga da fruticultura nacional. No entanto, até o presente momento, nenhum estudo teve como foco a diferenciação dentro do complexo A. fraterculus, constituído por diversas espécies crípticas - das quais, três caracterizadas para o Brasil: A. sp. 1 aff. fraterculus, A. sp. 2 aff. fraterculus e A. sp. 3 aff. fraterculus. Este trabalho procurou caracterizar o padrão de emissão acústica de chamada de populações do complexo A. fraterculus (duas de A. sp. 1, uma de A. sp 2 e uma de A. sp. 3) e de A. obliqua, em relação à duração de pulso (PD), intervalo entre pulsos (IPI) e freqüência fundamental (FF), comparando com dados disponíveis na literatura para outras espécies. Os parâmetros acústicos de A. sp. 1 de Serra Negra - SP - não se diferenciaram estatisticamente dos parâmetros de A. sp. 2 de São Sebastião - SP. O padrão de emissão de A. sp. 3 de São Sebastião - SP -, difere do de A. sp. 1 de Serra Negra - SP - e de A. sp. 2 de São Sebastião - SP - no parâmetro PD. Os parâmetros acústicos de A. sp. 1 de São Paulo - SP - foram completamente distintos dos parâmetros das demais populações, inclusive dos de A. sp. 1 de Serra Negra - SP. O padrão de emissão acústica A. obliqua de Águas da Prata - SP - também diferencia-se dos das demais espécies/populações, exceto em relação ao PD de A.. sp. 1 de São Paulo - SP. A relação entre picos de distribuição de FF e de harmônicos, bem como a correlação entre parâmetros acústicos e o comprimento das asas sugerem uma relação entre características físicas das asas e os sons emitidos. Porém, outros fatores também devem estar em atuação, uma vez que a relação entre picos e harmônicos não é observada para todas as populações estudadas e a correlação entre tamanho de asa e valores de parâmetros acústicos é baseada em número limitado de espécies. Não há uma relação entre o valores dos parâmetros acústicos e as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies de moscas-das-frutas. Assim, embora os padrões de emissões acústicas permitam diferenciar as espécies entre si, não é possível utilizá-los para agrupar as espécies quanto a afinidades evolutivas. Dentro dos tefritídeos, a evolução dos tipos de emissão acústica do acasalamento provavelmente envolve uma história bastante complexa com várias homoplasias.Three courtship songs have been described for tephritid males: calling song, when female flies are absent; approach song, near females; and precopulatory song, after male mounting female. For species of Anastrepha in which mating songs were recorded, only two types are present: calling and precopulatory songs. In these cases mating accoustic emissions were characterized regarding parameters such as duration and sound frequency; including for the nominal species Anastrepha fraterculus - a major fruit crop pest in Brazil. However, no study have focused on differences amid A. fraterculus criptic species complex - including the three species that occur in Brazil: A.. sp. 1 aff. fraterculus, A. sp. 2 aff. fraterculus e A. sp. 3 aff. fraterculus. In this work, the acoustic emission patterns for A. sp. 1, A. sp. 2 A. sp. 3, and for A. obliqua population samples were characterized by comparing pulse duration (PD), interpulse interval (IPI) and fundamental frequency (FF), with data available in literature for other tephritid species. The acoustic parameters of A sp. 1 Serra Negra (SP) do not differ statistically from parameters of A. sp. 2 (São Sebastião, SP). The PD parameter of A. sp. 3 (São Sebastião, SP) differs from A. sp. 1 (Serra Negra, SP) and from A. sp. 2 from São Sebastião (SP). The acoustic parameters of A. sp. 1 from São Paulo (SP) were completely different from parameters of other populations, including A. sp. 1 from Serra Negra (SP). The acoustic emission pattern of A. obliqua from Águas da Prata (SP) is also different from other species/populations, except by the PD of A. sp. 1 from São Paulo (SP). The relationship between FF distribution peaks and sound harmonics as well as the correlation between acoustic parameters and wing length, suggest that the emitted sounds are dependent on the wing physical properties. However, other factors might also influence the sound pattern, because the relation between FF peaks and harmonics is not observed for all population samples, and the correlation between wing length and acoustic parameters were evaluated on few species. There is no relation between acoust parameters values and fruit flies phylogeny. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish between species on the basis of sound parameters, but it is not possible to group them by evolutionary affinities. Among the tephritids, mating acoustic emission patterns probably involves a complex evolutionary history with many homoplasies.
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Vento, Pietro Enrico Vicari. "Efeitos do silenciamento gênico de transformer-2 a partir da aplicação de RNAi parental em Anastrepha sp.1 affinis fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-20102016-164736/.
Full textAbstract:
As moscas-das-frutas são consideras pragas da fruticultura mundial, sendo que a espécie de maior importância econômica na região Neotropical é Anastrepha fraterculus. Sabe-se que na verdade A. fraterculus corresponde a um complexo de espécies crípticas; vários estudos têm se focado na caracterização destas espécies e no desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle populacional. Trabalhos anteriores mostraram que o silenciamento de genes envolvidos na determinação sexual de Anastrepha, como o transformer-2, constitui uma potencial ferramenta que pode ser usada em programas com este propósito, por gerar uma maior proporção de machos, uma vez que a proteína Transformer-2 funcional é necessária para o desenvolvimento do fenótipo feminino. Na ausência desta proteína um embrião XX se desenvolve com o fenótipo masculino (pseudomacho). Esse tipo de abordagem pode ser utilizado para otimizar a produção de moscas em biofábricas. Nesses estudos prévios o dsRNA foi injetado diretamente em ovos, o que constitui uma técnica de execução bastante complexa e que resulta em uma alta mortalidade durante o processo, inviabilizando sua utilização em um contexto aplicado. Aqui nós descrevemos os efeitos do silenciamento gênico de transformer-2 a partir da injeção parental de dsRNA em A. sp.1 affinis fraterculus, com o intuito de verificar se ocorre o silenciamento gênico na progênie. Para isso, fêmeas adultas foram injetadas com transformer-2 dsRNA em seu abdome e cruzadas com machos não tratados. Suas progênies foram coletadas ao longo de cinco semanas e analisadas quanto a (a) proporção sexual, (b) presença de pseudomachos (XX), (c) fertilidade dos machos e (d) morfologia sexual, além de análises de (e) emergência e de (f) assimetria de estruturas dos adultos, que são indicadores relevantes para a aplicação dessa técnica. A análise da proporção sexual mostrou um desvio significativo da proporção esperada de 1?:1? a favor dos machos, sendo o máximo desvio detectado entre as semanas 1 e 3 após a injeção. A análise dos cariótipos revelou a presença de pseudomachos (XX) na progênie. A maioria dos adultos apresentou morfologia das estruturas sexuais normal, exceto um pequeno número de indivíduos, que tinham gônadas assimétricas. Os testes de fertilidade revelaram que todos os machos apresentaram espermatozoides móveis em seus testículos, mas algumas fêmeas, referentes aos cruzamentos estéreis, não tinham espermatozoides em suas espermatecas. As análises de emergência dos adultos e assimetria de asas e mostraram que não há diferenças em relação ao controle, mas há aumento da assimetria de cerdas frontais da cabeça. Esses resultados indicam que alguns indivíduos da progênie de fêmeas injetadas com transformer-2 dsRNA foram afetados pelo silenciamento gênico de transformer-2. Além disso, as análises de morfologia e assimetria sugerem que esse tratamento causa perturbações no desenvolvimento desses organismos. Finalmente, os testes de fertilidade mostraram que alguns machos da progênie são funcionalmente estéreis, por serem incapazes de transferir espermatozoides para as fêmeas, possivelmente os pseudomachos (XX). A produção de uma progênie com maior número de machos a partir da interferência na expressão de um único gene pode ser bastante útil para melhorar o manejo da produção de machos em biofábricasFruit flies are worldwide fruticulture pest, and the economic important species in Neotropics is Anastrepha fraterculus. It is known that actually A. fraterculus corresponds to a cryptic species complex; many studies have focused in characterizing those species and development of population control strategies. Previous studies showed that silencing genes involved in sex determination of Anastrepha, such as transformer-2, are potential tools to be used in control programs that require male production in a large scale. The Transformer-2 protein is required to development of female phenotype. In the absence of this protein, an XX embryo develops in male phenotype (pseudomale). In previous studies, dsRNA was injected directly in embryos, which consists in a high complex executing technique with high rates of mortality during this process, difficulting your utility in an applied context. Herein we describe the effects of transformer-2 gene silencing by parental injection of dsRNA in A. sp.1 affinis fraterculus, to verify whether gene silencing occurs in progeny. For that, adult females were injected with transformer-2 dsRNA in its abdomen and crossed to non-treated males. Their progeny were recovered by five weeks and analysed by (a) sex ratio, (b) presence of pseudomales (XX), (c) fertility of males and (d) sexual morphology, besides analysis of (e) emergence and (f) asymmetry of wings and head setae, what consists in indicators of goodness of progeny. Sex ratio analysis showed a significant bias of expected 1:1, in favour of males, significant between weeks 1 and 3. Karyotype analysis revealed presence of pseudomales (XX) in progeny. The most of flies exhibited sexual structures morphology normal, except by a few individuals having asymmetric testes. Fertility tests showed that all males had motile spermatozoids in their testes, but some females, regarding to sterile crosses, had no spermatozoids in their spermathecae. Emergence and wing asymmetry analysis showed that there is no significant differences in relation to control, but there is a significant increase in asymmetry of head setae. The results indicate that the progeny from females treated with transformer-2 dsRNA were affected by transformer-2 gene silencing. Besides, the morphological analysis suggest that the treatment has a low impact in disturbing ontogeny of the progeny comparing to method of injection directly in eggs. Finally, fertility tests showed that some males of progeny are functionally sterile, unable to transfer spermatozoids to females, possibly the pseudomales ones (XX). The production of a male enriched progeny by interference in expression of a single gene could be very useful to improve the management of male production in biofabrics
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Perre, Paula. "Utilização diferencial de frutos hospedeiros por Anastrepha sp. 1 affinis fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae): aspectos morfológicos e reprodutivos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-11042017-164242/.
Full textAbstract:
As moscas-das-frutas são pragas da fruticultura nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais sendo que a Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae) é a espécie de maior importância econômica na Região Neotropical. Na realidade, A. fraterculus corresponde a um complexo de espécies crípticas que apresentam variações com relação ao uso de plantas hospedeiras. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar se a utilização de diferentes frutos hospedeiros resulta em diferenças morfológicas e/ou reprodutivas em indivíduos de amostras populacionais de A. sp.1 aff. fraterculus derivadas de diferentes frutos hospedeiros coletados em áreas de simpatria. Foram realizadas análises (a) morfológicas das asas e de conjuntos de cerdas da cabeça, além da descrição dos tipos de sensilas dos flagelos das antenas e (b) da escolha de parceiros reprodutivos entre espécies provenientes de diferentes frutos hospedeiros. As análises de morfometria mostraram variação nas asas relacionadas a diferentes frutos e que o grau de assimetria das estruturas varia entre as diferentes amostras. As análises dos tricomas das asas mostraram que não existe variação numérica de células entre as asas com formas diferentes, indicando que essa variação deve ser devida a diferenças na forma e/ou tamanho das células. As análises de assimetria flutuante em relação ao número de cerdas da cabeça indicaram diferenças entre as amostras. Em relação à assimetria posicional das cerdas, as populações apresentaram diferentes graus de assimetria. A análise das sensilas mostrou que existem diferenças na distribuição de cada tipo ao longo do flagelo, sendo a maior variação na região mediana, mas para quatro dos tipos não foram observadas diferenças nas amostras dos diferentes frutos. No experimento de escolha de parceiro reprodutivo houve uma tendência das fêmeas em escolher machos provenientes do mesmo fruto hospedeiro. No experimento de troca de fruto hospedeiro com uma população de laboratório, os resultados mostraram que houve um decréscimo na taxa de emergência de adultos, além de outros que apresentaram malformações. Os efeitos provocados por essa mudança de substrato do desenvolvimento larval foram distintos para as asas e cerdas, havendo manifestação no aumento da assimetria flutuante apenas nessas últimas. A diferença de resposta das estruturas pode resultar de distinção na robustez dos mecanismos que promovem a estabilidade ontogenética dessas estruturas. No presente estudo foi possível avaliar que o fruto hospedeiro no qual a larva se desenvolve, influencia a morfologia das asas, o reconhecimento de parceiros reprodutivos e pode ser um fator de estresse durante a ontogenia de A. sp.1 aff. fraterculusThe fruit flies of Tephritidae family are insect pests distributed around the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Among these flies, Anastrepha fraterculus is one of the most important pest species in the Neotropical Region. In reality, A. fraterculus correspond to a complex of cryptic species that shows differences in relation to the usage of host plants for larval development. The present study aimed to investigate if the use of distinct host fruits causes morphological and/or reproductive alterations in individuals from population samples of A. sp.1 aff. fraterculus derived from distinct sympatric fruits. To attain this goal, two series of experiments were conducted: (a) morphological analyses of the wings and of head bristles, besides the description of the sensilla types in the flagellum, and (b) tests on choice of reproductive partners derived from different host fruits. Morphometric analyses show variation in the wings to be associated to distinct fruits and that asymmetry vary among samples. The number of trichomes was invariable in the wings exhibiting subtle morphological distinctions, indicating that the differences might be due to shape and/or size of the cells. Fluctuating asymmetry in the number and position of head bristles is varied significantly among the flies derived from distinct fruits. The analysis on the distribution of sensilla along the flagellum revealed that the distribution of each one is distinct, most of variation occurring at the median region; however for four sensilla types no differences were detected. Experiments on mating choice showed a tendency of females to elect males derived from the same fruit type. The experiments on effects of host fruit changing in a laboratory colony of flies showed that a decrease in adult emergence did occur. An increase in the number of malformed adults was observed. The observed effects of changing the substrate for larval development were distinct for wings and bristles with an increase in the asymmetry of the latter. The distinction in response of the structures is suggestive that differences may exist in the robustness of the mechanisms that afford ontogenetic stability of wings and bristles. The present study indicates that the fruit in which the larvae develop has influence in the morphology of the wings, in the recognition of reproductive partners and may be a stressing factor during the ontogeny of A. sp.1 aff. fraterculus
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Bento, Flavia de Moura Manoel. "Influência da umidade em quatro tipos de solo no desenvolvimento pupal de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824), Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830), do parasitóide Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmed, 1905) e de Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Lima, 1927." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-28072008-161138/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da umidade em quatro tipos de solos sobre a emergência de adultos e duração da fase pupal das moscas-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) e Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) e do bicho-furão dos citros, Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Lima, 1927 e na emergência do parasitóide de moscas-das-frutas, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmed, 1905), utilizando-se diferentes potenciais mátricos de água no solo e com uma metodologia própria e desenvolvida no presente trabalho. As profundidades de pupação de G. aurantianum e A. fraterculus foram estudadas em tratamento seco e úmido (5%), com a finalidade de se determinar a profundidade adequada para cada espécie utilizada nos experimentos de avaliação da influência da umidade em quatro tipos de solo. G. aurantianum pupou na mesma profundidade em substrato úmido ou seco. A pupação de A. fraterculus é mais superficial em condições secas, com 100% de pupação entre 0 e 1,5 cm. Para C. capitata, a profundidade utilizada no experimento de influência da umidade e do tipo de solo foi a de 3,0 cm. A duração da fase pupal desta espécie foi influenciada diferentemente para machos e fêmeas. Para fêmeas, apenas o tipo de solo influenciou a duração da fase pupal, que foi maior no solo Argiloso. Nos machos, a duração da fase de pupa foi influenciada pela umidade e pelo tipo de solo, isoladamente, ocorrendo redução da fase pupal de machos de C. capitata no solo Muito Argiloso e Argilo arenoso, com maior duração no solo Argiloso. À medida que o potencial mátrico diminuiu, a duração da fase pupal de machos de C. capitata aumentou, independentemente do tipo de solo. A emergência de C. capitata foi influenciada pela umidade, independentemente do tipo de solo, sendo maior em solos mais secos. Para A. fraterculus, a interação da umidade e do tipo do solo influenciou a duração da fase pupal para machos e fêmeas de forma semelhante. As menores durações da fase pupal, para machos e fêmeas de A. fraterculus, foram proporcionadas nos solos com maiores teores de areia (Franco arenoso e Argilo arenoso) e no solo com alto teor de argila (Muito argiloso), neste caso, na maior umidade do solo. Porém, verificou-se, para fêmeas de A. fraterculus, redução da fase pupal à medida que a umidade dos solos Franco arenoso e Argilo arenoso diminuiu; para machos, esta redução foi observada em todas as umidades estudadas nestes solos. A emergência de A. fraterculus foi influenciada pela interação da umidade e do tipo do solo, sendo maior nos solos que apresentaram maior retenção de água nos diferentes potenciais mátricos aplicados aos solos Argilo arenoso e Muito argiloso. A emergência de D. longicaudata foi influenciada pelos fatores tipo de solo e umidade, isoladamente, sendo o número de adultos emergidos de D. longicaudata maior no solo Franco arenoso e menor no Muito argiloso; sempre, o número de adultos emergidos foi maior em altas umidades. A duração da fase de pupa de machos e fêmeas de G. aurantianum foi influenciada pela interação da umidade e do tipo de solo, porém de forma irregular e que não permitiu a construção de um modelo lógico que explique a relação entre maiores ou menores durações com teores de umidade e tipos de solo. A emergência de G. aurantianum foi influenciada pela interação umidade e tipo de solo, sendo maior em solos com maiores teores de areia. O presente trabalho poderá elucidar como alguns fatores do solo afetam o desenvolvimento destas pragas e do inimigo natural, auxiliando na adoção de novas estratégias de manejo, além de fornecer subsídios para a amostragem e para o entendimento da ocorrência destas pragas em ambientes agrícolas.The goal of this work was to evaluate moisture effect on four soil types in the emergence of adults and duration of the pupal stage of fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) and citrus fruit borer, Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Lima, 1927, and in the emergence of the fruit fly parasitoid, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmed, 1905), using different soil water matric potential and a particular methodology, developed in this work. The pupation depths of G. aurantianum and A. fraterculus were studied through a dry and moist (5%) treatment, in order to determine the adequate depth for each species for further use in the investigation of the influence of moisture on four soil types. G. aurantianum pupated at the same depth either under moist or dry medium. A. fraterculus pupation was more superficial under dry conditions, with 100% pupation between 0 and 1.5 cm. For C. capitata, one used a 3.0 cm depth to verify the influence of moisture and soil type. The pupal stage duration of the species was affected differently for males and females. For females, only the soil type influenced the pupal stage duration, which was higher under Clay soil (42,8% clay). In males, the pupal stage duration was influenced by moisture and soil type separately, and the pupal stage of C. capitata was low in Clay (68% clay) and Sandy Clay soil, with higher duration in Clay soil (42,8% clay). As the matric potential decreased, the duration of the pupal stage of C. capitata males increased, regardless of the soil type. The emergence of C. capitata was influenced by the moisture, regardless of the soil type, and was higher in drier soils. For A. fraterculus, the moisture-soil type interaction influenced the pupal stage duration for both males and females similarly. The lower pupal stage durations for A. fraterculus males and females were provided by higher sand content soils (Sandy Loam and Sandy Clay soils) and in high clay content soil (Clay soil, 68% clay), in the higher soil moisture. For A. fraterculus females, however, the pupal stage decreased as the moisture of Sandy Loam and Sandy Clay soils decreased; for the males, such reduction was observed in all moisture degrees studied on these soils. The emergence of A. fraterculus was influenced by the moisture-soil type interaction, higher in higher water retention soils at different matric potentials applied to Sandy Clay and Clay (68% clay) soils. The emergence of D. longicaudata was influenced by the soil type and moisture factors separately, and the number of adults emerging from D. longicaudata was higher in Sandy Loam and lower in Clay (68% clay) soil; the number of emerged adults was always higher under high moisture. The duration of the pupal stage of G. aurantianum males and females was influenced by the moisturesoil type interaction; however, it was irregular and failed to allow the construction of a logical model to explain the relationship between higher or lower durations with moisture contents and soil types. The emergence of G. aurantianum was influenced by the moisture-soil type interaction, higher at higher sand content soils. This work may clarify how some soil factors affect the development of these pests and relating natural enemies, a path to new management strategies, providing subsidies for the sampling and understanding of the occurrence of these pests in agricultural environments.
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Freire, Rodrigo Mauro. "Modelagem matemática para a simulação de estratégias de controle biológico da mosca-do-mediterrâneo C. capitata (Diptera : Tephritidae), em plantações de citrus : "utilização de variáveis temporais e espaciais" /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99490.
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Resumo: As moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) são as principais pragas da fruticultura mundial. Na citricultura brasileira, elas são consideradas pragas de grande importância econômica e exigem cuidados quarentenários. No Brasil, os gêneros de tefritídeos mais importantes são Anastrepha e Ceratitis, cujas espécies que mais causam danos à fruticultura paulista são A. fraterculus, A. obliqua e C. capitata. Estratégias atuais de controle destas pragas agrícolas estão sendo estruturadas a partir do Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP), o qual é um sistema de decisão para uso de táticas de controle de pragas. Dentre as diferentes estratégias de manejo integrado de moscas-das-frutas, em plantações de laranja do Estado de São Paulo, o uso de iscas tóxicas merece grande destaque. Estudos recentes indicam que um agente eficiente para o controle biológico das moscas-das-frutas é o parasitóide exótico braconídeo Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. Em relação ao planejamento de um programa de controle de pragas, a modelagem matemática vem se mostrando de grande utilidade, pois permite reunir informações de diferentes áreas, simular diferentes cenários e analisar a eficácia de possíveis estratégias de manejo integrado de praga. O presente trabalho propõe um modelo matemático espacialmente explícito que descreve e simula as interações biológicas entre a mosca-do-mediterrâneo C. capitata e seu parasitóide braconídeo D. longicaudata, em plantações de laranja. Além disso, é apresentada uma nova forma de manejo integrado de C. capitata (com possíveis aplicações à Anastrepha spp.) baseada em aplicações conjuntas de iscas tóxicas com liberações inundativas de D. longicaudata, em plantações de laranja. Para tal manejo proposto, estratégias ótimas de liberações de parasitóides são analisadas através de simulações computacionais.Abstract: Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are the main pests of the worldwide fruitculture. In Brazilian orchards of citrus, those flies are pests of great economic importance and they require quarantine measures. In Brazil, the most important tephritid genera are Anastrepha and Ceratitis, and the species that cause the greatest economic losses in the fruitculture of São Paulo State are A. fraterculus, A. obliqua and C. capitata. The current strategies for controlling these agricultural pests are being developed considering the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques, which use the combined application of different methods of pest control. Among the different strategies of IPM applied to control fruit flies in citrus orchards on São Paulo State, the use of toxic baits has a great importance. Nevertheless, recent studies indicate that an efficient agent for the biological control of fruit flies is the exotic braconid parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. A very useful tool for planning the program of pest control is the mathematical modeling application, which combines information from different areas and simulates different environmental backgrounds, besides of analyzing the effectiveness of possible strategies for the integrated pest management. The present study presents a spatially explicit mathematical model that describes and simulates the biological interactions between the Mediterranean fruit fly C. capitata and its braconid parasitoid D. longicaudata in citric orchards. Furthermore, we also propose a new type of integrated pest management strategy for C. capitata (with possible applications to Anastrepha spp) based on the combined use of toxic baits and inundating releases of D. longicaudata in citrus orchards. For such management, we present computer simulations used to analyze optimal strategies for parasitoid releasing.
Orientador: Claudio José von Zuben
Coorientador: Silvio de Alencastro Pregnolatto
Banca: João Frederico da Costa Azevedo Meyer
Banca: Miguel Francisco de Souza Filho
Mestre
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Migani, Valentina [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Hoffmeister, and Martin [Gutachter] Diekmann. "Interaction between weaver ants, mango infesting fruit flies and their exotic parasitoids / Valentina Migani ; Gutachter: Thomas Hoffmeister, Martin Diekmann ; Betreuer: Thomas Hoffmeister." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1132756871/34.
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Bomfim, Zuzinaide Vidal. "Análises morfométrica e molecular de espécies do grupo spatulata (Diptera, Tephritidae, Anastrepha)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-24052011-144652/.
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O gênero Anastrepha Schiner compreende os dípteros conhecidos popularmente como moscas-das-frutas. O grupo spatulata é formado por 11 espécies, entretanto, aquelas que atacam as partes aéreas da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) têm recebido atenção por causarem prejuízos aos programas de melhoramento dessa cultura. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar as variações de populações de Anastrepha alveata Stone, 1942, Anastrepha manihoti Lima, 1934, Anastrepha montei Lima, 1934, Anastrepha pickeli Lima, 1934 e Anastrepha spatulata Stone, 1942 além de duas espécies não descritas (Anastrepha n. sp. 2 e Anastrepha n. sp. 3) do grupo spatulata de várias localidades do Brasil e também da Bolívia, México e Paraguai. Para tanto, 10 fêmeas de cada população foram submetidas às técnicas de morfometria (tradicional e geométrica), por meio da análise de seis variáveis marcadas no acúleo e de 14 landmarks marcados na asa direita, respectivamente. Foi também realizado o sequenciamento de um fragmento do gene citocromo oxidase I (COI) para inferir as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies. Os dados morfométricos foram avaliados pelo software Statistica 9.0® e as análises moleculares pelos métodos de máxima parcimônica (MP) e neighbor-joining (NJ) (MEGA 4.1®). O comprimento do ápice do acúleo, a largura do acúleo no final da abertura da cloaca e o comprimento da serra contribuíram de forma significativa para a distinção entre as populações das espécies do grupo. Os testes multivariados mostraram que as variáveis canônicas foram estatisticamente significativas, indicando diferença na conformação alar entre as populações. Os landmarks correspondentes às intersecções da nervura R4+5 com a nervura costal, da nervura M com a margem da asa, da nervura CuA2 com a margem da asa e da nervura Cu1 com a M foram os que mais contribuíram. A análise filogenética molecular indicou que as populações agruparam-se em clados. Variação interpopulacional foi observada em A. pickeli de acordo com os métodos usados neste estudo. Confirmou-se também a separação de duas espécies próximas a A. pickeli, que foram previamente reconhecidas como espécies novas (não descritas ainda) com base apenas na morfologia.The genus Anastrepha Schiner encompasses the dipterans known as fruit flies. The spatulata group comprises 11 species, however, those species that infest the aerial parts of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) have received attention as they cause losses to cassava breeding programs. This study aimed at verifying variation in populations of Anastrepha alveata Stone, 1942, Anastrepha manihoti Lima, 1934, Anastrepha montei Lima, 1934, Anastrepha pickeli Lima, 1934 e Anastrepha spatulata Stone, 1942 and two undescribed species (Anastrepha n. sp. 2 and Anastrepha n. sp. 3) of the spatulata group from various localities in Brazil and also from Bolivia, Mexico and Paraguay. Ten females from each population were studied using morphometric methods (traditional and geometric) and analyzing six variables on the aculeus and 14 landmarks on the right wing, respectively. Sequencing of the citochrome oxidase (COI) gene was carried out to infer phylogenetic relationships among species. The morphometric data were evaluated by the software Statistica 9.0® and molecular analysis by the methods of maximum parsimony (MP) and neighbor-joining (NJ) (MEGA 4.1®). Aculeus tip length, aculeus width at the end of the cloaca opening and the serrate part length contributed significantly to distinguish among populations. The multivariate tests showed that the canonical variables were statistically significant indicating a difference in the wing conformation among populations. Landmarks of the intersections between vein R4+5 and costal, vein M and wing margin, vein CuA2 and wing margin, and Cu1 and M contributed the most. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated that populations clustered. Interpopulational variation was observed in Anastrepha pickeli Lima, 1934 according to the methods used in this study. Also, it was confirmed the separation of two species close to A. pickeli, which were previously recognized as new species (not described yet) based on exclusively morphology.
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Oliveira, Monique Bárbara Rosa de. "Análise comparativa das espécies de Anastrepha (Diptera, Tephritidae) em três agroecossistemas no estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-30042015-164747/.
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As moscas-das-frutas estão entre as principais pragas da pomicultura em todo o mundo. Devido à sua importância econômica, os estudos sobre os aspectos ecológicos entre as comunidades moscas-das-frutas são cruciais. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a dinâmica populacional das espécies de Anastrepha em três agroecossistemas diferentes, de três municípios do estado de São Paulo: área antropizada em Piracicaba, área natural em Monte Alegre do Sul e na área agrícola em Monte Alto. Os levantamentos moscas-das-frutas foram realizados utilizando armadilha do tipo McPhail com atrativo alimentar. As comparações das comunidades de moscas-das-frutas foram baseadas nos índices faunísticos. Um total de 49.583 espécimes foram coletados nos três agroecossistemas, pertencentes a 22 espécies. Anastrepha fraterculus e A. sororcula foram predominantes em todos os três agroecossistemas. Anastrepha bahiensis e A. grandis também foram predominantes na área natural, mas na área antropizada apenas A. pseudoparallela foi predominante. Todas essas espécies foram classificadas como super quanto à dominância, abundância, frequência e constância. Embora o índice de diversidade foi elevado na área antropizada, o maior índice de riqueza (Margalef) foi na área natural. Pelo índice de equitabilidade (Pielou), a distribuição das espécies foi mais uniforme na área agrícola. Para a diversidade beta, determinada pelo coeficiente de similaridade (Sørensen), áreas antropizada e natural tiveram 80% de similaridade, diferindo estatisticamente da semelhança com a área agrícola. No entanto, com base no coeficiente de Bray-Curtis, a área natural foi a mais dissimilar, diferindo das áreas antropizada e agrícola. Com base na distância euclidiana, A. fraterculus teve forte interação nos três agroecossistema. De acordo com os índices de diversidade nos três agroecossistemas, a área agrícola, onde foram usados tratamentos fitossanitários, diferiu significativamente das áreas antropizada e natural, tanto na diversidade alfa como beta.Fruit flies are among the main pests of the pomiculture worldwide. Due to their economic importance, studies on the ecological aspects among fruit fly communities are crucial. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the population dynamics of Anastrepha species in three different agroecosystems of three municipalities of the state of São Paulo, Brazil: anthropic area in Piracicaba, natural area in Monte Alegre do Sul and agricultural area in Monte Alto. Fruit fly surveys were carried out using McPhail-type trap with food attractants. Comparisons of the fruit fly communities were based on faunistic indices. A total of 49.583 specimens were collected in the three agroecosystems divided in 22 species. Anastrepha fraterculus and A. sororcula were predominant in all three agroecosystems. Anastrepha bahiensis and A. grandis were also predominant in the natural areas, but in the anthropic area only A. pseudoparallela was predominant. All these species were classified as super for the indices dominance, abundance, frequency and constancy. Although the diversity index was high in the anthropic area, the highest richness index (Margalef) was in the natural area. The species distribution was more evenly in the agricultural area by the equitability index (Pielou). For the diversity beta, determined by the similarity coefficient (Sorensen), anthropic and natural areas had 80% of similarity, differing statistically from the similarity with the agricultural area. However, based on the Bray-Curtis coefficient, the natural areas was the most dissimilar, differing from the anthropic and agricultural areas. Based on the Euclidean distance, A. fraterculus had strong interaction in the three agroecosystems. According to the diversity indices for the three agroecosystems, the agricultural area, where pesticides were used, differed significantly from the anthropic and natural areas in both alpha and beta diversity.
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Silva, Márcio Alves. "Perspectiva do emprego de limonoides do nim (Azadirachta indica) no controle comportamental de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-10042015-101358/.
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Visando contribuir para o manejo de moscas-das-frutas em parreirais de uva, inicialmente determinou-se, neste estudo, a concentração limiar dos limonoides azadiractina e 3-tigloilazadiractol (AzaMax®) capaz de inibir completamente a oviposição de Ceratitis capitata em frutos de uva. Em seguida, foram averiguados os estímulos envolvidos na inibição da oviposição da praga pelos referidos limonoides. Posteriormente, avaliou-se a proteção do parreiral de uva pelos limonoides contra C. capitata no polo de produção de Petrolina/PE, Brasil. Finalmente, foi avaliada a atividade biológica residual dos limonoides sobre a praga em parreiral de uva no polo de produção de Petrolina. A concentração limiar para a completa inibição da oviposição de C. capitata se dá com 100 ppm de azadiractina (+ 28,5 ppm de 3-tigloilazadiractol) na superfície de frutos de uva. A inibição da oviposição é drástica a partir de 50 ppm de azadiractina (+ 14,3 ppm de 3-tigloilazadiractol) em situação de chance de escolha do hospedeiro. A seleção hospedeira de C. capitata não é afetada por concentração igual ou inferior a 7,5 ppm de azadiractina (+ 2,14 ppm de 3-tigloilazadiractol) na superfície de frutos de uva. A concentração limiar de 100 ppm de azadiractina (+ 28,5 ppm de 3-tigloilazadiractol) impede que o hospedeiro seja reconhecido pela praga em função dos estímulos que promovem a inquietação (irritação), locomoção e consequente dispersão da praga. Assim, os limonoides (AzaMax®) podem ser qualificados como repelentes com baixa capacidade de difusão. Os limonoides em alta concentração ocasionam mortalidade sobre C. capitata, porém não evitam que os cachos ou frutos de uva sejam injuriados e ou infestados por C. capitata numa condição de baixa população natural ou artificial em campo. As conclusões registradas corroboram a hipótese de que são necessárias mais investigações pormenorizadas para avaliação do efeito de limonoides do nim sobre C. capitata em campo. A perspectiva de controle comportamental de moscas-das-frutas utilizando limonoides do nim foi discutida, com especial referência para C. capitata em parreirais de uva.Aiming to contribute to the management of fruit flies in the vineyards, this research initially determined the concentration threshold of limonoids azadirachtin and 3-tigloylazadirachtol (AzaMax®) able to completely inhibit oviposition of Ceratitis capitata in grape fruits. Then the stimuli involved in the inhibition of oviposition of C. capitata by these limonoids were investigated. Subsequently, we evaluated the vineyard protection by limonoids against fruit flies in the production pole of Petrolina - PE, Brazil. Finally, we evaluated the residual biological activity of limonoids on C. capitata in vineyard in the production pole of Petrolina. The threshold concentration for complete inhibition of oviposition of C. capitata is 100 ppm of azadirachtin (+ 28.5 ppm of 3-tigloylazadirachtol) on the surface of grape fruits. The inhibition of oviposition is drastic from 50 ppm of azadirachtin (+ 14.3 ppm of 3-tigloylazadirachtol) with free choice of the host. The host selection by C. capitata is not affected by concentration equal to or less than 7.5 ppm of azadirachtin (2.14 ppm of 3-tigloylazadirachtol) on the fruits surface. The threshold concentration of 100 ppm of azadirachtin (+ 28.5 ppm of 3-tigloylazadirachtol) prevents the host to be recognized by C. capitata depending of the stimuli that promote caring (irritation), locomotion and consequent dispersion of insect. Thus, the limonoids (AzaMax®) can be qualified as repellents with low diffusion capacity. The limonoids in high concentration (AzaMax®) cause mortality of C. capitata, but do not prevent the injury and or infestation on grape clusters by C. capitata in a condition of low natural or artificial population in the field. The findings reported support the hypothesis that more detailed assessment for the effect of neem limonoids on C. capitata in field investigations are necessary. The perspective of behavioral control of fruit flies using neem limonoids was discussed, with special reference to C. capitata in vineyards.
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Ogaugwu, Christian Ejikeme [Verfasser], Ernst A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Wimmer, Gregor [Akademischer Betreuer] Bucher, and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Göpfert. "Biotechnological approaches to fight fruit flies of agricultural importance / Christian Ejikeme Ogaugwu. Gutachter: Ernst A. Wimmer ; Gregor Bucher ; Martin Göpfert. Betreuer: Ernst A. Wimmer." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1042529663/34.
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Fanela, Thiago Luis Martins [UNESP]. "Efeito de óleos essenciais e extratos de diferentes espécies botânicas sobre bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biótipo b (Hemiptera: aleyrodidae) em tomateiro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97173.
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A mosca-branca, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biótipo B, é uma praga de grande importância na cultura do tomateiro em todos os sistemas de cultivo. O controle é feito, comumente, utilizando-se inseticidas sintéticos; entretanto, devido aos conhecidos problemas socioambientais que essa tática apresenta, justifica-se o desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos de controle. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de extratos aquosos a 3% e óleos essenciais em diferentes concentrações provenientes de diferentes espécies vegetais (Azadiracta indica A. Juss, Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Mentha pulegium L., Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A. Gentry, Piper aduncum L., Piper callosum Ruiz & Pav., Pelargonium graveolens L'Her, Plectranthus neochilus Schltr., Ruta graveolens L., Trichilia casaretti C. DC., Toona ciliata M. Roemer, Trichilia pallida Swartz e Vitex agnus-castus L.) sobre B. tabaci biótipo B em tomateiro. Para tanto, foram realizados testes avaliando o efeito dos extratos aquosos e óleos essenciais no comportamento dos insetos adultos (aproximação e oviposição) e atividade inseticida (mortalidade) em condições de laboratório. Constatou-se que o extrato aquoso de T. ciliata diminuiu o número de insetos adultos e ovos em folíolos de tomateiro. O extrato aquoso de P. aduncum apresentou o maior efeito ovicida (eficiência de controle de 78,41%) e o extrato de T. pallida causou a maior mortalidade de ninfas e adultos de mosca-branca (eficiências de controle de 67,95% e 72,80%, respectivamente). O óleo essencial de P. callosum foi o mais eficiente na redução de adultos e ovos de mosca-branca nos folíolos de tomateiro. Quanto ao efeito fumigante, o óleo essencial de M. alliacea foi o mais eficaz, tanto para ninfas como...
Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B is an important pest of tomato plants. In addition to the direct damage by sucking sap, the insect is also a vector of phytovirus. Aiming to evaluate the possible alternative methods of control this pest tests were conducted under laboratory conditions using aqueous extracts at 3% (weight/volume) and essential oils in different concentrations, evaluating the effect on behavior of adult insects (approach and oviposition) and insecticidal activity (mortality), from thirteen different plant species (Azadiracta indica A. Juss, Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Mentha pulegium L., Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A. Gentry, Piper aduncum L., Piper callosum Ruiz & Pav., Pelargonium graveolens L'Her, Plectranthus neochilus Schltr., Ruta graveolens L., Trichilia casaretti C. DC., Toona ciliata M. Roemer, Trichilia pallida Swartz e Vitex agnus-castus L.) in tomato. The results showed that extract from leaves of T. ciliata was the most effective in reducing adults and eggs of whitefly on tomato leaflets. P. aduncum extract was the most efficiency treatment in reducing the nymphs hatched (control efficiency of 78.41%). T. pallida extract was more efficient by causing higher mortality rate against the insect with control efficiency of 67.95% (nymphs) and 72.80% (adults). The essential oil of P. callosum was the most effective in reducing adults and eggs of whitefly on tomato leaflets. The essential oil of M. alliacea caused the highest mortality in nymphs and adults. For adults, LC50 after 6 hours was 0.07 μL/L of air and LT50 at the highest concentration was 1.98 hours. For nymphs, LC50 calculated after 72 hours fumigation was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Raghu, Sathyamurthy, and n/a. "The Autecology of Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) (Diptera:Tephritidae:Dacinae): Functional Significance of Resources." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030605.162831.
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This thesis investigated the autecology of the dacine species, Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae). I specifically focused on the adult phase of the life cycle and resources believed to be significant to this life stage. The prevailing paradigm in dacine ecology predicts that the larval host plant serves as the centre of dacine activity, a state mediated by mutualistic associations with fruit fly-type bacteria. Contrary to predictions, an explicit test of this hypothesis found that the host plant of B. cacuminata, Solanum mauritianum Scopoli, acted almost exclusively as a site for oviposition and larval development. Other key adult behaviours, most notably feeding and mating, were rare at the host plant. Even in disturbed habitats, the paucity of key adult behaviours such as mating was striking. Adult flies of this species were therefore hypothesized to be utilizing other components of their habitat, i.e. resources vital to their life history requirements. Some of the resources that B. cacuminata are known to respond to include sugar, protein, methyl eugenol and the host plant. The latter three resources are believed to be critical in the reproductive success of dacine flies in general. I assessed the physiological status of flies arriving at these resources to determine if flies of different status foraged for resources differently. In dacines, the internal reproductive structures of the male and female flies have been used as predictors of physiological status. I quantified expansion of the male ejaculatory apodeme in B. cacuminata with age of fly and found that there is a threshold apodeme size that is strongly correlated Abstract with sexual maturity. Maturity of female flies could be accurately predicted by ovarian development. Using these methods to assess the physiological and nutritional status of flies arriving at resources (larval host plant, protein and methyl eugenol) in the field, I discovered that only sexually mature and mated females were responding to the host plant, while the males at the host plant were sexually immature. This confirmed the hypothesis that the host plant primarily served as an oviposition site. Additionally, this study revealed that sexually mature males with high nutritional reserves were most commonly collected at methyl eugenol (a plant-derived chemical that elicits a strong response in males of many dacine species) at dusk, the time of peak sexual activity in this species. This indicated that methyl eugenol was perhaps a significant resource in the context of the reproductive behaviour of this species. Methyl eugenol (ME) is one of group of phenyl propanoids to which males of certain species of Dacinae respond. The current hypothesis of the role of these phenyl propanoids is that they function as pheromone precursor chemicals. Response to these chemicals is hypothesized to be a trait under sexual selection. In Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), this effect is so strong that a single feeding on ME results in a strong mating advantage up to a month after males feed on the chemical. Bactrocera cacuminata fed on multiple occasions on ME in a laboratory bioassay. After a single 24-hour exposure to ME, investigations of mating competitiveness did not reveal any obvious advantage for ME-fed males over unfed males. However, ME-fed males did enjoy a higher mating success 16 and 32 days after exposure to the chemical, suggesting that some physiological benefits unrelated to the pheromone synthesis was driving this delayed advantage. Investigation of the physiological consequences of feeding on ME revealed no enhancement of nutritional or energetic reserves, suggesting that the delayed mating advantage observed was more likely a chance event. An alternate hypothesis about the proximate function of ME, proposed by Robert Metcalf, is that it serves as a mate rendezvous site. As mating behaviour was notably absent at the host plant, I tested Metcalfs hypothesis. A field-cage experiment, spatially separating adult resources (host plant, methyl eugenol, sugar and protein) clearly demonstrated that methyl eugenol was functioning as a mate rendezvous stimulus for B. cacuminata. This is the first direct support for Metcalfs hypothesis. A synthesis of the literature revealed that significantly greater ecological and evolutionary information was required to understand the basis of dacine response to phenyl propanoids. Different dacine species may be utilizing these chemicals differently, even if their evolutionary origin may have been as a plant based kairomone. My studies show that generalizations on the ecology and behaviour of Dacinae, often extrapolated from research on a few pest species, do not hold up in the case of B. cacuminata. This suggests that a more autecological, species-specific approach is required in dacine research, before any predictive generalizations can be made.
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Ayres, Alvaro Remigio. "Moscas-das-frutas Diptera: Tephritidae na região nordeste do Pará." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2015. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/179.
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Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are a group of phytophagous insects with species that can take a pest status in a wide variety of fruit. Brazilian studies have been taken towards a range in biodiversity, population dynamics and interactions with hosts and parasitoids in different regions. However, in Brazilian Amazon, especially in the state of Pará, information about bioecology of these insects are sparse. Therefore this study aimed to do a faunistic analysis and to verify the profile of population fluctuation of tephritids at orchards in the city of Castanhal, Pará, besides to become fruit flies host and parasitoid known in this city and in others cities of that State. For the faunistic analysis and population dynamics it was collected tephritids with the aid of 15 McPhail traps which contained 400 ml of hydrolyzed maize protein as bait, in the period between January and December 2014. The traps were distributed in orchards in five locations in Castanhal, and they were installed on the treetops at a distance of 1.8 meter from the ground. Through faunistic analysis of harvested species it was measured the Shannon diversity index, Simpson dominance, Hill equitability modified, in addition to the recording of frequency, constancy, wealth and abundance of dominant species. For the fly fluctuation population fly/ trap / day (MAD) monthly index was related to the monthly values of rainfall (mm), relative humidity of air (%) and average temperature of air (oC) in such region. The study concerning to host and parasitoid fruit flies was performed by collecting fruits between November 2013 and January 2015 in Castanhal, São Francisco do Pará, Igarapé Açu, Iriuia, Capanema and Santa Luzia Pará, all of them cities in the state of Pará. The fruits were taken, brought to a laboratory and placed in plastic trays on a layer of vermiculite and then they were covered with a thin cloth to obtain pupae flies and adult insects (flies and/or parasitoids). It was collected in traps 6.322 tephritids (70.5% females and 29.5% males) which belong to 13 species, 12 from Anastrepha gender and a sample of Ceratitis capitata. Anastrepha obliqua was the only dominant specie and the most frequent one (89.60%), followed by Anastrepha distincta (5.97%) and Anastrepha leptozona Hendel (1.37%). It was noticed an increasing value of Simpson index (0.81) and intermediate values in indexes of Shannon (0.49) and Hill (0.62). There were tephritids captures in traps in all sampling months, with the highest population peak of Anastrepha registered in January, October, November and December. There was no significant correlation between fruit flies population dynamics and climatic parameters that have been studied. It was sampled twenty-eight fruit species which belong to 16 botanical families. It was obtained eight species of Anastrepha directly from host insects, with A. oblique predominance, and three parasitoid species Braconidae, highlighting Doryctobracon areolatus
As moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) são insetos fitófagos com espécies que podem assumir o status de praga em frutíferas. No Brasil estudos têm indicado variações na diversidade das moscas-das-frutas, dinâmica populacional e nas interações com hospedeiros e parasitoides. Entretanto, na Amazônia brasileira, sobretudo no Estado do Pará, as informações sobre a bioecologia destes tefritídeos são escassas. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a análise faunística e verificar o perfil da flutuação populacional das moscas-das-frutas em pomares domésticos do município de Castanhal, Pará, além de conhecer seus hospedeiros e parasitoides em municípios do referido Estado. Para os estudos de análise faunística e flutuação populacional foram coletados tefritídeos com auxílio de 15 armadilhas McPhail contendo proteína hidrolisada de milho como atrativo, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2014. As armadilhas foram distribuídas em pomares domésticos de cinco localidades de Castanhal, instaladas na copa de frutíferas. Na análise faunística foram avaliados os índices de diversidade de Shannon, dominância de Simpson, equitabilidade de Hill modificado, além do registro da frequência, constância, riqueza e número de espécies dominantes. Para a flutuação populacional o índice mosca/armadilha/dia (MAD) mensal foi correlacionado aos valores mensais de precipitação pluvial (mm), umidade relativa do ar (%) e temperatura média do ar (oC) da região. O estudo de hospedeiros e parasitoides de moscas-das-frutas foi realizado através de coletas de frutos, entre novembro de 2013 a janeiro de 2015, nos municípios paraenses de Castanhal, São Francisco do Pará, Igarapé Açu, Iriuia, Capanema e Santa Luzia do Pará. Os frutos foram coletados, levados para o laboratório, colocados em bandejas plásticas sobre uma camada de vermiculita e cobertos com tecido fino, para obtenção dos pupários das moscas e posteriormente dos adultos (moscas e/ou parasitóides). Foram coletados nas armadilhas 6.322 tefritídeos (70,5% fêmeas e 29,5% machos), pertencentes a 13 espécies, sendo 12 do gênero Anastrepha e um exemplar de Ceratitis capitata. Anastrepha obliqua foi à única espécie dominante, sendo também a mais frequente (89,60%). Observou-se elevado valor do índice de Simpson (0,81) e valores intermediários quanto aos índices de Shannon (0,49) e Hill (0,62). Os maiores picos populacionais de Anastrepha foram registrados em janeiro, outubro, novembro e dezembro. Não foi observada correlação significativa entre a flutuação populacional das moscas-das-frutas e os parâmetros climáticos estudados. Diretamente dos hospedeiros foram obtidas oito espécies de Anastrepha, com predomínio de A. obliqua, e três espécies parasitoides Braconidae, destacando-se Doryctobracon areolatus
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Raghu, Sathyamurthy. "The Autecology of Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) (Diptera:Tephritidae:Dacinae): Functional Significance of Resources." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366116.
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This thesis investigated the autecology of the dacine species, Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae). I specifically focused on the adult phase of the life cycle and resources believed to be significant to this life stage. The prevailing paradigm in dacine ecology predicts that the larval host plant serves as the centre of dacine activity, a state mediated by mutualistic associations with fruit fly-type bacteria. Contrary to predictions, an explicit test of this hypothesis found that the host plant of B. cacuminata, Solanum mauritianum Scopoli, acted almost exclusively as a site for oviposition and larval development. Other key adult behaviours, most notably feeding and mating, were rare at the host plant. Even in disturbed habitats, the paucity of key adult behaviours such as mating was striking. Adult flies of this species were therefore hypothesized to be utilizing other components of their habitat, i.e. resources vital to their life history requirements. Some of the resources that B. cacuminata are known to respond to include sugar, protein, methyl eugenol and the host plant. The latter three resources are believed to be critical in the reproductive success of dacine flies in general. I assessed the physiological status of flies arriving at these resources to determine if flies of different status foraged for resources differently. In dacines, the internal reproductive structures of the male and female flies have been used as predictors of physiological status. I quantified expansion of the male ejaculatory apodeme in B. cacuminata with age of fly and found that there is a threshold apodeme size that is strongly correlated Abstract with sexual maturity. Maturity of female flies could be accurately predicted by ovarian development. Using these methods to assess the physiological and nutritional status of flies arriving at resources (larval host plant, protein and methyl eugenol) in the field, I discovered that only sexually mature and mated females were responding to the host plant, while the males at the host plant were sexually immature. This confirmed the hypothesis that the host plant primarily served as an oviposition site. Additionally, this study revealed that sexually mature males with high nutritional reserves were most commonly collected at methyl eugenol (a plant-derived chemical that elicits a strong response in males of many dacine species) at dusk, the time of peak sexual activity in this species. This indicated that methyl eugenol was perhaps a significant resource in the context of the reproductive behaviour of this species. Methyl eugenol (ME) is one of group of phenyl propanoids to which males of certain species of Dacinae respond. The current hypothesis of the role of these phenyl propanoids is that they function as pheromone precursor chemicals. Response to these chemicals is hypothesized to be a trait under sexual selection. In Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), this effect is so strong that a single feeding on ME results in a strong mating advantage up to a month after males feed on the chemical. Bactrocera cacuminata fed on multiple occasions on ME in a laboratory bioassay. After a single 24-hour exposure to ME, investigations of mating competitiveness did not reveal any obvious advantage for ME-fed males over unfed males. However, ME-fed males did enjoy a higher mating success 16 and 32 days after exposure to the chemical, suggesting that some physiological benefits unrelated to the pheromone synthesis was driving this delayed advantage. Investigation of the physiological consequences of feeding on ME revealed no enhancement of nutritional or energetic reserves, suggesting that the delayed mating advantage observed was more likely a chance event. An alternate hypothesis about the proximate function of ME, proposed by Robert Metcalf, is that it serves as a mate rendezvous site. As mating behaviour was notably absent at the host plant, I tested Metcalf’s hypothesis. A field-cage experiment, spatially separating adult resources (host plant, methyl eugenol, sugar and protein) clearly demonstrated that methyl eugenol was functioning as a mate rendezvous stimulus for B. cacuminata. This is the first direct support for Metcalf’s hypothesis. A synthesis of the literature revealed that significantly greater ecological and evolutionary information was required to understand the basis of dacine response to phenyl propanoids. Different dacine species may be utilizing these chemicals differently, even if their evolutionary origin may have been as a plant based kairomone. My studies show that generalizations on the ecology and behaviour of Dacinae, often extrapolated from research on a few pest species, do not hold up in the case of B. cacuminata. This suggests that a more autecological, species-specific approach is required in dacine research, before any predictive generalizations can be made.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Pimentel, Rodrigo Meirelles de Azevedo. "Qualidade pós-colheita da goiaba vermelha (Psidium guajava L.) submetida ao tratamento quarentenário por irradiação gama." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64132/tde-27082010-104654/.
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A goiaba vermelha é pouco conhecida pelos mercados importadores, porém tem um potencial de comercialização bastante grande, pois a goiaba é considerada um dos frutos mais completos em termos nutricionais. Porém, a presença de moscas-das-frutas nos frutos leva países importadores a impor restrições comerciais por motivos fitossanitários. Os EUA permitem que a irradiação seja utilizada para controle quarentenário de Anastrepha spp. E Ceratitis capitata, com dose mínima de 150 Gy e 225 Gy, respectivamente. Como existe variação de dose dentro do container irradiado, que pode ser de 1:3, frutos deverão apresentar qualidade comercial mesmo quando submetidos a doses até três vezes maiores que a dose mínima de controle. Portanto, este trabalho verificou a qualidade de goiabas Pedro Sato irradiadas com 150 e 450 Gy e, também, com 225 e 675 Gy que representam as doses mínimas e máximas para controle quarentenário de Anastrepha spp. e C. Capitata, respectivamente. No primeiro experimento, goiabas foram irradiadas com 0, 150, 225, 450, 675 Gy e avaliadas a 0, 2, 4 e 6 dias após a irradiação para as análises físico-químicas. As determinações de incidência de doenças e escurecimento da casca, taxa respiratória e produção de etileno foram realizadas diariamente. As análises sensoriais ocorreram 5 dias após irradiação, sendo que as organolépticas foram irradiadas com 0, 225 e 675 Gy. As goiabas deste experimento foram armazenadas a 23 mais ou menos 1oC e 85 mais ou menos 5% UR. Os resultados indicaram que a irradiação acelerou o amadurecimento das goiabas, predispôs os frutos a doenças e favoreceu a perda de massa. A taxa respiratória e a produção de etileno foram maiores para os frutos irradiados até o quarto dia de armazenagem. Em relação às análises sensoriais, foi verificada qualidade organoléptica superior dos frutos não irradiados. No segundo experimento as doses aplicadas foram idênticas ao primeiro experimento. Goiabas foram armazenadas sob temperatura de refrigeração (TR) de 10 mais ou menos 1oC e 80 mais ou menos 5% UR e analisadas a 0, 7 e 14 dias, sendo que aos 7 e 14 dias as goiabas foram transferidas à temperatura ambiente (TA) de 23 mais ou menos 1oC e 70 mais ou menos 5% UR durante dois dias quando foram novamente analisadas. As análises sensoriais foram realizadas nas goiabas armazenadas por 7 e 14 dias a TR + 2 a TA. Os resultados demonstram que goiabas irradiadas armazenadas por 7 dias a TR + 2 a TA estavam amolecidas e as irradiadas com 450 e 675 Gy apresentaram coloração interna menos intensa. Além destas alterações, frutos irradiados armazenados por 14 dias a TR + 2 a TA apresentaram incidência de casca escurecida e maior perda de massa. Em relação às análises sensoriais, goiabas irradiadas armazenadas por 7 dias a TR + 2 a TA apresentaram qualidade organoléptica aceitável, embora inferior às não irradiadas. Já as goiabas armazenadas por 14 dias a TR + 2 a TA apresentaram qualidade inaceitável quando irradiadas com 675 Gy, enquanto que as não irradiadas e as irradiadas com 225 Gy foram apenas um pouco superiores ao limite aceitávelRed guava is not a well-known fruit by importing markets; however, it has a great commercial potential, since it is considered one of the most complete fruits in terms of nutritional quality. However, the presence of fruit-flies in fruits leads importing countries to impose commercial restrictions due to phytosanitary risk. The USA permit the use of irradiation to the quarantine control of Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis Capitata with a minimum dose of 150 and 225 Gy, respectively. Since, there is a dose variation inside na irradiated container, which can be of 1:3, fruits must present commercial quality, even after irradiation with doses of up to three times higher than the minimum required dose. Therefore this works objective was the study of the quality of Pedro Sato guavas irradiated with 150 and 450 Gy and, also, 225 and 675 Gy, which represented minimum and maximum doses of quarantine control of Anastrepha spp. and C. capitata, respectively. In the first experiment, guavas were irradiated with 0, 150, 225, 450, 675 Gy and evaluated at 0, 2, 4 e 6 days after irradiation for the physic-chemical analysis. The determinations of disease incidence, peel darkening incidence, respiration rate and ethylene production was done in a daily basis. The sensory assessments took place 5 days after irradiation, in which the organoleptic assessments were irradiated with 0, 225 e 675 Gy. Guavas during this experiment were stored at 23 more or less 1oC e 85 more or less 5% RH. The results indicate that irradiation speeded up the ripening of guavas, increased disease incidence and mass loss. The respiratory rate and ethylene production was higher to the irradiated fruits until the fourth day of storage. In relation to the sensory analysis, superior organoleptic quality was found in non-irradiated fruits. In the second experiment, applied doses were identical to the ones of the firs experiment. Guavas were stored under refrigerated temperature (RT) at 10 more or less 1oC and 80 more or less 5% UR and analyzed at 0, 7 and 14 days; at 7 e 14 days guavas were transferred to ambient temperature (AT) of 23 more or less 1oC and 70 more or less 5% UR during two days to be analyzed again. Sensory analysis were made in guavas stored for 7 and 14 days at RT + 2 at AT. The results showed that irradiated guavas stored by 7 days at RT + 2 at AT were softened and the ones irradiated with 450 e 675 Gy presented pulp color less intense. In addition to these alterations irradiated guavas stored for 14 days at RT + 2 at AT presented incidence of peel darkening and higher mass loss. In relation to the sensory analysis, irradiated guavas stored for 7 days at RT + 2 at AT presented acceptable organoleptic quality, although inferior to the non-irradiated ones. In the other hand, guavas stored for 14 days at RT + 2 a AT presented unacceptable quality when irradiated with 675 Gy, whereas the non-irradiated and the irradiated with 225 Gy were only barely acceptable
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Araujo, Elton Lucio de. "Dípteros frugívoros (Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae) na região de Mossoró/Assu, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-05072002-111822/.
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A região de Mossoró/Assu (RN), localizada no semi-árido, destaca-se pela produção e exportação de frutas, principalmente o melão Cucumis melo e a manga Mangifera indica. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecerer vários aspectos relacionados as moscas-das-frutas (Dip.; Tephritidae) e aos lonqueídeos (Dip.; Lonchaeidae) nessa região. Após dois anos de coletas, em armadilhas McPhail e frutos, foram detectadas dez espécies de tefritídeos e uma única de lonqueídeo Neosilba pendula (Bezzi). As moscas-das-frutas mais comuns foram Anastrepha zenildae Zucchi, A. obliqua (Mcquart) e Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). As maiores infestações foram observadas em frutos de juá Ziziphus joazeiro (Rhamnaceae) e kunquat Fortunella sp. (Rutaceae). Em alguns meses do ano, A. zenildae foi considerada praga em pomares de goiaba Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae). A população de adultos, a disponibilidade do hospedeiro, a precipitação pluvial e a temperatura, foram os fatores que mais influenciaram os níveis de infestação das espécies de Anastrepha em frutos de goiaba. Neosilba pendula apresentou baixos níveis de infestação nas frutíferas da região, mas foi considerada um importante invasor primário de frutos de acerola Malpighia emarginata (Malpighiaceae). Três espécies de parasitóides (Braconidae) foram obtidos dos pupários das moscas-das-frutas, sendo Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) o mais comum.The Mossoró/Assu region (RN), located in a semi-arid zone, is important as a center of fruit production and export, especially melons, Cucumis melo, and, mangoes, Mangifera indica. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate several aspects related to fruit flies (Dip.; Tephritidae) and lonchaeids (Dip.; Lonchaeidae) in this region. After two years of collection with McPhail traps and reared from fruits, ten tephritid species and a single lonchaeid species, Neosilba pendula (Bezzi), were detected. The most common fruit flies were Anastrepha zenildae Zucchi, A. obliqua (Mcquart), and Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). The highest infestation levels were observed on 'juá' fruits, Ziziphus joazeiro (Rhamnaceae) and on kumquats, Fortunella sp. (Rutaceae). In some months of the year, A. zenildae was considered as a pest in guava, Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), orchards. Adult population, host availability, rainfall and temperature were the factors that most influenced the levels of guava fruit infestation by Anastrepha species. Neosilba pendula showed low infestation levels on fruit trees of region, but was considered as an important primary invader of "acerola", Malpighia emarginata (Malpighiaceae). Three parasitoid species (Braconidae) were obtained from fruit fly puparia, the most common being Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti).
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Silva, Tibério Graco Araújo da. "Caracterização morfométrica e molecular de Anastrepha bistrigata Bezzi e Anastrepha striata Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-23092008-165128/.
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Considerando-se a semelhança morfológica e ocorrência simpátrica de Anastrepha striata Schiner e Anastrepha bistrigata Bezzi, este trabalho propôs identificar formas para melhor caracterizá-las através de análises morfométricas do acúleo e asas de populações simpátricas e alopátricas dessas espécies, e molecular, por meio da análise de seqüências parciais do gene da citocromo oxidase I (COI). O trabalho também teve por objetivo desenvolver iniciadores espécie-específicos que possam vir a ser utilizados em estudos ecológicos em regiões em que ambas as espécies ocorram simpatricamente. As populações analisadas A. striata (seis populações) e A. bistrigata (duas populações) foram provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil, Colômbia e Bolívia. Para os estudos morfométricos, os acúleos e asas foram montados em lâminas para captura e análise de imagens com auxílio de câmera fotográfica acoplada ao microscópio estereoscópico, utilizando-se de software apropriado. Foram traçados e mensurados oito segmentos no acúleo e 16 na asa direita de cada indivíduo, obtendo-se assim as medidas nas quais se basearam as análises. Nos estudos moleculares, os produtos de amplificação obtidos para a COI foram seqüenciados e analisados para o estudo da caracterização molecular das diferentes populações desses insetos e desenvolvimento de iniciadores espécie-específicos. Os resultados indicam a existência clara de distinção morfométrica entre as duas espécies e confirmaram as identificações baseadas na largura e comprimento do acúleo. Os dados morfométricos mostraram também a ausência de padrões geográficos distintos entre as populações de A. striata e A. bistrigata. A. striata apresentou maior variação morfométrica entre suas populações quando comparada à diferenciação encontrada para A.bistrigata. Nas duas espécies, populações encontradas em maiores altitudes apresentaram maiores dimensões. A análise de nucleotídeos da seqüência da COI obtida para as populações de A. striata em questão indicou a ocorrência de alta similaridade entre as mesmas. As análises realizadas também indicaram que a divergência genética encontrada no fragmento da COI analisado para as diferentes populações de A. striata não permitiu o agrupamento de acordo com a distribuição geográfica dessas populações. A análise do fragmento do gene da COI permitiu o desenvolvimento de iniciadores com divergência suficiente entre as espécies em questão para permitir a amplificação de porção específica do gene da COI, que possibilita a diferenciação entre as mesmas. Os iniciadores propostos reúnem características que permitem a sua utilização em reações de PCR multiplex para a diferenciação entre espécimes de ambas as espécies.Because of the fact that Anastrepha striata Schiner and Anastrepha bistrigata Bezzi are very similar morphologically and may also occur sympatrically, this study aimed to propose different ways to characterize them by using wing and aculeus morphometry, and mitochondrial DNA sequencing. This work also aimed to develop species-specific primers to allow for the differentiation between both species in sympatric areas. Six A. striata and two A. bistrigata populations were obtained from different regions from Brazil, Colombia and Bolivia. Specimens from different populations had their aculeus and wings removed and slide mounted for image acquisition under a stereomicroscope and morphometric analysis. Data collection for morphometry were taken for each specimen on eight segments of the aculeus and on 16 of the right wing. The molecular characterization consisted of the sequencing and analysis of a fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, and the development of species-specific primers. Morphometry did not indicate any consistent variation to allow for geographical characterization of different populations, but indicated A. striata and A. bistrigata are consistently different morphologically. Populations of either species from higher altitudes were larger than the ones at lower altitudes, and A. striata displayed a much higher intraespecific variation in morphology than A.bistrigata. COI nucleotide sequences for A. striata were very similar among the populations studied, and the molecular analysis did not yield groups that were related geographically. The COI analysis allowed the development of a set of species-specific primers that were divergent enough to allow for the discrimination of A. striata and A. bistrigata in multiplex PCR reactions.
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Rupp, Luís Carlos Diel. "Percepção dos agricultores orgânicos em relação à Anastrepha Fraterculus (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) e efeito de preparados homeopáticos no controle da espécie em pomares de pessegueiro." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2005. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1226.
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Peach Prunus persica (L.) Batsch is an important cash crop cultivated in southern Brazil more specifically in the region of Encosta Superior do Nordeste belong to the state of Rio Grande do Sul . In that region, peach is cultivated in small areas by farmers that use family labour and have the diversification of activities as economic strategy. The potential for growing fresh peaches is enhanced by reaching local market in high quality fruit, and having premium prices for that. This study was carried out in two parts. The first one aimed to know the perception of peach organic growers facing the fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus. The second part, three experiments were conducted in randomised blocks for testing the effect of homeophatic compounds to control A. fraterculus. The treatments consisted of nosodium of A. fraterculus and Staphysagria in two dilution levels, CH3 and CH6, combined by two application intervals , 5 and 10 days. A commercial Composto A , made with several herbs and largely used by organic farmers was evaluated in the third experiment. All experiments were conducted in organic orchard systems located in Antônio Prado, Rio Grande do Sul. Two experiments were conducted during the 2003-2004 crop cycle and another during the 2004-2005 crop cycle. The homeophatic compounds were prepared according to the Farmacopéia Homeopática Brasileira (1997). From the result we could see that farmers have a diversity of varieties of peach and production was mainly offered to local market. Anastrepha fraterculus was the only specie found into traps and fruits. The homeophatic compounds did not reduce significantly the A. fraterculus infestation compare to the proof. Fruit losses due to fly infestation varied from 40 to 98,3%. Nevertheless two treatments differed to the worst preparation treatment and can be used as an alternative treatment combined with other crop management measures. Although Composto A had the lowest infestation level (38%) it did not difered to the proof (63%). More studies would be necessary to recommend homeophatic compounds for protecting preaches from fruit fly. Besides bagging individual fruits, planting early maturation cultivars would an efficacy measure to control fruit fly although local monitoring is needed. In another hand, the preference for using Composto A by the organic farmers showed the fragility of the peach organic system studied
A cultura do pessegueiro Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, possui fundamental importância para a economia da Região da Serra Gaúcha geograficamente conhecida como encosta superior do nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul, onde é cultivado em minifúndios. O pessegueiro representa importante alternativa na diversificação da matriz produtiva, gerando renda em pequenas áreas e empregando mão-de-obra familiar. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a percepção dos agricultores frente à mosca-das-frutas sul americana Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied) (Diptera: Tephritidae) e a eficiência de preparados homeopáticos no manejo da mesma. Questionário semi-estruturado foi aplicado em 12 agricultores na região da Serra Gaúcha que adotam sistema de cultivo orgânico do pessegueiro. No estudo de preparados homeopáticos, três experimentos foram conduzidos também em sistema de cultivo orgânico com a variedade Chiripá, delineados em blocos ao acaso, sendo dois no ciclo de cultivo 2003/04 e um no ciclo 2004/05 no município de Antônio Prado, RS. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de nosódios de adultos de A. fraterculus e do composto homeopático Staphysagria na terceira e sexta diluição centesimal hahnemanniana, combinados a intervalos de aplicação de cinco ou 10 dias. O produto comercial Composto A, formulado a base de fermentados de plantas foi testado no ciclo de cultivo 2004/05. Os preparados homeopáticos foram obtidos conforme Farmácia Homeopática Brasileira (1997). Observou-se que os agricultores diversificam o cultivo do pessegueiro com uso de diferentes variedades, destinando sua produção aos mercados locais. Dados experimentais evidenciaram redução na infestação da mosca-das-frutas na primeira colheita com uso de..Staphysagria na Sexta diluição centesimal e Nosódio de Mosca-das-frutas também na Sexta diluição centesimal, respectivamente no primeiro e segundo experimento. Entretanto nenhuma das combinações testadas diferiu da testemunha sem intervenção. Perdas na produção de frutos variaram de 40 a 98,3%. Da mesma forma, o Composto A embora tenha apresentado a menor porcentagem de frutos infestados (38%) não diferiu da testemunha (63%). Pelo relato dos agricultores e pelos dados obtidos sobre a dinâmica populacional da mosca-das-frutas, observou-se que o cultivo de variedades precoces de pessegueiros aparece como medida mais eficaz para reduzir as perdas de frutas provocadas pela mosca-das-frutas sul americana, além do próprio ensacamento de frutos. Entretanto, pela praticidade apresentada os agricultores orgânicos, estes demonstraram preferência para uso do Composto A, o que revela a fragilidade das estratégias atualmente empregadas para o manejo desta praga na região da Serra Gaúcha
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Balagawi, Solomon. "Comparative Ecology of Bactrocera Cucumis (French) and Bactrocera Tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) - Understanding the Life History Consequences of Host Selection and Oviposition Behaviour." Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366527.
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The host use patterns of tephritids (fruit flies) range from those that are highly specific (monophagous, oligophagous) to those that use a wide range of hosts from different plant families (polyphagous). Knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for such host use patterns is critical in understanding the insect-plant relationship and developing successful population management strategies. Several studies have revealed that the behavioural and environmental factors play a significant role in host use. A key theory thought to explain host use patterns of phytophagous insects has been optimality theory (preference-performance hypothesis), however, this has seldom been investigated in fruit flies. In this thesis I compared the host use pattern of the specialist (oligophagous) cucumber fruit fly, Bactrocera cucumis (French), and the generalist (polyphagous) Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae), both serious agricultural pests in Queensland, Australia. I primarily focussed on investigating the role of the preference-performance hypothesis in explaining the host use pattern of these two species at different plant taxonomic levels. I also examined the life history consequences of host use patterns by investigating the demographies of these two dacines on different host plants. The preference-performance hypothesis postulates that the host preference executed by an insect should be positively correlated to its offspring performance. While there were some correlations between preference and performance parameters for both B. cucumis and B. tryoni, these were dependent on the parameter used and were more relevant in explaining host use patterns in B. cucumis than B. tryoni. Both species exhibited significant host discrimination among the different hosts presented to them. More significantly, they preferentially used certain host plants even when hosts of purportedly equivalent status were presented to them simultaneously. The efficiency with which they used their hosts differed even when offered different varieties of a host species from their primary host family. These patterns, observed in both these dacine species, indicated that host use is more plausibly explained by behavioural and physiological factors associated with host use. Key factors affecting host acceptance behaviour and subsequent host use of dacine fruit flies include pre-alighting factors (e.g., host plant structure, fruit colour, shape and size) and post-alighting factors (e.g., pericarp toughness, fruit volatiles and chemical composition of fruit). I investigated the role of fruit size and pericarp toughness in explaining host use patterns. Pericarp toughness appeared to strongly affect host acceptance and subsequent host use in both dacine species. Although some fruit species were readily accepted for oviposition by receiving a high proportion of oviposition attempts from both fly species, very few of these oviposition attempts resulted in pericarp penetration (oviposition event). This behaviour was primarily attributed to the differences in pericarp toughness; fruits with a tougher pericarp provided greater resistance to ovipositor penetration, thus resulting in less use than those with a softer pericarp. In addition to the behavioural aspects of fruit fly-host plant relationships, life history parameters of tephritid species play a significant role in host use. Investigations of the demography of these species on different hosts revealed that the polyphagous B. tryoni has higher fecundity and net reproductive rate, and shorter generation time while the oligophagous B. cucumis has a lower fecundity and net reproductive rate with a longer generation time. While the demographic patterns of the B. cucumis appeared to conform to preference-performance hypothesis, B. tryoni showed some interesting departures from the predictions of the preference-performance hypothesis. For B. tryoni, it was evident that some hosts that may yield lower survival in terms of larval survival (e.g., plum) may still be demographically suitable because of the enhanced reproductive performance of adults emerging from these fruits. This highlights the significance of the quality of adult feeding resource in the demography of this species. Organizing demographic data and analysing them using population projection models also enabled me to identify critical life stages that influence the demography of these two species across different host fruits. This study found that for both the specialist B. cucumis and the generalist B. tryoni, population growth rate is highly sensitive at the adult reproductive stage, indicating that manipulating probability of survival at this life stage would be critical to manage the population of these pest species. This may explain the success of protein bait sprays as a technique to manage these pest species. Predators or pathogens that target the adult reproductive stage may also provide successful biological control of these pest fruit fly populations. In addition to survival of reproductive individuals, pupal survival was also important to the demography of these species, suggesting that biological control targeting pupal stage may also yield population suppression across different fruit production systems. In summary, my studies showed that, while the preference-performance hypothesis may be a useful heuristic tool in explaining comparative host use patterns in the Dacinae, it may be more valuable in understanding primary adaptations of different species that enable them to use different host plants. This understanding combined with the life-history consequences of host use would not only shed light on their ecology, but also prove valuable in designing suitable management strategies for pest dacines.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Corsato, Clarice Diniz Alvarenga. "Moscas-das-Frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) em pomares de goiaba no norte de Minas Gerais: biodiversidade, parasitóides e controle biológico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-29092004-165942/.
Full textAbstract:
A incidência de moscas-das-frutas é um fator de preocupação todos os anos nos perímetros irrigados do norte de Minas Gerais, principalmente em pomares de goiaba, acarretando aumentos nos custos e perdas na produção. Para se estabelecer um programa de controle de moscas-das-frutas, torna-se necessário o prévio conhecimento dos aspectos ecológicos dos tefritídeos e seus parasitóides. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo conhecer a biodiversidade de moscas-das-frutas e de seus parasitóides em dois pomares comerciais de goiaba da região, os índices de infestação das moscas-das-frutas e a capacidade de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata parasitar moscas-das-frutas em goiaba no norte de Minas Gerais. Após três anos de coletas, em armadilhas tipo McPhail e em frutos, foram coletados 48.482 tefritídeos, sendo 45.012 exemplares de Anastrepha e 3.470 de Ceratitis capitata. Foram capturadas 18 espécies de Anastrepha, sendo que, A. turpiniae, A. manihoti, A. leptozona e A. barbiellinii estão sendo registradas pela primeira vez no norte de Minas Gerais. A. zenildae e A. fraterculus representaram mais de 90% de todas as moscas coletadas em armadilhas, sendo associadas às classes super de dominância, freqüência, abundância e constância. Somente C. capitata, A. zenildae, A. fraterculus, A. sororcula, A. obliqua e A. turpiniae emergiram das amostras de frutos. Destas, A. zenildae (58,8%), A. fraterculus (13,5%) e C. capitata (20,7%) corresponderam a 93% do total de fêmeas coletadas, sendo as responsáveis pelos altos níveis de infestação do pomar de Jaíba. Em Nova Porteirinha, somente três espécies de Anastrepha foram relacionadas aos frutos: A. fraterculus (50,3%), A. zenildae (37,8%) e A. obliqua (3,2%), além de C. capitata (8,6% do total de fêmeas). Nos dois pomares, as maiores infestações ocorreram de março a julho/2003, influenciadas principalmente pela disponibilidade de frutos maduros. Ocorreu interação de A. zenildae e A. fraterculus na exploração da goiaba no pomar de Nova Porteirinha. Foi discutida a relação entre percentagem de infestação e intensidade de infestação. O parasitismo natural de moscas-das-frutas em goiabas nos pomares comerciais do norte de Minas Gerais foi muito baixo. Dos 283 parasitóides obtidos, somente o braconídeo Doryctobracon areolatus e três espécimes do eucoilíneo Aganaspis pelleranoi foram registrados. Houve correlação positiva entre o número de adultos de opiíneos e os de Anastrepha spp. Foram recuperados 37 espécimes de D. longicaudata (24 em Jaíba e 13 em Nova Porteirinha), demonstrando que a espécie fechou o ciclo nas condições locais. Assim, D. longicaudata possui chances de se estabelecer na região, sem comprometer as relações tritróficas pré-existentes.The occurrence of fruit flies is a factor of concern every year in the irrigated areas in the north of Minas Gerais State, mainly in guava orchards, because they cause increases in the costs and losses in the production. To establish a fruit fly program control, it is necessary the previous knowledge of the ecological aspects of the tephritids and its parasitoids. Therefore, the objective of this work was to know the biodiversity of fruit flies and its parasitoids in two commercial guava orchards, the fruit flies infestation levels and the capacity of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata to parasitize fruit flies in guava in the north of Minas Gerais State. After three years of samplings, with McPhail type traps and on fruits, a total of 48,482 tephritids, was collected being 45,012 specimens of Anastrepha and 3,470 of Ceratitis capitata. Eighteen species of Anastrepha were captured; A. turpiniae, A. manihoti, A. leptozona and A. barbiellinii were registered for the first time in the north of Minas Gerais State. A. zenildae and A. fraterculus represented 90% of all fruit flies collected in traps and were placed in the category super of dominancy, frequency, abundance and constancy. Only C. capitata, A. zenildae, A. fraterculus, A. sororcula, A. obliqua and A. turpiniae emerged from fruits. From these, A. zenildae (58,8%), A. fraterculus (13,5%) and C. capitata (20,7%) corresponded to 93% of the total females collected, and they caused high infestation levels in the orchard located in Jaiba. In Nova Porteirinha, three species of Anastrepha were associated to A. fraterculus (50,3%), A. zenildae (37,8%) and A. obliqua (3,2%), besides C. capitata (8.6% of the total females). In the two orchards, the highest infestation occurred from March to July/2003, influenced mainly by the availability of mature fruits. Interaction of A. zenildae and A. fraterculus occurred in the exploration of guava in the orchard located in Nova Porteirinha. The relationship between infestation percentage and infestation intensity was discussed. The natural parasitism of fruit flies in commercial guava orchards in the north of Minas Gerais State was very low. Of the 283 parasitoids collected, the braconid Doryctobracon areolatus and three specimens of the eucoiline Aganaspis pelleranoi were recorded. There was a positive correlation between the number of adults of braconids and the number of Anastrepha spp. It was recovered 37 specimens of D. longicaudata (24 in Jaiba and 13 in Nova Porteirinha), which revealed that this species completed the cycle under local conditions. Therefore, there is a great success in establishment of D. longicaudata in this region without damaging the preexisting tritrophic relations.