Journal articles on the topic 'Fruit flies – Control'
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Rahayu, Siti Utari, Susilawati, Suharman, Herty Afrina Sianturi, Yosatria Juanka Sibarani, Fathurrahman Fathurrahman, Jacky Gunawan Manurung, and Ardiansyah Sembiring. "Fruit Fly Pest Control with Ultrasonic Waves and Modified Steiner Trap in Orange Orchard in Narigunung 1 Village, Karo Regency." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 6, no. 2 (December 13, 2021): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v6i2.6097.
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Orange is one of the local fruits, which is a source of income for farmers in Narigunung 1 Village, Tiganderket District, Karo Regency. However, in recent years, many orange orchards have been attacked by the fruit fly pest of Bactrocera sp. (Diptera: Tephritidae), causing the oranges become rotten and fall. This resulted in losses for farmers; there are crop failures in some orchards, while the farmers had to pay off a large pesticide purchase. One of the effective ways to ward off the arrival of these fruit flies is by using ultrasonic waves. Based on a research, fruit flies will be disturbed if there are ultrasonic waves with a frequency of 25-30 KHz that work based on ambient temperatures above 18⁰C. In addition, to control the fruit fly population, this community service also used a modified steiner trap, employing methyl eugenol, which can stimulate male fruit flies to enter the trap. Both repellents and traps will be made at a height of where fruit flies are active around the orange tree. With this control system, the orange orchard will be free from fruit flies so that farmers will no longer experience losses; besides, ecological trapping of fruit flies will reduce the population of fruit flies around Narigunung 1 Village, Karo Regency.
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SHARMA, RAKESH KUMAR, YOGESH KHOKHAR, and SANDEEP SINGH. "Management of fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) in guava (Psidium guajava) by pheromone traps." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i1.120821.
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Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is one of the most important commercial fruits grown in Punjab. Fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) are considered the key insect pest of guava causing yield losses and quality degradation during rainy season and thus decreasing fruit production. The present studies emphasis on ecofriendly management of fruitflies using the methyl eugenol pheromone traps (PAU traps) during 2017 and 2018. Fruit flies analysis by traps installation in guava orchard characterized high population of fruit flies (24.8–760.9) captured per trap per week (pooled mean of two years) in July to September. Population of fruit fly increased rapidly reaching its peak with weekly trap catches of 801.5 and 720.4 fruit flies/trap/week during the second week of August (32nd SMW) during 2017 and 2018 respectively, when the trees were at the maximum fruiting period. Maximum fruit infestation in control was observed in 34th and 35th SMW, i.e 67 and 81% as compared to 45 and 48% in treatment. The marketable fruits/ tree was 96 and 85 fruits/tree in treated plots as compared to 52 and 47 fruits/tree in untreated plots during 2017 and 2018 respectively. Mean fruit yield was 15.4 kg/tree and 12.6 kg/tree in treatment as compared to control with 8.8 kg/tree and 8.1 kg/tree during 2017 and 2019 respectively. There was significant increase in number of marketable fruits/tree and fruit yield. The results clearly depict that fruit fly traps offer one of the most effective method for the management of fruit flies especially in the rainy season.
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Balayara, Assa, Carlyle C. Brewster, Larry J. Vaughan, and Douglas G. Pfeiffer. "Foliar, Fruit, and Soil-Applied Organic Insecticides for Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), in Senegalese Mangoes." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-10-18-0061-rs.
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Since its invasion in Senegal (West Africa) in 2004, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, the oriental fruit fly, has caused loss of production of mango and other commercial fruits. The use of neem products (oil, cake, and seed powder) and kaolin may be an alternative to synthetic insecticides for controlling adult flies and larval-pupal stages and may contribute to integrated pest management tactics. In the laboratory, neem oil-treated fruit had the same number of landings and time spent on treated fruit as the control but showed reduced pupal development. Females selected kaolin-treated fruits for landing less often, with reduced pupal development. Soil treatment with neem cake and neem seed powder reduced pupal survival. In the field, neem treatment had a greater number of infested fruits and greater pupal development than the control, but fewer flies emerged. Kaolin was not different from the control in percent of infested fruits or pupal development, but fewer flies emerged. Neem cake and neem seed powder were found to lose efficacy in the field.
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Budiyani, Ni Komang, and I. Wayan Sukasana. "PENGENDALIAN SERANGAN HAMA LALAT BUAH PADA INTENSITAS KERUSAKAN BUAH CABAI RAWIT (Capsicum frutescens L) DENGAN BAHAN PETROGENOL." AGRICA 13, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v13i1.279.
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Abstrack
Cayenne pepper is a horticulture plant (vegetable) where the fruit is used for various food purposes. The decrease of the chilly yields productivity caused by several factors including the use of varieties with low yields and the attack of Plant Pests (OPT). Pests that often attack chili plants are fruit flies. Petrogenol could be used to control this pest.The method used was a randomized block design with 7 treatments and 3 replications by comparing the dose of petrogenol.
The results showed that the D3 treatment showed the best parameters in the use of petrogenol doses in controlling fruit fly pests, in the parameters of healthy fruits, damaged fruit, insect catches, and damage intensity. The use of high doses of petrogenol can influence the trapping of fruit flies and as the control of fruit fly attacks
Keywords : Fruit flies, cayenne pepper and petrogenol
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Futagbi, Godfred, Nana Akosua Gyamfuah Koduah, Benyarku Richard Ampah, Precious Agbeko Dzorgbe Mattah, Maxwell Billah, James Edinam Futse, and Eric Sampane-Donkor. "Microbial Carriage and Contamination of Mangoes by the Oriental Fruit Fly." Open Public Health Journal 10, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501710010267.
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Background: Fruit flies, especially of the Family Terphritidae, are economically important pests for the horticulture industry because many species cause serious mechanical damage to a number of crops of different plant families. Studies have shown that some species of fruit flies have the potential to contaminate fruits and vegetables with enteric bacterial pathogens. However, this has not been conclusively demonstrated. Methods: In this study, we investigated enteric bacteria carriage by Bactrocera dorsalis and its possible role in transmission of microbes into internal tissues of fruits. Fruit flies trapped using liquid protein bait, ripe mango fruits exposed to the fruit flies and controls, as well as mangoes obtained from farms with and without fly-control traps, were analyzed for microbes, such as total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, yeast and molds, Escherichia coli and Salmonella/Shigella spp. using direct culture methods. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that a high percentage of these insects carries pathogenic bacteria. This finding shows that, like B. cacuminata and B. tryoni, B. dorsalis also carries pathogenic microbes. It was also observed that mangoes sampled from fly-control farms had significantly lower microbial loads and proportions of fruits contaminated compared to those from farms without fly-control. Additionally, all microbial counts of internal tissues were significantly higher for exposed mangoes compared to unexposed mangoes. These data indicate that B. dorsalis contaminates not only the external but also internal tissues of mangoes. Conclusion: These findings show that B. dorsalis carries pathogenic bacteria and plays a direct role in internalization of microbes in mangoes.
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Pangihutan, Josua Crystovel, Danar Dono, and Yusup Hidayat. "The potency of minerals to reduce oriental fruit fly infestation in chili fruits." PeerJ 10 (April 14, 2022): e13198. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13198.
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Introductions In many areas, particularly in Asia, the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) causes considerable fruit damage on various plants. The fruit fly causes significant economic losses every year due to reduced fruit quantity and quality as well as export restrictions. This study aimed to examine the potency of minerals in controlling the oriental fruit fly infestation in chili fruits. Methods Experiments were conducted under laboratory and semi-field conditions using randomized block design. Ten minerals (i.e. kaolin, talc, zinc oxide, bentonite, sulfur, dolomite, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and zeolite) and an untreated control were tested under laboratory conditions. Twenty chili fruits at a green stage were soaked in each mineral suspension (2%, w/v), air-dried, and placed in a trial cage (23-L plastic container) containing 20 female oriental fruit flies. In a semi-field bioassay using a screen cage (100 cm × 70 cm × 120 cm), 20 female oriental fruit flies were exposed to a fruit-bearing chili plant sprayed with mineral suspension. Results Talc and calcium oxide significantly reduced the numbers of visiting fruit flies, oviposition holes, and eggs laid, as well as the percentage of infested chili fruits in a laboratory bioassay. Calcium hydroxide was substantially better than talc in controlling fruit fly infestation in a semi-field bioassay, although it was not significantly different from calcium oxide and calcium carbonate. Conclusion Overall, calcium oxide is a viable option for the long-term control of the oriental fruit fly on chili fruits. Calcium oxide could be utilized as the push component of a push-pull strategy to manage oriental fruit fly infestation in chili fruits because of its potential to inhibit the number of visiting fruit flies and oviposition.
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Basso Abraham, Alicia L., Mariana Rockenbach de Avila, Rocio Torres, and Virginia Diz. "Magnetite nanoparticles as a promising non contaminant method to control populations of fruit flies (DIPTERA: Tephritidae)." Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 8, no. 4 (July 12, 2021): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2021.08.00262.
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“True fruit flies” belong to the family Tephritidae. Among them, the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) is the most economically important agricultural pest insect in the world. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) is the South American fruit fly and represents a serious problem for countries of America. Both species share hosts fruits. Traditionally the control of fruit flies bases on the use of pesticides with chemical components. Due to their massive use to crops, pesticides are associated to environmental pollution and toxicity in mammals. An emerging technology is the use of nanomaterials with pesticidal activity or for the delivery of pesticides. The present paper reports: a) the synthesis of iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles and b) the effects of Fe3O4 nanoparticles during the development of the tephritid flies C. capitata and A. fraterculus. We sampled guava fruits to recover immature stages of fruit flies. Magnetite nanoparticles Fe3O4 were synthesized by co-precipitation of Fe (III) and Fe (II). We suspended doses of 100, 200 and 400 µg/ml of magnetite nanoparticles in water and we added the suspensions to larval medium. NPs are spherical with a medium diameter of 11 ± 2 nm and unimodal size distribution. During larval-pupal development, we checked out difficulties in the capacity to complete the natural biological cycle. Only 40% of larvae feeded in medium 400 μg / ml Fe3O4 NPs were able to continue their life cycle, in contrast to 92% of the control. Application of iron oxide (or magnetite) nanoparticles to larval food resulted in larvae toxicity expressed as dose-dependent lethality
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Susanto, Agus, Wahyu Daradjat Natawigena, Luciana Djaya, Tohidin Tohidin, and Fauza Saputra. "The Effect of Methyl Eugenol Block Plus on Bactrocera dorsalis Complex Total Captured in Chili Plantation." Jurnal Biodjati 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v6i1.9708.
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Fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) are an important pest for horticultural crops, especially fruits and vegetables. One of the most effective and eco-friendly methods to control male and female fruit flies is by usingtraps that use Methyl Eugenol (ME) block plus fruit essence as an attractant. The purposes of this research were to acquire the most effective formulation of ME Block plus fruit essence to catch the most male and female fruit flies on the chili plantation and to detremine the increase in total of fruit flies caught. This research started from December 2017 to January 2018 at Cibeureum Village, Sukamantri District, Ciamis Regency, West Java Province. The research was conducted using a randomized block design consisting of 8 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments consisted of adding fruit essence to the ME block: 2 ml of ME on cotton; 2 ml of ME block; 2 ml of ME block + 4 ml of mango essence; 2 ml of ME block + 4 ml of orange essence; 2 ml of ME block + 4 ml of guava essence; 2 ml of ME block + 4 ml of star fruit essence; 2 ml of ME block + 4 ml of chili essence; Antilat (Organic pesticide) as a comparison. The results showed that ME block plus fruit essence has increased the total of male fruit flies caught, but it did not attract female fruit flies. The best combinations with the highest average of male fruit flies caught were ME block plus orange essence with 750.67/5 week, followed by ME block plus chili essence with 746.00/5 week
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Susanto, Agus, Sudrajat Sudrajat, Endah Yulia, Agus Dana Permana, Aries Gunawan, and Dwi Harya Yudistira. "Effectiveness of Modified Traps for Protection Against Fruit Flies on Mango." Jurnal Biodjati 5, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v5i1.7926.
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Mango is one of the primary fruit export commodities in Indonesia. The productivity of mango can be increased by controlling the pest population, including fruit flies Bactrocera spp. Various efforts to control the population of fruit flies have been carried out, either by implementing traditional methods or by using synthetic pesticides. However, synthetic pesticides can cause pollution, and therefore we need to control the fruit flies’ population by using the most effective fruit fly trap mode. The study was conducted in the mango yield (monoculture) of Department of Agriculture in Majalengka. The traps in this study were modified Steiner traps with funnels, modified Steiner traps without funnels, bottle traps with funnels, bottle traps without funnels, and modified gypsy moth traps. Each trap was fed with 0.2 ml of Methyl eugenol dripped on a cotton roll and hung in the trap. The results showed that the number of fruit flies caught in each trap every week is significantly different. The highest number of fruit flies caught in each trap every week was achieved by bottle traps without funnels that caught 135 flies, while the lowest number of fruit flies caught was recorded by the gypsy moth traps with 16 flies. The transparent color of the bottles and a large number of holes effectively lured the fruit flies into the bottle traps without funnels.
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Elsanosy, Hythum A., Amani M. KhairAbbas, Faiza M. A. Magid, and Abubaker H. M. Adam. "Management of Fruit Flies Using Environmentally Safer Pesticide (Spinosad) in Shendi, Sudan." Journal of Agronomy Research 3, no. 1 (May 25, 2020): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-20-3246.
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The fruit flies of familyTephritidae are considered as serious pests of Mango in Sudan. They cause substantial damage to Mango in all Mango production areas. The application of various pesticides appeared to be ineffective. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of Spinosad as new promising control measure to the fruit flies. This study was carried out at Shendi area, River Nile State during the period from April 2012 to August 2014, where Pheromone and food bait traps were used for detection and monitoring the fruit flies species in the study area. Spinosad (0.24g\L) was applied as a partial spraying pesticide. Results indicated that; the application of Spinosad highly decreased the fruit flies numbers. The average number of fruit flies collected in April was (947.22 and 1001.67) for the treated and untreated orchards respectively. The numbers of fruit flies in the treated orchards had decreased gradually during May, June, July and August, 904.7, 760.22, 609.6 and 452.7, respectively, but in untreated orchards for the same months had increased to 1003.67, 1103.67, 1336.67and 1468.67 respectively. However, the infestation level in mango fruits in the treated orchards was found to be 2% compared with 64% for untreated one.
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Handaru, Oka Dwi, Witjaksono Witjaksono, and Edhi Martono. "Study on the Attractiveness of Fruit Flies Bactrocera spp. to Mango Fruit’s Extract." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 23, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.35315.
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Fruit fly (Bactrocera spp.) is a global major pest species of the fruit export and import activities. The controlling and monitoring strategies based on the ecology of fruit flies were expected to overcome the problem of fruit flies. The study on the attractant compound of fruit flies from mango extract may provide an alternative to control and to monitor fruit flies, both male or female. This research was aimed to determine the strength of attractiveness (number and type of species) and durability (day) on mango extract which could attract fruit flies. The experiment was conducted in mango plantation in Sragen Regency using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five different locations for setting up the trap, each location consisted of nine treatments. The parameter observations were the number of trapped-fruit flies, the sex of fruit flies, the type of species fruit flies, and the durability of mango extract. The results revealed that mango extract could attract the male and female fruit flies with mechanism through the presence of nutrition and oviposition site. Extract of raw Pakel mango had a good ability to attract fruit flies, either male or female of B. carambolae and B. papaya, and male of B. albistrigata with a total of 15 flies per trap in one week.
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Ebi, C. "Effectiveness of Selected Parapheromones for Mass Trapping of Mango Fruit Fly, Ceratitis cosyra Walker and Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Mango." Nigerian Journal of Entomology 36, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/nje/0202/63.01.41.
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Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit crop in Nigeria. It is a source of essential vitamins and is also cultivated for its nutritional, medicinal and industrial uses. Fruit flies infest various commercial fruit crops and cause economic damage. Mass trapping and male annihilation technique (MAT) has been the most useful and common means of controlling fruit flies with special focus on Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mangoes. The study evaluated the effectiveness of four types of parapheromones namely, methyl eugenol (liquid and solid forms), cuelure, terpinyl acetate and trimedlure for mass trapping of fruit flies on Mango. Modified Lynfield traps containing the parapheromones were randomly set on the mango orchards in three replicates in Nigeria Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT) orchard, Okigwe, Imo state, Southeast Nigeria. This study was conducted during the mango fruiting period of 2019 season, when the density of fruit flies peaked. Effect of parapheromones on mean number of damaged dropped fruits was also evaluated. The mean population of B. dorsalis and Ceratitis cosyra was significantly higher (P>0.05) in liquid methyl eugenol traps when compared to other parapheromones. Bactrocera dorsalis recorded more than 90% of the fruit flies that were trapped especially in the first 3 weeks of trapping. In orchard I, Liquid methyl eugenol significantly (P<0.05) trapped highest number of B. dorsalis (270.20) in week I and similar trends were observed in orchard II. There was steady decline in damaged dropped mango fruits as the study progressed (Fig. 1 and 2). Use of liquid methyl eugenol was most effective in trapping B. dorsalis and C. cosyra, and it can be incorporated in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes for the control of fruit flies.
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Garcia, Flávio R. M., Sérgio M. Ovruski, Lorena Suárez, Jorge Cancino, and Oscar E. Liburd. "Biological Control of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Americas and Hawaii: A Review of the Use of Parasitoids and Predators." Insects 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100662.
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Biological control has been the most commonly researched control tactic within fruit fly management programs. For the first time, a review is carried out covering parasitoids and predators of fruit flies (Tephritidae) from the Americas and Hawaii, presenting the main biological control programs in this region. In this work, 31 species of fruit flies of economic importance are considered in the genera Anastrepha (11), Rhagoletis (14), Bactrocera (4), Ceratitis (1), and Zeugodacus (1). In this study, a total of 79 parasitoid species of fruit flies of economic importance are listed and, from these, 50 are native and 29 are introduced. A total of 56 species of fruit fly predators occur in the Americas and Hawaii.
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Raza, Muhammad Fahim, Zhichao Yao, Shuai Bai, Zhaohui Cai, and Hongyu Zhang. "Tephritidae fruit fly gut microbiome diversity, function and potential for applications." Bulletin of Entomological Research 110, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000853.
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AbstractThe family Tephritidae (order: Diptera), commonly known as fruit flies, comprises a widely distributed group of agricultural pests. The tephritid pests infest multiple species of fruits and vegetables, resulting in huge crop losses. Here, we summarize the composition and diversity of tephritid gut-associated bacteria communities and host intrinsic and environmental factors that influence the microbiome structures. Diverse members of Enterobacteriaceae, most commonly Klebsiella and Enterobacter bacteria, are prevalent in fruit flies guts. Roles played by gut bacteria in host nutrition, development, physiology and resistance to insecticides and pathogens are also addressed. This review provides an overview of fruit fly microbiome structure and points to diverse roles that it can play in fly physiology and survival. It also considers potential use of this knowledge for the control of economically important fruit flies, including the sterile insect technique and cue-lure baiting.
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Sivinski, John, A. S. Robinson, and G. Hooper. "Fruit Flies: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control." Florida Entomologist 75, no. 1 (March 1992): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495502.
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Beatus, Tsevi, John M. Guckenheimer, and Itai Cohen. "Controlling roll perturbations in fruit flies." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 105 (April 2015): 20150075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0075.
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Owing to aerodynamic instabilities, stable flapping flight requires ever-present fast corrective actions. Here, we investigate how flies control perturbations along their body roll angle, which is unstable and their most sensitive degree of freedom. We glue a magnet to each fly and apply a short magnetic pulse that rolls it in mid-air. Fast video shows flies correct perturbations up to 100° within 30 ± 7 ms by applying a stroke-amplitude asymmetry that is well described by a linear proportional–integral controller. For more aggressive perturbations, we show evidence for nonlinear and hierarchical control mechanisms. Flies respond to roll perturbations within 5 ms, making this correction reflex one of the fastest in the animal kingdom.
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Siderhurst, Matthew S., Soo J. Park, Ian M. Jamie, and Stefano G. De Faveri. "Electroantennogram responses of six Bactrocera and Zeugodacus species to raspberry ketone analogues." Environmental Chemistry 14, no. 6 (2017): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en17091.
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Environmental contextQueensland fruit fly is a major pest of fruits and vegetables in eastern Australia, sometimes causing complete loss of unprotected crops. Odours that attract fruit flies can help control these pests and this study investigated how six fruit fly species smell these chemicals. The strength of fly responses to tested odours gives insight into the way flies smell and provides information for making better attractants, potentially reducing insecticide use. AbstractThe Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni, Q-fly) is a major horticultural pest in eastern Australia. The deployment of male lures comprises an important component of several detection and control strategies for this pest. A novel fluorinated analogue of raspberry ketone (RK), raspberry ketone trifluoroacetate (RKTA), has been developed with the aim of further improving Q-fly control. RKTA elicited strong electroantennogram (EAG) responses from Q-flies whereas cuelure (CL) and melolure (ML) responses were not significantly greater than a negative control. Further experimentation showed that RKTA also elicited EAG response from five other fruit fly species, included flies known to be strongly attracted to CL (B. neohumeralis, B. kraussi and B. frauenfeldi), weakly attracted to CL (B. jarvisi), or non-responsive to CL (Zeugodacus cucumis), whereas seven other compounds, RK, CL, ML, raspberry ketone difluoroacetate, raspberry ketone monofluoroacetate, anisyl acetone and trimethylsilyl raspberry ketone, elicited only weak responses comparable with a negative control. However, fly EAG responses to RKTA are likely due at least in part to trifluoroethanoic acid, which is a hydrolysis product of RKTA and elicited strong EAG responses from all six species when tested alone. Furthermore, whereas ethanoic acid, methanoic acid and trifluoroethanoic acid all elicited strong EAG responses in Q-flies, the only corresponding RK ester to elicit an EAG response was RKTA, suggesting that RKTA hydrolyses quickly, whereas CL and ML do not. This is in contrast to the idea that CL readily hydrolyses on contact with atmospheric moisture, an assertion that has been made in the literature repeatedly.
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Mainali, Bishwo P., Tahereh Moadeli, Fleur Ponton, and Phillip W. Taylor. "Comparison of Gel Larval Diet With Traditional Lucerne Chaff and Carrot Solid Diets for Rearing of Queensland Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 5 (May 29, 2019): 2278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz140.
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Abstract Sterile insect technique (SIT) for Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, Australia’s most economically damaging fruit fly species, is currently undergoing a major renewal and expansion. SIT relies on efficient and economical mass-rearing procedures that produce high-quality flies. Two solid larval diets, carrot and lucerne chaff, have traditionally been used to rear Queensland fruit fly. Recently, a gel larval diet has been developed to eliminate biological bulking agents from the mass-rearing process, but to date, there has been no direct comparison of gel larval diet with traditional solid diets. In the present study, the performance of flies reared on gel larval diet was compared with the performance of flies reared on carrot and lucerne chaff diets. In addition, to investigate whether the performance of reared flies depends on ancestral diet as well as tested diet, we sourced eggs from a colony maintained on carrot diet and from a colony maintained on a lucerne chaff diet. Overall, the gel diet was as good or better than the solid diets in all quality control parameters, including, egg–larval duration, pupal number, pupal recovery, adult emergence, percentage of fliers, and rate of fliers. Of note, larvae developed faster and pupated more synchronously on the gel diet than on either of the solid diets. At the loading densities used, gel and carrot diets produced less waste than lucerne chaff diet. Gel diets offer a rearing solution for Queensland fruit fly that eliminates biological bulking agents and yields faster and more synchronous larval development without compromising productivity or quality.
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Layodé, Babatoundé Ferdinand Rodolphe, Alexis Onzo, and Miriam Frida Karlsson. "Watermelon-infesting Tephritidae fruit fly guild and parasitism by Psyttalia phaeostigma (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 40, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42690-019-00066-x.
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AbstractAn ecological guild of Tephritidae fruit flies exploits cucurbit vegetable fruits, tremendously reducing their production worldwide. Knowledge of the composition of the guild of infesting flies in the field and information on their natural enemy species, might improve pest management strategies. Our aim was therefore to identify Tephritidae species infesting the watermelon Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai in the Republic of Benin. Morphological and molecular identification of parasitoid species present in the field collections was also done. Infested watermelons were sampled in one of the main watermelon-production areas in the country. Adult tephritid flies emerging from watermelons were identified as Dacus bivittatus (Bigot), D. ciliatus Loew, D. punctatifrons Karsch, D. vertebratus Bezzi, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillet), and Ceratitis cosyra (Walker). In this study period, D. vertebratus was consistently the most abundant species emerging from watermelon. Dacus ciliatus was the second most common species followed by Z. cucurbitae. The number of emerging fruit flies per kilogram of watermelon varied with collection date and month, and was most variable for D. vertebratus. Parasitism in the fruit flies was 1.6 ± 6.4% and occurred through one wasp species that was identified as Psyttalia phaeostigma Wilkinson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). This solitary parasitoid is closely related to other members of the P. concolor species complex, some of which are used in biological control. Problems associated with identifying Psyttalia species and possibility of using this wasp as a biological control agent against tephritid flies were discussed.
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Sari, Putri Mustika, Oviana Lisa, and Lisdayani Lisdayani. "Identification of Morphology and Molecular PCR-RAPD Bactrocera spp. in the Location of Red Guava Crops, Deli Serdang District." Agrotechnology Research Journal 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/agrotechresj.v6i2.67181.
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Various fruit flies are in Indonesia, but only a few species of fruit flies have been found at the red guava plant in Deli Serdang District. Knowing the species of fruit flies are needed to do the proper control. In addition to morphological identification, it is necessary to carry out molecular characterization to obtain accurate results in characterizing species differences. This study aims to identify the fruit fly based on morphology and molecularly PCR-RAPD for mapping the genetic closeness of the relationship between individual fruit flies. Bactrocera morphologically identified at LIPI, namely <em>B. carambolae, B. papayae, B. caudata, B. albistrigata, B. umbrosa, B. curcubitae, B. tau,</em><em> </em>and<em> </em><em>B. kinabalu</em>. For molecular identification PCR-RAPD, shows the dendrogram results from the Neighbor-Joining analysis based on RAPD markers of DNA band characters showing the genetic proximity of eight species divided into three groups of Bactrocera based on their location. The closeness of genetic relationships between individuals was analyzed using Pairwise Distance Calculation which describes the genetic distance between species. The results of Pairwise Distance Calculation ranged from 0.13-0.42. By knowing what species there fruit flies are in red guava plantations in the Deli Serdang district, it can make it easier for farmers to monitor and control fruit flies in red guava plantations.
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Miranda de Sousa, Maria do Socorro, Ezequiel de Deus, Adilson Lopes Lima, Cristiane Ramos de Jesus, Salustiano Vilar da Costa Neto, Lailson do Nascimento Lemos, Ana Claudia Mendes Malhado, Richard J. Ladle, and Ricardo Adaime. "Spondias mombin as a reservoir of fruit fly parasitoid populations in the Eastern Amazon: an undervalued ecosystem service." PeerJ 9 (June 4, 2021): e11530. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11530.
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Fruit flies are economically important pests that infest a wide variety of host trees. The environmental damage caused by traditional pesticide-based control methods has prompted scientists to seek less damaging alternatives such as biological control by native species. Parasitoids, especially Braconidae species, have excellent potential as biological control agents for fruit flies, being both generalists and well distributed geographically. Native fruit trees that support medium or high levels of these parasitoids could therefore play an important role in biological control strategies. A good potential example is Spondias mombin L. in the Brazilian Amazon, which hosts several species of fruit flies and associated parasitoids. Here, we provide a unique synthesis of over nearly two decades of data from the east Amazon, clearly demonstrating the potential of S. mombin to act as a source and reservoir of fruit fly parasitoids. This important ecosystem service (biological control) provided by the parasitoids and supported by S. mombin could be further enhanced through conservation of this plant species in its natural environment.
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Liu, Pan, and Bo Cheng. "Limitations of rotational manoeuvrability in insects and hummingbirds: evaluating the effects of neuro-biomechanical delays and muscle mechanical power." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 132 (July 2017): 20170068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0068.
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Flying animals ranging in size from fruit flies to hummingbirds are nimble fliers with remarkable rotational manoeuvrability. The degrees of manoeuvrability among these animals, however, are noticeably diverse and do not simply follow scaling rules of flight dynamics or muscle power capacity. As all manoeuvres emerge from the complex interactions of neural, physiological and biomechanical processes of an animal's flight control system, these processes give rise to multiple limiting factors that dictate the maximal manoeuvrability attainable by an animal. Here using functional models of an animal's flight control system, we investigate the effects of three such limiting factors, including neural and biomechanical (from limited flapping frequency) delays and muscle mechanical power, for two insect species and two hummingbird species, undergoing roll, pitch and yaw rotations. The results show that for animals with similar degree of manoeuvrability, for example, fruit flies and hummingbirds, the underlying limiting factors are different, as the manoeuvrability of fruit flies is only limited by neural delays and that of hummingbirds could be limited by all three factors. In addition, the manoeuvrability also appears to be the highest about the roll axis as it requires the least muscle mechanical power and can tolerate the largest neural delays.
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Jaleel, Waqar, Xiaobing Tao, Desen Wang, Lihua Lu, and Yurong He. "Using Two-Sex Life Table Traits to Assess the Fruit Preference and Fitness of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 111, no. 6 (August 20, 2018): 2936–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy243.
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Abstract Bactrocera flies are economic pests of agricultural crops all over the world. Among Bactrocera flies, oriental fruit fly is an economically important pest of fruit crops in the world. Basic studies of Bactrocera flies are very important and helpful to the development of integrated management strategies. However, basic studies regarding behavior and age-stage, two-sex life table traits for this pest, which are vital for designing effective control methods, are currently lacking. Considering the importance of B. dorsalis, this study aimed to evaluate the fruit preference and age-stage, two-sex life table traits of B. dorsalis on guava (Psidium guajava), papaya (Carica papaya), and banana (Musa acuminata) fruits in the laboratory. In choice and no-choice tests, the number of visits and oviposition punctures made by female B. dorsalis flies were significantly higher on guava than those on papaya and banana. The life cycle from eggs to male (146.95 ± 3.43 d) and female (164.94 ± 3.85 d) adults was significantly longer on papaya than those on banana and guava. Bactrocera dorsalis females produced significantly more eggs when fed on guava (623.30 eggs female−1) than on papaya (527.80 eggs female−1) or banana (399.60 eggs female−1). Guava was the more suitable fruit for B. dorsalis, and could be used as a bait fruit to manage the B. dorsalis during the fruiting season of papaya and banana.
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Riaz, Muhammad Rizwan, Sadaf Abdul Rauf, Roland Lupoli, Muhammad Ather Rafi, Ghulam Jilani, and Abdul Rauf Siddiqi. "POTENTIAL OF TURMERIC EXTRACT AND ITS FRACTIONS TO CONTROL PEACH FRUIT FLY (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 39, no. 6 (December 2015): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542015000600001.
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ABSTRACT Potential of turmeric extract and its chemical fractions were evaluated to control the infestation of Bactrocera zonata peach fruit fly in a mortality-based bioassay. The turmeric extract (TE) was taken on Soxhelt's extraction apparatus and chemically fractioned by thin layer followed by column chromatography into 6 fractions (F1 ...F6). Fifty pairs of the flies were fed in cages with 250 and 500 ppm TE and its fractions separately for 20 days along with flies fed on untreated diet to serve as control. The toxicity of TE and each of its fractions was evaluated by calculating percent mortality of fly population after every 5th day in 4 consecutive intervals. Mortality of fly population was observed to be positively correlated with increasing concentrations of TE and its fractions in diet. The mortality of flies fed at 250 and 500 ppm TE was significantly higher at 44.17 and 66.33% compared to 28.88% in control. Percent mortality was much higher in case of flies fed with fractions F1, F3 and F6 i.e. 72.22, 50.00 and 48.76 respectively. Maximum rise of mortality was observed at the end of 3rd interval; in case of flies fed at 500 ppm TE, 52.45 percent mortality was observed at the end of 3rd interval; highest mortality was caused by fraction F1, 51.39% in case of flies fed at 250 ppm and 70.37% in case of those fed at 500 ppm.
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Mefta, Fitriah Sucindra, and Hafiz Fauzana. "Uji Beberapa Dosis Minyak Daun Kemangi Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus sebagai Atraktan terhadap Bactrocera spp. pada Tanaman Cabai." JPT : JURNAL PROTEKSI TANAMAN (JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION) 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jpt.5.1.12-23.2021.
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Fruit flies, Bactrocera spp., are the primary pests on chili plants (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus). A safe and effective control uses traps combined with an attractant from basil leaf oil (Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus). This study aimed to determine the attractiveness of basil leaf oil against fruit flies at several different doses. This research was carried out in Organic Chemistry Laboratory STIFARM Padang, in Tabek Patah Tanah Datar area West Sumatra, and in the Pest Disease Observation and Development of Biological Agents Laboratory, Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, from June to August 2020. The treatment was in the form of different doses of basil leaf oil, which was 0,5 ml per trap, 1.0 ml per trap, 1.5 ml per trap, 2.0 ml per trap, and 2.5 ml per trap. The experiment used a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. This study found two species of fruit flies around chili plants, namely Bactrocera papayae and Bactrocera carambolae, which were dominated by male B. papayae. The traps containing 1.5 ml of basil leaf oil attracted the most fruit flies. Temperature and humidity significantly affect the abundance of individual fruit flies.
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Siddiqi, Abdul Rauf, Athar Rafi, Falak Naz, Rafique Masih, Iftikhar Ahmad, and Ghulam Jilani. "Effects of Curcuma longa extracts on mortality and fecundity of Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 35, no. 6 (December 2011): 1110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542011000600010.
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The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata, is a significant pest of fruit and vegetable crops in South East Asia and Pacific region. Ccontrol strategies of fruit flies, relying chiefly on insecticides, have serious environmental consequences, disturbing the agro-ecosystem as well as eliminating natural enemies. This study was oriented at exploring the potential of turmeric, Curcuma longa, extracts to control the peach fruit fly. Freshly emerged female adults of Bactrocera zonata were continuously fed for 16 days on diet containing 1000, 500 and 250 ppm of acetone extract of Curcuma longa separately in laboratory cages. The extract caused 85.00, 66.67 and 56.67 percent mortality at 1000, 500 and 250 ppm respectively. The surviving females were mated and allowed to reproduce on clean guava fruits in separate cages. The inhibition in pupal progeny was 67.90, 60.74 and 51.96 percent in the flies fed on 1000, 500 and 250 ppm, the inhibition observed in adult progeny was 84.68, 79.03 and 67.74 percent, respectively.
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Whitehead, S. C., T. Beatus, L. Canale, and I. Cohen. "Pitch perfect: how fruit flies control their body pitch angle." Journal of Experimental Biology 218, no. 21 (September 18, 2015): 3508–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.122622.
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Mozūraitis, Raimondas, Violeta Apšegaitė, Sandra Radžiutė, Dominykas Aleknavičius, Jurga Būdienė, Ramunė Stanevičienė, Laima Blažytė-Čereškienė, Elena Servienė, and Vincas Būda. "Volatiles Produced by Yeasts Related to Prunus avium and P. cerasus Fruits and Their Potentials to Modulate the Behaviour of the Pest Rhagoletis cerasi Fruit Flies." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8020095.
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Yeast produced semiochemicals are increasingly used in pest management programs, however, little is known on which yeasts populate cherry fruits and no information is available on the volatiles that modify the behaviour of cherry pests including Rhagoletis cerasi flies. Eighty-two compounds were extracted from the headspaces of eleven yeast species associated with sweet and sour cherry fruits by solid phase micro extraction. Esters and alcohols were the most abundant volatiles released by yeasts. The multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the odour blends emitted by yeasts were species-specific. Pichia kudriavzevii and Hanseniaspora uvarum yeasts released the most similar volatile blends while P. kluyveri and Cryptococcus wieringae yeasts produced the most different blends. Combined gas chromatographic and electroantennographic detection methods showed that 3-methybutyl acetate, 3-methylbutyl propionate, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 3-methyl-1-butanol elicited antennal responses of both R. cerasi fruit fly sexes. The two-choice olfactometric tests revealed that R. cerasi flies preferred 3-methylbutyl propionate and 3-methyl-1-butanol but avoided 3-methybutyl acetate. Yeast-produced behaviourally active compounds indicated a potential for use in pest monitoring and control of R. cerasi fruit flies, an economically important pest of cherry fruits.
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MARINHO, CLÁUDIA F., VALMIR A. COSTA, and ROBERTO A. ZUCCHI. "Annotated checklist and illustrated key to braconid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of economically important fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Brazil." Zootaxa 4527, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4527.1.2.
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The braconid parasitoids of fruit-infesting flies have been more intensively studied from the middle to late 1990s, when taxonomic research was restarted in Brazil. At the same time, efforts toward the biological control of fruit flies intensified, and an exotic species, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, was introduced. In the decade 2010, another exotic species, Fopius arisanus, was introduced, and two new species of Doryctobracon were described. Currently, 12 species of braconids from the subfamilies Alysiinae (two species) and Opiinae (10 species) are associated with fruit flies of economic importance in Brazil, two of which are introduced species. More than half of the species belong to the genus Doryctobracon, with D. areolatus (Szépligeti) the most widely distributed species in Brazil.
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Biswas, Md Jamil Hossain, Bishwo Mainali, Soo Jean Park, Phillip Taylor, and Polychronis Rempoulakis. "Electrophysiological Responses to Cuelure of Raspberry Ketone-Fed Queensland Fruit Flies." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 6 (October 28, 2020): 2832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa242.
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Abstract The sterile insect technique (SIT) and male annihilation technique (MAT) are important tools for the control of Queensland fruit fly (Q-fly), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a major insect pest of horticultural crops in Australia. In MAT, mature Q-fly males are attracted to a toxic bait using Cuelure, a synthetic analog of raspberry ketone (RK). Substantial improvements in control could be achieved by simultaneous use of SIT and MAT, but this requires suppression of the Cuelure response in released sterile flies. Recent studies report that prerelease feeding with RK during the first 48 h after emergence can reduce the response of mature Q-fly males to Cuelure, but the mechanism underpinning this is unknown. Here, to test whether reduced sensory sensitivity to Cuelure is involved, we evaluated the effects of RK supplements, adult diet (yeast-supplemented diet throughout adult stage vs yeast-supplemented diet only for 48 h), and age on electroantennogram (EAG) and electropalpogram (EPG) responses of Q-flies to Cuelure stimuli. EAG responses did not vary with RK supplements, sex, or age of Q-flies fed yeast-supplemented diet throughout the adult stage, but the responses of Q-flies fed other diet regime decreased with age. EPG responses of both sexes of Q-flies were affected by RK supplements, age, and their interaction, but without patterns that might indicate reduced maxillary palp response of RK supplemented flies to Cuelure. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that reduced Cuelure response of male Q-flies fed RK supplements is explained by reduced electrophysiological response in antennae or maxillary palps.
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Lehmann, F. O., and M. H. Dickinson. "The control of wing kinematics and flight forces in fruit flies (Drosophila spp.)." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 3 (February 1, 1998): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.3.385.
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By simultaneously measuring flight forces and stroke kinematics in several species of fruit flies in the genus Drosophila, we have investigated the relationship between wing motion and aerodynamic force production. We induced tethered flies to vary their production of total flight force by presenting them with a vertically oscillating visual background within a closed-loop flight arena. In response to the visual motion, flies modulated their flight force by changing the translational velocity of their wings, which they accomplished via changes in both stroke amplitude and stroke frequency. Changes in wing velocity could not, however, account for all the modulation in flight force, indicating that the mean force coefficient of the wings also increases with increasing force production. The mean force coefficients were always greater than those expected under steady-state conditions under a variety of assumptions, verifying that force production in Drosophila spp. must involve non-steady-state mechanisms. The subtle changes in kinematics and force production within individual flight sequences demonstrate that flies possess a flexible control system for flight maneuvers in which they can independently control the stroke amplitude, stroke frequency and force coefficient of their wings. By studying four different-sized species, we examined the effects of absolute body size on the production and control of aerodynamic forces. With decreasing body size, the mean angular wing velocity that is required to support the body weight increases. This change is due almost entirely to an increase in stroke frequency, whereas mean stroke amplitude was similar in all four species. Despite the elevated stroke frequency and angular wing velocity, the translational velocity of the wings in small flies decreases with the reduction in absolute wing length. To compensate for their small size, D. nikananu must use higher mean force coefficients than their larger relatives.
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Pérez, J., J. C. Rojas, P. Montoya, P. Liedo, and A. Castillo. "Anastrephaegg deposition induces volatiles in fruits that attract the parasitoidFopius arisanus." Bulletin of Entomological Research 103, no. 3 (December 7, 2012): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485312000739.
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AbstractFopius arisanusis a solitary egg–pupal endoparasitoid that attacks several species of tephritid fruit flies, particularlyBactroceraspp. This species, indigenous from the Indo-Australian region, was introduced into Mexico for biological control purposes. From the standpoint of the ‘new associations’ concept this parasitoid has been evaluated against fruit flies in theAnastrephacomplex. We investigated the specificity ofF. arisanusresponses to fruits infested with two species ofAnastrepha. We examined whether fruit volatiles attractive to this parasitoid are induced as a result of fruit fly oviposition. We also investigated whetherF. arisanusfemales are able to discriminate between the oviposition-induced volatiles from host eggs parasitised by conspecifics and volatiles from unparasitised eggs. All experiments were performed in a wind tunnel. Results showed that mango fruits infested withA. ludenseggs (2–3 days after egg deposition) were significantly more attractive to naïveF. arisanusfemales compared with non-infested fruits or fruits infested with larvae. In addition, guava fruits harbouringA. striataeggs were significantly more attractive to the parasitoid than non-infested fruits or fruits infested with larvae. Thus, the parasitoid was attracted to fruits with eggs, but fruit and fly species did not influence the parasitoid attraction. We also found thatF. arisanusfemales were more attracted to fruits exposed to fertileA. ludensfemales (i.e. fruits with eggs inside) compared with fruits exposed to sterile females (i.e. fruits with no eggs inside) or fruits with mechanical damage. Parasitoid females were not attracted toA. ludenseggs. The results suggest that the presence of eggs induces volatiles that attract parasitoids. Finally, we found thatF. arisanuswas able to discriminate between fruits with unparasitised eggs vs. eggs parasitised by conspecifics, indicating that host discrimination could be mediated by olfactory cues.
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Rao, D., S. Aguilar-Argüello, P. Montoya, and F. Díaz-Fleischer. "The effect of irradiation and mass rearing on the anti-predator behaviour of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, no. 2 (December 17, 2013): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000643.
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AbstractFruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are major pests worldwide. The sterile insect technique, where millions of flies are reared, sterilized by irradiation and then released, is one of the most successful and ecologically friendly methods of controlling populations of these pests. The mating behaviour of irradiated and non-irradiated flies has been compared in earlier studies, but there has been little attention paid to the anti-predator behaviour of mass-reared flies, especially with respect to wild flies. Tephritid flies perform a supination display to their jumping spider predators in order to deter attacks. In this study, we evaluated the possibility of using this display to determine the anti-predator capabilities of mass-reared irradiated, non-irradiated flies, and wild flies. We used an arena setup and observed bouts between jumping spiders (Phidippus audax Hentz) and male Mexican fruit flies (Anastrepha ludens Loew). We show that although all flies performed a supination display to their predator, wild flies were more likely to perform a display and were significantly more successful in avoiding attack than mass-reared flies. We suggest that this interaction can be used to develop a rapid realistic method of quality control in evaluating anti-predator abilities of mass-reared fruit flies.
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Potter, S. E., C. R. Lauzon, and N. R. Smith. "Microscopic Evidence Of Biofilm Formation In The Gut Of Two Pest Tephritidae." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600019978.
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Tephritidae are the true fruit flies, which include the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa Cresson, the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrephaludens (Loew), and the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Fruit fly infestation causes major damage to many economically-important food crops and is of major concern in agriculture worldwide.Tephritidae are controlled primarily by repeated applications of organophosphate pesticides. Health concerns, environmental pollution, and costs associated with pesticide use press researchers to find new methods for control. One approach to finding new control methods involves investigating the associations that exist between tephritids and microorganisms. Currently, bacterial odors are being used to lure these pest tephritids into traps. These flies are specifically attracted to odors from certain bacteria found to inhabit their gut. Data suggest that these bacteria are likely involved in important aspects of fruit fly nutrition and reproduction.
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Mahmoud, Mohammed E. E., Mohamed A. Kambal, Sumaia M. Abukashwaa, Samira A. Mohammed, and Sunday Ekesi. "Field Response of Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera) to Fruit Juice of Some Botanicals and Implications for Bio-Rationale Pest Management in Sudan." Global Journal of Agricultural Innovation, Research & Development 9 (March 1, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-9813.2022.09.1.
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Fruit flies belonging to the order Tephritidae are the most notorious pests that attack various fruit and vegetable species, causing severe economic losses. Guava orchards at Elfaki Hashim; North of Khartoum, (Khartoum State) and Elsawagi Elgenobia (Kassala State) in the middle and east of Sudan respectively were selected to assess the response of some Tephritids to water extracts (WE) of mango, guava, apple, cucumber, and ready-made juice of mango (Crystal®; Crystal Industrial Co. Ltd, Araak Group; crystal@araak.com) against Torula yeast (a standard fruit fly attractant) and water (control) baited in locally made traps. The trial was performed as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated 3 times for 5 consecutive weeks at each site. Highly significant differences were recorded between attractants and the interaction between attractants and times (weeks) on trapping different species of fruit flies. Five species of fruit flies; Ceratitis capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, Ceratitis cosyra, and Ceratitis quinaria, were found to respond positively to all tested materials at both sites. The greatest number of C. capitata flies was caught by traps equipped with ready-made Crystal® mango juice at the Elfaki Hashim site. The mean number of B. dorsalis attracted to the WEs of mango and guava at Elsawagi Elgenobia site was statistically identical to that of the same species lured to Torula yeast, 83.7, 70.3, and 111.5 flies /trap/week, respectively. Attractants extracted from botanicals are cost-free and easily prepared by farmers for mass trapping of fruit flies. More studies regarding active ingredients, doses, and the number of traps utilized per area should be considered.
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Paiva, Paulo Eduardo Branco, and José Roberto Postali Parra. "Hidrogenionic potential (pH) of the attractant, trap density and control threshold for Ceratitis capitata (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) on Hamlin oranges in São Paulo central region, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 35, no. 2 (June 2013): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452013000200015.
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This study evaluated the effect of initial pH values of 4.5, 6.5 and 8.5 of the attractant (protein bait) Milhocina® and borax (sodium borate) in the field, on the capture of fruit flies in McPhail traps, using 1, 2, 4 and 8 traps per hectare, in order to estimate control thresholds in a Hamlin orange grove in the central region of the state of São Paulo. The most abundant fruit fly species was Ceratitis capitata, comprising almost 99% of the fruit flies captured, of which 80% were females. The largest captures of C. capitata were found in traps baited with Milhocina® and borax at pH 8.5. Captures per trap for the four densities were similar, indicating that the population can be estimated with one trap per hectare in areas with high populations. It was found positive relationships between captures of C. capitata and the number of Hamlin oranges damaged, 2 and 3 weeks after capture. It was obtained equations that correlate captures and damage levels which can be used to estimate control thresholds. The average loss caused in Hamlin orange fruits by C. capitata was 2.5 tons per hectare or 7.5% of production.
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Tchabi, Atti, Abouwaliou Nafadjara Nadio, Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame, Magnim Essolakina Bokobana, Mondjonnesso Gomina, Agbéko Kodjo Tounou, and Komla Sanda. "Efficacité des pièges à paraphéromone dans la protection des vergers de manguiers greffés contre les mouches des fruits au Togo." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i1.19.
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Les mouches de fruits en infestant les mangues greffées causent des pertes considérables et un manque à gagner aux différents acteurs en passant par les producteurs jusqu’aux consommateurs. Pour venir à bout de ces insectes nuisibles, la pulvérisation des insecticides chimiques de synthèse est généralement la solution la plus commune et de premier recours dans toutes les régions du Togo. Mais cette méthode reste dangereuse pour la santé humaine et environnementale et peu rentable économiquement. Cette étude a pour objective de tester l’efficacité du piège Biofeed, une solution alternative, respectueuse de l’environnement et de la santé de l’Homme. Trois vergers d’environ 1 ha pour les trois traitements (piège Biofeed, piège M3 et le control) ont été choisis dans chacune des cinq régions du Togo. Les pièges ont été installés à la prématuration des fruits à une densité de 25 pièges/ha et sont suivis toutes les deux semaines jusqu’à la récolte finale en procédant aux échantillonnages des mangues pour l’évaluation du taux infestation et identification des espèces de mouche de fruits. Après la pose et le suivi des infestations, les pièges Biofeed se sont révélés efficaces en réduisant sur le plan national les dégâts des mouches de fruits de 73,60% tandis que les pièges M3 n’ont entrainé qu’une réductionde 39,94%. Les vergers ayant bénéficiés de ces pièges ont connu des taux d’infestations faibles promettant une bonne récolte. L’incubation des mangues récoltées dans les vergers ont permis de recenser 4 genres de mouches de fruits (Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus, Zeugodacus) et Bactrocera dorsalis est l’espèce la plus abondante retrouvée sur ce fruit d’importance économique.
Mots clés : Mouches de fruit, mangue greffée, piège Biofeed, piège M3.
English title: Efficacy of parapheromone traps in the protection of grafted mango orchards against fruit flies in TogoFruit flies by infesting grafted mangoes cause considerable losses and loss of profit to the various actors range from producers to consumers. To control these pests, synthetic chemical insecticides use is generally the most common and first resort solution in all regions of Togo. But this method remains dangerous for human and environmental health. The objective of this study was to test the effecacy of Biofeed trap, an alternative solution that is environmentally friendly in comparison with a trap already used in the field (M3 traps based on food bait). Three orchards of about 1 ha for the 3 treatments (Biofeed trap, M3 trap and control) were chosen in each of the five regions of Togo. The traps were installed at the premature fruit maturity at a density of 25 traps / ha and were monitored every two weeks until the final harvest by sampling the mangoes for the assessment of the infestation rate and identification of fruits fly species. After setting traps and monitoring the infestations, Biofeed traps proved effective by reducing fruit fly damage by 73.60% nationally, while M3 traps by 39.94%. The orchards that benefited from these traps had low infestation rates that promissing a good harvest. Incubation of the mangoes harvested in the orchards have allowed to identify 4 genera of fruit flies (Bactrocera, Ceratitis,Dacus, Zeugodacus) and Bactrocera dorsalis is the most abundant species found on this economically important fruit.Keywords: Fruit flies, grafted mango, Biofeed and M3 traps.
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Liu, Yan, Zhihao Cui, Mi Shi, Marc Kenis, Wenxia Dong, Feng Zhang, Jinping Zhang, Chun Xiao, and Li Chen. "Antennal and Behavioral Responses of Drosophila suzukii to Volatiles from a Non-Crop Host, Osyris wightiana." Insects 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020166.
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Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) infests a variety of commercial fruits, including cherries and other soft-skinned fruits. After the cropping season of most cultivated crop hosts, it heavily infests the fruit of a wild host-plant, Osyris wightiana in southwest China. Here, we employ gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) together with behavioral bioassays and a trapping experiment to identify volatile semiochemicals emitted by O. wightiana that are involved in D. suzukii attraction. GC-EAD recordings of D. suzukii antenna showed responses to 13 compounds, including α-pinene, 3-methylbutyl acetate, 2-hexanol, E-β-ocimene, Z-3-hexenol, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and six unidentified compounds. The flies were attracted by seven individual EAD-active compounds at low doses (0.01 and 0.1 μg), but were repelled at high doses (10 and 100 μg). In a similar manner, a blend of seven EAD-active compounds at low doses (0.1 and 1 μg) was attractive to female flies, but became repulsive at high doses (10 μg). The low dose of the blend was as attractive as the fruit volatiles, although both were less attractive than the fruits. The blend attracted both female and male D. suzukii and other Drosophila flies. The percentage of D. suzukii out of all flies captured by the blend was significantly greater than that captured by the control. These results indicate that the EAD-active volatile compounds emitted by fruits of O. wightiana play an important role in D. suzukii attraction, and have the potential to be used for management of D. suzukii.
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Dickinson, Michael H. "Haltere–mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1385 (May 29, 1999): 903–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0442.
Full textAbstract:
Flies display a sophisticated suite of aerial behaviours that require rapid sensory–motor processing. Like all insects, flight control in flies is mediated in part by motion–sensitive visual interneurons that project to steering motor circuitry within the thorax. Flies, however, possess a unique flight control equilibrium sense that is encoded by mechanoreceptors at the base of the halteres, small dumb–bell–shaped organs derived through evolutionary transformation of the hind wings. To study the input of the haltere system onto the flight control system, I constructed a mechanically oscillating flight arena consisting of a cylindrical array of light–emitting diodes that generated the moving image of a 30° vertical stripe. The arena provided closed–loop visual feedback to elicit fixation behaviour, an orientation response in which flies maintain the position of the stripe in the front portion of their visual field by actively adjusting their wing kinematics. While flies orientate towards the stripe, the entire arena was swung back and forth while an optoelectronic device recorded the compensatory changes in wing stroke amplitude and frequency. In order to reduce the background changes in stroke kinematics resulting from the animal's closed–loop visual fixation behaviour, the responses to eight identical mechanical rotations were averaged in each trial. The results indicate that flies possess a robust equilibrium reflex in which angular rotations of the body elicit compensatory changes in both the amplitude and stroke frequency of the wings. The results of uni– and bilateral ablation experiments demonstrate that the halteres are required for these stability reflexes. The results also confirm that halteres encode angular velocity of the body by detecting the Coriolis forces that result from the linear motion of the haltere within the rotating frame of reference of the fly's thorax. By rotating the flight arena at different orientations, it was possible to construct a complete directional tuning map of the haltere–mediated reflexes. The directional tuning of the reflex is quite linear such that the kinematic responses vary as simple trigonometric functions of stimulus orientation. The reflexes function primarily to stabilize pitch and yaw within the horizontal plane.
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Lestari, Angelina Putri Ayu, I. Putu Artayasa, and Prapti Sedijani. "Ethanol Extract of Pseudo-stem Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates) and Basil Leaves (Ocimum sanctum) Increase Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) Fruit Fly Catches." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 20, no. 3 (October 29, 2020): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v20i3.2070.
Full textAbstract:
The tropical climate in Indonesia supports the presence of many types of plants that have the potential to produce abundant vegetables and fruit, however the presence of fruit flies is an obstacle to fruit and vegetable productivity. Lemongrass and basil have been studied to contain several compounds that have the potential to control fruit fly attacks. This study aims to determine the effect of the ethanol extract of lemongrass pseudo stem (Cymbopogon citrates) and basil (Ocimum sanctum) leaves on the catch of Bactrocera fruit flies and to determine the concentration of the extract that has the highest number of catches. The method used in sampling was factorial randomized block design (RBD). The ethanol extract of the pseudo-lemongrass, the extract of basil leaves or the mixture of both extract (1:1) that was given at concentrations of 15%, 30% and 45% was dropped onto a piece of cotton and for then be put within a trap before placing on the tree. The cathes obtained from each extract at each concentration were observed if they show a significant difference in the number of fruit fly. Data were tested using analysis of variance (F test) at α = 0.05, followed by the Honest Significant Difference test (HSD). The results showed that the catch obtained from ethanol extract of lemongrass pseudo stem or from basil leaf ectract as well as from their mixture had a significantly higher number of Bactrocera fruit flies than without using these extracts. The difference in extract concentration did not cause a difference in the ability to attract fruit flies. The conclusion of this study is that there is an effect of the pseudo stem ethanol extract of lemongrass or basil leaf ectract as well as their mixture on the catch of Bactrocera fruit flies and these extract are recommended as non-synthetic pesticidesalternatives.
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Salustino, Angélica da Silva, Wilma Freitas Celedônio, Manoel Cícero de Oliveira Filho, Demichaelmax Sales de Melo, Josué José da Silva, and Carlos Henrique de Brito. "Biological control of fruit flies: bibliometric analysis on the main biocontrol agents." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): e22510111245. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11245.
Full textAbstract:
The Tephritidae family has many fruit fly species responsible for causing direct and indirect damage to economically important fruit trees worldwide. Biological control has been sought as a method for the management of these insects, mainly because it does not cause adverse damage to the environment. Thus, this review sought information on what is currently being published in the scientific field about the main biological agents that are used to control fruit flies. The information was obtained through surveys between the months of June and August 2020, in bases such as the Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, Springer, and Scielo. The inclusion of the articles followed criteria such as publication language English, Portuguese and Spanish, available in full, from categories A1 to B1, related to the biological agents used in the control of fruit flies and published in the last five years. A total of 2,362 studies were found, of which 105 articles were selected for this review. Regarding the years of publication, only 27% of the studies correspond to references from the years 2019 and 2020, with a greater number of research on parasitoids and developed in the laboratory. The largest concentration of research was in countries like Brazil, Mexico, and Spain.
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Salustino, Angélica da Silva, Wilma Freitas Celedônio, Manoel Cícero de Oliveira Filho, Demichaelmax Sales de Melo, Josué José da Silva, and Carlos Henrique de Brito. "Biological control of fruit flies: bibliometric analysis on the main biocontrol agents." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): e22510111245. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11245.
Full textAbstract:
The Tephritidae family has many fruit fly species responsible for causing direct and indirect damage to economically important fruit trees worldwide. Biological control has been sought as a method for the management of these insects, mainly because it does not cause adverse damage to the environment. Thus, this review sought information on what is currently being published in the scientific field about the main biological agents that are used to control fruit flies. The information was obtained through surveys between the months of June and August 2020, in bases such as the Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, Springer, and Scielo. The inclusion of the articles followed criteria such as publication language English, Portuguese and Spanish, available in full, from categories A1 to B1, related to the biological agents used in the control of fruit flies and published in the last five years. A total of 2,362 studies were found, of which 105 articles were selected for this review. Regarding the years of publication, only 27% of the studies correspond to references from the years 2019 and 2020, with a greater number of research on parasitoids and developed in the laboratory. The largest concentration of research was in countries like Brazil, Mexico, and Spain.
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Blažytė-Čereškienė, Laima, Vincas Būda, Violeta Apšegaitė, Sandra Radžiutė, Jurga Būdienė, Dominykas Aleknavičius, and Raimondas Mozūraitis. "Sea Buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides and Fruit Flies Rhagoletis batava: Search for Volatile Semiochemicals Involved in Pest Attraction." Horticulturae 8, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020179.
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Rhagoletis batava (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the most important pest of Hippophae rhamnoides fruits. For detection and monitoring of R. batava, traps supplied with nonspecific attractants are used. Thus, new, more specific attractants for environment-friendly pest control are needed. Such attractants could be fruit-related semiochemicals that are involved in the host location by flies. Behavioural Y-olfactometer tests revealed that R. batava males were attracted to ripe fruit odour, while females preferred unripe and semi-ripe fruits. Thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed substantial quantitative and qualitative changes in volatiles between unripe and ripe fruits. In the unripe fruit emission, 41 volatile compounds were isolated, whereas 64 compounds were sampled from the ripe fruits. The total amount of volatiles increased five times during the fruit ripening. Gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) and GC-MS analyses of the fruit headspace volatiles revealed at least 26 compounds in unripe and 27 compounds in ripe fruits eliciting antennal responses of R. batava for both sexes. The fruits of these two ripening stages differed qualitatively in the single EAD-active compound only, i.e., 3-methylbutyl 2-methylpropionate. Esters were the most abundant volatiles, composing 84% and 93% of EAD-active compounds in the emissions of unripe and ripe fruits, respectively. Based on the persistent EAG responses, 17 compounds were selected as the most promising candidates for kairomone attractants of the sea buckthorn pest R. batava.
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Kabbashi, Esam Eldin Bashir Mo, Osamn Elhaj Nasr, Sulafa Khalid Musa, and Salah Eldeen Abbas Ali. "Spraying of Mango for Control of Fruit Flies in Khartoum State." Food Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 2, no. 3 (2013): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2160-1933/cgp/v02i03/40549.
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Dickinson, M. H. "The Initiation and Control of Rapid Flight Maneuvers in Fruit Flies." Integrative and Comparative Biology 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/45.2.274.
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Roomi, M. W., T. Abbas, A. H. Shah, S. Robina, S. A. Qureshi, S. S. Hussain, and K. A. Nasir. "Control of fruit-flies (Dacus spp.) by attractants of plant origin." Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 66, no. 8 (November 1993): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01983029.
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Miller, Nicole D., Theodore J. Yoder, Nicholas C. Manoukis, Lori A. F. N. Carvalho, and Matthew S. Siderhurst. "Harmonic radar tracking of individual melon flies, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, in Hawaii: Determining movement parameters in cage and field settings." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): e0276987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276987.
Full textAbstract:
Tephritid fruit flies, such as the melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, are major horticultural pests worldwide and pose invasion risks due primarily to international trade. Determining movement parameters for fruit flies is critical to effective surveillance and control strategies, from setting quarantine boundaries after incursions to development of agent-based models for management. While mark-release-recapture, flight mills, and visual observations have been used to study tephritid movement, none of these techniques give a full picture of fruit fly movement in nature. Tracking tagged flies offers an alternative method which has the potential to observe individual fly movements in the field, mirroring studies conducted by ecologists on larger animals. In this study, harmonic radar (HR) tags were fabricated using superelastic nitinol wire which is light (tags weighed less than 1 mg), flexible, and does not tangle. Flight tests with wild melon flies showed no obvious adverse effects of HR tag attachment. Subsequent experiments successfully tracked HR tagged flies in large field cages, a papaya field, and open parkland. Unexpectedly, a majority of tagged flies showed strong flight directional biases with these biases varying between flies, similar to what has been observed in the migratory butterfly Pieris brassicae. In field cage experiments, 30 of the 36 flies observed (83%) showed directionally biased flights while similar biases were observed in roughly half the flies tracked in a papaya field. Turning angles from both cage and field experiments were non-random and indicate a strong bias toward continued “forward” movement. At least some of the observed direction bias can be explained by wind direction with a correlation observed between collective melon fly flight directions in field cage, papaya field, and open field experiments. However, individual mean flight directions coincided with the observed wind direction for only 9 out of the 25 flies in the cage experiment and half of the flies in the papaya field, suggesting wind is unlikely to be the only factor affecting flight direction. Individual flight distances (meters per flight) differed between the field cage, papaya field, and open field experiments with longer mean step-distances observed in the open field. Data on flight directionality and step-distances determined in this study might assist in the development of more effective control and better parametrize models of pest tephritid fruit fly movement.
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Leftwich, Philip T., Martha Koukidou, Polychronis Rempoulakis, Hong-Fei Gong, Antigoni Zacharopoulou, Guoliang Fu, Tracey Chapman, Aris Economopoulos, John Vontas, and Luke Alphey. "Genetic elimination of field-cage populations of Mediterranean fruit flies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1792 (October 7, 2014): 20141372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1372.
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The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann) is a pest of over 300 fruits, vegetables and nuts. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a control measure used to reduce the reproductive potential of populations through the mass release of sterilized male insects that mate with wild females. However, SIT flies can display poor field performance, due to the effects of mass-rearing and of the irradiation process used for sterilization. The development of female-lethal RIDL (release of insects carrying a dominant lethal) strains for medfly can overcome many of the problems of SIT associated with irradiation. Here, we present life-history characterizations for two medfly RIDL strains, OX3864A and OX3647Q. Our results show (i) full functionality of RIDL, (ii) equivalency of RIDL and wild-type strains for life-history characteristics, and (iii) a high level of sexual competitiveness against both wild-type and wild-derived males. We also present the first proof-of-principle experiment on the use of RIDL to eliminate medfly populations. Weekly releases of OX3864A males into stable populations of wild-type medfly caused a successive decline in numbers, leading to eradication. The results show that genetic control can provide an effective alternative to SIT for the control of pest insects.
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Sarkar, R., S. Das, MM Kamal, KS Islam, and M. Jahan. "Efficacy of management approaches against cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae coquillett) of bitter gourd." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 4 (February 27, 2018): 757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v42i4.35803.
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Field and laboratory studies were carried out to find out the extent of fruit fly infestation at different fruiting stages of bitter gourd as well as to determine the efficacy of some pesticidal and other control approaches applied either separately or in combination. The pesticidal efficacy of three commonly used insecticides such as secufon, malathion, karate and karanja oil as botanicals with the concentrations of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00% respectively was determined against the larvae of cucurbit fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae in the laboratory based on mortality at different time intervals. All the pesticides caused maximum mortality at 72 h with 1.00% concentration. The level of fruit fly infestation at different fruiting stages of bitter gourd ranged from 8.91% to 88.19%, 9.24% to 94.89% and 5.01% to 89.27% at early, mid and late fruiting stage, respectively. Soil treatment with furadan @ 10kgha-1 + bagging of fruits showed significantly lowest infestation (9.46%) which was ten times lower than that of untreated control (91.43%). The other control approaches viz., sex pheromone, bait trap with secufon + cucurbit chop, bait trap consisted of secufon + banana chop reduced fruit fly infestation to a significant level. The highest number (83.67) of flies trapped at mid fruiting stage of bitter gourd was recorded in sex pheromone trap while the ratio of male and female flies ranged from 1.13 to 1.24 in the trapped individuals.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(4): 757-766, December 2017
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Bartussek, Jan, A. Kadir Mutlu, Martin Zapotocky, and Steven N. Fry. "Limit-cycle-based control of the myogenic wingbeat rhythm in the fruit fly Drosophila." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 80 (March 6, 2013): 20121013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.1013.
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In many animals, rhythmic motor activity is governed by neural limit cycle oscillations under the control of sensory feedback. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , the wingbeat rhythm is generated myogenically by stretch-activated muscles and hence independently from direct neural input. In this study, we explored if generation and cycle-by-cycle control of Drosophila 's wingbeat are functionally separated, or if the steering muscles instead couple into the myogenic rhythm as a weak forcing of a limit cycle oscillator. We behaviourally tested tethered flying flies for characteristic properties of limit cycle oscillators. To this end, we mechanically stimulated the fly's ‘gyroscopic’ organs, the halteres, and determined the phase relationship between the wing motion and stimulus. The flies synchronized with the stimulus for specific ranges of stimulus amplitude and frequency, revealing the characteristic Arnol'd tongues of a forced limit cycle oscillator. Rapid periodic modulation of the wingbeat frequency prior to locking demonstrates the involvement of the fast steering muscles in the observed control of the wingbeat frequency. We propose that the mechanical forcing of a myogenic limit cycle oscillator permits flies to avoid the comparatively slow control based on a neural central pattern generator.