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Journal articles on the topic 'Fruit elongation'
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1
Williamson, Jeffrey G., and Donald C. Coston. "The Relationship Among Root Growth, Shoot Growth, and Fruit Growth of Peach." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 2 (March 1989): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.2.180.
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Abstract The number, length, and elongation rate of white roots were related to vegetative and reproductive growth of young own-rooted ‘Redhaven’ peach trees from June 1985 until Oct. 1986. Root growth of fruiting and nonfruiting trees were similar, except for a period of 3 to 4 weeks each year either during the final stage of fruit growth or immediately after harvest. During these periods, cropping reduced white root length per tree in both years, and total root growth per tree and number of growing root tips in 1986. Number of elongating root tips was correlated with total root elongation and was a better indicator of total root elongation than was mean root elongation rate of individual root tips.
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Braun, Joseph W., and Jeannie K. L. Garth. "Strawberry Vegetative and Fruit Growth Response to Paclobutrazol." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 3 (May 1986): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.3.364.
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Abstract Petiole and scape elongation, leaf expansion, and runner formation were reduced by soil application of paclobutrazol (PP333). Runner number was reduced 90–100% by paclobutrazol dosages of 0.2–0.4 mg a.i. per 15-cm pot, accompanied by smaller reductions in leaf expansion (14–29%), petiole elongation (31–59%), and scape elongation (24–47%). Subsequent foliar applied gibberellic acid (GA3) at 50 ppm alleviated the effects of paclobutrazol. Lateral crown formation was promoted in several experiments. Fruit weight was not affected at 0.6 mg a.i. paclobutrazol per pot, but scape elongation was reduced by 51%. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
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Jolliffe, P. A., and W. C. Lin. "Predictors of Shelf Life in Long English Cucumber." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 5 (September 1997): 686–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.5.686.
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Variation in shelf life of greenhouse-grown `Mustang' cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit was enhanced by preharvest experimental treatments of fruit thinning and fruit shading. Treatments also affected the dynamics of fruit elongation, fruit color at harvest, and chlorophyll fluorescence of the pericarp. Fruit color (grey level) at harvest, as measured by image analysis, had the highest simple (positive) correlation with shelf life. Rapid elongation and high photochemical quenching of fluorescence also characterized fruit having longer shelf life. The ability to predict cucumber yellowing is improved using a multiple regression approach, but prediction achieved by the best subset model is still too low to segregate commercially fruit having a short shelf life.
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Mishyna, Maryia, Nikolai Laman, Valery Prokhorov, John Solomon Maninang, and Yoshiharu Fujii. "Identification of Octanal as Plant Growth Inhibitory Volatile Compound Released from Heracleum sosnowskyi Fruit." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 5 (May 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000518.
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Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden of the Apiaceae family is a malignant invasive plant in Eastern Europe, Belarus and Russia. The species is known for its prolific seed production, which has been linked to the plant's invasive success. The fruit also has a strong aroma, but the contribution of the fruit's volatile constituent to out-compete neighboring plants has not been fully established. In this study, fruit volatiles of H. sosnowskyi and conspecifics (i.e. H. asperum, H. lescovii, H. dissectum, H. hirtum) were identified by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). Octyl acetate, octanol, octanal, hexyl isobutyrate, and hexyl-2-methyl butyrate were found to be the principal volatiles. Using authentic standards, the growth-inhibitory property of the individual compounds was assayed by the novel Cotton swab method. Assay results with lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) showed that octanal strongly inhibited seed germination and radicle elongation of seedlings. The results suggest that octanal may be the main contributor to the allelopathic activity of H. sosnowksyi fruits. Furthermore, the mixture of fruit volatiles from the invasive H. sosnowskyi more strongly delayed lettuce seedling elongation than the volatiles from fruits of the non-invasive H. asperum, H. lescovii, H. dissectum and H. hirtum. Thus, the present study is the first to demonstrate the possible involvement of fruit volatiles of Heracleum species in plant-plant interaction.
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Haouari, Afef, Marie-Christine Van Labeke, Kathy Steppe, Fethi Ben Mariem, Mohamed Braham, and Mohamed Chaieb. "Fruit thinning affects photosynthetic activity, carbohydrate levels, and shoot and fruit development of olive trees grown under semiarid conditions." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 11 (2013): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13094.
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Olive (Olea europaea L.) production is marked by annual oscillations as trees alternate from high to low crop loads in successive years. Gas exchanges and carbohydrate content of leaves and fruits in olive tree (O. europaea cv. Besbassi) were monitored at pit hardening and fruit ripening. After fruit set, three crop loads were applied (100%, 50% and 25% of the initial fruit load) by manual thinning. Severe fruit thinning reduced photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. Crop load had no significant effect on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The reduction of 75% of the initial crop load favoured the accumulation of starch in leaves and soluble sugars in leaves and fruits. The reduction in initial fruit load had a significant positive effect on the current year’s shoot elongation and on inflorescence number the following spring. To increase the fruit size, a strong thinning (75%) was necessary, which coincided with the highest shoot vigour. Moderate thinning (50%) hardly affected leaf carbohydrate content and fruit size, but photosynthetic capacity was only limited at fruit ripening.
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Wang, Yanping, Josh P. Clevenger, Eudald Illa-Berenguer, Tea Meulia, Esther van der Knaap, and Liang Sun. "A Comparison of sun, ovate, fs8.1 and Auxin Application on Tomato Fruit Shape and Gene Expression." Plant and Cell Physiology 60, no. 5 (February 8, 2019): 1067–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz024.
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Abstract Elongated tomato fruit shape is the result of the action of the fruit shape genes possibly in coordination with the phytohormone auxin. To investigate the possible link between auxin and the fruit shape genes, a series of auxin (2,4-D) treatments were performed on the wild-type and the fruit shape near-isogenic lines (NILs) in Solanum pimpinellifolium accession LA1589 background. Morphological and histological analyses indicated that auxin application approximately 3 weeks before anthesis led to elongated pear-shaped ovaries and fruits, which was mainly attributed to the increase of ovary/fruit proximal end caused by the increase of both cell number and cell size. Fruit shape changes caused by SUN, OVATE and fs8.1 were primarily due to the alterations of cell number along different growth axes. Particularly, SUN caused elongation by extending cell number along the entire proximal-distal axis, whereas OVATE caused fruit elongation in the proximal area, which was most similar to the effect of auxin on ovary shape. Expression analysis of flower buds at different stages in fruit shape NILs indicated that SUN had a stronger impact on the transcriptome than OVATE and fs8.1. The sun NIL differentially expressed genes were enriched in several biological processes, such as lipid metabolism, ion transmembrane and actin cytoskeleton organization. Additionally, SUN also shifted the expression of the auxin-related genes, including those involved in auxin biosynthesis, homeostasis, signal transduction and polar transport, indicating that SUN may regulate ovary/fruit shape through modifying the expression of auxin-related genes very early during the formation of the ovary in the developing flower.
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Pan, Yupeng, Birong Chen, Lijun Qiao, Feifan Chen, Jianyu Zhao, Zhihui Cheng, and Yiqun Weng. "Phenotypic Characterization and Fine Mapping of a Major-Effect Fruit Shape QTL FS5.2 in Cucumber, Cucumis sativus L., with Near-Isogenic Line-Derived Segregating Populations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 13384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113384.
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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit size/shape (FS) is an important yield and quality trait that is quantitatively inherited. Many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for fruit size/shape have been identified, but very few have been fine-mapped or cloned. In this study, through marker-assisted foreground and background selections, we developed near-isogenic lines (NILs) for a major-effect fruit size/shape QTL FS5.2 in cucumber. Morphological and microscopic characterization of NILs suggests that the allele of fs5.2 from the semi-wild Xishuangbanna (XIS) cucumber (C. s. var. xishuangbannesis) reduces fruit elongation but promotes radial growth resulting in shorter but wider fruit, which seems to be due to reduced cell length, but increased cellular layers. Consistent with this, the NIL carrying the homozygous XIS allele (fs5.2) had lower auxin/IAA contents in both the ovary and the developing fruit. Fine genetic mapping with NIL-derived segregating populations placed FS5.2 into a 95.5 kb region with 15 predicted genes, and a homolog of the Arabidopsis CRABS CLAW (CsCRC) appeared to be the most possible candidate for FS5.2. Transcriptome profiling of NIL fruits at anthesis identified differentially expressed genes enriched in the auxin biosynthesis and signaling pathways, as well as genes involved in cell cycle, division, and cell wall processes. We conclude that the major-effect QTL FS5.2 controls cucumber fruit size/shape through regulating auxin-mediated cell division and expansion for the lateral and longitudinal fruit growth, respectively. The gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathway also plays a role in FS5.2-mediated fruit elongation.
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Mumtaz, Muhammad Ali, Fangman Li, Xingyu Zhang, Jinbao Tao, Pingfei Ge, Ying Wang, Yaru Wang, Wenxian Gai, Haiqiang Dong, and Yuyang Zhang. "Altered brassinolide sensitivity1 Regulates Fruit Size in Association with Phytohormones Modulation in Tomato." Horticulturae 8, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111008.
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BRs (Brassinosteroids) regulate many essential pathways related to growth, cell elongation, cell expansion, plant architecture, and fruit development. The potential exogenous application of BR-derivatives has been proven to stimulate plant growth and development, including quality attributes of fruits, whereas its biosynthesis inhibition has shown the opposite effect. In this study, BR-insensitive tomato mutants were used to reveal the potential function of BR signaling in the regulation of fruit development to elaborate the regulatory mechanism of BR signaling in tomato fruits. The BR-signaling mutant exhibited a typical dwarf phenotype and reduced vegetative growth, fruit size, and weight. Microscopic and transcriptional evaluation of the abs1 mutant fruits implies that reduced cell size and number are responsible for the phenotypic variations. Additionally, we also found that the altered content of phytohormones, such as auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, and ethylene levels, contributed to altered fruit development. Moreover, fruit growth and cell development-specific gene expression levels were downregulated in BR-insensitive plants; culminating in reduced cell size, cell number, and cell layers. These findings provide insight into physio-chemical changes during fruit development in response to BR-insensitivity.
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Chao, Ema E., and Hans E. Gruen. "Intracellular activity of mycelial proteinases during fruit-body development in Flammulina velutipes." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-066.
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In the mycelium of Flammulina velutipes cultured on potato–glucose solution the concentration of water-soluble protein began to decrease steeply before fruit bodies formed, but the total amount of protein per culture decreased only when fruit bodies began to elongate rapidly. The level remained very low during rapid elongation. Proteinase activity per unit weight of mycelium against milk protein and azoalbumin decreased in parallel with the concentration of mycelial protein. Activity against azure blue – hide powder was low until the onset of rapid fruit-body elongation and reached a maximum later during that phase. Azoalbumin was hydrolyzed more actively than hide powder. Proteolytic activity per gram of mycelium against mycelial protein was almost the same before fruiting as during rapid fruit-body elongation. Specific activities per milligram protein against the three types of nonnative substrates increased in parallel to a maximum late during rapid elongation when protein concentration was lowest. Specific activity against native mycelial protein was also higher in extracts from older mycelia. Proteolysis was optimal near neutral pH and very low at pH 3.2. Tests with group-specific proteinase inhibitors showed that metallo-proteinases predominate in the mycelium. Serine, and to a lesser extent carboxyl and thiol proteinases, were also present. Neither endogenous inhibitors nor activators of proteolysis were detected.
10
Xin, Tongxu, Zhen Zhang, Shuai Li, Shu Zhang, Qing Li, Zhong-Hua Zhang, Sanwen Huang, and Xueyong Yang. "Genetic Regulation of Ethylene Dosage for Cucumber Fruit Elongation." Plant Cell 31, no. 5 (March 26, 2019): 1063–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.18.00957.
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Johkan, Masahumi, Tomoko Chiba, Kazuhiko Mitsukuri, Satoshi Yamasaki, Hideyuki Tanaka, Kei-ichiro Mishiba, Toshinobu Morikawa, Masayuki Oda, Chihiro Yamamoto, and Hiroshi Ohkawa. "Seed Production Enhanced by Antiauxin in the pat-2 Parthenocarpic Tomato Mutant." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, no. 1 (January 2010): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.1.3.
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There is concern that high temperatures resulting from global warming could reduce fruit set of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, fruit set of parthenocarpic tomato genotypes, which often bears seedless fruit, is not reduced when grown under a high temperature. The cause of seedless fruit development was studied with the aim of increasing the seed number in parthenocarpic tomato. Ovule number at anthesis in parthenocarpic and non-parthenocarpic fruit did not differ, but the proportion of undeveloped ovules increased with time after anthesis in parthenocarpic tomato, whereas most ovules in non-parthenocarpic tomato developed normally. Pollen grains germinated on the stigma and extruded pollen tubes in parthenocarpic and non-parthenocarpic tomatoes, but in parthenocarpic tomato, pollen tube elongation was markedly inhibited in the style base. Elongation of pollen tubes on agar containing indoleacetic acid (IAA) was depressed in parthenocarpic and non-parthenocarpic tomato plants. p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB), which inhibits auxin action, did not affect the fruit set and fresh weight in either type of tomato, although seed number per fruit in parthenocarpic tomato was significantly increased from 13 ± 2 to 74 ± 6 seeds by PCIB treatment. These results indicated that a high IAA concentration in the ovary of parthenocarpic tomato inhibited pollen tube elongation, and that poor fertilization resulted in failure of ovule development. Moreover, floral organs in parthenocarpic tomato were normally developed as in non-parthenocarpic tomato, and seed development could be induced in parthenocarpic tomato by PCIB treatment.
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Xu, Xin, Yujin Yuan, Bihong Feng, and Wei Deng. "CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene-editing technology in fruit quality improvement." Food Quality and Safety 4, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa028.
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Abstract Fruits are an essential part of a healthy, balanced diet and it is particularly important for fibre, essential vitamins, and trace elements. Improvement in the quality of fruit and elongation of shelf life are crucial goals for researchers. However, traditional techniques have some drawbacks, such as long period, low efficiency, and difficulty in the modification of target genes, which limit the progress of the study. Recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technique was developed and has become the most popular gene-editing technology with high efficiency, simplicity, and low cost. CRISPR/Cas9 technique is widely accepted to analyse gene function and complete genetic modification. This review introduces the latest progress of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in fruit quality improvement. For example, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of RIPENING INHIBITOR gene (RIN), Lycopene desaturase (PDS), Pectate lyases (PL), SlMYB12, and CLAVATA3 (CLV3) can affect fruit ripening, fruit bioactive compounds, fruit texture, fruit colouration, and fruit size. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis has become an efficient method to modify target genes and improve fruit quality.
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Ecker, Scheila Lúcia, Adriana Lugaresi, Gian Carlos Girardi, Bachelor Louis, Leandro Galon, and Clevison Luiz Giacobbo. "Conduction systems in fig tree with two cultivars, evaluating fruits quality and yield." Scientia Agraria Paranaensis 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18188/sap.v19i1.23054.
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The fig tree is rustic and one of the fruit species with great economic importance, because it adapts easily to different climate and soil types. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence the branches number and the fig tree cultivar on yield and fruit quality. The orchard implanted with two cultivars, Roxo de Valinhos and Pingo de Mel, and conducted with different numbers of productive branches, being: 16, 24 and 32. The utilized lineation was completely randomized, with three replicates, each replicate being composed of four plants. The analyzed variables were: branches length (cm), number of fruits per plant, number of fruits per branch meter, yield of mature fruits (Kg ha-1), yield of green fruits (Kg ha-1), accumulated productivity (Kg ha-1), fruit size (cm3), average fruit weight (g), soluble solids (°Brix) and fruit dry matter (%). The daily elongation rate and the mean length of the branches did not influence the different treatments. For productivity, noticed superiority on cultivar Roxo de Valinhos, with the higher the number of productive branches in the plants. Fruit quality, relative to soluble solids and dry matter, also did not influence the treatments. Fruits in larger caliber and size found from plants of the cultivar Roxo de Valinhos. Both for the production of fruits for fresh consumption and for the industrialization it is recommended the conduction with greater number of productive branches being between 24 and 32, for the greater productive yield.
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PARRA, María Ängeles, Javier GÓMEZ, Fulgencio Wadi AGUILAR, and Juan Antonio MARTINEZ. "Fusarium annulatum causes Fusarium rot of cantaloupe melons in Spain." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 16, no. 2 (July 19, 2022): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13454.
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During the summer of 2018, there was high incidence of fruit rots of cantaloupe melons (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis) in Murcia province, south-eastern Spain. The fruits showed development of whitish mycelium and pulp softening. Morphological and molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2) genes confirmed Fusarium annulatum as the causal agent of the disease. A phylogenetic study indicated that F. annulatum is in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). Pathogenicity of the isolate was determined on healthy fruit verifying Koch’s postulates. The first symptoms of fruit rot were observed 3 d after inoculations at 28ºC. Fruit infections only occurred in artificially wounded melons, and F. annulatum was re-isolated from the wounds. This disease appeared after fruit harvesting, and could generate substantial economic losses mainly in fruit destined for foreign markets due to long transportation times. This is the first report of melon fruit rot caused by F. annulatum in Spain.
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Snelgar, William P., Alistair J. Hall, A. Ross Ferguson, and Peter Blattmann. "Temperature influences growth and maturation of fruit on 'Hayward' kiwifruit vines." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 7 (2005): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05062.
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The responses of fruit and shoot growth of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit vines to changes of temperature were determined during spring, summer or autumn. Mature vines were warmed 2–5°C above ambient temperatures by enclosing them in temperature-controlled tunnel houses for 34–89 d. Increasing temperature during spring advanced the date of flowering by 17 d and increased the rate of shoot elongation by 6 mm d–1 °C–1. The fruit on these early-flowering vines were larger and had a higher dry matter concentration than control fruit during the first part of the season. Increasing temperature during summer increased the rate of shoot elongation but reduced fruit growth, accumulation of dry matter in fruit and fruit firmness. In contrast, increasing temperature during late autumn increased fruit growth but reduced the soluble solids concentration (SSC) of fruit and thus, delayed commercial maturity. When fruit growth data for summer and autumn were combined the variation in fruit growth with temperature could be described by a single quadratic curve. Maximum fruit growth occurred at 17°C and temperatures above or below this optimum reduced fruit growth. Consequently, during summer when ambient temperatures averaged 17°C, warming vines decreased fruit growth, while during late autumn, when ambient temperatures had fallen to 13°C, warming vines increased fruit growth. Warming vines during summer reduced both the SSC of ripe fruit and the vitamin C concentration. Warming vines during autumn increased SSC but reduced the vitamin C concentration.
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Rizzo, Roberto, Vittorio Farina, Filippo Saiano, Alberto Lombardo, Ernesto Ragusa, and Gabriella Lo Verde. "Do Grapholita funebrana Infestation Rely on Specific Plum Fruit Features?" Insects 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120444.
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The effective control of the plum fruit moth, Grapholita funebrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) still represents a difficult challenge for organic plum farming. Little information is available on the susceptibility of plum cultivars to this moth pest. We investigated the roles of several fruit parameters (i.e., shape, volume, hardness, fruit colour, and physiochemical properties) on the susceptibility of four different plum cultivars (Angeleno, Friar, President and Stanley) to G. funebrana attack. Field data demonstrated the importance of some fruit parameters (i.e., elongation index, sugar degree, titratable acidity, cover colour percentage) on susceptibility to G. funebrana infestation. Under laboratory conditions, colour and shape had a significant role in determining the time spent on false fruits, i.e., female moths preferred yellow and rounded fruits over elongated red or green fruits. Angeleno (yellow and rounded fruits) and Stanley (green and elongated fruits) were the most and least susceptible cultivars, respectively. Overall, this study adds useful knowledge about plum cultivar susceptibility to G. funebrana. Information reported here may be useful to improve integrated pest management strategies both in conventional and organic orchards because the use of less susceptible cultivars may reduce insecticidal treatments, limiting the development of resistance in target insects and the harmful side effects on beneficial species.
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Cox, Catherine M., and Stephen M. Swain. "Localised and non-localised promotion of fruit development by seeds in Arabidopsis." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 1 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05136.
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In Arabidopsis, as in the majority of flowering plants, developing seeds promote fruit growth. One method to investigate this interaction is to use plants with reduced seed set and determine the effect on fruit growth. Plants homozygous for a transgene designed to ectopically express a gene encoding a gibberellin-deactivating enzyme exhibit reduced pollen tube elongation, suggesting that the plant hormone gibberellin is required for this process. Reduced pollen tube growth causes reduced seed set and decreased silique (fruit) size, and this genotype is used to explore the relationship between seed set and fruit elongation. A detailed analysis of seed set in the transgenic line reveals that reduced pollen tube growth decreases the probability of each ovule being fertilised. This effect becomes progressively more severe as the distance between the stigma and the ovule increases, revealing the complex biology underlying seed fertilisation. In terms of seed-promoted fruit growth, major localised and minor non-localised components that contribute to final silique length can be identified. This result demonstrates that despite the relatively small size of the fruit and associated structures, Arabidopsis can be used as a model to investigate fundamental questions in fruit physiology.
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Ando, Kaori, and Rebecca Grumet. "Developmental Changes in Cucumber Fruit Susceptibility to Infection by Phytophthoracapsici." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1117D—1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1117d.
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Phytophthoracapsici, a soil-borne oomycete pathogen causing fruit rot in cucumber, has become a limiting factor for cucumber production in the Midwest. In the process of screening plant introductions (PIs) for resistance to P. capsici, it appeared that degree of susceptibility might decrease as fruits develop. To examine this more carefully, detached, greenhouse-grown, hand-pollinated `Vlaspik' fruits aged 2–18 days post-pollination (dpp) were inoculated with P. capsici mycelium and evaluated for symptoms. There was a reproducible decrease in susceptibility with increasing fruit age. The fruits that sporulated were usually younger and smaller (2–9 dpp), 10-3 dpp fruit tended to develop water-soaked symptoms, while the fruits that remained symptom-free were usually older (>14 dpp) and oversized for pickling cucumber. The transition from susceptible to more resistant appeared to occur at the end of the period of rapid fruit elongation. Detached field-grown `Straight Eight' fruits showed similar size-related trends. Candidate resistant genotypes identified from the PI screening were re-screened using 7 and 14 dpp fruits. Again an age-dependent difference in response was observed, indicating that the increase in resistance is not genotype-specific. Furthermore, field observations suggest a gradation of susceptibility within the fruits as the blossom end was most frequently infected. Preliminary tests of detached greenhouse-grown, hand-pollinated fruits suggested that as the fruits grew older, the blossom end remained susceptible longer than the stem end. These findings could have implications for appropriate screening methods, the stage of fruit likely to become infected in the field, and appropriate spray practices.
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Owen, Henry R., and Louis H. Aung. "Genotypic and Chemical Influences on Fruit Growth of Tomato." HortScience 25, no. 10 (October 1990): 1255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.10.1255.
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A relationship between ovary size at anthesis and final fruit diameter of 12 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars with a range of fruit sizes, shapes, and maturation rates was determined. `Fireball', `Michigan/Ohio Hybrid', and `New Yorker' produced nonfasciated, spherical fruits of intermediate maturation rate and showed a significantly higher correlation between ovary diameter at anthesis and final fruit diameter than `Small Fry', `Roma VF', `Early Cascade', `Campbell 1327', or `Ponderosa'. A linear regression of final fruit diameter at maturity on ovary diameter at anthesis of the cultivars was highly significant (r2 = 0.92**; ÿ = 22.5X - 0.3). Continuous root application of 0.01 μm BA to seedlings of `Fireball' significantly delayed anthesis. A single foliar application of 0.37 mM NOA to `Fireball' plants at the appearance of the first inflorescence significantly increased ovary diameter on the first inflorescence, but decreased ovary diameter on the second inflorescence. Treatment with NOA altered final fruit shape but not final fruit diameter. Single foliar applications of 0.1 mM GA stimulated stem and peduncle elongation but did not affect fruit size. Chemical names used: ß-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA), N6-benzylaminopurine (BA), gibberellic acid, (GA).
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Llanos Melo, Alejandro Kepler, and Walter Eduardo Apaza-Tapia. "Distribution of stem-end rot on the canopy in ‘Hass’ avocado trees in two coastal areas in Peru." Peruvian Journal of Agronomy 5, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21704/pja.v5i2.1771.
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Stem-end rot (SER) of avocado is caused by several fungal species, and it is presented worldwide. This plant disease currently affects several avocado producer regions in Peru, causing fruit rot, impacting the industry negatively. Research about SER distribution in the canopy of avocado trees is limited. Thus, the present study aimed to compare which areas in the canopy are prone to have more SER in ‘Hass’ avocado harvested fruit in two different coastal areas in Peru. The experiment was conducted in the northern (Barranca) and southern (Cañete) of Lima. ‘Hass’Avocado fruits from both producer areas were collected to identify the causal agent; Lasiodiplodia theobromae was isolated from infected fruits. Identification was conducted based on morphological features and a partial DNA sequence of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1-α). The results showed that fruits inside the tree canopy were prone to have a higher disease incidence than the fruits located in the external site (P<0.001). Besides, internal-site fruits displayed a higher percentage of infected fruit for each grade disease (P<0.001) than external-site fruits, except for grade 0 (fruits without symptoms) and grade 1. Finally, the results suggested that the altitude where the fruit is positioned on the canopy could influence the incidence of SER, where fruits located in the high part revealed less incidence than the low section. The results are valuable for enhancing management strategies and avoiding postharvest loss of avocado fruits in our region.
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Jędrszczyk, Elżbieta, Barbara Skowera, Maria Gawęda, and Andrzej Libik. "The Effect of Temperature and Precipitation Conditions on the Growth and Development Dynamics of Five Cultivars of Processing Tomato." Journal of Horticultural Research 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johr-2016-0008.
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Abstract Cultivation of field tomato in Poland meets unfavorable temperature and precipitation conditions, which affect yield and quality. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of temperature and precipitation conditions on the growth and development dynamics of five cultivars of processing tomato. The analysis took into account the key morphological characteristics of the plant, the inflorescence and fruit, which determine the suitability of the cultivar for processing. Analysis of the effect of meteorological elements on the stem development showed that stem length was most strongly influenced by precipitation – both total precipitation and frequency, rather than by temperature; the greater the rainfall, the more intensive stem elongation. High levels of precipitation limited gains in stem thickness. The number of flowers and fruits formed per inflorescence was negatively correlated with temperature. Excessive precipitation during the entire growing period led to formation of smaller fruits. The length and width of the fruit were negatively correlated with the frequency of precipitation in all stages, and with total precipitation during the period from planting to setting of the first fruits. A beneficial effect of temperature on the length and width of the fruit was noted during the entire growing period. The tomato fruit formed a thicker pericarp when precipitation was more frequent.
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Klevenhusen, F., C. Emsenhuber, H. Grausgruber, R. M. Petri, and Q. Zebeli. "Effects of the orange lemma (rob1) mutant line of barley cv. ‘Optic’ compared with its wild-type on the ruminal microbiome and fermentation tested with the rumen simulation technique." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 9 (2019): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18288.
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The use of cereals as forage crops is limited due to the high lignin content in the cell walls reducing nutrient digestibility. Recent research has focused on reducing lignification in forage crops through gene mutations. This study investigated the ruminal fermentation characteristics of a barley mutation (orange lemma), which is associated with a lower lignin content, using the in vitro ruminal fermentation system (RUSITEC). Two-rowed spring barley cv. ‘Optic’ and its ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced orange lemma (rob1) mutant line were harvested at both stem elongation and early fruit development and incubated in the RUSITEC system. Gas production, concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia and the nutrient degradation of the plants after 48 h incubation were investigated. Additional samples were analysed for microbial composition using MiSeq sequencing technology. In general, acid detergent lignin (ADL) was higher at early grain filling than stem elongation. ADL was lower in the mutant line than in the wild type at both stem elongation (13.9% vs 18.5%) and early grain development (26.0% vs 28.6%; dry matter basis). This was reflected in increased ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fibre (61.7% vs 53.7%; P < 0.001) when harvested at stem elongation, but not at the later stage. In contrast, methane formation was lower with rob1 than ‘Optic’ (P = 0.002), especially when harvested at stem elongation. No difference was seen in protein degradation between the barley genotypes. The fermentation SCFA profile did not differ between barley genotypes when harvested at stem elongation, but at early fruit development more acetate and less butyrate was produced with rob1. Microbial species richness was lower when barley was incubated at stem elongation compared to fruit development (P < 0.001), which was especially pronounced with rob1 (P = 0.026). The abundance of Bacteroidetes, Synergistetes and Tenericutes was lower when plants harvested at early grain development were incubated compared to the stem elongation stage, whereas the abundance of Cyanobacteria, Elusimicrobia, Fusobacteria, Lentisphaerae, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and WPS-2 was higher (P < 0.001). In conclusion, most fermentation parameters were affected by vegetation stage and related changes in nutrient composition. However, additional effects of barley genotype were seen on the rumen microbial community structure, SCFA profile and methane production.
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Perwita, M. G. Cinthya S., Tutik Dwi Wahyuningsih, Endang Astuti, and Deni Pranowo. "Synthesis Edible Film Chitosan/Polyethylene Glycol/ Carboxymethylcellulose with Lemongrass Oils as Insect Ovipositing Repellent." Key Engineering Materials 840 (April 2020): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.840.142.
Full textAbstract:
Chitosan is a long linear chain polymer that has biodegradable properties. Chitosan can be found naturally in marine and terrestrial environments. However, chitosan as an edible film has brittle and weak properties. Therefore, addition of plasticizers such as polyethylene glycol and also emulsifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) could improve the chitosan properties. In this study, the potency of modified chitosan as an edible film will be tested as an Insect Ovipositing Repellent (IOR) against B. carambolae fruit fly, which is known as one of the main pests on fruits in Southern East Asia. Chitosan-based films plasticized with polyethylene glycol, emulsified with carboxymethylcellulose and lemongrass oils as essential oils were prepared. Then the films was characterized; intermolecular interactions were determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mechanical properties such as elongation, tensile strength, the thickness was tested using universal testing machine (UTM). Guava (Psidium guajava L), as a sample was used for testing the potential of chitosan film as IOR against the B. carambolae fruit fly. The addition of CMC and lemongrass oils to the chitosan/PEG films increased tensile strength and reduced elongation at break of the blended films. The best film resulted from composite of Chitosan/PEG/CMC/Lemongrass oil with a ratio of 1%/0.5%/0.1%/2%, and it is active as fruit fly repellent with IOA and ER of -0.745 and 85.412%, respectively.
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Borovsky, Yelena, and Ilan Paran. "Characterization of fs10.1, a major QTL controlling fruit elongation in Capsicum." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 123, no. 4 (May 21, 2011): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-011-1615-7.
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Jones, R. W., L. M. Pike, and L. F. Yourman. "Salinity Influences Cucumber Growth and Yield." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 4 (July 1989): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.4.547.
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Abstract Germination and radicle elongation experiments were performed with six cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) at seven salinity concentrations (0, 0.8, 4.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12, and 15 dS·m−1). Increasing salinity has no effect on final germination percentage after 5 days, but did decrease radicle elongation. In seedling growth studies with salinity levels ranging from 0.8 to 12 dS·m−1, increasing salt levels decreased shoot length and shoot dry weight. Analysis of shoot tissue from these seedlings indicated that higher salinity levels increased concentrations of Ca and Na, while Mg and K concentrations decreased. Yield and fruit quality were measured in a greenhouse study at two salinity levels (1.6 and 4.0 dS· m−1). Salinity significantly decreased fruit yield in five of six cultivars, but had no effect on fruit quality. Seedling shoot length of a cultivar grown at 9.0 dS· m−1 was correlated with relative yield at 4.0 dS· m−1. A salinity screening technique based on this relationship is proposed.
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Renfiyeni, Renfiyeni. "The Effect of Pollination Models on Yield of Red Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus)." JERAMI Indonesian Journal of Crop Science 1, no. 1 (August 30, 2018): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jijcs.1.1.19-24.2018.
Full textAbstract:
Red pitaya is getting more popular in Indonesia recently as one of high antioxidant sources with a promising economic value. However, the production of this CAM plant is restricted by low success percentage of its natural pollination and self incompatibility problems. Therefore, artificial pollination is required to overcome these problems and increase its yield. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of pollination models towards the yield of red pitaya. This study was conducted using randomized block design with three pollination models applied into nine groups. Pollination models used were open pollination (P1), hand-self-pollination (P2) and hand-cross pollination (P3). Several floral-related parameters, including the elongation of flower bud, diameter of blooming flower, length of stigma, number and length of anthers, were assessed. Effect of different pollination models was also observed through some yield-related parameters, such as fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, harvesting age and number of fruit sets. This study revealed that hand cross pollination produced the best yield performance showing 541.1 gram of fruit with 11.5 in length and 8.66 cm in diameter. Harvesting age and number of fruit sets showed no significant difference among those three pollination models.
Keywords: Pollination, red pitaya, yields, fruits, flowers
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Párraga Bazurto, Fernando, Adriana Celi, Liliana Corozo, and Leonardo Solís. "Importance of paclobutrazol in out-of-season citrus production." Manglar 19, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/manglar.2022.015.
Full textAbstract:
Stationary variability is a problem for fruit producers and producers in general, hence tools that help to crop at any season would be an alternative to yield. For this reason, the use of growth regulators is a choice; for example, paclobutrazol (PBZ) has been used to strengthen alternativity in production. This article aims to investigate the importance of PBZ in the forced production of citrus fruits. PBZ has been involved in inhibiting the synthesis of gibberellins and auxins, shortening the elongation and cell division; its use in citrus has been studied to force production to obtain it when the supply is low and thus contribute to the producer's economy. PBZ increases plant tolerance to cold weather, keeping grafted buds in a dominant state during adverse conditions; inhibits plant growth by inducing flower buds by influencing early fruit ripening, and maximizing plant yield and fruit quality. This compound allows to optimize the yield of plants, promoting the production in any season, thus balancing the productive alternation.
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Zhang, Mian, Liu Gao, ShengPing Shang, XiaoLu Han, Rong Zhang, Jelena Latinović, Nedeljko Latinović, Jean Carlson Batzer, Mark L. Gleason, and GuangYu Sun. "New species and record of Zygophiala (Capnodiales, Mycosphaerellaceae) on apple from Montenegro." Phytotaxa 195, no. 3 (January 29, 2015): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.195.3.2.
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Species of Zygophiala are components of the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex that blemish the cuticle of fruits reducing their economic value. In our study, six strains were isolated from apple fruit collected in orchards in Montenegro. Zygophiala montenegroensis is a newly described species based on its unique morphological characteristics and the analysis of multiple sequences including the internal transcribed spacer of the rDNA, the partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha and the actin genes. Zygophiala cylindrica is described as a new record in Montenegro and Europe.
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Liao, Xiong, Mengsi Li, Bin Liu, Miaoling Yan, Xiaomin Yu, Hailing Zi, Renyi Liu, and Chizuko Yamamuro. "Interlinked regulatory loops of ABA catabolism and biosynthesis coordinate fruit growth and ripening in woodland strawberry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 49 (November 19, 2018): E11542—E11550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812575115.
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Fruit growth and ripening are controlled by multiple phytohormones. How these hormones coordinate and interact with each other to control these processes at the molecular level is unclear. We found in the early stages of Fragaria vesca (woodland strawberry) fruit development, auxin increases both widths and lengths of fruits, while gibberellin [gibberellic acid (GA)] mainly promotes their longitudinal elongation. Auxin promoted GA biosynthesis and signaling by activating GA biosynthetic and signaling genes, suggesting auxin function is partially dependent on GA function. To prevent the repressive effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on fruit growth, auxin and GA suppressed ABA accumulation during early fruit development by activating the expression of FveCYP707A4a encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes ABA catabolism. At the onset of fruit ripening, both auxin and GA levels decreased, leading to a steep increase in the endogenous level of ABA that drives fruit ripening. ABA repressed the expression of FveCYP707A4a but promoted that of FveNCED, a rate-limiting step in ABA biosynthesis. Accordingly, altering FveCYP707A4a expression changed the endogenous ABA levels and affected FveNCED expression. Hence, ABA catabolism and biosynthesis are tightly linked by feedback and feedforward loops to limit ABA contents for fruit growth and to quickly increase ABA contents for the onset of fruit ripening. These results indicate that FveCYP707A4a not only regulates ABA accumulation but also provides a hub to coordinate fruit size and ripening times by relaying auxin, GA, and ABA signals.
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Patil, Bhimanagouda S. "Location and Rootstock Affect Sheep-nosing in Grapefruit." HortScience 36, no. 4 (July 2001): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.4.710.
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Field studies were conducted for 2 years, at three sites in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, to evaluate the effects of location, rootstock, and irrigation on sheepnosing (elongation of the apex) of `Rio Red' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.). Based on the ratio of equatorial to polar diameter, grapefruit budded on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock grown at Weslaco had a significantly higher percentage of sheepnosed fruits (63%) than did fruit grown at Mission (57%), while the grove at Bayview produced a negligible percentage of sheepnosed fruit (4%). In a second study, `Rio Red' trees grown on `Carrizo' rootstock [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] produced a significantly higher percentage of sheepnosed fruit (59%) than did those on `Swingle' (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata) (48%). In a third experiment, trees irrigated by microjet had a significantly higher percentage of sheepnosed fruit (53%) than did those that were flood-irrigated (43%). Although sheepnosed fruit had significantly greater peel thickness and a lower juice content, fruit quality was better than that of normal fruit because of a higher soluble solids: titratable acidity ratio. In 1999, the significant irrigation and rootstock effects were less than that due to growing location. Effects of location, rootstock and irrigation varied between years. The interaction between factors and years was mainly due to a lack of low amount of sheepnosing in 1998.
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Zhao, Jing, Zhihua Zhang, Hongdan Zhou, Zengfu Bai, and Kun Sun. "The Study on Sea Buckthorn (Genus Hippophae L.) Fruit Reveals Cell Division and Cell Expansion to Promote Morphogenesis." Plants 12, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12051005.
Full textAbstract:
Due to its unique flavor and high antioxidant content, the sea buckthorn (genus Hippophae L.) fruit is increasingly favored by consumers. Developing from the perianth tube, the sea buckthorn fruit varies greatly among species in both size and shape. However, the cellular regulation mechanism of sea buckthorn fruit morphogenesis remains unclear. This study presents the growth and development patterns, morphological changes, and cytological observations of the fruits of three Hippophae species (H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis, H. neurocarpa, and H. goniocarpa). The fruits were monitored every 10–30 days after anthesis (DAA) for six periods in their natural population on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. The results showed that the fruits of H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis and H. goniocarpa grew in a sigmoid mode, while H. neurocarpa grew in an exponential mode under the complex regulation of cell division and cell expansion. In addition, cellular observations showed that the mesocarp cells of H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis and H. goniocarpa were larger in the area with prolonged cell expansion activity, while H. neurocarpa had a higher cell division rate. Elongation and proliferation of the mesocarp cells were found to be essential factors affecting the formation of fruit morphology. Finally, we established a preliminary cellular scenario for fruit morphogenesis in the three species of sea buckthorn. Fruit development could be divided into a cell division phase and a cell expansion phase with an overlap between 10 and 30 DAA. In particular, the two phases in H. neurocarpa showed an additional overlap between 40 and 80 DAA. The description of the sea buckthorn fruit’s transformation and its temporal order may provide a theoretical basis to explore the growth mechanism of fruits and regulate their size through certain cultivation techniques.
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Verbeek, N. A. M., and R. Boasson. "Flowering height and postfloral elongation of flower stalks in 13 species of angiosperms." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-078.
Full textAbstract:
All species studied, except Lilium columbianum, flowered at or above the height of the surrounding vegetation, and the difference in height was significant. For L. columbianum and Fritillaria lanceolata we showed experimentally that they set significantly more fruit when their flowers bloomed at or above the surrounding vegetation than below it, probably because they were more visible or it was easier for pollinators to get to them. In 12 of the 13 species studied the flower stalk elongated after flowering so that the fruit capsule was above the surrounding vegetation. We showed experimentally that in F. lanceolata elongation of the flower stalk occurred intrinsically and was not brought on by extrinsic factors, such as competition for light by the surrounding vegetation. Raising the seed capsule, which opens first at the top in all species, above the surrounding vegetation probably aids in the distribution of seeds. In several species, flowering stalks that bear fruit become woody and remain standing, thus keeping the capsule exposed to the wind for some time. Postfloral elongation of the flower stalk appears related to season; early flowering species elongated the most. Key words: flowering height, fruiting height, pollination, flowering season, seed dispersal.
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MOURÃO, K. S. M., and C. M. BELTRATI. "Morphology and anatomy of developing fruits and seeds of Mammea americana L. (Clusiaceae)." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 60, no. 4 (November 2000): 701–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71082000000400023.
Full textAbstract:
Morphological, structural and developmental features of fruits and seeds of Mammea americana L. are here studied, with the purpose to give a proper classification of their fruit and embryo type and to contribute to future taxonomical and ecological studies. The fruit is a berry and the "rind" consists of the exocarp, represented by a periderm with lenticels, and by the parenchymatic mesocarp, with branched secretory ducts and vascular bundles. The edible pulpy is formed by the endocarp, destituted of secretory ducts, and derived from the activity of a ventral meristem, which emerges early in the fruit development. The inner endocarp cell layers undergo a radial elongation and become firmly attached to the testal outer layers. At maturation the endocarp may be released from the rest of the pericarp. The ovules are unitegmic and they turn into unitegmic and exalbuminous seeds. The multiseriate testa consists of thick-walled cells and sclerenchymatous fibers. This last features have carried out to a wrong interpretation that the fruit of this species is a drupe. The embryo is pseudo-conferruminate, with two massive foodstoring cotyledons, rich in starch, firmly attached.
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Asinelli, Marta Eglaé Camargo, Maria Conceição de Souza, and Káthia Socorro Mathias Mourão. "Fruit ontogeny of Garcinia gardneriana (Planch. & Triana) Zappi (Clusiaceae)." Acta Botanica Brasilica 25, no. 1 (March 2011): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062011000100007.
Full textAbstract:
Garcinia gardneriana (Clusiaceae) is a small to medium-sized tree that usually occurs on the floodplains of the Paraná River and it is an important food source for the local inhabitants. The fruit itself is consumed in natura, and juices and sweets are made from it. The purpose of this study was to describe morphological and structural aspects of fruits and seeds of this species in order to classify the fruit type and the pulpy layer which involves the seeds. The material analyzed consisted of ovary and fruits in different stages of development, collected from five plants from Aurélio Island, Baía River (MS, BR) and the description was done according to standard procedures in anatomy. The fruit is a yellowish-orange spherical berry ("bacóide" type). The smooth, coriaceous skin consists of the lignified exocarp. The endocarp cell layers are derived from the activity of an adaxial meristem that undergoes radial elongation. The edible sweet white pulp is formed by the endocarp, as well as the spongy mesocarp, in which the secretory ducts lose their function. The unitegmic anatropous ovules develop into anatropous exalbuminous seeds with a collapsed and undifferentiated testa. The embryo is hypocotylar. The features here described generally occur in Clusioideae-Garcinieae and Symphonieae.
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Chaim, Arnon Ben, Yelena Borovsky, G. U. Rao, Bahattin Tanyolac, and Ilan Paran. "fs3.1: a major fruit shape QTL conserved in Capsicum." Genome 46, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g02-096.
Full textAbstract:
fs3.1 is a major fruit shape (defined as the ratio of fruit length to fruit width) quantitative trait locus (QTL) originally detected in an intraspecific cross of Capsicum annuum between the blocky and elongated-fruited inbreds 'Maor' and 'Perennial', respectively. In addition to increasing fruit shape index, the 'Perennial' allele at fs3.1 increased fruit elongation and decreased fruit width and pericarp thickness. We verified the effect of fs3.1 in backcross inbred lines (BILs) derived from crossing 'Perennial' with 'Maor' and with a second blocky-type inbred line of C. annuum. To determine the effect of the fs3.1 region in additional Capsicum species, we constructed an advanced backcross population from the cross of 'Maor' and the oval-fruited Capsicum frutescens BG 2816 and an F2 of the introgression line IL 152 that contains an introgression of the fs3.1 region from Capsicum chinense PI 152225. QTLs for fruit shape, fruit width, and pericarp thickness, but not for fruit length, were detected in both crosses, indicating the conservation of the fs3.1 region as a QTL affecting fruit shape in pepper. We also tested tomato (Lycopersicon spp.) introgression lines containing the corresponding fs3.1 region from L. pennellii and L. hirsutum, but we did not detect a significant fruit shape QTL in these lines. The effect of fs3.1 on the growth of fruit dimensions varied with the genetic background. By measuring the length and width of ovaries and fruits of near-isogenic C. annuum lines that differ in fs3.1 during fruit development, we determined that fs3.1 controls shape predominantly by increasing the growth rate of the longitudinal axis in the first 2 weeks after pollination. However, in the crosses of C. annuum with C. frutescens and C. chinense, fs3.1 predominantly exerted its effect on the width dimension.Key words: fruit shape, QTL, pepper, comparative mapping.
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Privé, Jean-Pierre, D. C. Elfving, and J. T. A. Proctor. "Paclobutrazol, Gibberellin, and Cytokinin Effects on Growth, Development, and Histology of Apple Pedicels and Fruits." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 2 (March 1989): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.2.273.
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Abstract The effects of the plant growth regulators (PGR) gibberellins A4+7 (GA4+7; 25, 50, and 150 mg·liter−1), BA (25 mg·liter−1), and GA4+7 + BA (Promalin; 25 mg·liter−1) on pedicel growth and fruit development of ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Spartan’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees previously treated with foliar- or soil-applied paclobutrazol (PBZ) were examined. By full bloom, pedicels had completed the elongation growth phase regardless of treatment. Pedicel length was very sensitive to PBZ treatment since it was reduced logarithmically in response to dose. No differences in pedicel diameters were found. PBZ decreased fruit fresh weight, dry weight, and fruit length and diameter in both ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Spartan’ trees. The adverse effects of PBZ carryover on fruit-quality factors such as size and pedicel length were not overcome with GA4+7 (25 or 50 mg·liter−1), BA, or Promalin (25 mg·liter−1) applied when the king-bloom was in full bloom. Reversal of PBZ-induced pedicel length inhibition was only observed with GA4+7 (150 mg·liter−1) applied prior to the main period of pedicel elongation. BA alone had no effect on any fruit growth parameters. PBZ reduced pedicel and fruit cell length, while GA4+7 (150 mg·liter−1) applied at 2 weeks before full bloom increased pedicel cell length. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chIorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (BA); (1α,2β4aα,4bβ,10β)-2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-3-ene-l,10-dicarboxylic acid l,4a-lactone (GA4+7).
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LIU, Liqin, Bo SHU, Dengwei JUE, Yicheng WANG, Yongzan WEI, and Shengyou SHI. "Avocado Fruit Pulp Transcriptomes in the after-Ripening Process." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 47, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha47111346.
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Avocado is an important tropical fruit whose after-ripening process is still poorly understood. The fatty acid, phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins were analyzed in ‘Lisa’ avocado (Persea americana Mill. ‘Lisa’) fruit pulp during after-ripening. The transcriptome was analyzed to screen for transcripts associated with the aforementioned after-ripening parameters. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the total fatty acid content among the preclimacteric, climacteric, and postclimacteric stages. Nevertheless, the concentrations of C18:3 (α-linolenic acid) were significantly higher in the climacteric and postclimacteric stages than the preclimacteric stage. RNAseq generated 235,082 transcripts and 151,545 unigenes. In addition, 4,324 DEGs were produced among the three stages. KEGG analysis of the DEGs suggested the pathways about “α-linolenic acid metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis”, “fatty acid degradation”, “linoleic acid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis”, “linoleic acid metabolism and fatty acid elongation”, and “fatty acid elongation” may all contribute to the C18:3 variations in ‘Lisa’ avocado fruit pulp. Several transcription factors, including the ethylene-related transcription factors, such as NAC, MYB, bHLH, and WRKY, were also identified in the DEGs database. This study generated transcript data and screened the transcription factors involved in the avocado after-ripening process. This information could be used to control after-ripening in avocado and maintain fruit quality during storage.
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Gu, Q., C. Ferrandiz, M. F. Yanofsky, and R. Martienssen. "The FRUITFULL MADS-box gene mediates cell differentiation during Arabidopsis fruit development." Development 125, no. 8 (April 15, 1998): 1509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.8.1509.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit morphogenesis is a process unique to flowering plants, and yet little is known about its developmental control. Following fertilization, fruits typically undergo a dramatic enlargement that is accompanied by differentiation of numerous distinct cell types. We have identified a mutation in Arabidopsis called fruitfull (ful-1), which abolishes elongation of the silique after fertilization. The ful-1 mutation is caused by the insertion of a DsE transposable enhancer trap element into the 5′ untranslated leader of the AGL8 MADS-box gene. beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression in the enhancer trap line is observed specifically in all cell layers of the valve tissue, but not in the replum, the septum or the seeds, and faithfully mimics RNA in situ hybridization data reported previously. The lack of coordinated growth of the fruit tissues leads to crowded seeds, a failure of dehiscence and, frequently, the premature rupture of the carpel valves. The primary defect of ful-1 fruits is within the valves, whose cells fail to elongate and differentiate. Stomata, which are frequent along the epidermis of wild-type valves, are completely eliminated in the ful mutant valves. In addition to the effect on fruit development, ful cauline leaves are broader than those of wild type and show a reduction in the number of internal cell layers. These data suggest that AGL8/FUL regulates the transcription of genes required for cellular differentiation during fruit and leaf development.
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Nuangmek, Wipornpan, Jaturong Kumla, Surapong Khuna, Saisamorn Lumyong, and Nakarin Suwannarach. "Identification and Characterization of Fusarium Species Causing Watermelon Fruit Rot in Northern Thailand." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040956.
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Fruit rot caused by phytopathogenic fungi is one of the major diseases affecting watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) around the world, which can result in unmarketable fruits and significant economic losses. Fruit rot was observed on watermelons throughout the postharvest storage periods in Phayao Province, northern Thailand in 2022. For the present study, a total of ten fungal isolates were isolated from the rot lesions of watermelons. All obtained fungal isolates were then characterized in terms of their pathogenicity. The results indicated that only four fungal isolates caused rot disease with similar symptoms during the postharvest storage period. Based on their morphological characteristics, these four fungal isolates were identified as belonging to the genus Fusarium. Using multi-gene phylogenetic analyses with a combination of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1), calmodulin (cam), and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (rpb2) genes, the fungal isolates were subsequently identified as Fusarium compactum and F. paranaense. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that F. compactum and F. paranaense cause fruit rot disease in watermelons. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report F. compactum and F. paranaense as novel pathogens of watermelon fruit rot both in Thailand and elsewhere in the world.
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Abbott, John D., B. D. Bruton, and C. L. Patterson. "Fungicidal Inhibition of Pollen Germination and Germ-tube Elongation in Muskmelon." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.529.
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Four fungicides were evaluated for their effects on in vitro pollen germination of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars TAM-Uvalde and Magnum 45. Cupric hydroxide, mancozeb, and chlorothalonil reduced the percentage of pollen that germinated and rate and length of germ-tube elongation, regardless of cultivar. Benomyl had very little overall effect on pollen germination or germ-tube elongation. With the effective pollination period of ≈ 10 to 14 days in commercial production, each day is critical for maximum crown set. Based on our results. some fungicides may be contributing to reduced fruit set in muskmelon.
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Forcelini, Bruna B., Teresa E. Seijo, Achour Amiri, and Natalia A. Peres. "Resistance in Strawberry Isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum from Florida to Quinone-Outside Inhibitor Fungicides." Plant Disease 100, no. 10 (October 2016): 2050–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-16-0118-re.
Full textAbstract:
Anthracnose fruit rot of strawberry, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, is a major disease in Florida and frequent quinone-outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide applications are needed for disease control. From 1994 to 2014, 181 C. acutatum isolates were collected from multiple strawberry fields in Florida with or without QoI spray history. Sensitivity to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin was tested based upon mycelial growth and germ tube elongation inhibition. Mean effective concentration where growth was reduced by 50% (EC50) values for isolates collected prior to 2013 based upon mycelial growth were 0.22 and 0.013 μg/ml and upon germ tube elongation were 0.57 and 0.03 μg/ml for azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, respectively. Mycelial growth and germ tube elongation of 48 isolates collected in 2013 and 2014 were not inhibited with azoxystrobin at 3 μg/ml and pyraclostrobin at 0.110 μg/ml. A fungicide discriminatory dose assay indicated that 43 of the 48 isolates had EC50 values higher than 100 and 10 μg/ml for azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, respectively. Azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin sprayed preventively on strawberry fruit inoculated with C. acutatum failed to control resistant isolates. Sequencing of the cytochrome b gene of sensitive and resistant isolates showed that QoI-resistant isolates contained either G143A or F129L amino acid substitutions.
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Murad, Nur Baiti Abd, Nor Azizah Kusai, and Nur Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin. "Identification and diversity of Fusarium species isolated from tomato fruits." Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0032.
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Abstract Fruit rot of tomato is a serious disease caused by Fusarium species. Sampling was conducted throughout Selangor, Malaysia and fungal species identification was conducted based on morphological and gene encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) sequence analysis. Five species of Fusarium were discovered namely F. oxysporum (including F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici), F. solani, F. equiseti, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. Our results provide additional information regarding the diversity of Fusarium species associated with fruit rot disease of tomato.
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Ahad, Nor Azwin, Yeo Ju Ann, Nurul Atirah Norozi, and Ain Amirah Azman. "Tensile Strength on Seven Type of Fruits Skin Fiber Thermoplastic Poyurethane (TPU)." Materials Science Forum 1010 (September 2020): 608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1010.608.
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Natural fibers of trees, fruit skins and so on are considered as recyclable and are used as filler materials in polymer composites. For decades, natural fibers have become the attention of researchers as an alternative to commercial, synthetic and costly fibers. Therefore, this study has used 7 types of natural fibers from local fruit waste parts in Malaysia, as fillers in TPU. This composite was produced via melt mixing technique, with different filler loading from 5wt% to 20wt%. Different types of natural fiber and its loading, showed different mechanical properties which resulted through tensile strength and elongation at break. Also, it is found that each of these natural fibers gives maximum tensile strength to the optimum loading between 5wt% and 10wt%. The composite with pineapple fiber is the composite with the highest tensile strength value at 5wt% filler load, as well as the most elastic composite with the highest elongation at break percentages.
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Fahma, Farah, Sugiarto, Titi Candra Sunarti, Sabrina Manora Indriyani, and Nurmalisa Lisdayana. "Thermoplastic Cassava Starch-PVA Composite Films with Cellulose Nanofibers from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches as Reinforcement Agent." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2745721.
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Thermoplastic starch-polyvinyl alcohol composite films were prepared by casting method with cellulose nanofibers as reinforcement agent and glycerol as plasticizer. The obtained cellulose nanofibers with a diameter of 27.23±8.21 nm were isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) by mechanical treatment. The addition of cellulose nanofibers until 3 wt% increased tensile strength and crystallinity of the composite films. In contrast, it decreased their elongation at break and water vapor transmission rate. Meanwhile, the addition of glycerol increased elongation at break and water vapor transmission rate of film matrix but lowers tensile strength of composite films.
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Begum, Kohinoor, Mashura Shammi, Nazmul Hasan, Md Asaduzzaman, Kwame Sarpong Appiah, and Yoshiharu FUJII. "Potential Allelopathic Candidates for Land Use and Possible Sustainable Weed Management in South Asian Ecosystem." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 2649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092649.
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Weed management is one of the significant challenges of field crops since weeds pose a remarkable threat to crop productivity in South Asian countries, including Bangladesh. Allelopathy, a phenomenon whereby secondary metabolites produced and released by one plant species influence the growth and development of other species can be exploited in sustainable management. The focus of this study was to evaluate potential allelopathic plant species which can be further explored as alternatives to synthetic herbicides or incorporated as part of integrated weed management in sustainable agriculture. Two hundred fifty-two plant samples from 70 families were collected from Bangladesh and evaluated with the sandwich bioassay. Thirty-one percent of the samples showed significant allelopathic potential on lettuce radicle elongation. Among the species that showed substantial inhibition, more than 7% of the samples showed higher inhibition (HI) and 25% showed moderate inhibition (MI) on lettuce radicle. Fruit pulps of Couroupita guianensis (95.4%), fruits of Phyllanthus emblica (95.4%), and Acacia concinna (95.4%) showed the highest inhibition on lettuce radicle elongation. In contrast, the leaf of Bombax insigne had growth promoting activity by stimulating radicle (23%) and hypocotyl (80%) elongation of lettuce seedlings. This result suggested that the species with significant plant growth inhibitory potential may play a vital role as an alternative to the increasing use of synthetic herbicides for sustainable weed management in agricultural land.
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Li, Jun-cheng, Yulin Wang, Hong-fen Dai, and Qingming Sun. "Global transcriptome dissection of pollen–pistil interactions induced self-incompatibility in dragon fruit (Selenicereus spp.)." PeerJ 10 (November 1, 2022): e14165. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14165.
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Self-incompatibility (SI) is a major issue in dragon fruit (Selenicereus spp.) breeding and production. Therefore, a better understanding of the dragon fruit SI mechanism is needed to improve breeding efficiency and ultimate production costs. To reveal the underlying mechanisms of SI in dragon fruit, plant anatomy, de novo RNA sequencing-based transcriptomic analysis, and multiple bioinformatic approaches were used to analyze gene expression in the pistils of the self-pollinated and cross-pollinated dragon fruit flowers at different intervals of time after pollination. Using fluorescence microscopy, we observed that the pollen of ‘Hongshuijing’, a self-incompatible dragon fruit variety (S. monacanthus), germinated on its own stigma. However, the pollen tube elongation has ceased at 1/2 of the style, confirming that dragon fruit experiences gametophyte self-incompatibility (GSI). We found that the pollen tube elongation in vitro was inhibited by self-style glycoproteins in the SI variety, indicating that glycoproteins were involved in SI. That is to say the female S factor should be homologous of S-RNase or PrsS (P. rhoeas stigma S factor), both of which are glycoproteins and are the female S factors of the two known GSI mechanism respectively. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that among the 43,954 assembled unigenes from pistil, there were six S-RNase genes, while 158 F-box genes were identified from a pollen transcriptomic dataset. There were no P. rhoeas type S genes discovered. Thus, the identified S-RNase and F-box represent the candidate female and male S genes, respectively. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the self and cross-pollinated pistils at different time intervals led to the identification of 6,353 genes. We then used a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to find some non-S locus genes in SI responses in dragon fruit. Additionally, 13 transcription factors (TFs) (YABBY4, ANL2, ERF43, ARF2, BLH7, KNAT6, PIF3, two OBF1, two HY5 and two LHY/CCA) were identified to be involved in dragon fruit GSI. Thus, we uncovered candidate S and non-S genes and predicted more SI-related genes for a more detailed investigation of the molecular mechanism of dragon fruit SI. Our findings suggest that dragon fruit possesses a GSI system and involves some unique regulators. This study lays the groundwork for future research into SI mechanisms in dragon fruit and other plant species.
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Ahmed, Waseem, Rafia Azmat, Ebtihal Khojah, Rasheed Ahmed, Abdul Qayyum, Adnan Noor Shah, Asad Abbas, Sumeira Moin, and Bassem N. Samra. "The Development of a Green Innovative Bioactive Film for Industrial Application as a New Emerging Technology to Protect the Quality of Fruits." Molecules 27, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020486.
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Today, the most significant challenge encountered by food manufacturers is degradation in the food quality during storage, which is countered by expensive packing, which causes enormous monetary and environmental costs. Edible packaging is a potential alternative for protecting food quality and improving shelf life by delaying microbial growth and providing moisture and gas barrier properties. For the first time, the current article reports the preparation of the new films from Ditriterpenoids and Secomeliacins isolated from Melia azedarach (Dharek) Azadirachta indica plants to protect the quality of fruits. After evaluating these films, their mechanical, specific respirational, coating crystal elongation, elastic, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), film thickness, and nanoindentation test properties are applied to apple fruit for several storage periods: 0, 3, 6, 9 days. The fruits were evaluated for postharvest quality by screening several essential phytochemical, physiological responses under film coating and storage conditions. It was observed that prepared films were highly active during storage periods. Coated fruits showed improved quality due to the protection of the film, which lowered the transmission rate and enhanced the diffusion rate, followed by an increase in the shelf life. The coating crystals were higher in Film-5 and lower activity in untreated films. It was observed that the application of films through dipping was a simple technique at a laboratory scale, whereas extrusion and spraying were preferred on a commercial scale. The phytochemicals screening of treated fruits during the storage period showed that a maximum of eight important bioactive compounds were present in fruits after the treatment of films. It was resolved that new active films (1–5) were helpful in the effective maintenance of fruit quality and all essential compounds during storage periods. It was concluded that these films could be helpful for fruits growers and the processing industry to maintain fruit quality during the storage period as a new emerging technology.
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Mehl, H. L., and L. Epstein. "Identification of Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae Race 1 and Race 2 with PCR and Production of Disease-Free Pumpkin Seeds." Plant Disease 91, no. 10 (October 2007): 1288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-10-1288.
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Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae causes a fruit rot of cucurbits and is classified into two races that are actually distinct species: F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae race 1 (Fsc1) and race 2 (Fsc2). Because Fsc1 and Fsc2 are not easily distinguished morphologically, we developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for rapid identification. Taxon-specific primers were designed from translation elongation factor 1-α sequences. Because clean seed is critical for disease control, we conducted experiments to determine if we could predict whether seed would be infected based on a visual rating of the fruit at harvest. In two trials in commercial pumpkin fields, eight fruit in each of four categories were selected: asymptomatic fruit, mildly infected fruit, severely infected fruit but without lesions extending into the seed cavity, and severely infected fruit with at least one lesion extending into the seed cavity. Isolates from both lesions and seed were identified as Fsc1 based on the PCR assay. No infected seed were recovered from fruit in which the surface was lesion-free or in which a lesion extended less than midway through the fruit flesh. Consequently, a rapid, visual inspection and exclusion of symptomatic fruit should be sufficient to obtain uninfected seed, even in infested fields.
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Yang, Yuanqiao, Wenmei Luo, Wensong Zhang, Mohammed Amin Uddin Mridha, Subodini Nuwanthika Wijesinghe, Eric H. C. McKenzie, and Yong Wang. "Cladosporium Species Associated with Fruit Trees in Guizhou Province, China." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 2 (February 13, 2023): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9020250.
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During an investigation of fungal diversity on fruit trees in Guizhou Province, 23 Cladosporium strains were isolated from various locations in Guizhou Province. Culture characteristics, morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis of three genetic markers, namely, the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of the rDNA, partial fragments of actin (act), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-ɑ) loci were used to characterize these isolates. Seven new Cladosporium species and new host records for five other species were introduced, with detailed descriptions and illustrations. This study showed that there is a rich diversity of Cladosporium spp. in fruit trees in Guizhou Province.
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Trevisan, Flavio, and Beatriz Madalena Januzzi Mendes. "Optimization of in vitro organogenesis in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa)." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 4 (August 2005): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000400007.
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In vitro organogenesis of passion fruit was studied by the induction of adventitious buds from leaf discs in culture media supplemented with benzyladenine (BAP) or thidiazuron (TDZ). To minimize adverse effects of ethylene accumulation on shoot development, silver nitrate (AgNO3) was added to the induction media. Both BAP (0; 2.2; 4.4; 6.6 µmol L-1) and TDZ (0; 1.1; 2.2; 3.4 µmol L-1) were effective in promoting shoot development. Although no significant differences were detected using AgNO3 (23.5 µmol L-1), buds grown in AgNO3-supplemented media were more vigorous. The number of explants with buds obtained using TDZ and AgNO3-supplemented media (5.6) were higher than those obtained using BAP and AgNO3 (3.0). MSM + giberrellic acid (GA3), MSM + coconut water, and ½ MSM culture media were tested for shoot bud elongation, incubated in flasks covered with either non-vented or vented lids. Best results were obtained by culturing buds in MSM + coconut water media in flasks covered with vented lids. Plantlets transferred to MSM + indol butyric acid (IBA) media rooted in a 30-day period. Passion fruit organogenesis was enhanced by using TDZ and AgNO3 for bud induction. Transferring the buds to MSM + coconut water media and incubating in flasks with vented lids favored shoot elongation and plantlet development.