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Gao, Yuan. "Changes of tomato fruit composition in response to salinity /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ag211.pdf.
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Phelan, Patrick G. "INFLUENCE OF CROP LOAD ON FRUIT COMPOSITION USING PINOT NOIR GRAPES." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/206.
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ABSTRACT
Influence of Crop Load on Fruit Composition Using Pinot Noir Grapes
Patrick G. Phelan
November 2009
The two seasons for this trial were conducted in 2002 and 2003 at Bien Nacido Vineyard in Santa Maria, California. The trial consisted of pinot noir wine grapes clone 2a, grown on 101-14 rootstock. There were eight treatments with a control consisting of 25 vines per treatment, and 50 vines for the control.
The primary objective of this research experiment was to conduct different vine balance procedures and compare them to the amount of wine phenolics. The vines were altered with two procedures. First was crop yield; fruit thinning altered the treatments by providing four different crop loads and a control. The treatment levels were signified as one ton, two ton, three ton, four ton, and control. The second procedure was timing of fruit thinning. Four different crop loads were split in half giving rise to eight treatments and a control. With four of the treatments the fruit was dropped post-bloom, and the other four treatments were dropped at seventy five percent veraison. Equal amounts of early and late thinning were combined and made into wine which gave four different crop load wines and a control wine. This process was done in 2002 and repeated in 2003. Additionally, other vine growth parameters were analyzed to determine the role that crop load and timing of thinning had in their development.
Seven variables were analyzed from prunings, clusters, juice, and wine samples. They consisted of berry size, cluster weight, titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, phenolic profile
(consisting of eleven components), and shoot weight. The results indicated that the following were statistically significant: (1) titratable acidity was significantly different between the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons, (2) total soluble solids showed a significant difference between the early fruit thinning versus the late thinning, (3) berry size in 2002 showed a statistically significant effect of drop date on the mean caliper size, (4) in 2002 the berry size also showed a statistically significant interaction between drop level and drop date, (5) berry size in 2003 showed a statistically significant effect of drop level on the mean caliper size, (6) in 2003 there is also a statistically significant effect of drop date on the mean caliper size, (7) again in 2003 there is a statistically significant interaction between drop level and drop date, (8) cluster weights in 2002 showed a statistically significant relationship between drop level and average cluster weight, (9) in 2002 cluster weights also showed an effect of the time of fruit drop on the average cluster weight, (10) cluster weights in 2003 showed a statistically significant relationship between drop level and the average cluster weight, (11) pruning weights in 2002 showed a statistically significant relationship between drop level and average shoot weight, (12) pruning weights in 2003 showed a statistically significant relationship between drop level and average shoot weight and finally, (13) of the eleven phenolic components measured, five differed significantly by year but not across the five treatments.
Information derived from this experiment suggests that the site is a high vigour location according to Robinson and Smart’s yield to pruning weight ratio. With this in mind we find that TA and pH were not a significant factor, but soluble solids (brix) ascertained a higher degree of brix with the late drop treatment. We conclude this to be an effect of both the high vigour site and more uniform fruit drop. In 2002 and 2003, we find a significant interaction between drop date and berry size with a late drop producing the smallest berries on average. Cluster weights varied between 2002 and 2003 and the results were inconclusive. Shoot weights along with harvest totals concluded a high vigour site. The one ton level in 2002 had a significantly higher average shoot weight than the three ton level (p<.001), four ton level (p=.006), and no fruit drop control (p<.001). There is also a significant relationship between drop time and average shoot weight in 2002 (p<.001), and 2003 (p=.049) with the late fruit drop being followed by a lower shoot weight. This significant relationship expressed that an early drop increased the shoot weight which contributed only more vigour to an already high vigour site. The ratio of yield to pruning weight for 2002 gave us a range of .39 to 1.78, and in 2003 the range was .32 to 1.36 concluding a high vigour site. The phenolic profile expressed a statistical difference by year, but was most likely caused by a varying fermentation temperature or different climatic conditions in 2002 and 2003.
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Donetti, Manuela. "Postharvest biochemical and physiological characterisation of imported avocado fruit." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7672.
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Difficulties in controlling and forecasting avocado fruit ripening and the highly perishable nature of the crop once harvested, are the major causes of concern for avocado traders. In particular, the simultaneous presence of many suppliers may account for increased fruit variability during ripening. Avocado is a climacteric fruit with consistent ethylene production after harvest which is also related to high perishability. However, the mechanisms regulating ethylene biosynthesis and mesocarp softening are not completely understood. In order to study such effects, avocado fruit from different growing areas and harvested at various maturity stages, were investigated and the biochemical and physiological changes during ripening at both 18 and 23°C were studied. Mesocarp softening and fatty acid content discriminated fruit maturity and growing area, respectively, whereas C7 sugars (D-mannoheptulose and perseitol) discriminated length of fruit shelf life. For the first time, oleic acid content presents in the oil mesocarp was found to depend on fruit sources making of this a suitable indicator of avocado fruit growing area. In contrast, sugar content declined along fruit maturity and ripening. In particular the mannoheptulose presents in avocado mesocarp might be use to estimate avocado fruit shelf life. Indeed, fruit harvested late in season were found to have a lower C7 content than earlier harvest fruit and a faster softening, regardless fruit source. However, sugars content changed between growing area, thus a general C7 threshold defining fruit storability seems to be not definable. Furthermore, other possible indicators of fruit maturity and/or ripening stage have been searched in the cell wall constituents of avocado mesocarp. Thus, the structural carbohydrates profile of avocado mesocarp investigated with a new immunological method changed during ripening and harvest time (early and late season), suggesting a possible effect of cell wall composition on fruit ripening regulation. Also, the possible use of ethylene application in reducing the high heterogeneity noted on imported fruit from South Africa was also evaluated through different consignments. Results showed ethylene efficacy changed depending on harvest time and fruit dimension with less efficacy of the treatment on fruit harvested at the end of the season and characterised by smaller size.One of the most commercialized avocado cultivars, Hass, is peculiar in that its skin colour changes from green to deep purple as ripening progresses. The most common ripening indicator of avocado fruit is the mesocarp firmness and the destructive nature of this evaluation increases losses in the avocado industry. The availability of a non-destructive indicator of fruit ripening represents an important advantage for avocado consumers and importers. Thus, the possible relationship between mesocarp softening, skin colour were objectively evaluated (C*, L*, and H°), and the main pigment, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, was investigated. Cyanidin 3-Oglucoside was confirmed to be the main anthocyanin present in avocado cv. Hass peel, regardless of preharvest factors. However, differences in its content were noted between shelf life temperatures. A higher relationship between hue angle and firmness was detected in late harvest fruit, whereas no correlation was found between anthocyanin content and firmness. Avocado skin is also involved in defence mechanisms due to the presence of antifungal and phenolic compounds. These phenolic compounds represent a natural protection against pathogenic infections and seem to be down regulated during ripening. The main phenolics were identified and quantified, using a new analytical method which was validated and optimised. Epicatechin, chlorogenic acid and procyanidin B2 were found to be present in the skin tissue and quantified using this assay and found to vary during shelf life and seasons. Although phenolics were present in minor amounts, in avocado pulp they are involved in mesocarp discoloration incidence, and therefore with fruit postharvest quality. Due to a lack of information, a new straightforward method for the identification and quantification of the main phenolics present in avocado mesocarp was developed. Finally, a commercial trial was undertaken to ensure that the results obtained in the laboratory can be reproduced in the market place. In conclusion, postharvest markers can define avocado fruit maturity and growing area and give guidelines in the control of avocado shelf life. Moreover, new methods for the investigation of the phenolic profiles (peel and mesocarp) and the characterisation of cell wall structures can be further tools in the management of avocado fruit postharvest quality.
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Abdoh, Yousef. "Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of date palm Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51308/.
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Dates are the fruit of the palm, which the Greeks call “Phoenix”, a word taken from the Phoenician language. Saudi Arabia is currently one of the largest dates producing countries in the world. There are several varieties of dates grown in Saudi Arabia. Date fruits contain compounds that are potentially bioactive, with many health benefits; for example, vitamin E, carotene (precursor for vitamin A) and phenolic compounds. Dates represent an excellent source of antioxidants due to their high concentrations of phenolic compounds as well as the presence of selenoproteins. Moreover, dates are also potentially a very good source of several minerals in fact; there are at least 15 minerals found in dates. The work presented in this thesis will determine the nutritional composition of nineteen varieties of dates sourced from four, environmentally diverse, regions in Saudi Arabia. These varieties were selected because of their popularity, economical price, as well as availability during the year. The results indicated that the range of moisture contents (10% - 30%) found within the four regions were quite similar. For levels of fat, protein and ash all varied significantly between varieties but were all very low. Carbohydrate content was variable between samples (70 - 80%). The results indicated that glucose and fructose concentrations in theses Saudi dates were generally similar and the present of sucrose being normally associated with a corresponding reduction in the level of glucose and fructose. Potassium was the major mineral found in all the varieties with concentrations as high as 1173.29 mg/100g. The mean values for phosphorus in the dates from the different regions were close to each other. The amount of selenium was generally very low in all varieties and some did not contain any selenium at all. It would appear that it is variety and not region of production that has the major impact on nutritional composition. Moreover, this research will also determine the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of a sub-set of these varieties at four different stages of ripening. Results showed that the levels of phenolics, anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity all decreased throughout development in all the seven selected varieties. There were strong correlations between this antioxidant capacity and the total phenolic and anthocyanin levels suggesting that these are major contributors to this nutritional property of dates. A preliminary screen tentatively identified some phenolic compounds and indicates that there may be some compositional variation between date varieties.
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Sutherland, M. J. "The influence of vine vigour and canopy ideotype on fruit composition and aroma of Sauvignon Blanc." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1270.
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The influence of soil texture on canopy growth, vine yield, and fruit composition of Sauvignon blanc were assessed on a mature vineyard from the Rapaura area in Marlborough. The subject vines were mature Sauvignon blanc in a commercial vineyard trained to four cane VSP and planted with a north south orientation. Row and vine spacings were typical of the area at 3m x 1.8m. Four areas of different soil texture were identified using trunk circumference measurements, visual assessment of the surface soil and aerial photographs to identify changes in vine growth. Soil pits were excavated at a later date to determine root numbers and record the soil texture in the different areas. Two crop treatments were imposed on half of the plots at approximately 50% veraison: unthinned crop and 50% crop. A shading treatment was also imposed at 50% veraison where three sets of tagged shoots had bunches that were exposed to sunlight, bunches that had some natural shading from leaves or bunches that had paper bags fastened over each to provide a completely shaded environment. Vine vegetative vigour for each plot was assessed during the growing season using the Point Quadrat method and at pruning using bud counts and pruning weights. Thirty berry samples were collected from the 32 plots and analysed weekly for soluble solids and berry weight. Harvest of bunches from the tagged shoots occurred on two different dates with the first harvest picked when fruit from one soil and crop treatment had reached 21 °Brix. The second picking took place just before the commercial harvest, which coincided with last soil and crop treatment reaching 21 °Brix. Bunches from each tagged shoot were weighed, frozen and later analysed for soluble solids, pH, organic acids, and methoxypyrazines. Vines on very stony textured soils had small trunk circumferences with a high root density and yield to pruning weight ratio compared to those growing on deep silt soils. Vines on deep silt soils had more vigorous canopies with large shoots and a higher leaf layer number. The target soluble solids was reached first by the vines on the very stony plots despite the higher crop load with soil texture appearing to be a dominant factor by influencing the time of flowering. Cluster shading decreased soluble solids, consistent with other studies, whilst crop thinning resulted in an earlier harvest. This was contrary to popular opinion that crop thinning at veraison would have no impact on sugar accumulation. pH and organic acids were unaffected by shading or bunch thinning. Vines growing on deep silt soils had a significantly higher level of total acidity and malic acid than those on the stony soils. At harvest, methoxypyrazine levels were very low compared to previously reported figures for Marlborough, which may have been a result of sample preparation. IBMP was significantly higher on deep silt soils, however, with no impact from the shading or crop treatment. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that IBMP synthesis may be increased by the number of leaves surrounding bunches (Roujou de Boubee, 2003). The results suggest that soil texture plays a dominant role in influencing Sauvignon blanc flavour and aroma and due consideration should be given to vineyard layout and site selection prior to new plantings taking place.
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McCarthy, Michael G. "Effect of timing of water deficit on fruit development and composition of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm1233.pdf.
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Messner, Christine. "Genetic and environmental drivers of fruit composition in relation to sensory quality in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23624.
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The consumption of blueberries in the UK is increasing, but currently most of the available blueberries are imported. There is therefore great potential for UK growers to supply high quality blueberries to meet the consumer preferences. At present little is known regarding specific UK consumer sensory preferences, the relationship between fruit metabolite and sensory profiles or the impact of UK climatic conditions on fruit metabolite profile in relation to sensory and health beneficial characteristics. The aim of this study was to understand the sensory expectations of UK consumers and the relationship between fruit phytochemistry and sensory profiles in order to provide underlying tools to assist in breeding of an elite UK adapted germplasm. Sensory tests were conducted on a range of currently grown cultivars. Free-choice profiling identified the range of descriptors used by consumers and subsequent descriptive profiling using the consensus vocabulary resulted in the generation of a multivariate product space describing relationships between the cultivars. The most important attributes were size, sourness and sweetness. The assessors had difficulties in differentiating between aroma, because of the limited flavour volatiles profile. Sugars, organic acids, polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavour volatiles, lipids and brix were quantified to establish links between phytochemicals and sensory character. Sugar and organic acids were the major determinants of sensory scoring for flavour characters. Limited genetic influences were observed in phytochemical content of individual cultivars grown in the same location, based on the similar pedigrees of the cultivars. Environmental influences were manifested as differences in the same cultivar across seasons or growing locations. This study highlights the need for the development of a more diverse product offering. In the short term, further research on the environmental impact on blueberry chemistry should be conducted leading to the development of growing practices that enhance metabolites associate with favourable sensory properties. In the longer term breeding of flavour intensive cultivars is required and the work presented here linking fruit chemistry to sensory properties provides a valuable resource for the indirect breeding of varieties with an appropriate sensory profile.
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Vasco, Catalina. "Phenolic compounds in Ecuadorian fruits /." Uppsala : Dept. of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200954.pdf.
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Nacitas, Joselle. "Composition du fruit à pain récolté sur un territoire contrasté : Structure, propriétés et aptitudes technologiques de son amidon." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0517/document.
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Les résultats de cette étude de la composition du fruit à pain récolté sur un territoire contrasté du point de vue agropédoclimatique, et de son amidon, montrent que la teneur en amidon du fruit à pain apparaît comme étant influencée par la saison, mais pas par la zone de récolte. La teneur en amidon beaucoup plus élevée pour les fruits à pain développés durant la saison la plus sèche est un résultat très original. La connaissance du cycle de développement des fruits à pain à la Martinique a été décrite pour une première fois, permettant de déterminer une période de récolte optimisée par rapport à la floraison : la 16ème semaine pour une croissance maximale, ou la 17ème semaine pour une plus haute teneur en amidon. L’étude de Worrell et al., (1998), la seule publiée actuellement, menée à la Barbade, a montré un cycle plus long de 2 semaines environ.Du point de vue de la diversité génétique, les fruits à pain récoltés en Martinique constituent un seul groupe, à l’opposé de ceux récoltés en Guadeloupe qui constituent 2 sous-groupes proches.En ce qui concerne l’amidon, nos résultats montrent que les dimensions des grains d’amidon de fruits matures sont comprises entre 9 et 12 µm. Leur taille augmente avec la croissance du fruit puisque dans un fruit immature leur diamètre moyen était de 7,5 µm. Il s’agit d’amidons de type B à très haute cristallinité, dont les températures d'empesage sont autour de 75 °C. Parmi les facteurs agropédoclimatiques, l’humidité a eu un rôle actif sur la qualité de l’amidon puisque à la fois la quantité d’amylose et la masse molaire de l’amylopectine diminuent. L’amidon a une solubilité et un gonflement faible du même ordre de grandeur que les amidons classiques et une forte viscosité à la gélatinisation et à la rétrogradation, lui conférant une aptitude à l’utilisation comme gélifiant.Des essais d’applications alimentaires ont été effectués en panification et en extrusion. Des transformations en produits de type crackers ont donné des résultats moyennement satisfaisant avec 100 % de farine de fruit à pain. En panification l’incorporation de farine de fruit à pain a des actions délétères sur la valeur boulangère. L’acceptabilité d’un goût « nature, vert » conféré par la farine de fruit à pain devra notamment être évaluée lors de travaux ultérieurs.Le développement de produits à base de fruit à pain permettraThe results of this study the composition of breadfruit harvested in an area of agro climatic soil contrasting views, and its starch, show that the starch content of breadfruit appears to be influenced by season, but not by collection area. The starch content is much higher for breadfruit developed during the driest season is a very original result. Knowledge of the development cycle of breadfruit in Martinique has been described for the first time, to determine an optimal harvest period compared to flower: the 16th week for maximum growth, or the 17th week for a higher starch content. The study by Worrell et al., (1998), the only currently published, conducted in Barbados, showed a longer cycle of about 2 weeks.From the perspective of genetic diversity, breadfruit harvested in Martinique as a single group, in contrast to those collected in Guadeloupe that are close to two subgroups.With regard to starch, our results show that the size of starch granules of mature fruits are between 9 and 12 microns. Their size increases with the growth of the fruit as an immature fruit in their mean diameter was 7.5 microns. This is B-type starches with very high crystallinity, with temperatures of gelatinization are around 75 °C. Agro climatic soil factors, humidity took an active role on the quality of starch, since both the amount of amylose and amylopectin molecular weight of the decline. The starch has a solubility and low swelling of the same order of magnitude as the conventional starches and high viscosity to gelatinization and retrogradation, giving it a suitability for use as a gelling agent.Testing of food applications were made in bakery and extrusion. Changes in products like crackers gave moderately satisfactory results with 100 % breadfruit flour. Incorporation into bread flour breadfruit has deleterious actions on the baking. The acceptability of a taste "nature green" conferred by the breadfruit flour will be particularly assessed in future work.Product development based breadfruit allow several things, which meet the growing demand for food diversification
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Becker, Magda Marcia. "Characterization of native fruits of the amazon region and development of an amperometric biosensor for determination of antioxidant capacity." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0024/document.
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La consommation de fruits est encouragée pour leur apport de composés bioactifs naturels. Ce travail a pour objectif de caractériser dix fruits indignes de la région amazonienne. La caractérisation a été effectuée initialement par des analyses bromatologiques, suivies de la détermination des minéraux Ca, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Na et Zn par spectrométrie d'émission optique ˆ plasma couplé par induction (ICP OES). Ensuite, la capacité antioxydante des fruits a été évalué à l'aide de différentes méthodes colorimétriques (DPPH, ABTS et NBT), ainsi que l'activité antiproliférative contre la lignée cellulaire du cancer du colon humain (caco-2). La composition phénolique a été déterminée par chromatographie en phase liquide à ultra haute performance (UHPLC) couplée à la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution. Considérant les inconvénients des méthodes conventionnelles de détermination de la capacité antioxydante, un biocapteur enzymatique ampérométrique a été mis au point en utilisant comme transducteur un systéme de trois électrodes sérigraphiées sur PVC, contenant du bleu de Prusse (PB) comme médiateur électrochimique. Une capacité antioxydante lipophile élevée a été observée dans les pulpes de biriba et de bacuri, alors les fruits abiu, inaja et monguba présentaient une capacité antioxydante hydrophile importante. L'activité antiproliférative des fruits de biriba, inaja, monguba et pajura a entrainé une inhibition significative de la croissance cellulaire de caco-2. L'analyse chromatographique des extraits de biriba, inaja et monguba, a permis de quantifier respectivement 11, 25 et 21 composés phénoliques dotés d'activités biologiques importantesFruit consumption is encouraged for their contribution of natural bioactive compounds. This work aims to characterize ten indigenous fruits of the Amazonian region. Characterization was performed initially by bromatological analyzes, followed by the determination of Ca, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn minerals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES). Then, the antioxidant capacity of the fruits was evaluated using different colorimetric methods (DPPH, ABTS and NBT), as well as the ant proliferative activity against the human colon cancer cell line (caco-2). The phenolic composition was determined by ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Considering the disadvantages of conventional methods of determining antioxidant capacity, an amperometric enzyme biosensor has been developed using as a transducer a system of three screen-printed electrodes on PVC, containing Prussian blue (PB) as electrochemical mediator. A high lipophilic antioxidant capacity was observed in biriba and bacuri pulps, so abiu, inaja and monguba fruit had significant hydrophilic antioxidant capacity. The antiproliferative activity of the fruits of biriba, inaja, monguba and pajura resulted in significant inhibition of caco-2 cell growth. Chromatographic analysis of birib‡, inaj‡ and monguba extracts quantified respectively 11, 25 and 21 phenolic compounds with important biological activities
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Pfister, Lucas Federico. "Effect of canopy management practices - hedging vs curling shoot tips - on growth, yield and fruit composition of Merlot grapevines." Master's thesis, ISA, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8583.
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Mestrado Vinifera EuroMaster - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaA study to compare the effects of hedging and curling the shoot tips (rolling) on the last wire of the trellising system was carried out in Saint Emilion (France) on Merlot grapevines in 2011. Vines were hedged or curled when shoots were 30 – 40 cm longer than the highest wire. The effects of the two canopy management strategies on vine performance, mainly vegetative growth, disease occurrence, phenology, water status, yield components and berry composition were compared. Curled, not hedged vines presented longer main shoots, more lateral shoots and higher potassium values on the petioles. Hedged plants had a higher percentage of shaded clusters and a higher leaf layer number at the cluster zone and ¾ of the canopy. Regarding leaf area, curled plants presented a bigger main leaf area but for lateral leaf area no differences were found. Although berries on hedged plants were prone to have a higher mass, no differences for berry composition were found. Hedging seems to be an appropriated technique for the Sain Emilion region as it is less time consuming, less expensive, possible to be mechanized and it has no detriment regarding quality of berries
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Petit, Johann. "Identification et validation fonctionnelle de gènes candidats contrôlant la composition de la cuticule chez le fruit de tomate." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00966997.
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La cuticule, une matrice lipidique extracellulaire constituée de cires et d'un squelette de cutine, est la barrière de défense la plus externe des plantes face à leur environnement. Elle intervient dans de nombreuses propriétés agronomiques comme la conservation post récolte, les propriétés mécaniques ou bien l'aspect du fruit, dont la brillance. Afin d'isoler des mutants de cuticule, le criblage d'une collection de mutants EMS de tomate a été entrepris, en se basant sur la brillance des fruits, conduisant à la sélection de 24 mutants. Chez ceux-ci, des analyses biochimiques ont montré de fortes variations de charge et de composition de la cuticule, notamment chez les mutants de cutine. La caractérisation de 4 mutants remarquables a été entreprise afin d'identifier les mutations responsables des phénotypes de brillance. Le mutant le plus affecté, présentant une charge en cutine réduite de 85% par rapport au type sauvage, a révélé une mutation du gène SlGDSL2 codant pour une acylhydrolase à motif GDSL, responsable de la polymérisation de la cutine. Afin d'étudier la formation et la régulation de la cutine, la suite du travail a consisté à obtenir et à caractériser des simples et des doubles mutants affectés dans la synthèse des monomères de cutine, le transport apoplastique et la polymérisation de la cutine.
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Hatch, Tremain Archer. "Groundcover, rootstock and root restriction effects on vegetative growth, crop yield components, and fruit composition of Cabernet Sauvignon." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78134.
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Wine vineyards in humid environments like the mid-Atlantic United States are characterized by vines that develop too much vegetative growth for optimum quality wine production. Cover crops, rootstocks and rootzone restriction were evaluated for their effect on vegetative and reproductive growth on Cabernet Sauvignon. Treatments were arranged in a strip-split-split plot arrangement with under-trellis cover crops (UTCC) compared to row-middle only cover crop combined with 1-m weed-free strips in the vine row as main plots. Rootstocks riparia Gloire, 420-A, and 101-14 were sub-plots, while sub-sub-plots comprised two treatments: vines were either planted in root-restrictive (RR), fabric bags (0.016 m3) at vineyard establishment (2006), or were planted without root restriction. All three factors were effective in suppressing vegetative development as measured by rate and extent of shoot growth, lateral shoot development, trunk circumference, and dormant pruning weights. Canopies of vines with UTCC and RR had reduced leaf layer values by approximately 21% and 23% compared to conventional controls. The principal effect of the UTCC and the RR treatments was a sustained reduction in stem (xylem) water potential. UTCC and RR caused significant 7 and 10% reductions in berry weight, compared to their conventional controls. Berry weights of vines grafted to riparia were greater than those of vines grafted to other rootstocks. Wine made from UTCC and RR treatments increased red wine color compared to herbicide UTGC and NRR, respectively. This study identified treatments that improve vine balance while simultaneously improving grape composition and potential wine quality.Master of Science
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Morsi, Taher Hussein. "Effects of vine architecture on water use, microclimate, fruit composition, and yield of Vitis vinifera L. 'Petite Sirah' grapevines." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185700.
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Effects of trellising on water use, absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400 to 700 nm wavelength) by foliage and potentially by fruit, fruit composition, and yield were studied in 1988 under semi-arid conditions on field-grown Vitis vinifera L. 'Petite Sirah' grapevines in a mature vineyard. The positioning of shoots on trellises resulted in canopies that were (1) positioned vertically (vertical canopy), (2) positioned in a "V" pattern with sides inclined 60° from horizontal (inclined canopy), and (3) inclined toward the vineyard floor (standard canopy). Seasonal water use values determined from neutron scattering data were 393 ± 61, 554 ± 73, and 455 ± 57 mm for the standard, vertical and inclined canopies, respectively. On average, about 50% of seasonal water consumption occurred between fruit set and filling stages for each type of canopy. Average crop factors (ratio of actual to reference crop evapotranspiration) of 0.383, 0.540 and 0.444 were for the period bud burst to harvest for standard, vertical and inclined canopy systems, respectively. The diurnal water use patterns of the three trellising canopies were very similar when measured by either the heat pulse technique or by porometer. The average daily heat pulse velocity (HPV) for selected vertical, inclined and standard canopies for 6 days were 8.77, 7.58 and 6.85 cm h⁻¹, respectively. The HPV technique indicated that the average daily water use of the whole plant was 0.227, 0.192 and 0.137 kg/m² leaf area/d for standard, vertical and inclined canopies, respectively. The daily average transpiration rates as measured by the HPV technique were 32, 31, and 25% higher than the average transpiration rates estimated from porometer data for standard, vertical and inclined canopies, respectively. Stomatal conductances of the vertical and inclined canopies were 20 and 40%, respectively, below that of standard canopy. PAR absorption by foliage during mid-day was highest in the standard trellis, and lowest in the inclined trellis. PAR potentially available for absorption by fruits was lowest in the standard trellis, and highest in the inclined trellis. In both inclined and vertical canopies, the average sunfleck values were 26%, but was only 2% in the standard canopy. Analysis of fruit composition at harvest revealed that total dissolved solids (°Brix) was significantly higher in the inclined trellis than for the vertical trellis or the standard trellis. The inclined trellis resulted in the highest alcohol content of wine. Per vine yields did not differ significantly among the three trellis systems. Overall, the standard trellis was optimum because grapevines consumed less water and produced a shading which protected the fruit from direct solar radiation.
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Thomson, C. C. "Rootstock and canopy density effects on grape berry composition : organic acid composition, potassium content and pH." Lincoln University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/772.
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The influence of rootstock and canopy density on grape berry composition was investigated over the summer of 2003-2004 on a commercial vineyard at Waipara, North Canterbury. This experiment was designed to investigate the influence of rootstock and canopy density on the acid composition, potassium (K) content and final pH of harvested fruit (Pinot Noir AM 10/5 Lincoln Selection). The trial block consisted of eight rootstocks laid out to an 8 x 8 latin square, each plot consisting of five vines of the same rootstock. Two canopy treatments were overlaid the block (down whole rows, assigned randomly, four rows to each treatment); one treatment allowed to grow naturally, in the other treatment the canopy was thinned removing double burst shoots and laterals. The bunch numbers were adjusted in the Unthinned canopy treatment (UCT) to match the Thinned canopy treatment (TCT). Information was gathered to assess: the canopy size and density (Pinot Quadrat Leaf Layer and Percent Gaps and canopy porosity), the plant yield (and berry size, berries per cluster, cluster weight, clusters per plant), plant K levels at flowering and veraison (from petioles and leaf blades) and berry composition at harvest (soluble solids (as brix), K, titratable acidity (TA), tartaric acid concentration, malic acid concentration and pH). The trial area was non-irrigated on clay loam soils and viticultural management was to best commercial practice. It was found that although rootstock influenced the levels of K in the plant and in the juice at harvest, the level of K in the juice did not influence pH in this experiment (range of rootstock juice K: 808 ppm to 928 ppm, l.s.d. = 75 ppm). The level of tartaric acid concentration in the juice was found to be the dominant influence on the level of pH in this experiment (rootstock pH range: 3.21 to 3.39, l.s.d. = 0.05). The juice concentration of tartaric acid was influenced by both rootstock (rootstock range 4.0 to 4.7 g/L, l.s.d = 0.4) and canopy density (UCT = 4.1, TCT = 4.7, l.s.d. = 0.4), decreased shading positively increasing the level of tartaric acid. The malic acid concentration in the juice was positively influenced by increasing canopy density (UCT = 4.7 g/L, TCT = 4.1 g/L, l.s.d = 0.4) and this played a minor role in the determination of pH in this experiment; an influence of rootstock on the level of malic acid concentration was found. The malic acid concentration strongly influenced the determination of TA (UCT = 11.0 g/L, TCT = 10.2 g/L, l.s.d = 0.5); tartaric acid concentration had a minor influence on the recorded TA. Attempts to characterise the influence of rootstock on malic acid, tartaric acid and pH were inconclusive. Rootstock was found to influence the canopy variables measured in this experiment and the recorded average plant yield. Crosses of Vitis rupestris were found to exhibit the most canopy vigour and those derived from Vitis berlandieri and Vitis riparia the least. The Canopy treatment did not show an influence over yield but the rootstock was found to influence plant yield, through the numbers of berries set in a cluster and the final harvest cluster weight. The influence of rootstock on pH may be described by the influence it exerts on canopy growth and yield but this was thought unlikely. Further research is required to describe the nature of the rootstock influence on K, malic acid, tartaric acid and pH.
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Huang, Hua [Verfasser], and Markus [Gutachter] Riederer. "Comparative investigation of the chemical composition and the water permeability of fruit and leaf cuticles / Hua Huang ; Gutachter: Markus Riederer." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1166054810/34.
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Wang, Lina. "Combining leaf-to-fruit ratio manipulations with exogenous abscisic acid applications to adjust sugar and anthocyanin concentrations in grape berry." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0264.
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Le changement climatique en cours entraîne une augmentation de la fréquence et de l'intensité des événements météorologiques extrêmes, affectant la composition des raisins. Les températures élevées pendant la maturation augmentent la teneur en sucre du moût et réduisent les teneurs en acides organiques et en anthocyanes, modifiant qualité et typicité du vin. Les pratiques telles que les manipulations du rapport feuilles/fruits combinées à des applications d'hormones végétales peuvent potentiellement être utilisées pour adapter et maintenir la durabilité de la production viticole. Dans ce but, il est nécessaire de mieux comprendre les liens physiologiques entre accumulation de sucres et synthèse d'anthocyanes au cours de la maturation des baies.Des boutures fructifères de vigne (cv. Cabernet sauvignon) ont été cultivées en serre et différents rapports feuilles/fruits (2 à 12 feuilles par grappe) ont été appliqués et combinés à la pulvérisation d'acide abscissique (ABA) sur les baies au stade de pré-véraison. Pour étudier les mécanismes sous-jacents à l'effet de la manipulation du rapport feuille-fruit et de l'application d'ABA sur la composition des baies, l’expression de gènes liés au métabolisme des sucres, des anthocyanes et de l'ABA a été étudiée sur ce matériel. Afin de réaliser une analyse fine de l'interaction potentielle sucres/signalisation par l’ABA sur la biosynthèse des anthocyanes, des expériences de culture de baies in vitro ont également été menées. Les baies ont été cultivées 2-3 semaines sur un milieu solide supplémenté avec différents niveaux de sucre (0%, 2%, 8%), combinés avec de l'ABA (200 µM), un inhibiteur de biosynthèse d’ABA, ou des inhibiteurs d'hexokinase.Les résultats confirment que la réduction du rapport feuille/fruit a un effet significatif sur la composition des baies: réduction de la teneur en sucres et en anthocyanes, augmentation des concentrations en acides organiques totaux, modification de la composition en acides aminés libres. L'application d'ABA augmente les teneurs en sucres et en anthocyanes, et restaure donc partiellement le couplage entre accumulation de sucre et d'anthocyanes, sous de faibles ratios feuille-fruit, sans affecter les ratios acides aminés/sucres/acides organiques. Plusieurs gènes de la voie de biosynthèse des anthocyanes (CHS2, CHS3, CHI, F3H, DFR, LODX, UFGT, MybA1, MybA2) sont réprimés en situation de faible rapport feuille/fruit ; alors qu’une partie d’entre eux sont au contraire induits (CHI, F3H, F3'5'H, LODX, UFGT, MybA1, MybA2) après un traitement ABA. L'ABA a en revanche peu d'effet sur les gènes liés à l'accumulation des sucres ; de même que le rapport feuille/fruit sur les gènes de biosynthèse de l'ABA. Les expériences de culture in vitro de baies ont montré que l'ABA et les concentrations élevées de glucose induisent de manière synergique la biosynthèse des anthocyanes pendant la maturation. L'ABA et le glucose ont diminué la concentration en phénylalanine dans les baies en cours de maturation, très probablement en raison de leur rôle dans l’accroissement de la synthèse des anthocyanes, et une analyse ANOVA croisée à deux facteurs indique une interaction significative entre les niveaux de sucre et d'ABA et l'accumulation d'anthocyanes.En conclusion, nos travaux ont montré que l'ABA et la signalisation par les sucres interagissent pour réguler l'expression des gènes de biosynthèse des anthocyanes et augmenter l'accumulation d'anthocyanes pendant la maturation des baies. L'application d'ABA a conduit à l’augmentation du rapport anthocyanes/sucres à la récolte, en conditions de faible rapport feuilles/fruits. La combinaison de la manipulation du rapport feuille/fruit avec des applications d'ABA permet donc de réduire la concentration en sucres à la récolte, tout en maintenant les concentrations en anthocyanes, offrant ainsi un moyen potentiel d'atténuer partiellement les effets négatifs des températures élevées liées aux modifications climatiques en coursOngoing climate change causes extreme weather events to increase both in frequency and intensity, significantly affecting vine physiology and grape berry composition at harvest. Elevated temperatures during the growing season increase must sugar content, while reducing organic acids and anthocyanins levels, modifying wine quality and typicality. Viticultural practices such as leaf-to-fruit ratio manipulations combined with applications of plant hormones can potentially be used to adapt to climate change and maintain the sustainability of wine production. To optimize adaptation strategies, we need to gain better insights into the links between sugars and anthocyanins accumulation during berry development and ripening.Fruiting-cuttings made up of one vertical shoot with one grape cluster of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon were grown between 2013 and 2018 in a naturally lighted and semi-controlled greenhouse. Various leaf-to-fruit ratios (2 to12 leaves per cluster) were applied, and combined with spraying abscisic acid (ABA, 400 mg.L-1) on berries at the pre-veraison stage. To explore the biological mechanisms underlying the effect of leaf-to-fruit ratio manipulation and application of exogenous ABA on berry composition, transcript abundance of genes related to sugar, anthocyanins and ABA metabolism were studied in this material. To further analyze the potential interplay between sugar and ABA signaling on anthocyanins biosynthesis, in vitro berry culture experiments were also conducted. Berries were cultured 2-3 weeks on solid medium supplemented with different sugar levels (0%, 2%, 8%) combined with ABA (200 µM), ABA biosynthesis inhibitor (NDGA), or hexokinase inhibitors (NAG, GDH).The results confirmed that reducing the leaf-to-fruit ratio had a significant effect on berry composition: reduction of sugar and anthocyanin content, slight increase in total organic acids and modification of the free amino acids composition. Exogenous ABA application increased sugars and anthocyanins concentrations, and partially restored the coupling between sugar and anthocyanins accumulation under low leaf-to-fruit ratios, without affecting the amino acids/sugar/organic acids ratios. Transcript abundance analysis revealed that several anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (CHS2, CHS3, CHI, F3H, DFR, LODX, UFGT, MybA1 and MybA2) were decreased under low leaf-to-fruit ratio, whereas some genes (CHI, F3H, F3’5’H, LODX, UFGT, MybA1 and MybA2) were up-regulated after exogenous ABA treatment. Exogenous ABA had little effect on the transcript abundance of sugar accumulation related genes, and leaf-to-fruit ratio also had little effect on ABA biosynthetic genes. Berry in vitro culture experiments showed that ABA and elevated concentrations of glucose synergistically induced anthocyanins biosynthesis during ripening. Both ABA and glucose decreased Phenylalanine concentration in ripening berries, most probably due to their role in promoting anthocyanins synthesis, and two-way crossed ANOVA analysis indicate a significant interaction between sugar and ABA levels and anthocyanin accumulation in berries.In conclusion, our results showed that ABA and sugar signaling synergistically interact to regulate the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and increase anthocyanins accumulation during berry ripening. Thus, exogenous ABA application was able to increase the ratio of anthocyanins to sugar under low leaf-to-fruit ratio at harvest, and combining leaf-to-fruit ratio manipulation with exogenous ABA applications may offer a fine-tuned way to reduce sugar concentration, while maintaining anthocyanin concentrations in grape berry, potentially offering a way to partially alleviate climate change related high temperature effects
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Constantinescu, Dario. "Analyse et amélioration d’un modèle mécaniste de croissance et composition du fruit : Etude de la variabilité génétique des mécanismes de croissance du fruit, conception d’idéotypes et analyse des effets des transferts d’eau et de la concentration des solutés sur la croissance du fruit Model-Assisted Estimation of the Genetic Variability in Physiological Parameters Related to Tomato Fruit Growth under Contrasted Water Conditions Model-assisted analysis of the pedicel-fruit system suggests a fruit sugar uptake regulation and a water saving strategy." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0716.
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Développer la connaissance des réponses du développement des fruits aux pratiques agricoles et aux conditions environnementales est important, depuis les sélectionneurs jusqu’aux producteurs. Cela soutiendrait la conception de pratiques agricoles permettant d’augmenter le rendement et la qualité des fruits et d’adapter la production fruitière au changement climatique, afin de satisfaire la croissance de la demande alimentaire. Le but de cette thèse était d'utiliser et d'améliorer un modèle mécaniste de croissance du fruit pour explorer la variabilité génétique de la tomate, concevoir des idéotypes de tomate plus résistants à la sécheresse, mettre en évidence des modes de circulation de l’eau et des sucres dans le système pédicel-fruit au cours de la journée, et étudier les effets des variations des concentrations en solutés dans la pulpe des fruits sur la croissance, qui détermine la qualité des fruits à la récolte. Les modèles développés ont permis de décrire de manière adéquate les processus biophysiques et métaboliques déterminant la croissance des fruits et la composition des solutés. Les résultats de simulation du modèle obtenus suggèrent que la conductivité pédiculaire et l'absorption active des sucres pourraient être des mécanismes clés pour déterminer la variabilité génétique des fruits et devraient être maximisés dans la recherche d'idéotypes. De plus, les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la régulation des flux d'eau peut générer une régulation de l'absorption diurne de sucre par le fruit et pourrait prévenir la perte d'eau au travers de la recirculation entre le xylème et le phloème et entre le phloème et l’apoplasme. Enfin, les résultats obtenus à partir d'un modèle intégré incluant la description de la croissance des fruits et du métabolisme des solutés de fruits ont mis en évidence que la variation des concentrations en acides et en minéraux due aux processus d'accumulation et de dilution pourrait avoir un impact non négligeable sur la croissance des fruits. Les études présentées dans cette thèse ont mis en évidence que l'estimation des paramètres physiologiques de la croissance des fruits et les techniques de conception et de calibration des modèles devraient être améliorées pour les rendre plus adaptés à la conception de meilleurs pratiques agricolesDeveloping knowledge on fruit development responses to agricultural practices and environmental conditions is important from breeders to growers. Indeed, this would support the design of agricultural practices that could increase fruit yield and quality and adapt fruit production to climate change, for satisfying the increasing food demand. The aim of this thesis was to use and improve a mechanistic model of fruit growth for exploring the genetic variability of tomato growth in fresh and dry mass, designing drought-resistant tomato ideotypes, underlining patterns of diurnal water and sugars flows in the pedicel-fruit system, and studying the effects on fruit growth of the variations of fruit pulp solutes concentrations that determine fruit quality at harvest. The models developed allowed to describe in an adequate way biophysical and metabolic processes determining fruit growth and solutes composition. The obtained model simulation results suggested that pedicel conductivity and sugars active uptake could be key mechanisms in determining the fruit genetic variability and should be maximized in the research of ideotypes. In addition, the obtained results suggested that water flows regulation may generate a diurnally regulated fruit sugar uptake and could prevent water loss through water recirculation between xylem and phloem and between phloem and apoplast. Finally, the results obtained from an integrating model approach including the description of fruit growth and fruit solutes metabolism highlighted that acids and minerals concentrations variation due to both accumulation and dilution processes could have a non-negligible impact on fruit growth. The works presented in this thesis have highlighted that the estimation of the fruit growth physiological parameters and the techniques of models conception and calibration should be improved to make them increasingly suitable for the design of better-suited agricultural practices
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Carminatti, Rafaela. "Prospecção da qualidade nutricional e aplicação tecnológica dos frutos de morangueiro (Fragaria ananassa Duch)." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1514.
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CNPqO morangueiro é uma das culturas agrícolas que apresentam o maior custo de produção, principalmente devido a aquisição das mudas. Esse fato tem levado os produtores a manter as plantas por mais uma safra, devido ao baixo custo vinculado a essa prática. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre o impacto dessa prática sobre a qualidade do fruto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de frutos de morangueiro de primeira (2013) e de segunda safra (2014) de um mesmo cultivo, levando em consideração aspectos físicos, químicos e nutricionais dos frutos. Posteriormente foi elaborado um queijo tipo Petit suisse com a cultivar Camarosa que apresentou os maiores teores de substâncias antioxidantes polares. Para as características físicas, o tamanho não difereriu em relação ás épocas de cultivo, mas os frutos de primeira época apresentaram-se mais vermelhos do que os de segunda época, o que pode estar relacionado com o teor de fenólicos totais. Com relação as características químicas (pH, sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável), observou-se que os frutos de primeira época apresentaram pH maior e menor teor de acidez titulável. Esses dados sugerem que sensorialmente o consumidor pode preferir os frutos de primeira época. A atividade antioxidante (ABTS) e o teor de antocianinas dos frutos de morango foi maior na segunda época de cultivo; e a atividade antioxidante (DPPH), compostos fenólicos e vitamina C apresentaram valores superiores na primeira época de cultivo. Esses resultados sugerem que dependendo da época de cultivo os frutos de morango possuem diferentes teores de substâncias bioativas em sua composição, que podem atuar na nutrição humana. Para a elaboração do queijo tipo Petit suisse, optou-se pela cultivar Camarosa, pois em ambas as épocas de cultivo essa cultivar apresentou maior teor de antioxidantes polares (vitamina C, compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e flavonoides) do que as demais cultivares. Ao elaborar o queijo tipo Petit Suisse observou-se que com a adição do microencapsulado de polpa de goiaba o teor de carotenoides totais do produto aumentou, e com a adição da farinha de feijão houve aumento no valor proteíco e mudança na textura do queijo. Ambos os ingredientes interferiram no pH do produto. Com os resultados obtidos pode-se afirmar que os ingredientes microencapsulado de polpa de goiaba e farinha de feijão agregaram valor nutricional ao queijo tipo Petit Suisse, devido ao maior teor de proteínas e carotenoides totais, indicando que esses ingredientes podem ser utilizados para a fabricação de outros produtos alimentícios.
Strawberry is one of the crops that have the highest cost of production, mainly due to the acquisition of the seedlings. This has led producers to keep the plants for another season, due to low cost linked to this practice. However, little is known about the impact of this practice on the quality of the fruit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the first fruits of strawberry (2013) and second crop (2014) of the same crop, taking into account physical, chemical and nutritional fruit. Later we designed a cheese type Petit Suisse with the cultivar Camarosa showed the highest levels of polar antioxidants. For physical characteristics, size does not difereriu compared ace growing seasons, but the fruits of the first season were more red than the second season, which may be related to the total phenolic content. Regarding the chemical characteristics (pH, soluble solids and titratable acidity), it was observed that the fruit first period had lower pH and higher titratable acidity. These data suggest that sensory consumers may prefer the fruits of the first season. The antioxidant activity (ABTS) and the anthocyanin content of strawberry fruits was higher in the second growing season; and the antioxidant activity (DPPH), phenolic compounds and vitamin C had higher values in the first growing season. These results suggest that depending on the growing season the strawberry fruits have different levels of bioactive substances in its composition, which can act in human nutrition. In preparing the cheese type Petit suisse, we chose to cultivate Camarosa because in both growing seasons this cultivar showed higher content of polar antioxidants (vitamin C, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and flavonoids) than the other cultivars. In preparing the cheese type Petit Suisse was observed that with the addition of guava pulp microencapsulated the total carotenoid content of the product increased, and with the addition of bean flour was increased-protein value and change in the texture of the cheese. Both ingredients interfere in the pH of the product. With the obtained results it can be stated that the ingredients microencapsulated of guava pulp and bean flour added nutritional value to cheese type Petit suisse, due to the high amount of protein and carotenoids, indicating that these ingredients can be used to manufacture other food products.
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Chalfant, Patricia. "Responses of Grapevines to Timing and Method of Leaf Removal." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337628161.
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Mawdsley, Paul F. W. "The Effects of Cluster Thinning on Vine Performance, Fruit, and Wine Composition of Pinot Noir (Clone 115) in the Edna Valley of California." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2090.
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A three-year study was conducted at a commercial vineyard site in California’s Edna Valley AVA to evaluate the physiological and agronomical effects of the timing of cluster thinning on Pinot noir (clone 115) grapevines. Vines were thinned to one cluster per shoot at three selected time-points during the growing season (bloom, bloom + 4 weeks, bloom + 8 weeks), and fruit from each treatment was harvested and made into wine. Across all growing seasons, yield decreased 43% in thinned vines relative to un-thinned control vines. No effect of cluster thinning or interaction with growing season was found in vine shoot diameter, internode length, fruit zone light level, or cluster weight. Growing season significantly affected more fruit and wine parameters than did cluster thinning treatment, with interactions between treatment and growing season found in fruit Brix, titratable acidity, and anthocyanins, as well as wine anthocyanins and wine b* (yellow component). For example, bloom + 8 and bloom + 12 thinning treatments advanced Brix in 2017 but had no effect in 2018. Cluster thinning treatments increased berry anthocyanins by 43% in 2017 and by 103% in 2018 relative to the control. Similarly, cluster thinning increased berry total phenolics by 87% in 2017 and by 140% in 2018 relative to the control, with no significant differences found between the different thinning treatments. However, the levels of anthocyanins and total phenolics were generally not affected by cluster thinning treatment in the resulting wines. The fact that different cluster thinning treatments resulted in nil or minor effects on fruit and wine suggests that the vines tested were at or below a balanced crop load prior to the application of cluster thinning. Edna Valley AVA could likely support higher crop loads than 3.2 on the Ravaz index without negatively impacting fruit or wine composition and reducing crop load below that level is unlikely to increase fruit or wine quality.
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Etchebarne, Flor. "Influence du régime hydrique de la vigne et du rapport feuilles-fruits sur la composition minérale, et sur le bilan en sucres et en eau de la baie cv. Grenache Noir (Vitis vinifera L)." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0003.
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Cette étude a été réalisée dans le but de mieux comprendre les relations source-puits en considérant deux variables: l'état hydrique de la vigne et le rapport feuilles-fruits, dont les effets ont été analysés sur l'accumulation de l'eau, des cations (potassium, calcium, magnésium et sodium) et des sucres de baies en croissance et en maturation. Le cépage étudié a été le Grenache Noir (Vitis vinifera L), pendant les saisons 2006 et 2007, deux modalités d'état hydrique (irriguée et non irriguée)et trois modalités du rapport feuilles-fruits (5, 10 et 18 feuilles et une grappe par rameau primaire) ont été analysées. La modalité 10 feuilles est commune aux deux années d'étude. Chaque plante a été équilibrée à 14 rameaux primaires, où les rameaux secondaires et vrilles ont été enlevés systématiquement, donc le dispositif expérimental peut être considérée comme un système homogène. Les teneurs en éléments minéraux ont été déterminées séparément dans les différents compartiments du fruit, i. E. Pellicule, pulpe et pépins. Les résultats montrent que, la diminution de l'accumulation de la matière sèche du fruit n'intervient que quelques jours après le début de la contrainte hydrique. Donc, il y aura un temps de latence entre la réduction de la photosynthèse et les conséquences sur la matière sèche, et la réduction de la matière fraîche et de la teneur en eau. Les éléments minéraux s'accumulent indépendamment les uns des autres, mais leur cinétique d'entrée dans le fruit et leur quantité finale par baie dépend de l'état hydrique de la plante. L'accumulation des éléments minéraux étudiés se fait au cours de la croissance herbacée du fruit, depuis le stade nouaison, et se poursuit durant la maturation du fruit pour le potassium, le magnésium et le sodium - cations transportés par le phloème. L'accumulation du potassium est parallèle à l'augmentation de la matière fraîche du fruit, leur transport vers la baie n'est pas immédiatement affecté par la contrainte hydrique. Le calcium est considéré comme un élément phloème immobile chez la vigne, son accumulation se fait principalement durant la croissance herbacée du fruit (pré-véraison). Les résultats montrent que la composition de la baie est moins sensible au rapport feuilles-fruits qu'à l'état hydrique de la vigne. Les baies de plantes bien irriguées ont accumulé plus d'eau, de cation et de sucres en comparaison aux plantes en situation de contrainte hydrique. Ce travail parvient à mettre en évidence l'importance de l'état hydrique de la vigne, dominant en comparaison du rapport feuilles-fruits, pour l'accumulation des composés de la baie. L'état hydrique de la vigne est confirmé comme un des principaux facteurs régulateurs de la relation source-puits. Cette étude supporte l'hypothèse d'un fonctionnement post-véraison partiel du xylème, si l'accumulation du calcium est utilisée comme indicateur de fonctionnement du xylème dans certaines conditions où l'alimentation hydrique de la plante n'est pas un facteur limitant. Finalement, au moyen de la caractérisation physiologique des traitements dans ce système équilibré par le rapport feuilles-fruits et en situations d'état hydrique caractérisé, il a été confirmé que le fruit est le puits plus important pendant le période de la maturation. Les résultats montrent q'un bilan négatif entre la production de biomasse de la plante et l'accumulation de sucres dans le raisin, indiquerait une mobilisation importants de réserves de parties pérennes vers le fruit et donc, une capacité faible et/ou nulle de mise en réserve estivale dans la plante. Néanmoins, il a été constaté que l'état hydrique de la vigne participe d'une manière très active à la gestion des ressources carbonées de la plante en jouant un rôle majeur dans la production de biomasseThe objective of this work was to study source-sink relationships. Two factors were considered, leaf:fruit ratio and the effect of vine water status on the accumulation cations, sugar and water in the berry during the growth and ripening periods. The variety used wasGrenache Noir (Vitis vinifera L). During the 2006 and 2007 experimental growing seasons, two water status modalities were applied (irrigated and non irrigated) and three leaf:fruit ratio treatments were studied: 5, 10 and 18 leaves per primary shoot, with one bunch per shoot. The treatment of 10 leaves per shoot was the common treatment between the two years. In all the cases, 14 shoots per plant were left and each vine was considered as the sum of homogeneous primary shoots. The mineral element contents were determined separately in different fruit compartments, i. E. The skin, flesh and seeds. Results showed that dry matter only begins to diminish a few days after the onset of water deficit. Thus there is a latent period between the reduction in photosynthesis following water stress and the subsequent effects on fruit dry matter and water content. Mineral elements accumulate independently of one another, but their evolution in the fruit and their final quantity in the berry depend principally on plant water status. The accumulation of the mineral elements studied takes place during herbaceous growth period of the fruit from berry-set (the start of fruit development following anthesis) to veraison and continues during ripening for potassium, magnesium and sodium, − cations transported by the phloem. The accumulation of potassium parallels the evolution of fruit fresh weight and their final quantities in the berry depend principally on plant water status. Calcium is considered to be phloem-immobile in the vine and its accumulation takes place principally during herbaceous fruit growth period (pre-véraison). Berry composition is less dependent on leaf:fruit ratio than to grapevine water status, mainly for cations, sugar and water content. This work provides evidence of the importance of plant water status, irrespective of the leaf:fruit ratio, on berry compound accumulation. Vine waterstatus is a major regulating factor for source-sink regulationships. This study supports the hyphotesis of a partial functioning of berry xylem conduction post-véraison, in regards to Ca++ accumulation for vines under favourable hydric conditions. The use of a model to estimate the plant biomass production, has allowed to show that the carbohydrate reserves, apart from photosynthesis, could contribute to supply the berry sugar content from véraison to ripeness. That has been shown in plant water deficit situations and with unbalanced leaf to fruit ratio vines
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Thomson, Cynthia 1957. "The effect of a high fruit and vegetable, low fat dietary intervention on immune function, DNA adduct formation, and body composition among breast cancer survivors." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288909.
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Each year in the United States five percent of the over 2.5 million women living with breast cancer will have a recurrence. The possibility that dietary change may increase breast cancer-free survival is currently under investigation. Three mechanisms by which diet may have an effect include: (1) improved immunity, (2) reduced oxidative DNA damage and (3) reduced body weight and fat. The hypothesis of this dietary intervention study was that women previously treated for breast cancer who adhere to a diet high in fruit, vegetables and fiber and low in fat would demonstrate improved immune function, reduced oxidative DNA damage and reduced body weight and fat as compared to women assigned to the control diet. Seventy-seven women treated for Stage I, II or IIIA breast cancer were enrolled in this clinical trial. Sixty-six completed the six month intervention. The average participant was caucasian, educated, postmenopausal and 52 years of age. At the end of six months the intervention the diet group showed significantly higher natural killer cell (NKC) lysis at an effector to target cell (E:T) ratio of 100:1. Lytic units were not significantly different. Diet was not associated with immune function except for beta-carotene intake which was associated with greater changes in the percentage of NKCs in the intervention group. Oxidative DNA damage was significantly lower among participants in the intervention diet group at the end of the study. Oxidative DNA damage was inversely associated with intake of vegetables, fruit and micronutrients thereof and positively associated with dietary fat, saturated fat and meat intake. No significant differences in body weight or fat were identified; however, both groups showed a significant decrease in body fat of 1.0%. In conclusion, the dietary intervention was able to produce significant changes in nutrient intake, a significant increase in NKC activity at an E:T ratio of 100:1 but not other immune markers, and significant reductions in oxidative DNA damage among breast cancer survivors. The role of NKC immunity and reduced DNA damage in relationship to breast cancer recurrence remains to be determined. A longer term, larger study should provide the answer.
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Shenasi, Mariam H. "Studies on the formation of mycotoxins, microbial interaction and biochemical composition during ripening stages of different cultivars of date fruit from the United Arab Emirates." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251239.
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Hill, Brycen Thomas. "Root restriction, under-trellis cover cropping, and rootstock modify vine size and berry composition of Cabernet Sauvignon." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75223.
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Vineyards in the Mid-Atlantic often have large, vigorous vines that can be costly to manage and produce inadequate fruit for wine production. Dense canopies increase the incidence of fungal disease, require greater allocation of resources to manage, and inhibit fruit development. The primary objective of these studies was to determine effective vine-size modification treatments that would optimize fruit quality, while reducing labor and chemical control. Research factors included root manipulation, under-trellis ground cover, and rootstock. Treatment levels were root bag (RBG) or no root manipulation (NRM); under-trellis cover crop (CC) or herbicide strip (HERB); and one of three rootstocks: 101-14, Riparia Gloire, or 420-A. Effects of these treatments were measured in two experiments: Experiment I compared combinations of all three treatments, while Experiment II explored the individual effects of root restriction using root bags of varying volumes. Root restriction consistently demonstrated the ability to reduce vegetative growth and vine water status. In the first experiment fruit-zone photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was increased by 234% in RBG vines. Timed canopy management tasks indicated that RBG canopies required about half the labor time of NRM canopies. Anthocyanin concentration and total phenolic content were increased by 20% and 19% respectively in RBG fruit. CC increased fruit-zone PPFD by 62%, and increased soluble solids and color compounds. The 420-A rootstock reduced potassium uptake, resulting in lower must potassium concentration. Results demonstrated that these treatments significantly reduce vegetative growth in a humid climate, decrease management labor, and produce higher quality fruit.Master of Science
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Chan-Blanco, Yanine. "Caractérisation du fruit de noni (Morinda citrifolia) au cours du processus de maturation et de sénescence et étude de l'impact de la microfiltration tangentielle sur la composition du jus." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20048.
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Gesimba, Robert Morwani. "Screening Passiflora Species For Drought Tolerance, Compatibility With Purple Passion Fruit, Fusarium Wilt Resistance And The Relationship Between Irrigation, Drenching And Media Composition In The Control Of Fusarium Wilt." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1228238434.
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Zhao, Jiantao. "Combining Association and Haplotype Studies Towards the Improvement of Fruit Quality in Tomato Multiple haplotype-based analyses provide genetic and evolutionary insights into tomato fruit weight and composition Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies provides insights into genetic control of tomato flavor Genomic designing for climate smart tomato." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0712.
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Les consommateurs se plaignent de la qualité gustative des tomates depuis des décennies. Celle-ci est influencée principalement par les sucres, les acides et un ensemble de divers composés volatils. L’amélioration de la saveur de la tomate reste l’un des principaux défis à relever pour améliorer la qualité de la tomate et l’acceptabilité des consommateurs pour l’amélioration moderne des tomates. Le but principal de cette thèse était de disséquer le contrôle génétique de la saveur de la tomate en utilisant des SNP à haute densité et un ensemble divers de traits liés à la saveur, notamment les sucres, les acides, les acides aminés et les composés volatils. Dans la première partie, j'ai effectué plusieurs analyses basées sur l’exploration des haplotypes dans une collection d’accessions. Plusieurs approches ont été utilisées et comparées pour identifier les régions génomiques en cours de sélection. Les modèles bayésiens de génétique d’association basés sur les haplotypes et une partie des SNP ont identifié 108 associations significatives pour 26 caractères. Parmi ces associations, certains gènes candidats prometteurs ont été identifiés. Certains avantages de l’utilisation des haplotypes ont également été présentés. Dans la deuxième partie, j'ai réalisé une méta-analyse d'études d'association pangénomique à l'aide de trois panels d'associations de tomates. J'ai démontré l'efficacité de l'imputation des génotypes pour augmenter la couverture de SNP à l'échelle du génome. Des méta-analyses de modèles à effets fixes et à effets aléatoires (pour les SNP présentant une hétérogénéité I2 > 25) ont été effectuées afin de contrôler l'hétérogénéité croisée des études. Au total, 305 locus significatifs ont été identifiés, dont 211 nouveaux. Parmi ceux-ci, 24 locus ont présenté des cis-eQTL lors d'une précédente étude d'association à l'échelle du transcriptome de fruits. L'analyse d'enrichissement pour toutes les associations a montré que jusqu'à 10 processus biologiques étaient enrichis de manière significative et que tous étaient étroitement impliqués dans les métabolites liés aux arômes. Une liste de gènes candidats prometteurs a été fournie, qui pourraient présenter un grand intérêt pour la validation fonctionnelle. J'ai également démontré la possibilité d'augmenter de manière significative le contenu en composés volatils qui contribuent de manière positive aux préférences des consommateurs tout en réduisant les volatils désagréables, en sélectionnant les combinaisons d'allèles pertinentes. Globalement, cette thèse augmente les connaissances du contrôle génétique du goût de la tomate, ce qui devrait contribuer à son améliorationConsumers have been complaining about tomato flavor for decades. Tomato taste is mainly influenced by sugars, acids and a diverse set of volatiles. Improving tomato flavor remains one of the main challenges for improving tomato sensory quality and consumer acceptability in modern tomato breeding. The main purpose of this thesis was to decipher the genetic and evolutionary control of tomato flavor by using high density SNPs and a diverse set of flavor-related metabolites, including sugars, acids, amino acids and volatiles. In the first part, I performed multiple haplotype-based analyses on a tomato core collection. Several approaches were used and compared to identify the genomic regions under selection. Haplotype and SNP-based Bayesian models identified 108 significant associations for 26 traits. Among these associations, some promising candidate genes were identified. I also compared marker local haplotype sharing (mLHS) with LD in determining the candidate regions. In addition, some general benefits of using haplotypes were also provided as general discussions. In the second part, I pioneered in introducing meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies using three tomato association panels. I demonstrated the efficiency of genotype imputation in increasing the genome-wide SNP coverage. Both fixed-effect and random-effect models (for those SNPs with heterogeneity I2 > 25) of meta-analysis were performed in order to control cross-study heterogeneity. A total of 305 significant loci were identified and 211 of which were new. Among them, 24 loci exhibited cis-eQTLs in a previous transcriptome-wide association study in fruit tissue. Enrichment analysis for all associations showed that up to 10 biological processes were significantly enriched and all of which were closely involved in flavor-related metabolites. A list of promising candidate genes was provided, which could be of great interest for functional validation. I also demonstrated the possibility to significantly increase the content of volatiles that positively contribute to consumer preferences while reducing unpleasant volatiles, by selection of the relevant allele combinations. Taken together, this thesis provides a comprehensive knowledge of the genetic control of tomato flavor, which will promote its improvement
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Ferreira, Carolina Queiroga. "Efeito do congelamento e da estocagem na atividade enzimática da polifenoloxidase (PFO) e peroxidase (POD) e na composição físico-química de polpa congelada de cupuaçu (theobroma grandiflorum schum)." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2009. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3709.
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Previous issue date: 2009-03-31Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) is one of the most popular fruit of Amazon. The pulp is commercialized in two forms: pasteurized or non pasteurized. During processing, the pulp becomes dark due to reactions catalyzed by oxidative enzymes: such as peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. These enzymes are naturaly present in the fruit and causes alteration in its color, and also, in degradation of fruit nutrients, especially during the storage. Generally, freezing and pasteurization are used to minimize the effect caused by the oxidation reactions and to eliminate part of the microorganisms present in the fruit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic alterations in three lots of frozen cupuaçu pulp, received from different regions, on pasteurized and non pasteurized forms and stored in between -25ºC and - 30ºC for a 12 months period. The physico-chemical analyses were carried according to Norms of the Instituto Adolfo Lutz (2005) and the analyses of polifenoloxidase and peroxidase, according to Oktay et al. (1995) and Khan and Robinson (1994), respectively. After one year of storage, it was observed that the source of each lot, the time of storage and the pasteurization processing show significant influences (1%, p<0,05) in total solid level, ascorbic acid content, titratable acidity and peroxidase activity. The source of each lot, the pasteurization processing, times of storage and the interaction between lot source and pasteurization processing showed significative differences (1%, p<0,05) on the sugars content. The polyphenol oxidases in the pasteurized and non pasteurized pulps, from the three lots, presented variations during twelve months of storage under freezing.
O cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) está entre os frutos mais populares da Amazônia, sendo comercializado como polpa congelada pasteurizada ou não. Durante o processamento dos frutos o tecido vegetal torna-se escuro devido às reações catalisadas por enzimas oxidativas: peroxidase e polifenoloxidase, presentes naturalmente nos frutos atuando não somente na alteração da cor, mas também na degradação dos nutrientes, especialmente durante o armazenamento. O congelamento e a pasteurização são geralmente utilizados para minimizar os efeitos causados pela oxidação e eliminar parte dos microrganismos presentes nos frutos. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as alterações físico-químicas e enzimáticas em três lotes de polpas congeladas de cupuaçu, provenientes de diferentes regiões, pasteurizadas e não pasteurizadas, armazenadas em temperatura entre -25ºC e -30ºC por um período de 12 meses. As análises físico-químicas foram realizadas a partir das Normas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz (2005) e as análises de polifenoloxidase e peroxidase, segundo método descrito por Oktay, M. et al. (1995) e Khan e Robinson (1994), respectivamente. Foi realizada uma análise estatística dos dados coletados segundo o modelo linear geral e através do teste ANOVA. Após o período de armazenamento observou-se que a procedência do lote, o tempo de armazenamento e a submissão ao processo de pasteurização exerceram influências significativas (1%, p<0,05) nos teores de sólidos totais, ácido ascórbico, acidez titulável e na atividade da peroxidase. Os açúcares foram influenciados de forma significativa (1%, p<0,05) pelo lote, pasteurização e tempo de estocagem, bem como pela interação do lote e da pasteurização. A polifenoloxidase nas amostras pasteurizadas e não pasteurizadas, em todos os lotes, apresentou variações durante os doze meses de armazenamento sob congelamento.
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Vlček, Ličková Nina. "Usedlost Rychaltice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215962.
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In the novice hill Beskydy foothills and the plane Ostrava landscape huddle village Rychaltice. This residence is a part of Hukvaldy. It´s here the important connnection with the "landscape of Leoš Janáček." Poetry and Mysticism by this Czech composer was able to catch in his symphonies, are already very slightly visible. The surviving fragments of the original buildings, cottages, farmsteads and barns talking about agricultural tradition of the area. Despite the high activity of collective agriculture and the building tendencies of the past and today, can be found a small piece of land for traditional cultivation. Remains of the old building – a barn that was in II. World War II bomb blast halved in two peaces. Four stone pillars of the original structure were built in cottage. Extant fragment barn belongs, is today on the neighbor's property.The project look into cider house, family house and other. , following the survivors of the barn. The task of the work is to achieve a compact, self-sufficiency and friendliness agricultural area to the surrounding landscape. Homestead should be not only the farmer dwelling, but also a place for hiking, cycling, horse riding. Location in Podbeskydí, near the castle Hukvaldy and good transport links to the main roads, it is the perfect place. The project has however also bring something more - support traditional livelihood and sensitive landscape management.
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Legentil, Anne. "Étude de la composition chimique des pectines de la paroi cellulaire de la fraise et de leur solubilisation par des préparations enzymatiques industrielles : application à la liquéfaction de la fraise." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL018N.
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Le procédé de liquéfaction des fruits, nécessite l'emploi d'enzymes pectinolytiques, considérées comme des auxiliaires technologiques. L’optimisation de l'hydrolyse enzymatique passe par une meilleure connaissance de la paroi cellulaire du fruit. La paroi cellulaire de la fraise a été isolée du fruit par une extraction à l'alcool. Le matériel ainsi obtenu (MIA) a été soumis à des extractions successives par l'acide trans-1,2-diamino-cyclohexane-n,n,n',n'-tétraacétique, un tampon succinate pH 4,8, l'acide chlorhydrique dilué à chaud et la soude diluée à froid. L’analyse des différents extraits a permis de montrer que 87% des pectines solubles de la fraise sont extractibles par un agent chélatant du calcium (CDTA). Ces pectines sont faiblement méthylées et peu ramifiées. Les pectines les plus ramifiées nécessitent des conditions d'extraction plus drastiques (HCl et NaOH dilués). Le fractionnement par chromatographie échangeuse d'ions a permis de montrer que certaines fractions pectiques sont riches en oses neutres pouvant provenir des hémicelluloses (xylose, glucose), et en protéines. Les résultats obtenus permettent de suspecter la présence de liaisons entre les pectines, les hémicelluloses et les protéines au sein de la paroi cellulaire. La liquéfaction de la paroi (MIA) et de l'extrait insoluble dans le CDTA à l'aide d'enzymes industrielles a mis en évidence, outre la synergie entre les activités pectinolytiques et cellulolytiques, l'importance des activités hémicellulolytiques et protéolytiques. Ces études ont permis de mettre au point une nouvelle formulation enzymatique permettant d'améliorer le rendement d'extraction du jus et d'optimiser la stabilité des anthocyanes (couleur) au cours du stockage. En outre, cette étude a montré l'effet néfaste de la pasteurisation et de la concentration sur la couleur des jus
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Barcia, Milene Teixeira. "Composição centesimal e de fitoquímicos em jambolão (Syzygium cumini)." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2009. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1306.
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Previous issue date: 2009-09-01The jambolanum is a tree originating from India and Indonesia, belonging to the family of Mirtaceas. The tree bears fruit during January to May in several Brazilian states. The fruit are small, purpleand involves a single core. The taste of jambolanum not stand out so much because the astringency of the fruit. The consumption of tropical fruit is growing in the last years due to the appeal of nutritional and therapeutic effects. These fruits contain different phytochemicals, many of these exhibit antioxidant properties, especially the tocopherols, carotenoids and phenolic compounds, because its property of reacting with free radicals. Among the phenolic compounds there are the flavonoids that chemically, include anthocyanins and flavonols. Practically do not know the chemical composition of jambolanum because; therefore, the knowledge of some of its components is important to predict the feasibility of their use as in natura foods and as raw material for the production of other products. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of the fruits of jambolanum collected from three cities in the southern state of RS. The experiment consists of three trees in three different cities of the southern of RS(Santa Vitória do Palmar, Pelotas and Capão of Leão), and its was analyzed for chemical and phytochemical compositiont.By the results it was found that the jambolanum fruit shows the chemical composition similar to other fruits, presenting low amount of ash, proteins, pectin and fiber. The moistureand sugar content and pH is characteristic of citrus fruit; however, the fruit showed higher soluble solids content. The Jambolanum fruit presents low tocopherols and ascorbic acid content, but it showed a high content of tannins and phenol compounds.
O jambolão é uma árvore originária da Índia e Indonésia, pertencente à família das Mirtáceas. Frutifica nos meses de janeiro a maio, em diversos estados do Brasil. Os frutos são pequenos, de coloração roxa e envolve um caroço único. O sabor do jambolão não se destaca muito devido a adstringência da fruta. O consumo de frutas tropicais vem aumentando nos últimos anos devido ao apelo pelo seu valor nutritivo e aos efeitos terapêuticos. Estas frutas contêm diferentes fitoquímicos, muitos destes exibem propriedades antioxidantes, com destaque para os tocoferóis, carotenóides e compostos fenólicos, devido suas propriedades de reagir com os radicais livres presentes. Dentre os compostos fenólicos destacam-se os flavonóides que quimicamente, englobam as antocianinas e os flavonóis. Praticamente não se conhece a composição química do jambolão, devido a isto, o conhecimento de alguns de seus componentes se faz importante, para prever a viabilidade de sua utilização como alimento in natura e como matéria prima para a elaboração de outros produtos. Este estudo apresentou como objetivo avaliar a composição química das frutas de jambolão colhidas de diferentes plantas de três cidades da Região Sul do estado do RS. O experimento consta de frutas oriundas de três árvores distintas em três cidades do Sul do estado (Santa Vitória do Palmar, Pelotas e Capão do Leão), sendo avaliadas quanto a composição química e ao teor de fitoquímicos. Pelos resultados observa-se que o jambolão apresenta composição química similar a outras frutas características da região, apresentando baixo conteúdo em cinzas, proteínas, pectina e de fibras. O teor de umidade, açúcares e pH é característico de frutas cítricas, no entanto, com um teor superior em sólidos solúveis. A fruta apresenta baixo conteúdo em tocoferóis e ácido ascórbico, porém apresenta um alto teor de taninos e de compostos fenólicos.
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Silveira, João Paulo Generoso. "Crescimento vegetativo, potencial produtivo e qualidade dos frutos de macieiras tratadas com reguladores de crescimento." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2011. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1122.
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Previous issue date: 2011-07-22The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of spraying apple trees with prohexadione-calcium (ProCa) (na inhibitor of gibberellins synthesis) and gibberellin (GA₃) on vegetative growth, yield potential, fruit quality, and occurrence of bitter pit in the fruit. The experimente was conducted in na orchard located in São Joaquim, Santa catarina State (Southern Brazil), in 2009/2010. catarina and Fuji apple trees were sprayed with water (control), ProCa and gibberellin (both products at the dose of 319 mg L¯¹), at the petal fall stage (October 15, 2009), when shoots were 5-10 cm long, with treatments repeated after 20 days. Leaves were assessed (in termsmof chlorophyll contente, área, dry mater and specific área) in January/2010, and length of current season shoots and weight of shoots removed by winter pruning were assessed in May/2010. The number of flower buds ando f fruit per flower bud were assessed in October/2009 and November/2010, respectively. Fruit were harvest at comercial maturity and then assessed for percentage of red skin área, skin color, density, weight, skin and pulp textures, flesh firmness, titratable acidity (TA), solids soluble contente (SSC) and starch index. Fruit were cold stored (0±0.5°C/90-95% RH) for four months, followed seven days for simulate marketing (20±4°C/60-70% RH) for four months, same evaluation carried out at harvest, as well as for incidence (%) and index of bitter pit. Trees treated with ProCa had higher leaf chlorophyll contente and lower specific leaf área in Fuji , lower leaf área in Catarina , lower shoot growth in both cultivars, and lower weight of shoots removed by winter pruning in Catarina , in the year following the treatment of the trees, both cultivars sprayed with ProCa had lower fruit set. the ProCa incresead the red color in Catarina apples. At harvest, the force for pulp penetratoon in the red side of the fruit was incresead in apple trees of both cultivars sprayed with ProCa. After cold stored, Fuji apples of trees sprayed with GA₃ had lower flesh firmness, while Catarina apples of trees sprayed with ProCa had higher firmness. Fruit Ca contente was not diferente between ProCa and GA₃ and between ProCa e the control in both cultivars. Fuji apples from trees treated with ProCa had lower N/Ca ratio in the skin tissue. Teh treatment with ProCa incresead the flesh firmness in the reddish fruit side and reduced the index of bitter pit during cold storage in both cultuivars. The use of ProCa in apples orchards might represent a new technology to reduce trees vegetative growth and the occurrence of bitter pit in the fruit. The GA₃ sprayed after full bloom increases trees vegetative growth and might cause changes in fruit quality atributes, leading to advanced maturiry, as well as increases the development of bitter pit
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo avaliar os efeitos da pulverização de macieira com um inibidor da síntese de giberelinas, o prohexadiona-cálcio (ProCa), e com giberelina (GA₃), no crescimento vegetativo e potencial produtivo das plantas, e na qualidade e ocorrência de bitter pit nos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em um pomar localizado no município de São Joaquim, SC, na safra 2009/2010. Macieiras Catarina e Fuji foram pulverizadas com água (tratamento controle), ProCa e GA₃ (ambos os produtos na dose de 319 mg L¯¹), na queda das pétalas (15/10/2009), quando as brotações do ano estavam com 5-10 cm de comprimento, sendo repetidas após 20 dias. Foram feitas avaliações foliares (teor de clorofila, área, matéria seca e área específica), em janeiro/2010, e de comprimento dos ramos do ano e de peso dos ramos podados, em maio/2010. A contagem dos cachos florais e do números de frutos por cacho floral ocorreram em outubro/2009 e novembro/2010, respectivamente. A colheita foi realizada na maturação comercial, ocasião em que foram feitas análises nos frutos do índice de cor vermelha, cor da epiderme, densidade, peso, atributos de textura (força para a penetração da casca e força para a penetração da polpa), firmeza de polpa, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis totais (SS) e índice de iodo-amido. Os frutos foram armazenados em câmara fria convencional (0±0,5°C/90-95% UR), durante quatro meses, seguido de sete dias de comercialização simulada (20±4°C/60-70 UR), e após submetido as mesmas avaliações feitas na colheita, bem como de incidência (%) e índice de bitter pit . O tratamento com ProCa aumentou o teor de clorofila e reduziu a área foliar específica em macieira Fuji , reduziu a área foliar em Catarina , reduziu o comprimento dos ramos do ano nas duas cultivares e o peso dos ramos podados em Catarina . No ano subsequente ao da aplicação dos tratamentos, macieiras pulverizadas com o ProCa, de ambas as cultivares, apresentaram menor frutificação. O tratamento com ProCa proporcionou maior coloração vermelha em maçãs Catarina . No momento da colheita, maçãs Fuji e Catarina provenientes de plantas pulverizadas com ProCa apresentaram maior força para a penetração da polpa no lado mais vermelho dos frutos. Após o armazenamento, maçãs Fuji de plantas pulverizadas com GA₃ apresentaram menor firmeza de polpa e maçãs Catarina de plantas pulverizadas com ProCa apresentaram maior firmeza de polpa. O teor de Ca nos frutos não diferiu entre os tratamentos ProCa e GA₃ e entre ProCa e controle, em ambas as cultivares. Maçãs Fuji apresentaram menor relação N/Ca no tecido da casca quando pulverizadas com ProCa. O tratamento com ProCa proporcionou aumento na firmeza no lado mais vermelho do fruto e reduziu o índice de bitter pit durante o armazenamento refrigerado em ambas as cultivares. A utilização do ProCa na cultura da macieira pode ser uma nova alternativa para o controle do crescimento vegetativo de da manifestação do bitter pit nos frutos. O GA₃, pulverizado em pós-floração, em macieiras aumenta o crescimento vegetativo e pode ocasionar algumas modificações nos atributos de qualidade nos frutos, indicando um avanço na maturação, e na manifestação do bitter pit
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Siguemoto, Érica Sayuri. "Composição nutricional e propriedades funcionais do murici (Byrsomina crassifolia) e moringa (Moringa Oleifera)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-25092013-083726/.
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Introdução - Algumas espécies vegetais comestíveis, mas ausentes na dieta do brasileiro, podem ser boas fontes de nutrientes e de compostos bioativos, e a falta ou a perda de conhecimento sobre elas desfavorece sua inclusão na dieta. Objetivo - Avaliar a composição nutricional e propriedades funcionais da farinha de folha de moringa (Moringa oleifera) e da polpa de murici (Byrsonima crassifolia). Metodologia Os frutos de murici foram coletados em três cidades diferentes do Pará. A farinha de folha de moringa foi coletada na cidade de Marília (SP), nos períodos de fevereiro (verão), maio (outono), julho (inverno) e outubro (primavera) de 2012. Foi realizada a caracterização físico-química, determinação de vitamina C e carotenoides das amostras. A partir do extrato da farinha da folha de moringa e do murici, foi analisado o teor de compostos redutores totais, o perfil de compostos fenólicos, a atividade antioxidante pela capacidade de captação do radical livre DPPH e pelo método de ORAC, atividade antiglicação e inibição de lipase pancreática. Resultados O murici é um fruto rico em vitamina C (39,1 mg 100 g carotenoides, principalmente, luteína (18,66 mg 100 g -1 -1 de amostra) e de amostra). O extrato de murici contêm flavonoides (epicatequina, catequina, rutina e quercetina), e possui elevada atividade antioxidante no método DPPH e ORAC, IC 46,1 mmol equivalente Trolox 100 g -1 50 de 1,2 mg de sólido solúvel mL de sólido solúvel, respectivamente. Além disso, foi observada atividade de inibição da lipase pancreática e atividade antiglicação do extrato de murici. De modo geral, a farinha da folha de moringa possui alto teor de proteína (24,5 g -1 e 100 g -1 de amostra), cálcio (1,9 g 100 g fibras totais (38,2 g 100 g luteína (304,1 mg 100 g -1 -1 -1 de amostra), potássio (1,8 g 100 g -1 de amostra), e de amostra). Possui elevado teor de carotenoides, destacando a de amostra) e -caroteno (90,4 mg 100 g -1 extrato da farinha de moringa foram identificados o ácido clorogênico e a rutina. O extrato da farinha de moringa apresenta baixa atividade de inibição da lipase pancreática (IC 849,1 µg de sólidos solúveis mL -1 de amostra). No ), mas foi capaz de inibir a formação de produtos finais da glicação no sistema BSA/metilglioxal. Conclusão - O murici e a moringa demostram ser espécies vegetais promissoras na melhoria da dieta do brasileiro, devido às características nutricionais apresentadas neste estudoIntroduction - Some vegetables species, not presented in the diet of the brazilian, can be a good source of nutrients and bioactive compounds, and the gap or loss of knowledge about them disfavors the inclusion in the diet. Objectives Evaluate the nutritional composition and the functional properties of drumstick leaves powder (Moringa oleifera) and the pulp of nance fruit (Byrsonima crassifolia). Methods The nance fruits were collected in three different cities of Pará (Brazil). The drumstick leaves powder was collected in the city of Marília (Brazil), in the periods of february (summer), may (autumn), july (winter) and october (spring) of 2012. It was performed physicochemical characterization of the samples, determination of vitamin C and carotenoids. From the extract of drumstick leaves powder and nance fruit, was analyzed the total reducing substance, the profile of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity by the ability to scavenger peroxyl radical and by the ORAC method, antiglycation activity and inhibition of pancreatic lipase. Results The nance fruit is rich in vitamin C (39,1 mg 100 g (18,66 mg 100 g -1 -1 of sample) and carotenoids, mostly, lutein of sample). The extract of nance contains flavonoids (epicatechin, catechin, rutin and quercetin), and has high antioxidant activity by the DPPH and ORAC methods, IC 50 of 1,2 mg souble solid mL -1 and 46,1 mmol equivalent Trolox 100 g solid, respectively. Moreover, was observed inhibitory activity of pancreatic lipase and antiglycation activity of the extract of nance. Altogether, the drumstick leaves powder has -1 soluble high content of protein (24,5 g 100 g potassium (1,8 g 100 g 1 -1 of sample), calcium (1,9 g 100 g of sample), and total fiber (38,2 g 100 g 1 1 of sample), of sample). The drumstick leaves powder has high content of carotenoids, mostly, lutein (304,1 mg 100 g -1 of sample) and -carotene (90,4 mg 100 g -1 of sample). In the extracts of drumstick leaves powder were identified chlorogenic acid and rutin. The extract presents low activity of pancreatic lipase inhibition (IC 50 849.1 µg soluble solid mL -1 ), yet was capable of inhibiting the formation of glycation endproducts system BSA/ methylglyoxal. Conclusion The nance fruit and the drumstick leaves powder shows to be vegetable species promising in improving the diet of the Brazilian, due to the nutritional characteristics presented in this study
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Silva, Vânia Maria Barboza da. "Características de composição química e atividades da Peroxidase e da Polifenoloxidase dos cultivares de abacaxi MD-2 e Pérola." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4053.
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Previous issue date: 2012-07-12Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Pineapple is a fruit widely appreciated as fresh fruit. But its chemical composition varies widely between different cultivars. This study evaluated the content of some chemical components and the activity of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase in pineapple MD-2 and Pearl mature, comparing them with each other. The chemical components of two cultivars analyzed showed that, statistically, the Soluble Solids and Titratable Total Acidity showed higher values than MD-2 pineapple pineapples in Pearl, possibly explaining the latter being more appreciated as fresh fruit by locals while the MD-2 pineapples are more accepted for export. The optimum pH and temperature for the peroxidase activity of MD-2 pineapples were pH 5.0 at 40 ° C and less favorable pH found in this study form. In pineapples Pearl optimal conditions recorded were 50 ° C and pH 5.5 and less favorable 40 º C and pH 6.0. At 30 ° C the specific activity was recorded 3.69 and 3.92 U mg protein-1 for pineapples and Pearl MD-2, respectively. The natural pH of 3.23 MD-2 and 3.59 pH of Pearl were statistically different between the cultivars did not differ tannins and content of L-ascorbic acid was significantly higher in Pearl pineapples. However, the peroxidase activity was significantly higher in Pearl, that the MD-2 and therefore the MD-2 deterioradora less subject to the action of this enzyme.
O abacaxi é uma fruta amplamente apreciada como fruta fresca. Mas sua composição química apresenta grande variação entre cultivares distintas. Este trabalho avaliou o teor de alguns componentes químicos e a atividade da peroxidase e polifenoloxidase nos abacaxis MD-2 e Pérola maduros, comparando-os entre si. Os componentes químicos das duas cultivares analisadas demonstraram que, estatisticamente, os teores de Sólidos Solúveis e Acidez Total Titulável apresentaram valores maiores em abacaxis MD-2 que em abacaxis Pérola; possivelmente, o que explica estes últimos serem mais apreciados como fruta fresca pela população local, enquanto os abacaxis MD-2 são mais aceitos para fins de exportação. As condições ótimas de pH e temperatura para a atividade da peroxidase de abacaxis MD-2 foram pH 5,0 a 40°C e as menos favoráveis encontrados neste estudo forma pH. Em abacaxis Pérola as condições ótimas registradas foram 50ºC e pH 5,5 e as menos favoráveis 40ºC e pH 6,0. À temperatura de 30°C a atividade específica registrada foi 3,69 e 3,92 U·mg Proteína-1 para os abacaxis MD-2 e Pérola, respectivamente. O pH 3,23 natural do MD-2 e o pH 3,59 do Pérola foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os cultivares, taninos não diferiram e o teor de ácido L-ascórbico foi significativamente superior em abacaxis Pérola. Contudo, a atividade da peroxidase foi significativamente maior no Pérola, que no MD-2, sendo, portanto o MD-2 menos sujeito à ação deterioradora desta enzima.
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Kader, Farid. "Analyse des transformations oxydasiques (PPO, POD) responsables du brunissement et de la dégradation des pigments anthocyaniques des jus de bluet (Vaccinium corymbosum, L. ) : caractéristiques des principaux constituants du fruit : importance de la contribution des intermédiaires quinoniques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL131N.
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Dans une première partie, nous nous sommes penchés sur la caractérisation des principaux constituants du fruit de bluet (Vaccinium cortymbosum) afin d'établir la carte d'identité biochimique des acides carboxyliques, sucres simples, protéines, pectines, constituants d'arome, composés phénoliques (anthocyanines, phénols simples, esters et hétérosides phénoliques), cations ainsi que des activités enzymatiques: invertase, sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase. Ces résultats devraient aider à une meilleure maitrise des transformations technologiques des fruits. La manifestation d'une composante brune, au cours de la conservation de jus de bluet, nous a amenés dans une deuxième partie, à approfondir le processus de brunissement enzymatique au travers de deux activités polyphénol oxydasiques: péroxydases (POD) et polyphénol oxydases (PPO). L’activité péroxydasique des POD dépend étroitement d'un processus générateur de peroxyde d'hydrogène. Il en ressort que la contribution des POD au brunissement enzymatique des fruits est assujettie aux réactions lentes d'autooxydation de divers substrats, avec génération de peroxyde d'hydrogène. Le broyage des fruits frais conduit à un brunissement intense imputable à la fois à l'acide chlorogénique (AC), aux pigments anthocyaniques, à l'oxygène et à l'activité PPO qui a été partiellement caractérisée. Afin de mieux cerner les mécanismes réactionnels nous avons eu recours à des systèmes modèles parfaitement définis. La cafeyl o-quinone nous a permis d'une part de déterminer la stœchiométrie des réactions quinone/pigments anthocyaniques et d'autre part de faciliter la purification des produits de la réaction en vue de déterminer leurs structures. Les résultats obtenus contribuent à mieux comprendre les mécanismes du brunissement et le rôle des différentes structures mises en jeu. Il en ressort que les PPO exercent une activité déterminante pour la transformation des composés polyphénoliques des fruits tandis que les POD ne semblent manifester qu'une activité limitée
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Hmid, Ilham. "CONTRIBUTION A LA VALORISATION ALIMENTAIRE DE LA GRENADE MAROCAINE (Punica Granatum L.) : CARACTERISATION PHYSICOCHIMIQUE, BIOCHIMIQUE ET STABILITE DE LEUR JUS FRAIS." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066442.
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Le grenadier (Punica granatum) est adapté aux climats arides et semi-arides d'où l'intérêt d'étudier et valoriser ses fruits à cause de l'accentuation des problèmes de sécheresse qui touchent le Maroc ces dernières années. D'un autre côté, la grenade possède de fortes capacités antioxydantes et anti-inflammatoires liées à la présence d'anthocyanes, de tanins et d'acide ellagique qui est utilisé en thérapeutique pour sa capacité à inhiber la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses. Toutefois, le but de ce présent travail s'intéresse dans un premier temps à la caractérisation physicochimique, l'identification et quantification des polyphénols des jus en utilisant l'HPLC ainsi que l'évaluation de l'activité antioxydante de dix-huit cultivars collectionnés au niveau de l'INRA de Meknès. Cette étude a permis de conclure que les jus ont une forte teneur en polyphénols totaux qui varie entre 1385 to 9476 mg GAE/L. L'étude a montré aussi une variabilité statistiquement significative entre les différents cultivars étudiés pour l'ensemble des paramètres mesurés. Dans la seconde partie, qui traite l'effet de la température sur la stabilité des polyphénols et surtout des anthocyanes, il a été montré que la composition de ces composés diminue après chaque traitement thermique suite à leurs dégradations. Pour la troisième partie concernant l'étude de l'efficacité des pectinases et des protéases dans les traitements de clarification du jus de grenade. Le traitement par les pectinases à une réduction significative de la turbidité par rapport à la protéase. La combinaison de ces deux enzymes donne un bon résultat en terme de réduction de la turbidité. Dans la dernière partie consacrée à la modélisation de la croissance microbienne qui consiste à appliquer les modèles mathématiques fournis par la base de données ComBase sur le jus de grenade, les résultats obtenus ont montré que à des valeurs minimales de la température, pH et l'activité de l'eau assurent une longue durée de vie pouvant aller jusqu'à un mois et que le modèle ComBase est sécurisant en général pour ce type de jus.
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Hickey, Cain Charles. "Vines of different capacity and water status alter the sensory perception of Cabernet Sauvignon wines." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42667.
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Reducing disease and increasing fruit quality in vigorous vineyards with dense canopies is demanding of time and resources; unfortunately, vineyards of this nature are common in humid environments. This study investigated the effectiveness with which vine capacity and water status could be regulated as well as if they related to fruit quality and wine sensory perception. The treatments regulating vine size and water status were under-trellis groundcover, root manipulation, rootstocks, and irrigation. Treatments were arranged in a strip-split-split plot design before the introduction of the irrigation treatment resulted in incomplete replication in each block. Treatment levels were under-trellis cover crop (CC) compared to under-trellis herbicide (Herb); root restriction bags (RBG) compared to no root manipulation (NRM); three compared rootstocks (101-14, 420-A, riparia Gloire); low water stress (LOW) compared to high water stress (HIGH). Vines grown with RBG and CC regulated vegetative growth more so than conventional treatments, resulting in 56% and 23% greater cluster exposure flux availability (CEFA). High water stress (HIGH) and RBG reduced stem water potential and discriminated less against 13C. Vines grown with RBG and CC consistently reduced harvest berry weight by 17 and 6% compared to conventional treatments. Estimated phenolics were consistently increased by RBG and were correlated with berry weight, vine capacity and CEFA. Sensory attributes were significantly distinguishable between wines produced from vines that differed in both vine capacity and water status, amongst other responses. Treatments have been identified that can alter the sensory perception of wines, with the potential to improve wine quality.Master of Science
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SOUSA, Amanda Goulart de Oliveira. "Qualidade nutricional e valor protéico das amêndoas de baru, de pequi e da castanha-de-caju-do-cerrado em relação ao amendoim." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1467.
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Previous issue date: 2011-04-01The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional quality and protein value of the baru almond, pequi almond, and cerrado cashew nut, native fruits from the Brazilian Savanna, compared to the peanut. Standardized methods were used to determine centesimal composition, amino acid profile, fatty acids and mineral content. The experiment was carried out with 42 male weanling Wistar rats. The animals were randomly assigned into seven groups. The experiment lasted fourteen days. The diets were formulated according to AIN-93G, six diets with 10% protein: CAS7 (7% lipid casein), CAS15 (15% lipid casein), AMB (baru almond), AMP (pequi almond), CJC (cerrado cashew nut), AMD (peanut) and a protein-free diet. A biological assay was carried out to assess the protein value, by Net Protein Ratio (NPR), Relative Net Protein Ratio (RNPR), and Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) methods. We found that the exotic almonds and the nut are rich in proteins (22.7 29.9 g/100 g), lipids (41.9 50.0 g/100 g), fibres (baru and pequi almonds, around 10.0 g/100 g), iron and zinc (4.3 7.4 mg/100 g). Baru almond s protein did not show deficiency in essential amino acids and lysine was the first limiting amino acid in the proteins of the pequi almond and cerrado cashew nut. The baru almond showed a RNPR of 86%, similar to that of the cerrado cashew nut (78%), but higher than that of the peanut (72%) and of the pequi almond (54%). The PDCAAS value of the baru almond (91%) was the highest and cerrado cashew nut and peanut presented similar values of this index (82%), which were higher than that of the pequi almond (55%). The baru almond has the highest protein quality, but the cerrado cashew nut and peanut are sources of good quality protein, too. We recommend the inclusion of these exotic foods in healthy diets and in food industry, and the baru almond and cerrado cashew nut as sources of complementary protein.
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a qualidade nutricional e o valor protéico das amêndoas de baru e de pequi e da castanha-de-caju-do-cerrado, frutas nativas do Cerrado brasileiro, e comparar com o amendoim. Determinou-se a composição química centesimal, teor de minerais e perfil de aminoácidos, conforme métodos padronizados. Foi realizado um experimento com 42 ratos Wistar, machos, recém-desmamados, distribuídos em sete grupos segundo delineamento por blocos casualizados, durante catorze dias. As dietas foram formuladas segundo AIN-93G, sendo seis dietas com 10% de proteína: CAS7 (caseína com 7% de lipídios); CAS15 (caseína com 15% de lipídios); amêndoas de baru (AMB); amêndoa de pequi (AMP); castanha-de-caju-do-cerrado (CJC) e amendoim (AMD), e uma dieta aprotéica (APO). O valor protéico foi estimado por meio dos métodos Net Protein Ratio (NPR), Relative Net Protein Ratio (RNPR) e Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS). As amêndoas de baru, de pequi e a castanha-de-caju-do-cerrado são ricas em proteínas (22,7-29,9 g/100 g), lipídios (41,9-50,0 g/100 g), fibras (amêndoas de baru e de pequi, em torno de 10,0 g/100 g), ferro e zinco (4,3-7,4 mg/100 g). A proteína da amêndoa de baru não apresentou deficiência em aminoácidos essenciais, e a lisina foi o primeiro aminoácido limitante nas proteínas da amêndoa de pequi e da castanha-de-caju-do-cerrado, e o segundo limitante na proteína do amendoim. A amêndoa de baru apresentou RNPR de 86%, estatisticamente similar ao da castanha-de-caju-do-cerrado (78%), mas superior ao do amendoim (72%) e da amêndoa do pequi (54%). A amêndoa de baru apresentou maior valor de PDCAAS (91%), e a castanha-de-caju-do-cerrado e o amendoim apresentaram valores semelhantes para este índice (82%), seguidos pela amêndoa de pequi (55%). A amêndoa de baru possui maior qualidade protéica, porém a castanha-de-caju-do-cerrado e o amendoim também são fontes de proteína de boa qualidade. Recomendamos a inclusão destes alimentos nativos em dietas saudáveis e na indústria alimentícia, e a amêndoa de baru e a castanha-de-caju-do-cerado como fontes de proteínas complementares.
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BOBEICA, NATALIA. "Manipolazione della maturazione in Vitis vinifera L.: rapporto tra superficie fogliare/uva e gli interazioni delle pratiche colturali." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6538.
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Il cambio climatico sta inducendo una precocità negli fasi fenologiche della vite, tra cui la maturazione, un fenomeno che si verifica spesso nelle stagioni più calde e che porta a vini sbilanciati. La composizione della bacca consiste principalmente di metaboliti primari e secondari. Entrambi sono sensibili all'ambiente e alla gestione del vigneto. Di conseguenza, il cambiamento climatico può influenzare la composizione delle bacche e modificare la qualità del vino e la tipicità. La defogliazione può influenzare la composizione della bacca, modulando il bilancio vegeto-produttivo.
Durante i tre anni del dottorato di ricerca, diversi rapporti tra superficie fogliare e uva sono state studiate per chiarire i meccanismi d'azione contro il processo di maturazione. In questa ricerca è stato studiato l'effetto della severità, tempismo e la posizione di defogliazione su due vitigni, Sangiovese e Cabernet Sauvignon.Global warming is inducing a general earliness in the onset of grapevine phenological stages including ripening, a phenomenon that occurs often in the hottest seasons and which leads to unbalanced wines. Grape berry composition mainly consists of primary and secondary metabolites. Both are sensitive to environment and viticultural management. As a consequence, climate change can affect berry composition and modify wine quality and typicity. Leaf removal techniques can impact berry composition by modulating the source-to-sink balance. During the three years of PhD, different leaf-to-fruit ratios were studied to clarify action mechanisms vs the ripening process. In this research was studied the effect of severity, timing and position of leaf removal on two cultivars, Sangiovese and Cabernet Sauvignon.
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Landers, Emilee Kathleen. "Rapid Compositional Assessment of Tomato Fruit by Using Portable Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1417539506.
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Bochi, Vivian Caetano. "OTIMIZAÇÃO DE UMA FORMULAÇÃO DE FISHBURGER DE JUNDIÁ (RHAMDIA QUELEN) VISANDO O APROVEITAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS DA FILETAGEM DO PROCESSAMENTO DE FRUTAS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5749.
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This work was aimed at optimizing a formulation of silver catfish fishburgers (Rhamdia quelen) using filleting wastes and extract from fruit seeds. The utilization of filleting wastes
from silver catfish in the formulation of fishburgers was evaluated by replacing grounded fish fillets with increasing levels (0-control, 20, 50, and 80%) of pulp obtained from filleting wastes (PFW). Fat content of burgers increased with increasing levels of PFW (p<0.05). Burgers with 50-80% PFW had lower n-6/n-3 ratio than control (p<0.05). Fat and moisture retention after cooking were not affected by PFW, while cooking yield increased in burgers with 50% PFW when compared to all other formulations (p<0.05). Texture and juiciness were not affected by PFW. However, burgers containing 80% PFW had lower overall acceptance than controls (p<0.05). Mango (Mangifera indica L.), peach (Prunus persica), and passion fruit (Passiflora sp.) seeds were examined for their total phenolic content, radical scavenging
capacity against DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and antioxidant activity against lipid oxidation in a fish model system (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.3 mg phenolic compounds/4.4ml of silver catfish homogenate). Mango seed
extract (MSE) showed the highest phenolic content and total antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP assays. Lipid oxidation in fish model system (at 37oC during 90 min) was retarded
by the three seed extracts at all concentrations tested. MSE that had the highest antioxidant activity in vitro, was also evaluated against lipid oxidation in fishburgers produced from silver catfish filleting wastes. Burger formulations with 50% pulp from filleting wastes were prepared containing MSE (0, 30, and 90 ppm phenolic compounds) and conjugated dienes,
peroxide value, tiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and free fatty acids were the oxidation products measured during frozen storage at -10 and -20oC. All lipid damage measurements were affected by the storage time and temperature. However, after 120 days at both temperatures, TBARS levels of fishburgers did not reach threshold limit for human consumption. MSE had no antioxidant effect against lipid oxidation in silver catfish burgers. Filleting wastes could substitute up to 50% of fish fillets with no changes in sensory
acceptance, an improvement of nutritional value, and cooking characteristics, with good lipid stability during at least 120 days of freezing storage.Este trabalho avaliou o aproveitamento de resíduos resultantes da filetagem e de extratos vegetais de sementes de frutas na otimização de formulações de fishburgers de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Os resíduos da filetagem do jundiá foram processados e obteve-se uma polpa de resíduos da filetagem (PRF) utilizada em diferentes níveis (0-controle, 20, 50, e 80%) para substituir os filés de peixe na formulação de fishburger. O teor de gordura aumentou com a utilização de PSF nas formulações (p<0,05). Os fishburgers produzidos com 50-80% PRF apresentaram menores valores para as razões de ácidos graxos n-6/n-3 do que os valores obtidos para o controle (p<0,05). A capacidades de retenção de umidade e de retenção de gordura pós-cocção não foram afetadas pela utilização de PRF, no entanto as formulações com 50% de PRF tiveram os maiores rendimentos pós-cocção (p<0,05). A análise sensorial revelou que a textura e suculência das formulações não foram alteradas pela utilização de PRF, porém a incorporação de 80% de PRF reduziu a aceitação do produto em relação ao controle (p<0,05). Foram determinados, para extratos de sementes de manga (Mangifera indica L.), pêssego (Prunus persica), e maracujá (Passiflora sp.), o conteúdo fenólico, a atividade antioxidante pelos métodos do DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil), FRAP (poder antioxidante de redução do ferro) e a capacidade de impedir a oxidação lipídica em um sistema modelo contendo peixe (0,05, 0,1, 0,15 e 0,3 mg de compostos fenólicos/4,4ml de homogeneizado de carne de jundiá). As sementes de manga apresentaram o maior teor de compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante em DPPH e pelo método de FRAP. A oxidação lipídica no homogeneizado de carne de peixe submetido ao aquecimento (37ºC) por 90 minutos foi impedida pelo extrato das três sementes de frutas em todas as concentrações testadas. O extrato de semente de manga, que apresentou a maior atividade antioxidante in vitro, foi escolhido para a avaliação de sua capacidade em impedir a oxidação da uma formulação de fishburger produzida com resíduos da filetagem. Foram preparadas formulações de fishburger contendo 50% de resíduos de filetagem e diferentes níveis de extrato de semente de manga (0, 30 e 90 ppm de compostos fenólicos) que foram armazenadas a -10 ou -20 oC. A oxidação lipídica durante o congelamento foi acompanhada determinando-se os teores de dienos conjugados, valor de peróxidos, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico e ácidos graxos livres. Todas as medidas de oxidação lipídica foram afetadas pela temperatura e tempo de estocagem. No entanto, ao final de 120 dias, os níveis de TBARS não alcançaram o valor limite para consumo humano. O extrato de semente de manga não apresentou efeito antioxidante contra a peroxidação lipídica nas formulações de fishburgers de jundiá. A substituição de filé de jundiá por polpa de resíduos da filetagem pode ser realizada até o nível de 50% na formulação de fishburger de jundiá significativas na qualidade sensorial, resultando em produtos com melhor valor nutricional e características pós-cocção, estáveis durante pelo menos 120 dias de congelamento.
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Cartier, Nicole. "Les polysaccharides de la paroi primaire des cellules de Rubus fruticosus cultivées en suspension : intervention des polyosidases endogènes dans leur réarrangement au cours de la croissance." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10058.
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Neighbors, Stacy Marie. "Carbohydrates in Glycine max (L.) Merr. fruits during early ontogeny." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101245.
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The occurrence of starch and other soluble carbohydrates in the embryos and young developing fruits of 'Essex' soybeans were determined at anthesis and continuing 10 days after flowering (DAF). The embryo was shown to be filled with starch grains which disappeared with development. Digestion of embryo sections with a mixture of α- and β-amylases showed a rapid hydrolysis of the reserve starch, suggesting that enzymatic degradation in vivo may provide soluble sugars as substrates for embryo growth. Starch and soluble sugars in the young developing fruits were found to be high at anthesis and then decreased with fruit growth. However, 6-8 DAF, fruits 7-9 mm showed an influx of soluble sugars and an accumulation of starch. Glucose was the major component of the soluble sugars in the 80% ethanolic extracts analyzed by high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Sucrose was present as a lesser component. Amylase activity was maximal at anthesis, but declined with increasing fruit size. Beta-amylase comprised a high percentage of the amylolytic activity in the developing fruits.
Embryo development in fruits of greenhouse-grown plants collected 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 OAF closely paralleled that of greenhouse-grown plants sampled by morphological sizes. The stages of embryo development in fruits from field-grown plants sampled by morphological sizes were similar to anthesis, 2-5 mm, and 4-6 mm fruits of greenhouse-grown plants sampled by the same procedure. However, embryos of field-grown fruits 7-9 mm and 10-15 mm showed a more advanced growth than embryos of fruits of comparable size from greenhouse-grown plants.M.S.
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Montaut, Sabine. "Composition phytochimique et évaluation de potentialités biologiques des fruits de Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae)." Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT004C.
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Isatis tinctoria l. Ou pastel (brassicaceae) est une plante tres commune dans le sud de la france et dans les pays mediterraneens. Cette plante est connue, depuis des siecles, pour sa propriete tinctoriale bleue due a des precurseurs d'indigo : isatan b et indican. La premiere partie bibliographique donne une breve presentation des brassicaceae, de isatis tinctoria l. , de ses utilisations, de la composition chimique et des proprietes de la plante. La deuxieme partie est consacree a une analyse phytochimique des fruits du pastel. Nous avons isole et identifie, grace aux donnees spectrales uv, de masse, de rmn 1h et 1 3c et parfois de rmn bidimensionnelle hmbc et hmqc, dix composes : deux acides phenols (acide protocatechique et acide cafeique) ; un flavonol (quercetine) ; deux c-glycosylflavones (isoscoparine et isoorientine) ; cinq glucosinolates (2-r-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate ou progoitrine, 2-s-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate ou epi-progoitrine, gluconapine, glucobrassicine et neoglucobrassicine). De plus, a partir d'un extrait methanolique de graines, un nouveau glucosinolate indolique a ete caracterise. Il s'agit du 3-2-(3-hydroxy-pent-4-enoate) de 3h-indolylmethyl glucosinolate, a qui nous avons donne le nom trivial de glucoisatisine. La troisieme partie est consacree a l'expose d'essais d'activites biologiques. Le pouvoir cytotoxique de l'extrait prepare a partir des fruits avec du methanol 70% bouillant, a ete teste sur les larves de crevettes artemia salina leach. Il se revele inactif. L'activite antiradicalaire contre o 2 des fractions chloroformique, acetate d'ethyle, butanolique et aqueuse de l'extrait prepare a partir des fruits, a ete etudiee. La fraction aqueuse est inactive alors que les fractions chloroformique et butanolique possedent une faible activite. La fraction acetate d'ethyle s'est revelee etre tres antiradicalaire et la plus active des quatre fractions testees. L'activite semble etre due a la presence de composes polyphenoliques.
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Lira, Rosa Cavalcante. "Caracterização nutricional e utilização de resíduos da Indústria alimentícia na dieta de frangos de corte." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2018. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/3163.
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Three experiments had been carried out in which the first one was a metabolism test, by the traditional method, to evaluate the nutritional value of the passion fruit residue in different substitution levels in diet and in two broiler chicken ages. There was a significant difference between ages within all residue replacement levels. For AME, AMEn, CAMDM, MCCP and CAMGE the mean of chicken aged between 10 to 17 days was higher than those with age between 1 to 8 days within all levels of residue replacement. The second and third experiments aimed to evaluate the nutritional value of the biscuit residue with the same substitution levels and ages of the first experiment. It was observed that the older birds had higher mean values for AME, AMEn, CAMDM, MCCP and CAMGE at all levels of residue replacement. The fourth experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of the passion fruit residue on the broilers carcass performance and yield, 200 birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments (0%, 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% inclusion of the residue in the diet) and four replicates of 10 birds.The residues inclusion levels influenced the consumption of feed at the ages of 1 to 7 days and 8 to 14 days. In the other periods the consumption was not affected. Weight gain where only affected in the first two weeks, with negative linear effects, in which at every 1% of inclusion the weight gain ration decrease 2.3875 g/ bird / week and 2.1830 g / bird / week, respectively, for the first and second week. Feed conversion worsened linearly up to 21 days and in the total period of 42 days. There was a negative influence of inclusion levels on absolute and relative thigh weight and positive for absolute and relative torso weight. There was no effect on the absolute weights and yields of the edible viscera. The passion fruit and biscuit residue presented better nutritional values at the age of 10 to 17 days, with good potential for its use in the broilers diet. Passion fruit residue can be used up to 16% inclusion in the diet in the period from 22 to 40 days of age without affecting the productive performance of broiler chickens and in the period from 1 to 42 days without damaging the carcass yield.Foram realizados 4 experimentos em que o primeiro foi um ensaio de metabolismo, pelo método tradicional, que objetivou avaliar o valor nutricional do resíduo do maracujá em diferentes níveis de substituição na dieta e em duas idades de frangos de corte. Houve diferença significativa entre as idades dentro de todos os níveis de substituição do resíduo. Para a EMA, EMAn, CMMS, CMPB, CMEB), a média da idade dos frangos de 10 a 20 dias foi superior à média da idade de 1 a 11 dias dentro de todos os níveis de substituição do resíduo. O segundo e terceiro experimentos objetivaram avaliar o valor nutricional do resíduo do biscoito com os mesmos níveis de substituição e idades do primeiro experimento, tendo sido observado que as aves mais velhas apresentaram maiores médias para as variáveis EMA, EMAn, CMMS, CMPB, CMEB, em todos os níveis de substituição do resíduo. O quarto experimento objetivou avaliar o efeito da utilização do resíduo de maracujá sobre o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte. 200 aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0%,4%,8%,12% e 16% de inclusão do resíduo na dieta) e quatro repetições de 10 aves. Os níveis de inclusão do resíduo influenciaram no consumo de ração nas idades de 1 a 7 dias e de 8 a 14 dias. Nos demais períodos o consumo não foi afetado. Para o ganho de peso só houve efeito nas duas primeiras semanas, com efeito linear negativos, em que a cada 1% de inclusão, o ganho de peso diminuiu em 2,3875 g/ave/semana e de 2,1830 g/ave/semana, respectivamente, para a primeira e segunda semana. A Conversão Alimentar piorou linearmente até os 21 dias e no período total de 42 dias. Houve influência negativa dos níveis de inclusão sobre o peso absoluto e relativo de coxa e positiva para o peso absoluto e rendimento de dorso. Não houve efeito para os pesos absolutos e rendimentos das vísceras comestíveis. O resíduo do maracujá e do biscoito apresentaram melhores valores nutricionais na idade de 10 a 17 dias, com bom potencial para a sua utilização na dieta de frangos de corte. O resíduo de maracujá pode ser utilizado em até 16% de inclusão na dieta no período de 22 a 40 dias de idade sem prejuízo no desempenho produtivo de frangos de corte e no período de 1 a 42 dias sem prejuízo no rendimento de carcaça.
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Benito, Eugénie. "L'arbousier, Arbutus Unedo L : botanique, composition chimique, propriétés médicinales." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2P093.
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Florido, Julia Mercedes Pérez. "Avaliação da diversidade de frutas e hortaliças frutosas comercializadas no município de São Paulo: composição nutricional de macro e micronutrientes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-06112015-134149/.
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Introdução- O conceito de biodiversidade para alimentação e agricultura inclui um conjunto de componentes, como variedade de alimentos, nível de recursos genéticos e gestão dos sistemas de produção dos diversos cultivos. Segundo a FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), estudar e entender a biodiversidade é essencial para garantir a segurança alimentar e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Objetivos- Caracterizar a diversidade e disponibilidade de frutas e hortaliças frutosas para a população do município de São Paulo e verificar a disponibilidade de informação nutricional dos diferentes grupos de mercado. Métodos- Foram selecionadas as cinco frutas e hortaliças frutosas mais adquiridas (kg per capita/ano) segundo a POF (Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares) 2008-2009 que apresentam ao menos três grupos de mercado comercializados na CEAGESP (Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo): Banana (Musa spp.), Laranja (C. sinensis L. Osbeck), Maçã (M. domestica Borkh.), Mamão (C. papaya L.), Abacaxi (A. comosus L.), Tomate (L. esculentum Mill.), Abóbora (Cucurbita spp.), Pimentão (C. annuum L.), Pepino (C. sativus L.), Berinjela (S. melongena L.). A presença dos grupos de mercado de cada espécie foi avaliada em estabelecimentos de comercialização de alimentos localizados em 18 distritos do município de São Paulo classificados por tercis de IDH. Foram avaliados um total de 73 estabelecimentos (18 feiras livres e 55 mercados, supermercados e hipermercados) em duas épocas distintas (julho-setembro de 2014 e fevereiro-março de 2015). A busca de dados de composição nutricional foi realizada nas principais bases de dados (Scielo, Lilacs, Bireme) e em dados publicados por organizações nacionais e internacionais (EMBRAPA, FAO, INFOODS), além das tabelas nacionais TACO, TBCAUSP e Fontes Brasileiras de Carotenoides. As informações nutricionais de macro e micronutrientes foram compiladas em uma única tabela. Resultados- Estabelecimentos localizados em distritos de alto Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) apresentaram maior diversidade para as espécies banana, mamão, maçã, tomate, pepino e pimentão em comparação aos distritos de médio IDH (p<0,05) em 2014. Em contrapartida, os distritos de alto e baixo IDH ofertaram quantidades semelhantes de grupos de mercado para as espécies estudadas, exceto o mamão e tomate que estiveram mais presentes no alto IDH. Em relação às frutas, a Banana Nanica, Banana Prata, Laranja Pera, Maçã Gala e Abacaxi Pérola estiveram presentes em quase 100 por cento dos estabelecimentos, nos três IDHs. Já em relação às hortaliças frutosas, o Pimentão Verde e Berinjela Comum estiveram presentes em quase 100 por cento dos estabelecimentos avaliados em 2014. Conclusões- Observaram-se diferenças de disponibilidade de grupos de mercado das espécies estudadas, conforme classificação do IDH do distrito. Verificou-se que as feiras livres mostraram ser melhores locais de escolha de compra pelos consumidores, já que de maneira geral, apresentaram maior diversidade, a preços inferiores aos praticados nos supermercados. Apesar das escassas informações nutricionais disponíveis na literatura, foi possível evidenciar as diferenças de concentração de certos nutrientes para diferentes grupos de mercado estudados. Dessa forma, acredita-se que a disseminação dessas informações pode ser benéfica para os consumidores realizarem escolhas de consumo mais inteligentes, aumentando a diversidade de nutrientes na dieta.Introduction- The concept of biodiversity for food and agriculture includes a set of components such as varieties of food, level of genetic resources and management systems used in culturally diverse populations. Understanding local food biodiversity is essential to ensure food security and sustainable development. Objective- To characterize the diversity and availability of fruits and vegetables in the Sao Paulo municipality and verify the availability of nutritional information of different market groups. Methods- the market-groups targeted in this study belong to the five most commonly purchased fruits and vegetables in São Paulo, according to the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (2008-2009): banana (Musa spp.), orange (C. sinensis L. Osbeck), apple (M. domestica Borkh.), papaya (C. papaya L.), pineapple (A. comosus L.), tomato (L. esculentum Mill.), pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) , bellpepper (C. annuum L.), cucumber (C. sativus L.), eggplant (S. melongena L.). The representation of each market group was evaluated by checking the retail trades from 18 districts classified by tertiles (HDI). A total of 73 retailers were evaluated (18 street markets and 55 markets and supermarkets) in two different seasons (July-September 2014 and February-March 2015). To perform data collection of micro and macronutrients, terms were used, including the nutritional composition, biodiversity, variety, cultivar, in various combinations, with emphasis on recently published data in databases composition of conventional foods, scientific articles, data published by national and international organizations and agencies related. Nutritional information were compiled into a single table. Results- Retailers located in high districts Human Development Index (HDI) showed greater diversity for species banana, papaya, apple, tomato, cucumber and bellpeppers compared to the average HDI districts (p <0.05) in 2014. However, high and low HDI districts offered similar amounts of market groups for the species studied, except papaya and tomatoes that were more frequently found in high HDI. For fruit, Banana Nanica, Banana Prata, Orange Pera, Apple Gala and Pineapple Pérola were present in almost 100 per cent of the establishments in the three tertile. In relation to fruit vegetables, the Bellpepper Verde and Eggplant Comum were present in almost 100 per cent of retailers evaluated in 2014. Conclusions- Differences in the availability of market groups from the species studied were observed, according to the district HDI ranking. It was found that streets markets have proven to be better places in choice of purchase by consumers, since in general, had higher diversity at lower prices than in supermarkets. Despite the meager nutritional information available in the literature, differences in concentration of certain nutrients to different market groups studied were observed. Thus, it is believed that the dissemination of such information can be beneficial for consumers make more intelligent consumer choices, increasing the diversity of nutrients in the diet.
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Miodrag, Jazić. "Hemijski sastav i biološki potencijal ploda, soka i tropa kultivisane i divlje kupine (Rubus fruticosus L.)." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnološki fakultet Novi Sad, 2019. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=111236&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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U okviru ove disertacije ispitan je hemijski, mineralni ipolifenolni sastav, kao i biološki potencijal četiri sortekupina sa dva različita lokaliteta sjeverozapadnog dijelaBosne i Hercegovine, sa lokaliteta Verići (divlja ikultivisana sorta Čačanska bestrna) i sa lokalitetaJavorani (divlja sorta i kultivisana sorta ChesterThornles). Određen je sadržaj suve materije, pepela,sirove celuloze, ukupnih šećera, ukupna kiselost i sadržajaskorbinske kiseline. Sadržaj mineralnih materijadetektovan je metodom optičke emisione spektrometrije(ICP-OES). Za izdvajanje ekstrakata je korištena klasičnaekstrakciona tehnika prema Soxhlet-u uz upotrebu 80 %etanola (v/v). Spektrofotometrijskim metodama određenje sadržaj ukupnih polifenola, flavonida, flavonola,ukupnih i monomernih antocijana. Kvalitativnom ikvantitativnom HPLC metodom je utvrđen sadržajpojedinačnih polifenolih jedinjenja. Biološki potencijaluzoraka je utvrđen u sistemima in vitro, gdje je određena:antioksidativna aktivnost, antihiperglikemijska aktivnost,antiproliferativni efekat i antimikrobna aktivnost.Antioksidativna aktivnost uzoraka je ispitana sa četirimetode: DPPH test, ABTS test, sposobnost neutralizacijehidroksil radikala i metodom inhibicije Briggs Rauscherovih oscilatornih reakcija. Antihiperglikemijska aktivnostispitivanih uzoraka kupine je dokazan na osnovusposobnosti inhibicije enzima α-glukozidaze.Antiproliferativni efekat ispitivanih uzoraka je određenprema inhibiciji rasta četiri humane ćelijske linije: HeLa(epitelnog karcinoma cerviksa), HT-29 (adenokarcinomadebelog crijeva), MRC-5 (zdravim ćelijama fibroblastipluća) i prema ćelijskoj liniji MCF7 (adenokarcinomadojke). Antimikrobna aktivnost je utvrđena prema grampozitivnom soju (G+) bakterija S. Aureus i gramnegativnom (G-) soju E. coli, rastu micelija Aspergillusaniger i Candida albicans. Regresionom analizom premaPirson-u su određeni odnosi između sadržaja polifenolnihjedinjenja i biološkog potencijala, sa statističkimznačajem (p ≤ 0,01).The chemical, mineral, polyphenolics composition andbiological potentials of four blackberries varieties from twodifferent locations in the northwestern part of Bosnia andHerzegovina (Verići - wild and cultivated variety Čačanskabestrna and Javorani - wild and cultivated variety ChesterThornless) were determined. The contents of dry matter, ash,crude cellulose, total sugars, total acidity and ascorbic acid wereobtained. The contents of mineral matter were detected byoptical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method. A classicSoxhlet extraction technique with 80% ethanol (v/v) wasapplied to obtain extracts. The spectrophotometric methodswere used to determine the content of total polyphenolics,flavonoids, flavonols, and total and monomer anthocyanins. Thecontent of individual polyphenolic compounds was determinedby HPLC method. The biological potentials (antioxidantactivity, antihyperglycemic activity, antiproliferative effect andantimicrobial activity) of the samples were determined in vitrosystems. The antioxidant activity was tested with four methods:DPPH test, ABTS test, ability to neutralize OH radicals and themethod of inhibiting Briggs Rauscher oscillatory reactions. Theantihyperglycaemic activity of the tested blackberry sampleswas based on the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme. Theantiproliferative effect of the tested samples was determined byinhibiting the growth of four human cell lines: epithelialcarcinoma of the cervix (HeLa), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), healthy lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5) and the cell line ofbreast adenocarcinoma (MCF7). The extracts showed thehighest inhibitory effect on the cell line of breastadenocarcinoma (MCF-7). The antimicrobial activity wasdetermined according to gram-positive bacteria (G +) ofStaphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria (G -)Escherichia coli, growth of mycelium Aspergillus niger andfungi Candida albicans. The Pearson correlations werestatistically determined the relationship between the content ofpolyphenolic compounds and biological potential, withstatistical significance (p ≤ 0.01).
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Dimopoulos, Nicolas. "Compositional changes of the grape berry (Vitis vinifera L.) cuticle during fruit development in response to water deficit stress." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/64184.
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