Journal articles: 'Fruit bats'

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Yani, Desi Arsita, and Wanda Nurma Yuliyantika. "Comparative Anatomy and Histology of Digestive Organs of Fruit-Eating Bats (Pteropus Vampyrus Linnaeus, 1758) and Insect-Eating Bats (Rhinolopus pusillus Temminck, 1834)." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 2 (March 1, 2019): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v2.51.

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Animal Bat consists of Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera. The difference between the two bats lies in the type and behavior of eating. Megachiroptera is a fruit-eating bat, while Microchiroptera is an insect-eating bat. This study aims to compare the digestive organ of fruit-eating bats (Pteropus vampyrus) and insect-eating bats (Rhinolopus pusillus). This research was conducted by observing macroanatomy and microanatomy in the digestive organ of both bats. Macroanatomy observation is done by looking at the shape and curvature of the analysis through organ photo media. Microanatomy observation was done by making organ preparations with hematoxylin-eosin staining and observed using a microscope. The digestive organ of fruit-eating bats and insectivores consists of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and rectum. Macroanatomically, fruit-eating bats and insectivores differ in size, where the fruit-eating bat's digestive organs are larger than insectivorous bats. Microanatomically, fruit-eating bats and insectivores have relatively similar histological structures, which differ only in the size of the cell.

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Elangovan, V., G. Marimuthu, and T. H. Kunz. "Temporal patterns of individual and group foraging behaviour in the short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx, in south India." Journal of Tropical Ecology 15, no. 5 (September 1999): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467499001091.

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The short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx, begins to visit fruit-bearing trees about 30 min after sunset. Individual bats often hover near or land on fruits or on nearby branches to remove whole or parts of fruits with their mouth. These bats seldom remain in the fruit-bearing trees to feed, but instead carry fruits to feeding roosts, repeating this behaviour several times throughout the night. Analysis of the temporal distribution of feeding behaviour has revealed two peaks of activity, one in the pre-midnight hours when bats fed mostly on ‘steady state’ fruits, and another during the post-midnight hours when bats fed on ‘big-bang’ fruits. Only solitary bats visited and fed on species with steady state fruiting phenologies, whereas groups of bats regularly visited and fed on species with big-bang fruiting phenologies. Thus, plant species which produce large numbers of fruits appear to promote group foraging during the latter hours of the night. It is suggested that the temporal use of available fruits in south India made it possible for C. sphinx to successfully exploit them, and thereby reduced interference competition with conspecifics.

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Raharimihaja, Tatamo E. A., Jo L. M. Rakotoarison, Paul A. Racey, and Radosoa A. Andrianaivoarivelo. "A comparison of the effectiveness of methods of deterring pteropodid bats from feeding on commercial fruit in Madagascar." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 13 (November 26, 2016): 9512. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2688.8.13.9512-9524.

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We compared the effectiveness of methods of deterring Pteropus rufus from feeding on commercial fruit in east central and southeastern Madagascar in 2012–2013 during the Litchi chinensis harvest. Two of the three methods used, installing plastic flags and ringing bells in the trees, were derived from those used by litchi growers in the southeast. We improved and standardized these methods and compared their effectiveness with an organic product made from dried blood and vegetable oil (Plantskydd®) with a taste and odour aimed at deterring mammal feeding. The bats damaged from 440–7,040 g of litchi fruits per tree and two of the three methods reduced the fruit lost to bats: the plastic flags and the organic deterrent. There were significant differences in the damage levels between the study sites and between our three methods of deterrence. The plastic flags and bell ringing methods were significantly less effective in reducing the fruit bat damage compared to the taste deterrent. The latter was most effective when it had enough time to dry and adhere to the fruits after spraying and before rain. Its effectiveness was further demonstrated in flight cage experiments during which Rousettus madagascariensis avoided litchis treated with Plantskydd®. Analysis of bat faecal samples revealed no feeding preference but the collected samples contained large numbers of Ficus seeds, suggesting that the bats feed extensively on Ficus fruits rather than on fruit of economic importance. Apart from fruit ripeness, tree productivity or other phenological factors did not affect the amount of fruit eaten by the bats. More fruits were damaged by birds than bats at both study sites.

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Fransiska Okta Zania, Audina Putri Geraldine, Citra Kurnia Putri, Ryanka Edila, and Aditya Yudhana. "Laporan Pertama Kasus Infestasi Spinturnix spp. pada Kelelawar Pemakan Buah (Rousettus spp.)." Media Kedokteran Hewan 33, no. 3 (September 8, 2022): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkh.v33i3.2022.233-243.

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Rousettus spp. is one of the wild animals that may transmit various diseases including zoonotic. Rousettus spp. or known as fruit bat is found in Java island and belongs to the Pteropodidae family. Generally, Rousettus spp. consumes fruit and floral products. This case report aims to detect ectoparasites in fruit bats (Rousettus spp.) found at Djawatan Banyuwangi, East Java. The samples in this case report are seven fruit bats (Rousettus spp.). Based on the results of laboratory identification using the whole mount method, from 7 samples of fruit bats (Rousettus spp.), there are five fruit bats (Rousettus spp.) were infected with Spinturnix spp.. Spinturnix spp. that obtained from fruit bats (Rousettus spp.) were examined using a binocular microscope (Olympus CX-23, Tokyo Japan) with a magnification of 100 times. Images of ectoparasites and bats were taken using a Nikon d5300 camera. Total amount of Spinturnix spp. that was successfully obtained from 5 fruit bats (Rousettus spp.) are 25 individuals.

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Edirisinghe, W. G. M., and T. G. T. Kusuminda. "On the nectar feeding by the fulvous fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaulti)." TAPROBANICA 6, no. 1 (June 29, 2014): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v6i1.135.

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Phytophagous or fruit bats feed primarily on fruits, seeds, and flower buds. Some fruit bats also feed on flower nectar, a habit that affects pollination and plant dispersal. As a consequence of chiropteran nectarivory many commercially important plant species are known to be pollinated. Nectar is an important source of carbohydrates and water for bats. Plant characteristics that influence pollination include time of anthesis; mode of nectar secretion; the colour, odour, morphology, position of flowers; the amount and protein content of pollen; the volume of nectar; and, the concentration of sugar.

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MB, Freitas. "Glyphosate Alters Redox Balance and Induces Histomorphological Alterations in the Testes of Fruit-Eating Bats (Artibeus lituratus)." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000436.

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We investigate the effects of Glyphosate (GLY) on the testes of fruit-eating bats (Artibeus lituratus). Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of short-time exposure to GLY herbicide on adult male bats testes. Adult male bats were exposed for three days: Control (fed fresh fruits) and GLY (fed 4 mL / 100 mL GLY-pulverized fruit). Animals fed with contaminated fruits showed a reduction in body mass. Antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) activity and carbonylated protein (PCN) levels increased in the teste’s GLY-exposed bats. Histomorphometry revealed an increase in the luminal parameters as well as in the epithelium tubule ratio, which is indicative of a reduction in epithelium area. There was also an increase in the percentage of macrophages and a decrease in the percentage and number of Leydig cells. The results indicate that short term exposure to GLY in frugivorous bats may cause oxidative stress of the tissue that possibly induces testicular morphological changes that may compromise the reproduction and maintenance of the species.

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Florens, F. B. Vincent. "Mauritius culls threatened fruit bats." Nature 530, no. 7588 (February 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/530033a.

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Francis, Charles M., Edythe L. P. Anthony, Jennifer A. Brunton, and Thomas H. Kunz. "Lactation in male fruit bats." Nature 367, no. 6465 (February 1994): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/367691a0.

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TAN, K. H., A. ZUBAID, and T. H. KUNZ. "Food habits of Cynopterus brachyotis (Muller) (Chiroptera: Pteropodidau) in Peninsular Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 3 (May 1998): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000236.

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Information on the feeding habits of the the lesser dog-faced friut bat, Cynopterus brachyotis, was obtained by the collection of food remains directly beneath daytime and feeding roosts. The bats were found to feed on the fruits of 54 plant species, the leaves of 14 species and the flower parts of four species. The seasonal phenological differences among congeneric plant species led to steady production of fruit throughout the year and the data suggets that Ficus spp. are a key component in the diet. Judging from its wide selection of fruits, C. brachyotis, is considered to be an important seed disperser. Folivory in C. brachyotis appears to be more common than previously thought. Of the leaves consumed by the bats, seven species belonged to the family Leguminosae, followed by Myrtaccae, Moraccae, Rhizophoacae and Euphorbiaccae. Friuts in general, provide an energy rich diet for phytophagous bats but most are low in protein. In contrast, leaves consumed by bats have a relatively high protein content. We suggest that folivory (by leaf fractionation) should be energetically more advantageous than the ingestion of large amounts of low protein friut or the active pursuit of mobile insects.

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Harima, Hayato, Michihito Sasaki, Yasuko Orba, Kosuke Okuya, Yongjin Qiu, Christida E. Wastika, Katendi Changula, et al. "Attenuated infection by a Pteropine orthoreovirus isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat in Zambia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): e0009768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009768.

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Background Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes severe respiratory illness in humans. Although PRVs have been identified in fruit bats and humans in Australia and Asia, little is known about the prevalence of PRV infection in Africa. Therefore, this study performed an PRV surveillance in fruit bats in Zambia. Methods Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus, n = 47) and straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum, n = 33) captured in Zambia in 2017–2018 were screened for PRV infection using RT-PCR and serum neutralization tests. The complete genome sequence of an isolated PRV strain was determined by next generation sequencing and subjected to BLAST and phylogenetic analyses. Replication capacity and pathogenicity of the strain were investigated using Vero E6 cell cultures and BALB/c mice, respectively. Results An PRV strain, tentatively named Nachunsulwe-57, was isolated from one Egyptian fruit bat. Serological assays demonstrated that 98% of sera (69/70) collected from Egyptian fruit bats (n = 37) and straw-colored fruit bats (n = 33) had neutralizing antibodies against PRV. Genetic analyses revealed that all 10 genome segments of Nachunsulwe-57 were closely related to a bat-derived Kasama strain found in Uganda. Nachunsulwe-57 showed less efficiency in viral growth and lower pathogenicity in mice than another PRV strain, Miyazaki-Bali/2007, isolated from a patient. Conclusions A high proportion of Egyptian fruit bats and straw-colored fruit bats were found to be seropositive to PRV in Zambia. Importantly, a new PRV strain (Nachunsulwe-57) was isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat in Zambia, which had relatively weak pathogenicity in mice. Taken together, our findings provide new epidemiological insights about PRV infection in bats and indicate the first isolation of an PRV strain that may have low pathogenicity to humans.

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Firnanda, Edo, Agus Setiawan, Elly Lestari Rustiati, and Eka Sulpin Ariyanti. "Tanda Keberadaan Tidak Langsung Kelelawar Pemakan Buah Di Sub Blok Perhutanan Sosial Hutan Pendidikan Konservasi Terpadu Tahura Wan Abdul Rachman." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 3, no. 3 (December 3, 2015): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl33113-120.

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Study on fruit bats’ food remains was conducted in Sub Blok Perhutanan Sosial Hutan Pendidikan Konservasi Terpadu Tahura Wan Abdul Rachman in December 2014 – March 2015. Direct survey was done for indirect signs and mist net for bat species. Three bats species found were family Pteropodidae, Cynopterus horsfieldii, Cynopterus sphinx and Macroglossus sobrinus. Seven food remains identified were six fruits and one leaf. The food plants are luwingan (Ficus hispida), duku (Lancium domesticum), jambu bol (Syzygium malaccense), jambu air (Syzygium aqueum), jambu biji (Psidium guajava), ketapang (Terminalia cattapa), and dadap (Erythrina lithosperma). Luwingan (Ficus hispida) is the most consumed. Keywords: Fruit bats, indirect signs, hutan pendidikan konservasi terpadu, Tahura Wan Abdul Rachman

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Ghanem, Simon J., Hans Ruppert, Thomas H. Kunz, and Christian C. Voigt. "Frugivorous bats drink nutrient- and clay-enriched water in the Amazon rain forest: support for a dual function of mineral-lick visits." Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467412000740.

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Abstract:In Central Amazonia, large mammals create water-filled puddles when consuming soil. These mineral licks are visited by pregnant and lactating frugivorous bats; possibly for two reasons. Frugivorous bats could supplement their mineral-depleted fruit diet by drinking salty water, or they could buffer dietary plant secondary compounds by consuming soil. We analysed bat fruits from Ecuador and showed that they are depleted in elemental concentrations (Na, K, P) compared with similar fruits collected from Costa Rica, where no mineral licks occur (n = 32). Analyses of water from Ecuador revealed that water samples from six mineral licks contained more physiologically relevant elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca) than four samples from river and stream water control sites (Mann–WhitneyU-test). In support of the nutrient supplement hypothesis, we observed bats drinking mineral-enriched water at these licks (video observation). Furthermore, blood collected from 68 bats differed in composition with respect to physiologically relevant minerals (Na, K, Mg, Fe) from that of frugivorous bats captured at control sites. To test whether frugivorous bats also consumed clay for detoxification, we checked for soil tracer elements in 31 faecal samples. Soil tracers are insoluble in water and, thus, are not included in a strict fruit diet. Bats from mineral licks showed higher aluminium soil tracer concentrations in their faeces than bat species that never visit licks, suggesting that frugivorous bats take up clay material at mineral licks. Our results provide evidence that frugivorous bats ingest soluble mineral nutrients and insoluble soil by consuming soil-enriched water at mineral licks, thus supporting the hypothesis that frugivorous bats of western Amazonia may derive a dual benefit from drinking water from mineral licks.

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Magloire, Niamien Coffi Jean, Kadjo Blaise, Koné Kéassemon Cédessia Hervé, and N’Goran Kouakou Eliézer. "Ressources Alimentaires De Eidolon helvum (Kerr, 1792), Espece Proche De La Menace (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2017): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n3p182.

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Food resources of the straw-colored fruit bats Eidolon helvum (Kerr, 1792), a near-threaned species in Abidjan-Plateau were studied from August 2007 to July 2008. Faeces collection under sleeping trees and direct observations were made in order to access qualitative composition and temporal distribution of food resources of Eidolon helvum. Results show that 16 species of plants grouped into eight families and classified in three categories of plant organs were exploited by these bats. Among them, three species of plants appeared for the first time in the diet of the frugivorous bats in Côte d’Ivoire. Fruit food resources were most abundant (83%) and fruits of Ficus genus were dominant (45%). The distribution of food resources varied with the season.

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He, Biao, Yun Feng, Hailin Zhang, Lin Xu, Weihong Yang, Yuzhen Zhang, Xingyu Li, and Changchun Tu. "Filovirus RNA in Fruit Bats, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 21, no. 9 (September 2015): 1675–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2109.150260.

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Kajihara, Masahiro, Bernard M. Hang’ombe, Katendi Changula, Hayato Harima, Mao Isono, Kosuke Okuya, Reiko Yoshida, et al. "Marburgvirus in Egyptian Fruit Bats, Zambia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 25, no. 8 (August 2019): 1577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2508.190268.

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Martin, R. D. "Vertebrate phylogeny: Are fruit bats primates?" Nature 320, no. 6062 (April 1986): 482–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/320482a0.

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Hanadhita, Desrayni, Anisa Rahma, Andhika Yudha Prawira, Ni Luh Putu Ika Mayasari, Aryani Sismin Satyaningtijas, Eiichi Hondo, and Srihadi Agungpriyono. "The spleen morphophysiology of fruit bats." Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 48, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ahe.12442.

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Mackenzie, Debora. "Fruit bats carry deadly Marburg virus." New Scientist 195, no. 2619 (September 2007): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(07)62180-0.

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Mackenzie, John S., and Sara E. Howard. "Cover Essay: Warrnyu, the Fruit Bats." EcoHealth 7, S1 (January 21, 2011): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-011-0675-0.

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Strumpf, Alyssa A., Ashley Malmlov, Jessica D. Ayers, Tony Schountz, and Lon V. Kendall. "Hematologic Values of Jamaican Fruit Bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) and the Effects of Isoflurane Anesthesia." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000056.

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Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) are used as an animal model for several viruses, including Middle East respiratory syndrome virus, dengue virus, Zika virus, and Tacaribe virus. However, despite ongoing studies regarding these pathogens, little is known regarding the bats' normal physiology. In this study, phlebotomy of the propetagial (cephalic) vein was performed to establish baseline hematologic parameters in an apparently healthy, captive population of Jamaican fruit bats. Furthermore, we compared results from physically restrained and isoflurane-anesthetized bats. Our findings indicate significant increases in WBC count, lymphocytes, and monocytes in the anesthetized bats. However, RBC and platelet parameters were not different between the 2 groups. This information on the normal hematologic parameters of Jamaican fruit bats, adds to our overall understanding of the normal physiology of this species, and expands our knowledge on bat species in general.

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Santana, Sharlene E., Zofia A. Kaliszewska, Leith B. Leiser-Miller, M. Elise Lauterbur, Jessica H. Arbour, Liliana M. Dávalos, and Jeffrey A. Riffell. "Fruit odorants mediate co-specialization in a multispecies plant–animal mutualism." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1956 (August 11, 2021): 20210312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0312.

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Despite the widespread notion that animal-mediated seed dispersal led to the evolution of fruit traits that attract mutualistic frugivores, the dispersal syndrome hypothesis remains controversial, particularly for complex traits such as fruit scent. Here, we test this hypothesis in a community of mutualistic, ecologically important neotropical bats ( Carollia spp.) and plants ( Piper spp.) that communicate primarily via chemical signals. We found greater bat consumption is significantly associated with scent chemical diversity and presence of specific compounds, which fit multi-peak selective regime models in Piper . Through behavioural assays, we found Carollia prefer certain compounds, particularly 2-heptanol, which evolved as a unique feature of two Piper species highly consumed by these bats. Thus, we demonstrate that volatile compounds emitted by neotropical Piper fruits evolved in tandem with seed dispersal by scent-oriented Carollia bats. Specifically, fruit scent chemistry in some Piper species fits adaptive evolutionary scenarios consistent with a dispersal syndrome hypothesis. While other abiotic and biotic processes likely shaped the chemical composition of ripe fruit scent in Piper , our results provide some of the first evidence of the effect of bat frugivory on plant chemical diversity.

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Parolin, Lays C., Sandra B. Mikich, and Gledson V. Bianconi. "Olfaction in the fruit-eating bats Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata: an experimental analysis." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, no. 4 (October 30, 2015): 2047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140519.

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ABSTRACT Studies suggest that frugivorous bats search and select fruit mainly by olfaction so that they can be attracted by smell alone. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in captivity, the behavioural response (number of foraging attempts) of Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata offered essential oils extracted from ripe fruit of Ficus insipida (Moraceae) and Piper hispidum (Piperaceae) as well as intact fruit wrapped in gauze to attract bats with reduced visual stimuli. Based on previous reports, we hypothesized that A.lituratus would exhibit preference for Ficus fruits/oil while C. perspicillata would prefer Piper fruit/oil. Four arrangements of these attractants were tested in triplicate: P. hispidum fruit vs. F. insipida fruit, P.hispidum oil vs. F. insipida oil, P. hispidum oil vs. F. insipida fruit and P. hispidum fruit vs. F. insipida oil. As expected, in all tests, A. lituratus showed the highest number of foraging attempts in F. insipida while C. perspicillata in those of P. hispidum. Based on the number of foraging attempts both species exhibited a positive response to their favorite fruit genera, though the differences were not always statistically significant. The results confirm the importance of smell in fruit choice by these species.

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Relox, Richel, Leonardo Florece, Joselito Baril, and Jesusita Coladilla. "Assessment of Fruit Bats and its Food Preferences in Mt. Apo Natural Park, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato, Philippines." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2014_1/02.

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Fruit bats are important seed dispersers that aid in natural forest regeneration in degraded areas. This study assessed fruit bat species in a portion of Mt. Apo, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato from September to December 2010 covering six habitat types: human settlement area/residential area, agro-ecosystem/cultivated area, secondary forest/ reforested site, forest edge, riverine/riparian area and montane forest for 1,118 net night hours. The food habits of the bats were also determined based on fecal examination and dropped fruits, which were verified through secondary information using indigenous knowledge interviews. A total of five bat species were noted such as Cynopterus brachyotis (n=83), Haplonycteris fisheri (n=33), Ptenochirus minor (n=25), Macroglossus minimus (n=20) and Ptenochirus jagori (n=12) wherein almost 50% of these are Philippine endemics and could be considered as seed dispersers of diverse trees. This study recommends the protection of Philippine and Mindanao endemic fruit bats such as P. minor, H. fischeri and P. jagori, through the conservation of their staple food (Ficus species) and the remaining primary forest habitat.

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Gribel, Rogério, and John D. Hay. "Pollination ecology of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) in Central Brazil cerrado vegetation." Journal of Tropical Ecology 9, no. 2 (May 1993): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400007173.

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ABSTRACTThe floral biology, breeding system and pollination of Caryocar brasiliense were studied in the cerrado vegetation of Central Brazil. The large, yellowish-cream, brush-like flowers are pollinated mainly by glossophagine bats (Glossophaga soricina and Anoura geoffroyi). Three non-glossophagine bats (Phyllostomus discolor, Vampyrops lineatus and Carollia perspicillata) and two short probosisced hawk moths (Erinyis ello and Pseudosphinx tetrio) may also act as occasional pollinators. Caryocar brasiliense is self-compatible although it sets significantly more fruits when crossed than when selfed. The natural fruit set (fruit/flower ratio) and seed set (seed/ovule ratio) are 3.1% and 1.0% respectively. Most of the fruits and seeds are formed through the action of the flower visitors, despite the fact that about 20% of the non-visited flowers receive self pollen on at least one stigma.

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Wright, Genevieve Spanjer, Gerald S. Wilkinson, and Cynthia F. Moss. "Social facilitation in short-tailed fruit bats, Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus)." Behaviour 157, no. 14-15 (November 13, 2020): 1193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10047.

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Abstract Group-living animals can potentially enhance their foraging performance and efficiency by obtaining information from others. Using PIT-tag data to study foraging behaviour in individual bats, we tested short-tailed fruit bats, Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus), for evidence of local enhancement or social facilitation. To discriminate between these phenomena, we manipulated the presence of conspecifics while individuals searched for food. We quantified the time to find food and the order and sex of bats accessing the food, and any consistent associations between bats. Presence of conspecifics decreased the time needed to find food. We found no evidence that pairs of individuals consistently fed together; however, bats of the same sex tended to feed closer in time with one another. The same individuals consistently accessed the food first, and males found food more quickly than females. Our results provide evidence of social facilitation, with bats finding food more quickly in a group than alone.

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Sapir, Nir, Nir Horvitz, Dina K. N. Dechmann, Jakob Fahr, and Martin Wikelski. "Commuting fruit bats beneficially modulate their flight in relation to wind." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1782 (May 7, 2014): 20140018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0018.

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When animals move, their tracks may be strongly influenced by the motion of air or water, and this may affect the speed, energetics and prospects of the journey. Flying organisms, such as bats, may thus benefit from modifying their flight in response to the wind vector. Yet, practical difficulties have so far limited the understanding of this response for free-ranging bats. We tracked nine straw-coloured fruit bats ( Eidolon helvum ) that flew 42.5 ± 17.5 km (mean ± s.d.) to and from their roost near Accra, Ghana. Following detailed atmospheric simulations, we found that bats compensated for wind drift, as predicted under constant winds, and decreased their airspeed in response to tailwind assistance such that their groundspeed remained nearly constant. In addition, bats increased their airspeed with increasing crosswind speed. Overall, bats modulated their airspeed in relation to wind speed at different wind directions in a manner predicted by a two-dimensional optimal movement model. We conclude that sophisticated behavioural mechanisms to minimize the cost of transport under various wind conditions have evolved in bats. The bats’ response to the wind is similar to that reported for migratory birds and insects, suggesting convergent evolution of flight behaviours in volant organisms.

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CARPENTER, ROGER E. "Flight Physiology of Intermediate-Sized Fruit Bats (Pteropodidae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 120, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.120.1.79.

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Up to eight physiological parameters were measured on members of four species of fruit bats with a size range of 0.188-0.650 kg as they flew in a wind tunnel. Regression lines were calculated for the relationships between body masses of bats and their power inputs (P1), heart and respiratory rates. These were compared to similar relationships for flying birds. Respiratory evaporation dissipated only 10% of the heat produced. At ambient temperatures (Ta) above 15°C, heat loss was facilitated by vasodilation of feet and wing membranes, but this mechanism became less effective at high Ta when thermal differential between wings and air was reduced. Bats are apparently unable to increase greatly their respiratory evaporation, and overheated at Ta of 25–30°C. At low Ta) the flight ability of two bats was reduced, suggesting that reduced coordination or even freezing of wings might be a general problem for bats flying at Ta close to 0°C. The endurance of three bats was so much greater near the middle of their speed ranges that the maximum flight distances ought to be achieved at these velocities, even though the cost of transport would be lower at higher speeds. Endurance at an airspeed was proportional to the relative power input (Pi/Pi,min) raised to the power of −7.45; flying at a speed that raised Pi/Pi,min by 10% reduced endurance by half.

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Halwe, Nico Joel, Marco Gorka, Bernd Hoffmann, Melanie Rissmann, Angele Breithaupt, Martin Schwemmle, Martin Beer, et al. "Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) Were Resistant to Experimental Inoculation with Avian-Origin Influenza A Virus of Subtype H9N2, But Are Susceptible to Experimental Infection with Bat-Borne H9N2 Virus." Viruses 13, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040672.

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Influenza A viruses (IAV) of subtype H9N2, endemic in world-wide poultry holdings, are reported to cause spill-over infections to pigs and humans and have also contributed substantially to recent reassortment-derived pre-pandemic zoonotic viruses of concern, such as the Asian H7N9 viruses. Recently, a H9N2 bat influenza A virus was found in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), raising the question of whether this bat species is a suitable host for IAV. Here, we studied the susceptibility, pathogenesis and transmission of avian and bat-related H9N2 viruses in this new host. In a first experiment, we oronasally inoculated six Egyptian fruit bats with an avian-related H9N2 virus (A/layer chicken/Bangladesh/VP02-plaque/2016 (H9N2)). In a second experiment, six Egyptian fruit bats were inoculated with the newly discovered bat-related H9N2 virus (A/bat/Egypt/381OP/2017 (H9N2)). While R. aegyptiacus turned out to be refractory to an infection with H9N2 avian-type, inoculation with the bat H9N2 subtype established a productive infection in all inoculated animals with a detectable seroconversion at day 21 post-infection. In conclusion, Egyptian fruit bats are most likely not susceptible to the avian H9N2 subtype, but can be infected with fruit bat-derived H9N2. H9-specific sero-reactivities in fruit bats in the field are therefore more likely the result of contact with a bat-adapted H9N2 strain.

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Spencer, HJ, C. Palmer, and K. Parry-Jones. "Movements of Fruit-bats in eastern Australia, determined by using radio-tracking." Wildlife Research 18, no. 4 (1991): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910463.

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Results from a long-term radio-tracking study of pteropodid fruit-bats are reported. Grey-headed fruit bats (Pteropus poliocephalus) captured from seven colonies in eastern New South Wales, Australia, were fitted with collar-mounted radio transmitters to permit their movements to be monitored over the following year. The sheepskin-lined leather collars were well tolerated by the bats over periods of 6-18 months. Bats moved between major colony sites for distances of up to 750 km, with movements occurring in both northerly and southerly directions. One bat from Lismore had a feeding range of 25 km, whereas in Sydney bats flew up to 17 km each night to feeding sites. There was considerable interchange between bats in adjacent colonies.

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30

Chattopadhyay, Balaji, Kritika M. Garg, Rajasri Ray, Ian H. Mendenhall, and Frank E. Rheindt. "Novel de Novo Genome of Cynopterus brachyotis Reveals Evolutionarily Abrupt Shifts in Gene Family Composition across Fruit Bats." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2020): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa030.

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Abstract Major novel physiological or phenotypic adaptations often require accompanying modifications at the genic level. Conversely, the detection of considerable contractions and/or expansions of gene families can be an indicator of fundamental but unrecognized physiological change. We sequenced a novel fruit bat genome (Cynopterus brachyotis) and adopted a comparative approach to reconstruct the evolution of fruit bats, mapping contractions and expansions of gene families along their evolutionary history. Despite a radical change in life history as compared with other bats (e.g., loss of echolocation, large size, and frugivory), fruit bats have undergone surprisingly limited change in their genic composition, perhaps apart from a potentially novel gene family expansion relating to telomere protection and longevity. In sharp contrast, within fruit bats, the new Cynopterus genome bears the signal of unusual gene loss and gene family contraction, despite its similar morphology and lifestyle to two other major fruit bat lineages. Most missing genes are regulatory, immune-related, and olfactory in nature, illustrating the diversity of genomic strategies employed by bats to contend with responses to viral infection and olfactory requirements. Our results underscore that significant fluctuations in gene family composition are not always associated with obvious examples of novel physiological and phenotypic adaptations but may often relate to less-obvious shifts in immune strategies.

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Arora, Ayushi, Anush Dogra, Ayush Dogra, Bhawna Goyal, and Apoorav Maulik Sharma. "Nipah Virus: An Outbreak of Deadly Paramyxvirus." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 11, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 1177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1479.

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The outbreak of the deadly virus namely nipah virus has been first discovered in Malaysia in 1988. The later outbreaks were recorded in Bangladesh and India. The natural host of this virus is found to be fruit bats. From the fruit bats the virus gets transferred to fruits and vegetables and animals also. Mainly pigs are the ones which easily get infected due to the virus. The fatality rate is very high due to this virus. No vaccine has been yet developed which can cure human infection. In this article the development of nipah virus from 1998 to 2018 is studied and current developments, preventive measures have been studied in order to prevent the future outbreaks.

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32

Cechetto, Clément, Fanny de Busserolles, Lasse Jakobsen, and Eric J. Warrant. "Retinal Ganglion Cell Topography and Spatial Resolving Power in Echolocating and Non-Echolocating Bats." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 95, no. 2 (2020): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000508863.

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Bats are nocturnal mammals known for their ability to echolocate, yet all bats can see, and most bats of the family Pteropodidae (fruit bats) do not echolocate – instead they rely mainly on vision and olfaction to forage. We investigated whether echolocating bats, given their limited reliance on vision, have poorer spatial resolving power (SRP) than pteropodids and whether tongue click echolocating fruit bats differ from non-echolocating fruit bats in terms of visual performance. We compared the number and distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as well as the maximum anatomical SRP derived from these distributions in 4 species of bats: Myotis daubentonii, a laryngeal echolocating bat from the family Vespertilionidae, Rousettus aegyptiacus, a tongue clicking echolocating bat from the family Pteropodidae, and Pteropus alecto and P. poliocephalus, 2 non-echolocating bats (also from the Pteropodidae). We find that all 3 pteropodids have a similar number (≈200,000 cells) and distribution of RGCs and a similar maximum SRP (≈4 cycles/degree). M. daubentonii has fewer (∼6,000 cells) and sparser RGCs than the pteropodids and thus a significantly lower SRP (0.6 cycles/degree). M. daubentonii also differs in terms of the distribution of RGCs by having a unique dorsal area of specialization in the retina. Our findings are consistent with the existing literature and suggest that M. daubentonii likely only uses vision for orientation, while for pteropodids vision is also important for foraging.

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Atama, N., S. Manu, S. Ivande, S. P. Rosskopf, K. Matuschewski, and J. Schaer. "Survey of Hepatocystis parasites of fruit bats in the Amurum forest reserve, Nigeria, identifies first host record for Rousettus aegyptiacus." Parasitology 146, no. 12 (July 12, 2019): 1550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019000817.

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AbstractParasites of the genus Hepatocystis are close relatives of Plasmodium that frequently infect epauletted fruit bats across West and East Africa. Our understanding of susceptible hosts and prevalence of infection of Hepatocystis remains fragmented. Non-invasive sampling of bat assemblages in representative habitats critically contribute to haemosporidian parasite distribution maps. Here, we report on a survey of Hepatocystis parasite infections in bats undertaken over two consecutive years in a protected area in Nigeria, where prevalence and diversity of bat-infecting haemosporidian parasites have not been studied. Microscopic examination of blood films in combination with PCR detection and sequencing revealed Hepatocystis infections with prevalences of 25% and 42% in the closely related epauletted fruit bats Epomophorus sp. and Micropteropus pusillus. For the first time, mature Hepatocystis gametocytes were identified in one Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). This novel host record was confirmed by parasite and host genotyping and suggests that Hepatocystis parasites have a broader host distribution in African fruit bats than currently known.

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Gibson, Louise, Maria Puig Ribas, James Kemp, Olivier Restif, Richard D. Suu-Ire, James L. N. Wood, and Andrew A. Cunningham. "Persistence of Multiple Paramyxoviruses in a Closed Captive Colony of Fruit Bats (Eidolon helvum)." Viruses 13, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081659.

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Bats have been identified as the natural hosts of several emerging zoonotic viruses, including paramyxoviruses, such as Hendra and Nipah viruses, that can cause fatal disease in humans. Recently, African fruit bats with populations that roost in or near urban areas have been shown to harbour a great diversity of paramyxoviruses, posing potential spillover risks to public health. Understanding the circulation of these viruses in their reservoir populations is essential to predict and prevent future emerging diseases. Here, we identify a high incidence of multiple paramyxoviruses in urine samples collected from a closed captive colony of circa 115 straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum). The sequences detected have high nucleotide identities with those derived from free ranging African fruit bats and form phylogenetic clusters with the Henipavirus genus, Pararubulavirus genus and other unclassified paramyxoviruses. As this colony had been closed for 5 years prior to this study, these results indicate that within-host paramyxoviral persistence underlies the role of bats as reservoirs of these viruses.

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35

Olival, Kevin J., Ariful Islam, Meng Yu, Simon J. Anthony, Jonathan H. Epstein, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Salah Uddin Khan, et al. "Ebola Virus Antibodies in Fruit Bats, Bangladesh." Emerging Infectious Diseases 19, no. 2 (February 2013): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1902.120524.

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36

Field, Hume, Carol E. de Jong, Kim Halpin, and Craig S. Smith. "Henipaviruses and Fruit Bats, Papua New Guinea." Emerging Infectious Diseases 19, no. 4 (April 2013): 670–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1904.111912.

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37

Hemingway, Claire T., Jack C. Aversa III, Michael J. Ryan, and Rachel A. Page. "Context-dependent preferences in wild fruit bats." Animal Behaviour 179 (September 2021): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.06.016.

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38

Epstein, Jonathan H., Vibhu Prakash, Craig S. Smith, Peter Daszak, Amanda B. McLaughlin, Greer Meehan, Hume E. Field, and Andrew A. Cunningham. "HenipavirusInfection in Fruit Bats (Pteropus giganteus), India." Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, no. 8 (August 2008): 1309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1408.071492.

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39

HILL, J. E. "FRUIT-BATS FROM THE FEDERATION OF MALAYA." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 136, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1961.tb05897.x.

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40

Tan, Min, Gareth Jones, Guangjian Zhu, Jianping Ye, Tiyu Hong, Shanyi Zhou, Shuyi Zhang, and Libiao Zhang. "Fellatio by Fruit Bats Prolongs Copulation Time." PLoS ONE 4, no. 10 (October 28, 2009): e7595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007595.

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41

Bradbury, Jane. "Ebolavirus bides its time in fruit bats." Lancet Infectious Diseases 6, no. 1 (January 2006): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(05)70316-9.

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42

Brook, Cara E., Hafaliana C. Ranaivoson, Daudet Andriafidison, Mahefatiana Ralisata, Julie Razafimanahaka, Jean-Michel Héraud, Andrew P. Dobson, and C. Jessica Metcalf. "Population trends for two Malagasy fruit bats." Biological Conservation 234 (June 2019): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.03.032.

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Leroy, Eric M., Brice Kumulungui, Xavier Pourrut, Pierre Rouquet, Alexandre Hassanin, Philippe Yaba, André Délicat, Janusz T. Paweska, Jean-Paul Gonzalez, and Robert Swanepoel. "Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus." Nature 438, no. 7068 (November 30, 2005): 575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/438575a.

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44

&NA;. "Fruit Bats as Reservoirs of Ebola Virus." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 25, no. 8 (August 2006): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000237737.67456.5a.

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45

Stone, R. "TOXICOLOGY: Fruit Bats Linked to Mystery Disease." Science 296, no. 5566 (April 12, 2002): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.296.5566.241.

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46

Rasweiler, J. J., C. J. Cretekos, and R. R. Behringer. "Feeding Short-Tailed Fruit Bats (Carollia perspicillata)." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2009, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): pdb.prot5159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5159.

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47

Hodgkison, Robert, Sharon T. Balding, Akbar Zubaid, and Thomas H. Kunz. "Habitat structure, wing morphology, and the vertical stratification of Malaysian fruit bats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 6 (October 14, 2004): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001737.

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This study investigated the vertical stratification of Old World fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in relation to habitat structure and wing morphology, in a lowland Malaysian rain forest. In total, 352 fruit bats of eight species were captured within the subcanopy of the structurally complex old-growth forest during 72 306 m2 mist net hours of sampling. Fruit bat species that were grouped in relation to capture height were also grouped in relation to wing morphology – with those species predicted to have more manoeuvrable flight (i.e. lower wing-loadings and lower aspect-ratios) captured in increasingly cluttered airspaces. Thus, small differences in wing morphology are likely to be ecologically significant to the vertical stratification of bats. Hence, habitat heterogeneity may be a key factor promoting fruit bat species diversity in old-growth palaeotropical forests.

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Amman, Brian R., Amy J. Schuh, César G. Albariño, and Jonathan S. Towner. "Marburg Virus Persistence on Fruit as a Plausible Route of Bat to Primate Filovirus Transmission." Viruses 13, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13122394.

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Marburg virus (MARV), the causative agent of Marburg virus disease, emerges sporadically in sub-Saharan Africa and is often fatal in humas. The natural reservoir for this zoonotic virus is the frugivorous Egyptian rousette bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) that when infected, sheds virus in the highest amounts in oral secretions and urine. Being fruit bats, these animals forage nightly for ripened fruit throughout the year, including those types often preferred by humans. During feeding, they continually discard partially eaten fruit on the ground that could then be consumed by other Marburg virus susceptible animals or humans. In this study, using qRT-PCR and virus isolation, we tested fruit discarded by Egyptian rousette bats experimentally infected with a natural bat isolate of Marburg virus. We then separately tested viral persistence on fruit varieties commonly cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa using a recombinant Marburg virus expressing the fluorescent ZsGreen1. Marburg virus RNA was repeatedly detected on fruit in the food bowls of the infected bats and viable MARV was recovered from inoculated fruit for up to 6 h.

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Voigt, Christian C., Dina K. N. Dechmann, Jamie Bender, Benjamin J. Rinehart, Robert H. Michener, and Thomas H. Kunz. "Mineral Licks Attract Neotropical Seed-Dispersing Bats." Research Letters in Ecology 2007 (2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/34212.

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Unlike most terrestrial mammals, female bats must supply their offspring with all required nutrients until pups achieve virtually adult size, at which time they are able to fly and become independent. Access to nutrients may be especially challenging for reproductively active females in mineral-poor landscapes such as tropical rainforests. We hypothesized that pregnant and lactating females from tropical landscapes acquire essential nutrients from locally-available mineral licks. We captured ten times as many bats at mineral licks than at control sites in a lowland rainforest in eastern Ecuador. Among bats captured at mineral licks, the sex ratio was heavily biased toward females, and a significantly higher portion of females captured at these sites, compared to control sites, were reproductively active (pregnant and lactating). Enrichment ofN15in relation toN14in wing tissue indicated that bats captured at mineral licks were mostly fruit-eating species. Given the high visitation rates of reproductive active females at mineral licks, it is likely that mineral licks are important for fruit-eating female bats as a mineral source during late pregnancy and lactation. By sustaining high population densities of fruit-eating bats that disperse seeds, mineral licks may have an indirect influence on local plant species richness.

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Francis, Charles M. "Vertical stratification of fruit bats (Pteropodidae) in lowland dipterocarp rainforest in Malaysia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 10, no. 4 (November 1994): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400008191.

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ABSTRACTMistnets were set at ground level and 11–30 m above ground in lowland rainforest at Kuala Lompat in peninsular Malaysia, and Sepilok in Sabah, to compare the abundance of fruit bats in the subcanopy and at ground level. Capture rates in the subcanopy were up to 100 times greater than at ground level, averaging 3–7 bats per net-night. Species diversity was higher in the subcanopy than forest understorey. Two species that were frequently captured in the subcanopy,Megaerops wetmoreiandDyacopterus spadiceus, were previously thought to be rare. The abundance of Old World fruit bats in the subcanopy indicates that their roles in pollination and seed dispersal of Malaysian forest trees may be greater than previously recognized. Further research on foraging ranges, food selection and roosting habits is required to determine the overall importance of fruit bats in forest regeneration through seed dispersal, and the adequacy of existing reserves for their conservation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fruit bats'

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