Academic literature on the topic 'Fruit'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fruit"
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Zaremuk, Rimma Sh, and Tatiana A. Kopnina. "Promising varieties of sour cherry Prunus cerasus L. with a complex of fruit quality traits for growing in the southern Russia." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 17, no. 4 (December 27, 2022): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2022-17-4-437-447.
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Southern assortment of cherries does not quite meet the modern requirements of production. Many varieties are low-productive, not resistant to cherry leaf spot ( Coccomyces hiemalis ) and moniliosis ( Monilia cinerea ), small-fruited, with low taste qualities. However, new varieties have been created that have not been studied by the complex of consumer and commodity qualities of fruits. Thus, evaluation of new varieties for these traits is relevant. The aim of the research was to evaluate cherry varieties of different origin for commodity, biochemical, and consumer qualities of fruits. The research was carried out in the Kuban horticultural zone of the Krasnodar territory. Objects of the research were 9 varieties of sour cherry trees. Field and laboratory studies were conducted according to Program and methodology of varietal study of fruit, berry and nut crops (1999), Methodological instructions on chemical and technological variety testing of vegetable, fruit and berry crops for canning industry (1993). Statistical analysis was carried out according to B.A. Dospekhov (2014) and G.F. Lakin (1990). It was found that the average fruit weight of cherry varieties varied not significantly - from 2.72 to 6.45 g, which was confirmed by the coefficient of variation (23.3 %). Indicators of maximum and minimum fruit weight varied significantly in varieties, coefficients of variation were 27.2 and 29.7 %, respectively. The following cherry varieties with large fruits were identified: Timati, Igrushka, Duk Ivanovna, Duk Khodosa, Prizvaniya and Svetlaya. were distinguished. Cherry varieties with high sugar content in fruits were as follows: Feyа, Dzhusi Frut and Igrushka. Feyа, Duk Khodosa, Prizvanie, Svetlaya and Dzhusi Frut had fruits with low acidity; Feyа, Dzhusi Frut and Igrushka fruits were characterized by high content of soluble solids in fruits. Feyа, Igrushka and Duk Khodosa fruits had the highest content of vitamin C; Igrushka, Duk Khodosa, Prizvanie, Svetlaya and Dzhusi Frut were rich in Vitamin P; Duk Khodosa, Prizvanie, Dzhusi Frut and Duk Ivanovna had the largest anthocyanin content. Therefore, Igrushka and Duk Khodosa cherry varieties are recommended for growing in the southern Russia and breeding for improvement of fruit quality.
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Belcar, Justyna, Ireneusz Kapusta, Tomasz R. Sekutowski, and Józef Gorzelany. "Impact of the Addition of Fruits of Kamchatka Berries (L. caerulea var. kamtschatica) and Haskap (L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx) on the Physicochemical Properties, Polyphenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity and Sensory Evaluation Craft Wheat Beers." Molecules 28, no. 10 (May 10, 2023): 4011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104011.
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Kamchatka berry (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica) and haskap (Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx) fruit are important sources of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, but also macro- and microelements. Physico-chemical analysis showed that wheat beers with added fruit were characterised by an average 14.06% higher ethanol content, lower bitterness and intense colour compared to the control, which was a wheat beer without added fruit. Wheat beers enriched with kamchatka berry fruit, including the “Aurora” variety, had the highest polyphenolic profile (e.g., chlorogenic acid content averaged 7.30 mg/L), and the antioxidant activity of fruit-enriched wheat beers determined by the DPPH method showed higher antioxidant activity of wheat beers enriched with kamchatka berry fruit, while those determined by the FRAP and ABTS methods showed higher antioxidant activity of wheat beers enriched with haskap fruit, including the “Willa” variety. Sensory evaluation of the beer product showed that wheat beers enriched with kamchatka berry fruits of the “Duet” variety and haskap fruits of the “Willa” variety were characterised by the most balanced taste and aroma. On the basis of the conducted research, it follows that both kamchatka berry fruits of the “Duet” and “Aurora” varieties and haskap fruit of the “Willa” variety can be used successfully in the production of fruity wheat beers.
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Barry, Carla. "Fruits and Fruit Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 2 (March 1, 1999): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.2.431.
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Boland, Frederick E. "Fruits and Fruit Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.1.121.
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Boland, Frederick E. "Fruits and Fruit Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.1.143a.
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Boland, Frederick E. "Fruits and Fruit Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/75.1.112.
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Boland, Frederick E. "Fruits and Fruit Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.1.136.
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Boland, Frederick E. "Fruits and Fruit Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.1.160a.
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Barry, Carla. "Fruits and Fruit Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.1.161.
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Boland, Frederick E. "Fruits and Fruit Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 2 (March 1, 1986): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.2.256a.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Fruit"
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Stander, Ockert Petrus Jacobus. "Fruit split and fruit size studies on Citrus." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79933.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fruit size and the integrity of the rind are key components that determine the value of a citrus fruit. The application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) to reduce splitting, a physiological disorder which entails cracking of the rind as well as to increase fruit size was conducted on three different split-susceptible mandarin and two split-susceptible orange cultivars. Treatments were applied directly after the physiological fruit drop period, as well as in January and February at 10 mg·L-1, alone or in combination with calcium (Ca), potassium (K) or gibberellic acid (GA3). Application of 2,4-D directly after physiological fruit drop, either alone or in a tank-mix with K, consistently reduced the number of split mandarin fruit, with later applications in January and February generally being ineffective. Post physiological fruit drop application of 10 mg·L-1 2,4-D significantly increased growth rate (mm.day-1) of all the mandarin cultivars, resulting in increased fruit size. Differences in sensitivity of cultivars to 2,4-D were evident, with the January application reducing the splitting in ‘Midknight’ Valencia. However, all the 2,4-D treatments reduced the fruit growth rate of the orange cultivars. The 2,4-D treatments, in terms of splitting, increased rind thickness, -strength and -coarseness of ‘Marisol’ Clementine, throughout fruit development. In addition fruit diameter and –length increased to such an extent that the fruit shape was altered (reduced d/l-ratio), reducing the potential of the rind to crack and the fruit to split, however rind coarseness of treated fruit was also increased. There were no major negative side effects on internal and external fruit quality, except for a possible reduction in juice content (%). Therefore, 10 mg·L-1 2,4-D can be applied directly after physiological fruit drop on ‘Marisol’ Clementine and ‘Mor’ mandarin to reduce fruit splitting.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vruggrootte asook die integriteit van die skil is belangrike aspekte in die bepaling van ʼn sitrusvrug se waarde. Die toediening van 2,4-dichlorofenoksie asynsuur (2,4-D) om vrugsplit, 'n fisiologiese defek wat tot die kraak van die sitrusskil lei, te verminder is getoets op drie mandaryn- en twee lemoenkultivars. Hiermee saam is die potensiaal van 2,4-D om vruggrootte te verbeter ook geëvalueer. Die 2,4-D behandelings is direk na die fisiologiese vrugval periode toegedien, asook in Januarie en Februarie, teen 10 mg·L-1, alleen of in kombinasie met kalsium (Ca), kalium (K) of gibberelliensuur (GS3). Al die mandarynkultivars het ʼn vermindering in die totale aantal gesplete vrugte getoon indien die 2,4-D (enkel of in kombinasie met K) toegedien was direk na fisiologiese vrugval. Suksesvolle behandelings het ook 'n toename in vruggrootte tot gevolg gehad. Toediening van behandelings in Januarie en Februarie was oor die algemeen oneffektief. Verskille in kultivar sensitiwiteit teenoor 2,4-D is gevind, met vrugsplit in ‘Midknight’ Valencia wat verminder was deur die Januarie toediening van 2,4-D. Al die 2,4-D behandelings het vruggrootte van die lemoenkultivars verlaag. Daar is bevind dat die 10 mg.L-1 2,4-D, enkel of in kombinasie met K, ‘n toename in beide skildikte en –sterkte van ‘Marisol’ Clementine teweeg bring asook ʼn growwer skil. Behandelings met 2,4-D het vrugdeursnee en –lengte laat toeneem, wat ʼn verandering in vrugvorm tot gevolg gehad het, tot so ʼn mate dat vrugte minder geneig was om gesplete te wees. Behalwe vir ʼn moontlike verlaging in die sapinhoud (%) van vrugte, was daar geen noemenswaardige negatiewe effekte op interne en eksterne vrugkwaliteit nie. Die toediening van 10 mg.L-1 2,4-D direk na fisiologiese vrugval kan dus aanbeveel word op mandaryn kultivars wat geneig is tot vrugsplit.
The Citrus Academy
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Astete, Napan Giancarlo, Morales Oswald Nicolai Cuadros, Vega Denisse Lorena Guevara, Gómez Raúl Alonso Montalvo, and Casquino Dámaso Heberto Rosillo. "AMAZON FRUIT." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/654743.
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En la actualidad, el mundo entero está pasando por una situación excepcional y retadora. Esto se debe a la pandemia que ha tocado vivir atodos los ciudadanos en estos tiempos. Por ello, se ha visto necesario acceder a cuarentenas focalizadas para evitar cualquier tipo de contagios por el acercamiento o aglomeración de personas, ello ha ocasionado que varios negocios quiebren al disminuir notoriamente sus ingresos mensuales.En el presente trabajo, se busca la viabilidad de un servicio que mezcla las ventas online junto con productos que ayuden a levantar las defensas en las personas, especialmente en estos tiempos que se amerita estar muy bien alimentados. Lo que busca este proyecto es poder combatir los malos hábitos de consumo a través de frutos exóticos de la selva peruana que aporten vitaminas y/o nutrientes que mejoren el estilo de vida con fines sociales para comunidades de la selva peruana.Por ello, luego de realizar un proceso de idealización el cual permitió escoger la idea de negocio más asertiva, se realizó el modelo de negocio que permite una mayor descripción de nuestro proyecto. Posterior a ello, se realizaron experimentos para validar el mismo. Finalmente, se realizó el concierge con todos los resultados obtenidos de las validaciones y estrategias junto con los objetivos a desarrollar.Currently, the entire world is going through an exceptional and challenging situation. This is due to the pandemic that all citizens have experienced in these times. For this reason, it has been necessary to access focused quarantines to avoid any type of contagion due to the approach or agglomeration of people, this has caused several businesses to go bankrupt by significantly reducing their monthly income.This proyect triesto find the viability of a service that mixes online sales with products that helps to raise people's defenses is sought, especially in these times when it is necessary to be very well fed. This project seeks is to be able to combat bad consumption habits through exotic fruits from the Peruvian jungle that provide vitamins and / or nutrients that improve the lifestyle for social purposes for communities in the Peruvian jungle.Therefore, after carrying out an idealization process which allowed us to choose the most assertive business idea, the business model that allows a greater description of our project was created. After that, experiments were carried out to validate it. Finally, the concierge was held with all the results obtained from the validations and strategies together with the objectives to be developed.
Trabajo de investigación
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Young, Deborah, Robert Call, and Michael Kilby. "Backyard Fruit Production at Elevations 3500 to 6000 Feet." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144776.
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Fallahi, Esmaeil, Mike Kilby, and Phil Tilt. "Adaptation of Deciduous Fruit to the Desert Climate." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215696.
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Chilling requirements and maturity of several varieties of peaches and apples were studied at the University of Arizona, Yuma Mesa Agricultural Center (Southwest Arizona) in 1985-1986. Flordared, Flordabelle, Flordabeauty, Flordagold, Desert Gold and Suwanee peaches broke their dormancy earlier than other cultivars and showed full bloom between mid-to-late January. Suwanee and Desert Gold matured earlier than other tested varieties, but they produced small size fruit with low sugar content. Anna and Dorsett Golden apples showed extended blooming period due to insufficient chilling.
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Roch, Léa. "Etude intégrative et comparative du métabolisme primaire des fruits au cours de leur développement." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0457/document.
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Le marché mondial des fruits représente des centaines de milliards d’euro par an et l’amélioration de la qualité organoleptique et nutritionnelle des fruits est l’un des principaux objectifs de ces dernières années. Le métabolisme primaire est une cible toute trouvée pour tenter de répondre à ces exigences. En effet c’est lui qui va fournir les briques nécessaires à la croissance et au développement, mais également les composés qui confèrent les valeurs gustatives tels que les sucres et les acides organiques. C’est pourquoi la compréhension de son fonctionnement au cours du développement des fruits est nécessaire. Pour cela le métabolisme primaire a été étudié chez huit espèces de fruits charnus qui diffèrent en termes de durée de développement, de taille de fruit, de famille botanique, de qualité gustative (sucrosité, acidité…), et sujettes ou non à une crise respiratoire au début de la maturation. Des données physiologiques et biochimiques ont été collectées tout au long du développement du fruit, de l’anthèse à la maturité physiologique. La modélisation de la croissance des fruits a permis de standardiser les stades de développement et ainsi d’améliorer la comparaison entre espèces. La composition de la biomasse a ensuite été caractérisée qualitativement et quantitativement par des approches analytiques ciblées et non ciblées mettant en évidence les similitudes et les différences de composition et d’évolution au cours du développement. Des modèles linéaires généralisés combinant la composition et les données de croissance ont été utilisés pour comparer différentes phases de développement du fruit et une analyse discriminante par régression des moindres carrés partiels (PLS-DA) a permis de séparer les fruits climactériques des non climactériques. Dans les deux cas, les composés des parois cellulaires, les protéines et les lipides interviennent dans la différentiation des groupes. Enfin, une étude détaillée du métabolome et de l’activome du fruit a été réalisée chez trois espèces de Solanacées. Elle montre qu’au sein d’une même famille botanique la régulation diffère au cours du développement, notamment au niveau du métabolisme des sucres et de la glycolyse. Ces travaux revisitent le caractère climactérique des fruits, le positionnant bien en amont du déclenchement de la crise respiratoire, et, plus généralement, permettent de mieux comprendre le métabolisme primaire au cours du développement du fruitThe world fruit market represents hundreds of billions of euros per year and improving the organoleptic and nutritional quality of fruit has been one of the main objectives in recent years. Primary metabolism is a target that can be used to try and meet these requirements. Indeed, it provides the bricks necessary for growth and development but also the compounds that contribute to taste such as sugars and organic acids. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how it operates during fruit development. For this purpose, primary metabolism has been studied in eight species of fleshy fruits that differ in terms of development duration, fruit size, botanical family, taste quality (sweetness, acidity, etc.), and are subject or not to a respiratory crisis at the initiation of ripening. Physiological and biochemical data have been collected throughout the fruit development from anthesis to physiological maturity. Fruit growth modelling allowed standardizing the stages of development and thus improved comparison between species. The composition of biomass was then characterized qualitatively and quantitatively by targeted and non-targeted analytical approaches highlighting similarities and differences in composition and changes during development. Generalized linear models combining composition and growth data were used to compare different phases of fruit development and a discriminant partial least square regression analysis (PLS-DA) was used to separate climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. In both cases, cell wall compounds, proteins and lipids were involved in group differentiation. Finally, a detailed study of the fruit metabolome and activome was performed in three species of Solanaceae. It revealed that within the same botanical family, regulation differs during development, particularly for sugar metabolism and glycolysis. This work revisits the climacteric character of fruits, positioning it long before the onset of the respiratory crisis, and, more generally, provides a better understanding of primary metabolism during fruit development
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Roberts, Stephanie Catherine. "Fruit pigmentation studies." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1844.
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Thesis (MscAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: For many apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars, attractive colour is essential to their profitability on export markets. This study focuses on problems related to poor green colour of ‘Granny Smith’ apples and insufficient red colour of bi-coloured pear cultivars. ‘Granny Smith’ apples often suffer from poor green colour. Green colour of fruit from various orchards was already found to differ midway through fruit development, with these differences being carried through to harvest. In a trial where nitrogen (N) fertilisers were applied using different forms at different times, there was no improvement in green colour. In another trial, artificial shading was applied to fruit only during their early development. Fruit that were shaded during this time were less green at harvest than unshaded fruit. Additional N applications may only improve colour where a deficiency exists. However, green colour may be improved by increasing light distribution early during fruit development. Bi-coloured pears attain their maximum red colour midway through their development, and this desired red colour is mostly lost prior to harvest. Red colour can also increase transiently with the passing of cold fronts. Anthocyanins, responsible for this red colour, may have a photoprotective function which would explain this pigmentation pattern, as photosystems are particularly sensitive to light damage at low temperatures. As ‘Rosemarie’ fruit bent over from a vertical to hanging position during development, peel photoinhibition was reduced as anthocyanins were synthesised. ‘Forelle’ peel was found to be very sensitive to high light levels at low temperatures. Substantial anthocyanin development took place in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples when weather conditions were cold, but clear following a cold front. A photoprotective role seems to explain daily changes in anthocyanins in response to temperature, but not the seasonal progression of colour development. For many apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars, attractive colour is essential to their profitability on export markets. This study focuses on problems related to poor green colour of ‘Granny Smith’ apples and insufficient red colour of bi-coloured pear cultivars. ‘Granny Smith’ apples often suffer from poor green colour. Green colour of fruit from various orchards was already found to differ midway through fruit development, with these differences being carried through to harvest. In a trial where nitrogen (N) fertilisers were applied using different forms at different times, there was no improvement in green colour. In another trial, artificial shading was applied to fruit only during their early development. Fruit that were shaded during this time were less green at harvest than unshaded fruit. Additional N applications may only improve colour where a deficiency exists. However, green colour may be improved by increasing light distribution early during fruit development. Bi-coloured pears attain their maximum red colour midway through their development, and this desired red colour is mostly lost prior to harvest. Red colour can also increase transiently with the passing of cold fronts. Anthocyanins, responsible for this red colour, may have a photoprotective function which would explain this pigmentation pattern, as photosystems are particularly sensitive to light damage at low temperatures. As ‘Rosemarie’ fruit bent over from a vertical to hanging position during development, peel photoinhibition was reduced as anthocyanins were synthesised. ‘Forelle’ peel was found to be very sensitive to high light levels at low temperatures. Substantial anthocyanin development took place in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples when weather conditions were cold, but clear following a cold front. A photoprotective role seems to explain daily changes in anthocyanins in response to temperature, but not the seasonal progression of colour development. Dwarfing rootstocks are known to improve red colour of bi-coloured pears due to improved light distribution. ‘Forelle’ fruit from six rootstocks of varying vigour were harvested from exposed positions only, so as to establish the effect of rootstock on red colour development independent of the effect of rootstock on canopy light distribution. Fruit from trees on quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) rootstocks were found to have redder fruit than those from vigorous BP pear rootstocks. This may be due to higher chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations present in the peel of fruit from BP rootstocks, whose leaf and peel N were also high. The use of quince rootstocks is recommended where red colour development of bi-coloured pears is a problem. An early season bi-coloured cultivar with good red colour is required. Breeding trials to find such a cultivar are resource intensive. To streamline the process, a method to preselect immature seedlings for their future fruit colour is required. Fruit colour from bearing seedlings was compared with colour of their immature leaves. Trees with red leaves were likely to produce fruit that were too red for the breeders’ requirements. Trees with green or blushed leaves were capable of producing blushed fruit. It would be feasible to cull red-leaved seedlings with minimal risk of losing potential bi-coloured cultivars.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie appel (Malus domestica Borkh.) en peer (Pyrus communis L.) kultivars se winsgewendheid word bepaal deur hul aantreklike kleur. In hierdie studie word die swak groen kleur van ‘Granny Smith’ appels asook rooi kleurontwikkeling van blospere ondersoek. Die groen kleur van ‘Granny Smith’ appels is dikwels onvoldoende. Verskille in groen kleur tussen boorde was reeds gedurende vroeë vrugontwikkeling aanwesig, en hierdie verskille het voortgeduur tot met oes. Groen kleur kon nie deur verskillende bronne en tye van stikstofbemesting verbeter word nie. Stikstofbemesting verbeter groen kleur moontlik net in boorde met ‘n stikstoftekort. Vrugte wat gedurende hul vroeë ontwikkeling oorskadu is, se groen kleur was swakker by oes in vergelyking met vrugte wat nie oorskadu is nie. Groen kleur kan moontlik verbeter word deur ligverspreiding tydens vroeë vrugontwikkeling deur middel van snoei aksies te verhoog. Blospeerkultivars bereik hul maksimum rooi kleur halfpad deur hul ontwikkeling, maar is geneig om hul rooi kleur grootliks voor oes te verloor. Rooi kleur mag egter kortstondig toeneem in reaksie op die lae temperature gepaardgaande met koue fronte. Antosianiene, wat verantwoordelik is vir die rooi kleur, het moontlik ‘n beskermende funksie teen hoë ligvlakke, en hierdie funksie mag moontlik die bogenoemde patroon van rooikleurontwikkeling verklaar. Die natuurlike buiging van ‘Rosemarie’ pere van hul aanvanklike regop oriëntasie tot hul karakteristieke hangende posisie, is gekenmerk deur ‘n afname in fotoinhibisie van die skil en ‘n gelyklopende sintese van antosianien. ‘Forelle’ skil was uiters sensitief vir hoë ligvlakke in kombinasie met lae temperature (16 ºC). ‘Cripps’ Pink’ appels het ‘n vinnig toename in rooi kleur getoon met die koue, maar helder, weerstoestande wat gevolg het op ‘n kouefront. Dit is welbekend dat dwergende onderstamme die rooi kleur van blospere verbeter deur ligverspreiding in die boom te verhoog. Ten einde die effek van onderstam op rooi kleurontwikkeling onafhanklik van die effek van onderstam op ligverspreiding te ondersoek, is ‘Forelle’ pere wat blootgestel was aan vol son geoes van bome geënt op ses onderstamme met verskillende groeikrag. Kweperonderstamme (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) het rooi kleur verbeter in vergelyking met die groeikragtige BP peeronderstamme. ‘n Moontlike rede vir die verbetering is die laer chlorofiel- en karotenoïedkonsentrasies in die skil van vrugte op kweperonderstamme. Bome op peeronderstamme het ook hoër blaaren skil stikstofvlakke gehad. Kweperonderstamme word aanbeveel in gevalle waar rooi kleurontwikkeling van blospere ‘n probleem mag wees. Die RSA vrugtebedryf benodig ‘n vroeë blospeerkultivar met goeie rooi kleurontwikkeling. Die teling van so ‘n kultivar is hulpbronintensief en baie duur. Ten einde die teelproses meer effektief te maak, word ‘n metode benodig om saailinge al voor uitplanting in die boord te selekteer na gelang van hul toekomstige vrugkleur. Die vrugkleur van oesryp pere van draende saailinge is vergelyk met die kleur van hul onvolwasse blare. Bome met rooi blare is geneig om vrugte te dra wat té rooi is om te kwalifiseer as blospere. Die meerderheid blospere is afkomstig van bome met blos of groen onvolwasse blare. Dit is prakties haalbaar om rooiblaarsaailinge uit te dun, met net ‘n klein, aanvaarbare risiko om ‘n moontlike blospeerkultivar in die proses te verloor.
medg2010-1
Imported from http://etd.sun.ac.za April 2010.
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Campbell, Julie Hutchinson Ebel Robert C. "Interaction of wax, fungicide and ethylene treatments on storage and shelf-life of Satsuma mandarins." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2005/SPRING/Horticulture/Thesis/CAMPBELL_JULIE_7.pdf.
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Li, Xi. "Studies on fruit abscission mechanisms during physiological fruit drop in citrus." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225672.
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Marques, José Roberto. "'Hass' avocado fruit quality : the role of fruit minerals and rootstocks /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16748.pdf.
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Schmidt, Veronika. "The role of fruit colour in avian fruit selection an objective approach /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965484610.
Full textBooks on the topic "Fruit"
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Sinha, Nirmal K., and Jiwan S. Sidhu. Handbook of fruits and fruit processing. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
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Hui, Y. H., ed. Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing. Ames, Iowa, USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470277737.
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Sinha, Nirmal K., Jiwan S. Sidhu, József Barta, James S. B. Wu, and M. Pilar Cano, eds. Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118352533.
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H, Hui Y., and Barta József, eds. Handbook of fruits and fruit processing. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. Professional, 2006.
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Fitzsimmons, Cecilia. Fruit. Parsippany, N.J: Silver Burdette Press, 1997.
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Benduhn, Tea. Fruit. Milwaukee, WI: Weekly Reader Early Learning Library, 2008.
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Fitzsimmons, Cecilia. Fruit. Parsippany, N.J: Silver Burdette Press, 1997.
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Baird, Elizabeth. Fruit. Toronto: Madison Press Books, 2006.
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Head, Honor. Fruit. London: Franklin Watts, 2007.
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Stone, Lynn M. Fruit. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke Pub., 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Fruit"
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Belitz, H. D., W. Grosch, and P. Schieberle. "Fruits and Fruit Products." In Food Chemistry, 806–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07279-0_19.
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Belitz, H. D., and W. Grosch. "Fruits and Fruit Products." In Food Chemistry, 748–800. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07281-3_19.
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Roberts{roJoint Chairman}, T. A., J. L. Cordier, L. Gram, R. B. Tompkin, J. I. Pitt{roJoint Chairman}, L. G. M. Gorris, and K. M. J. Swanson. "Fruits and fruit products." In Micro-Organisms in Foods 6, 326–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28801-5_6.
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Fontana, Ariel R., and Romina P. Monasterio. "Fruits and Fruit Processing." In Advances in Food Science and Nutrition, 133–51. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118865606.ch6.
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Swanson, Katherine MJ. "Fruits and Fruit Products." In Microorganisms in Foods 8, 177–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9374-8_13.
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Long, Lynn E., Gregory A. Lang, and Clive Kaiser. "Fruit ripening and harvest." In Sweet cherries, 282–303. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786398284.0282.
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Abstract This chapter provides information on the processes that occur in the sweet cherry fruit during ripening prior to harvest. Some pre-harvest disorders, such as fruit cracking, and their management are presented. Some factors to consider during the harvesting of the fruits are also discussed, along with various harvesting techniques. Some postharvest fruit quality considerations are highlighted and the importance of postharvest temperature and humidity control and safe transport of fruits from the orchard to the packing house are pointed out.
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Pátkai, Györgyi. "Fruit and Fruit Products as Ingredients." In Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing, 263–75. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118352533.ch16.
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Minifie, Bernard W. "Fruits, Preserved Fruits, Jam, Dried Fruit." In Chocolate, Cocoa, and Confectionery, 369–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5745-0_14.
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Minifie, Bernard W. "Fruits, Preserved Fruits, Jam, Dried Fruit." In Chocolate, Cocoa and Confectionery: Science and Technology, 369–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7924-9_14.
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Sato, Mamoru. "Transport of 137Cs into Fruits After External Deposition onto Japanese Persimmon Trees." In Agricultural Implications of Fukushima Nuclear Accident (IV), 85–111. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9361-9_10.
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AbstractPrior to the Fukushima Daiichi accident, radiocesium released during previous nuclear accidents was deposited in periods when fruit was growing on fruit trees and radiocaesium deposited onto surface of soil and leaf was assumed to be the main route of transfer into fruit trees. In contrast, fruit trees in Japan were in their dormancy phase, so radiocesium was deposited onto external branches of the trees and onto orchard soils after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March 2011. While data had previously been compiled on root to fruit transfer, there were few studies identifying and quantifying the relative importance of external deposition and translocation compared with root to fruit transfer. This study quantified the transfer rate (TRf) of 137Cs applied to leaves and calyx into Japanese persimmon, which is an important fruit crop in Fukushima prefecture. The study examined the effects of leaf position on branches where radiocesium was administered and of fruit load on the transport of 137Cs into fruit before bud burst. When 137Cs was applied to leaves, derived TRf were higher after radiocesium application at the fruit growing stage than at the young fruit stage. There was no significant difference in TRf in mature fruit when contamination occurred via calyx or via leaves. However, the TRf via calyx contamination was higher at the young fruit stage, whereas the TRf via leaves result in an opposite trend. The TRf was dependent on the distance between fruit and the contaminated leaves. The effect of fruit thinning was verified contaminating the central of 5 consecutive fruiting shoots (bearing one fruit per each). The TRf of 137Cs from leaves into fruit on the contaminated fruiting shoot was higher where fruits on the shoots adjacent to the central one were picked off (fruit thinning) than where no fruit thinning was applied. The TRf of 137Cs into fruit on the uncontaminated fruiting shoot was lower than in fruits of contaminated shoots. There was a significant correlation between the amount of 137Cs and 40K as well as the concentration in the fruit on the contaminated fruiting shoot. TRf and aggregated transfer factors (Tagf-b) of 137Cs into fruits were also studied after application of radiocesium at dormancy to apical fruiting mother shoots or to 2-year-old lateral branches. When the apical fruiting mother shoot was contaminated, the TRf of the combined mature fruits collected from uncontaminated fruiting mother shoots was less than a quarter of the TRf of fruit growing on the contaminated apical mother shoot (on the same 2-year-old lateral branch). In contrast, when the 2-year-old lateral branch was contaminated, the TRf and Tagf-b into fruit were similar for both the fruit on both the apical and other fruiting mother shoots. These results indicate that the transfer of 137Cs to other parts of the fruit from the apical fruiting mother shoot is limited, whereas from the 2-year-old lateral branches, the transfer of 137Cs to fruit is similar on all the fruiting mother shoots. The results as well as the comparative experiment of fruit loads were consistent with the hypothesis that the transfer of 137Cs was controlled by the sink strength and activity of fruits. Tagf-b values of 137Cs applied to apical fruiting mother shoot and 2-year-old lateral branch into fruits before bud burst were about 10−3 to 10−4 m2 kg−1 based on dry and fresh weights, respectively. A significantly higher concentration of 137Cs and Tagf-b values were derived when fruit thinning was carried out than when fruits were not thinned. Refraining from intensive fruit thinning may be a useful remediation option that could reduce 137Cs activity concentrations in Japanese persimmon fruits.
Conference papers on the topic "Fruit"
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Hošková, Elena, and Iveta Zentková. "The Impact of Import and Export on the Domestic Trade of Fruit in the SR." In Liberec Economic Forum 2023. Technical University of Liberec, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/009/lef-2023-27.
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The aim of the paper is to find out the impact of import and export of fruits on the domestic market through the trends of import and export of selected fruits in the Slovak Republic. The period under study is 2010-2022. The data are from the DataCube database (SUSR), Situational and Outlook Commodity Reports for Fruit and Vegetable Commodities (VUEPP) and Eurostat. Descriptive analysis and regression analysis are used in the paper. During the period under review, the consumption of southern fruits exceeded that of temperate fruits. The amount of fruit imported was higher than the amount exported. Twice as much southern fruit was imported into Slovakia as temperate fruit in the period under review. Bananas, apples, mandarins and oranges accounted for the largest share of fruit imports. Imports of all fruits are on an increasing trend. As far as fruit exports are concerned, exports of temperate and southern fruits from Slovakia were almost balanced during the period under review. Apples and bananas accounted for the largest share of fruit exports. Exports of all fruits, except plums and sloes, are on an increasing trend.
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Lantsev, V. Y., A. A. Zavrazhnov, A. I. Zavrazhnov, A. A. Zemlyanoy, and V. G. Brosalin. "FRUIT BAG." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.655-658.
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The article discusses means to facilitate the manual dispute of fruits and preserve their category. The proposed picking bag provides maximum control and regulation of the flow of fruits during unloading, which preserves the quality of the fruits laid in it, provides conditions for picking the fruit with both hands, allows the emptying of the picking bag from a height, does not interfere with pickers during operation and ensures a minimum level of physical labor.
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P., Deepthi, Dhinakaran M., and Yoganapriya R. "Fruit Disease Detection Using Image Processing." In The International Conference on scientific innovations in Science, Technology, and Management. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59544/bfbm3617/ngcesi23p87.
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Nowadays, production of mango fruit decreases because of climatic conditions and environmental concerns like heavy rain, high humidity, reduction in soil nutrients, diversity of associated diseases and disorder problems. Typically, the detection of mango Plant diseases is done by naked eye observation, which provides less accuracy. Low productivity of mango fruit is due to the various diseases affecting mango plants which are not recognized by the farmers as they are illiterate. This paper holds a survey on fruit disease detection using image processing techniques. DIP is a fast and accurate technique for detection of diseases in fruits. Identification and classification of diseases of fruits are done through various algorithms. This paper is fruit disease identification and classification techniques used by different authors. Techniques include clustering and CBS, ANN and different classifiers-based classification of diseases. The main focus of our work is obtaining the analysis of different fruit diseases detection techniques and also provides an overview of these techniques. All the work is done using Python and supporting libraries.
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Tomić, Jelena, Boris Rilak, Marijana Pešaković, Žaklina Karaklajić Stajić, and Svetlana M. Paunović. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PRODUCTIVITY AND FRUIT QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY CULTIVAR ‘SENGA SENGANA’ GROWN IN THE OPEN FIELD AND PLASTIC-GREENHOUSE." In 1st International Symposium on Biotechnology. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt28.157t.
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To identify and compare the differences in productivity and fruit quality of strawberry cultivar ‘Senga Sengana’ grown in open field and protected area fruits were harvested in 2021 in the region of Western Serbia. The yield, physical (fruit weight, dimensions, firmness), chemical (total soluble solids (TSS), total (TS) and invert sugars (IS), sucrose (SUC), titrable acids (TA), pH, sweetness index (TS/TA)) and nutritive traits (vitamin C, total phenols, total anthocyanins and antioxidative activity) of the fruits were analyzed. Significantly higher yield per area unit, fruit weight and length, TSS, sugars, organic acids, sweetness index and nutritive qulity were recorded in the fruits from protected area. Growing strawberries in a protected area, in addition to ensuring a safe yield, also has a positive effect on both the sensory and nutritional composition of the fruit.
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Santos, Thiago T., and Luciano Gebler. "A methodology for detection and localization of fruits in apples orchards from aerial images." In Congresso Brasileiro de Agroinformática. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbiagro.2021.18369.
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Computer vision methods based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have presented promising results on image-based fruit detection at ground-level for different crops. However, the integration of the detections found in different images, allowing accurate fruit counting and yield prediction, have received less attention. This work presents a methodology for automated fruit counting employing aerial-images. It includes algorithms based on multiple view geometry to perform fruits tracking, not just avoiding double counting but also locating the fruits in the 3-D space. Preliminary assessments show correlations above 0.8 between fruit counting and true yield for apples. The annotated dataset employed on CNN training is publicly available.
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Badžak, Nedim, Mirjana Radović, Jasmina Aliman, Mirko Kulina, Jasna Sejfić Hasanbegović, and Aleksandra Šupljeglav Jukić. "FIZIČKE OSOBINE PLODA SORTI TREŠNJE NA PODLOZI GISELA." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.179b.
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The physical properties of three sweet cherry cultivars grafted on Gisela 6 rootstock were studied in agroecological conditions of Blagaj, Herzegovina (southern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina), during a period of two years (2020‒2021). The research included fruit and stone weight, flesh ratio, stalk length, fruit dimensions and fruit shape index) of Early Lory, Regina and Kordia cultivars. The fruits of the cultivar Kordia had the highest fruit and stone weight, flesh ratio, stalk length, fruit width as well as fruit shape index. The cultivar Early Lory had the highest fruit width and thickness. Based on the results, the cultivar Kordia showed the best results of physical properties of the fruit compared to the cultivar Early Lory and Regina.
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Mykolaichuk, V. "The structure of the Chinese cowpea (legume) crop for grain use when grown in the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine." In international scientific-practical conference. MYKOLAIV NATIONAL AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/978-617-7149-78-0-33.
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The research has established the peculiarities of formation and structure of the Chinese cowpea crop in the field under drip irrigation. It was found that, depending on the conditions of fruit formation, the highest indicators of fruits and seeds, fruit yield and the proportion of seeds in fruits are characteristic of the second harvesting period. At the second harvesting period, 50.94 % of ripe fruits were harvested, with a seed content of 69.86 %.
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S, Jasmin, and Benschwartz R. "Enhancing Fruit Disease Recognition Using Deep Learning Model." In The International Conference on scientific innovations in Science, Technology, and Management. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59544/ecfa6325/ngcesi23p90.
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Fruit and vegetable identification and classification system is always necessary and advantageous for the agriculture business, the food processing sector, as well as the convenience shops and hypermarkets where these products are sold. Therefore, it is necessary to build an effective automated tool to meet the needs of the market by boosting the outcome, in order to improve economic efficiency. In this paper, a two-stage model is proposed to recognize fruits using camera images. Fruit disease recognition plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality and yield of fruits in agriculture. The framework for fruit disease recognition using a combination of VGG16 feature extraction, APGWO and CNN classification.VGG16 is a deep convolutional neural network known for its excellent feature extraction capabilities. APGWO adaptively adjusts the parameters to enhance the search efficiency and accuracy of feature selection. In this study, Adaptive particle – Grey Wolf Optimization (APGWO) has been applied for choosing the most pertinent features.
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Scheibelmasser, Anton, Matthias Jeindl, and Gunar Nakladal. "Exotic Fruit Ripening Based on Optical Characterisation." In OCM 2021 - 5th International Conference on Optical Characterization of Materials. KIT Scientific Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58895/ksp/1000128686-2.
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Re-sellers and customers in super markets expect perfect quality fruit in terms of ripeness, sweetness, taste and a lack of inner and outer defects. Especially exotic fruits provide many challenges due to long transport routes and the logistics of ripening processes. Optical characterisation of the fruits could help ensure the required quality. A combination of visual and infrared light evaluation techniques allows the measurement of quality parameters that support the control system of the reseller’s store and the delivery logistics to the super market. For the inspection of chemical fruit characteristics (e.g. dry matter, sugar content), a hyperspectral near-infrared sensor is used. Additionally, an RGB camera is responsible for the visual defect analysis. Based on this measurement principle, a ripening control machine was developed and tested in daily business, successfully.
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Jevremović, Stefan, Jasminka Milivojević, elena S. Katanić Stanković, and Jelena Popović-Đorđević. "Bioaccumulation potential of ‘Meeker’ and ‘Willamette’ raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruits towards macro- and microelements and their nutritional evaluation." In 2nd International Conference on Chemo and Bioinformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi23.152j.
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Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is the most important type of berry fruit in the Republic of Serbia. The bioaccumulation factor (BF) for the elements detected in the fruits of the raspberry cultivars ‘Willamette’ and ‘Meeker’ was calculated to determine their bioaccumulation potential. In addition, the nutritional quality of fruits in relation to nutritionally essential elements was evaluated and compared with the recommended daily intake. For determining the concentrations of 19 macro- and microelements in fruits and the soil, the analytical technique of optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma was used. Among the analyzed elements, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Li and Mo were below the limit of detection in the fruits of both raspberry cultivars, whereas Na and Ni were detected only in fruits of the ‘Meeker’ cultivar. All analyzed elements were detected in the soil. The results of the work indicated the high potential of the studied cultivars to accumulate nutritional elements K and Ca. In both raspberry cultivars, there were no substantial differences in the bioaccumulation of most elements. However, two elements (B and Mn) can be singled out; the BF for B in the ‘Willamette’ fruit was 3 times lower compared to the BF in the ‘Meeker’ fruit, whereas the BF value for Mn in the ‘Willamette’ fruit was almost 8 times higher compared to the BF value for the ‘Meeker’ fruit. Furthermore, the cultivars did not tend to accumulate potentially toxic elements such as Ba, Co, Cu and Ni. The nutritional evaluation revealed that the studied raspberry fruits are a good source of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu. Based on the BF values, differences observed in the accumulation of B, Ba, Na, Ni and Mn may be attributed to the characteristics of the cultivars.
Reports on the topic "Fruit"
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Woltering, Ernst, and Maxence Paillart. Ripening of plum fruit : GreenCHAINge Fruit & Vegetables WP6. Wageningen: Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/503787.
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Blumenfeld, Amos, and Thomas Davenport. Avocado Fruit Abscission. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1987.7598906.bard.
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Bennett, Alan B., Arthur A. Schaffer, Ilan Levin, Marina Petreikov, and Adi Doron-Faigenboim. Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598148.bard.
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The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs.
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Woltering, Ernst, and Maxence Paillart. Dynamics of ripening of avocado fruit : GreenCHAINge Fruit & Vegetables WP6. Wageningen: Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/503785.
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Shoseyov, Oded, Steven A. Weinbaum, Raphael Goren, and Abhaya M. Dandekar. Biological Thinning of Fruit Set by RNAase in Deciduous Fruit Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568110.bard.
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Fruit thinning is a common and necessary practice for commercial fruit production in many deciduous tree fruit species. Fruit thinning in apple may be accomplished with a variety of chemical thinning agents, but the use of these chemicals is a subject of environmental concern. It has been shown recently that RNase enzyme, secreted from the stigma and the style, inhibits pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. In this study we have been able to show that Aspergillus niger B-1 RNase can effectively inhibit peach and apple pollen germination, and tube elongation in-vitro, as well as thin fruit in peach and apple, and reduce the number of seeds in citrus. The objectives of the research were to detrmine the conditions for effective thinning of (USA and Israel), develop fermentation process for cost effective production of RNase from A. niger. (Israel), and clone apple S-RNase cDNA (USA). All the objectives of the research were addressed. We have determined the optimal fermentation conditions for cost effective production of the A. niger at a 20,000 liters scale. TheA. niger B1 RNase was isolated to homogeneity and its kinetic and biochemical properties including its N-terminal sequence were fully characterized. The field test results both in Israel and California have shown variability in effectiveness and more work is needed to define the RNase concentration necessary to completely inhibit pollen development. Plant transformation vectors expressing anti-sense apple S-RNase genes were constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce self compatible transgenic apple trees. Bovine S-Protein cDNA was cloned and successfully expressed in E. coli (Israel). Plant transformation vector expressing the S-Protein gene was constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce transgenic plants expressing S-protein in the style. Exogenous application of S-peptide to these plants will result in active RNase and consequently prevention of fertilization.
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Blumwald, Eduardo, and Avi Sadka. Sugar and Acid Homeostasis in Citrus Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697109.bard.
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Citrus fruit quality standards have been determined empirically, depending on species and on the particular growing regions. In general, the TSS (total soluble solids) to total acidity (TA) ratio determines whether citrus fruit can be marketed. Soluble sugars account for most of the TSS during harvest while TA is determined almost solely by the citric acid content, which reaches levels of 1-5% by weight in many cultivated varieties. Acid and sugar homeostasis in the fruit is critical for the management of existing cultivars, the development of new cultivars, the improvement of pre- and post-harvest strategies and the control of fruit quality and disorders. The current proposal (a continuation of a previous proposal) aimed at: (1) completing the citrus fruit proteome and metabolome, and establish a citrus fruit functional database, (2) further characterization of the control of fruit acidity by studying the regulation of key steps affecting citrate metabolism, and determine the fate of citrate during acid decline stage, and (3) Studying acid and sugar homeostasis in citrus fruits by characterizing transport mechanisms across membranes. These aims were completed as the following: (1) Our initial efforts were aimed at the characterization and identification of citric acid transporters in citrus juice cells. The identification of citrate transporters at the vacuole of the citrus juice cell indicated that the steady-state citrate cytosolic concentration and the action of the cytosolic aconitase were key elements in establishing the pH homeostat in the cell that regulates the metabolic shift towards carbon usage in the fruit during the later stages of fruit development. We focused on the action of aconitase, the enzyme mediating the metabolic use of citric acid in the cells, and identified processes that control carbon fluxes in developing citrus fruits that control the fruit acid load; (2) The regulation of aconitase, catalyzing a key step in citrate metabolism, was further characterized by using two inhibitors, citramalte and oxalomalte. These compounds significantly increased citrate content and reduced the enzyme’s activity. Metabolite profiling and changes of amino-acid metabolizing enzymes in oxalomalate- treated cells suggested that the increase in citrate, caused by aconitase inhibition, induces amino acid synthesis and the GABA shunt, in accordance with the suggested fate of citrate during the acid decline stage in citrus fruit. (3) We have placed a considerable amount of time on the development of a citrus fruit proteome that will serve to identify all of the proteins in the juice cells and will also serve as an aid to the genomics efforts of the citrus research community (validating the annotation of the fruit genes and the different ESTs). Initially, we identified more than 2,500 specific fruit proteins and were able to assign a function to more than 2,100 proteins (Katz et al., 2007). We have now developed a novel Differential Quantitative LC-MS/MS Proteomics Methodology for the identification and quantitation of key biochemical pathways in fruits (Katz et al., 2010) and applied this methodology to identify determinants of key traits for fruit quality (Katz et al., 2011). We built “biosynthesis maps” that will aid in defining key pathways associated with the development of key fruit quality traits. In addition, we constructed iCitrus (http://wiki.bioinformatics.ucdavis.edu/index.php/ICitrus), a “functional database” that is essentially a web interface to a look-up table that allows users to use functional annotations in the web to identify poorly annotated citrus proteins. This resource will serve as a tool for growers and field extension specialists.
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Schaffer, Arthur A., D. Mason Pharr, Joseph Burger, James D. Burton, and Eliezer Zamski. Aspects of Sugar Metabolism in Melon Fruit as Determinants of Fruit Quality. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568770.bard.
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The cucurbit family, including melon, translocates the galactosyl-sucrose oligosaccharides, raffinose and stachyose, in addition to sucrose, from the source leaves to the fruit sink. The metabolism of these photoassimilates in the fruit sink controls fruit growth and development, including the horticulturally important phenomenon of sucrose accumulation, which determines melon fruit sweetness. During this research project we have characterized the complete pathway of galactosyl sucrose metabolism in developing fruit, from before anthesis until maturity. We have also compared the metabolic pathway in scurose accumulating genotypes, as compared to non-accumulating genotypes. Furthermore, we studied the pathway in different fruit tissues, in response to pollination, and also analyzed the response of the individual steps of the pathway to perturbations such as low temperature and leaf removal. The results of our studies have led to the conclusion that generally galactosyl-sucrose metabolism functions as a coordinately controlled pathway. In one case, as an immediate response to the absence of pollination, the activity of a single enzyme, UDPglu pyrophosphorylase, was drastically reduced. However, during young fruit development, sucrose accumulation, and in response to perturbations of the system, groups of enzymes, rather than single enzymes, respond in a concerted manner. Our research has characterized in detail the initial enzymes of galactosyl-sucrose metabolism, including the galactosidases, galactokinase and the UDPgal- and UDPglu pyrophosphorylases. We have discovered a novel alkaline a-galactoside which hydrolyzes both stachyose and reaffinose and thereby may have solved the dilemma of cytosolic-sucrose metabolism, since prior to this research there was no known alkaline a-galactosidase capable of hydrolyzing raffinose.
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Burdman, S., E. Welbaum, R. Walcott, and B. Zhao. erial fruit blotch, elucidating the mechanisms of fruit infection by Acidovorax citrulli. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134162.bard.
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Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits is caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Acidovorax citrulli. BFB affects cucurbit production worldwide, and mainly watermelon and melon. Most A. citrulli strains are divided into two genetically differentiated groups: while group I strains have been mainly associated with melon and other non-watermelon cucurbits, group II strains are more aggressive on watermelon. Like many Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria, A. citrulli relies on a functional type III secretion system (T3SS) for pathogenicity. The T3SS is responsible for direct secretion of bacterial protein effectors to the host cell. Type III-secreted effectors (T3Es) contribute to virulence through manipulation of the host cell metabolism and suppression of plant defense. Our previous collaboration showed that group I and II strains significantly differ in their T3E arsenal (Eckshtain-Levi et al., Phytopathology 2014, 104:1152-1162). Using comparative genomics, we also showed that group I and II strains of A. citrulli have substantial differences in their genome content (Eckshtain-Levi et al., Front. Microbiol. 2016, 7:430). Our long-term goals are to identify the genetic determinants that contribute to virulence and host preferential association of the two major groups of A. citrulli, and to exploit these insights to develop effective BFB management strategies. We hypothesize that differences in the arsenal of T3Es, are greatly responsible for the differences in host preferential association between strains belonging to the two groups. The specific objectives of this project were: (1) to investigate the susceptibility of cucurbit species to group I and II strains under field conditions; (2) to assess the contribution of T3Es and other virulence factors to A. citrulli virulence and host preference; and (3) to characterize the mechanisms of action of selected T3Es of A. citrulli. In the frame of objective 1, we carried out three field experiments involving inoculation of several cucurbit crops (watermelon, melon, pumpkin and squash) with group I and II strains. Findings from these experiments confirmed that A. citrulli strains exhibit a preference for watermelon and melon. Moreover, we demonstrated, for the first time under field conditions, host-preferential association of group I and II strains to melon and watermelon, respectively. While host-preferential association was observed in leaves and in fruit tissues, it was more pronounced in the latter. In this part of the project we also developed a duplex PCR assay to differentiate between group I and II strains. In the frame of objective 2, we employed a multifaceted approach combining bioinformatics and experimental methods to elucidate the T3E arsenal of A. citrulli. These experiments led to discovery that A. citrulli strains possess large arsenals with more than 60 T3E genes. Remarkably, we found that ~15% of the T3E genes are group-specific. Advances were achieved on the contribution of selected T3E genes and other virulence determinants to the ability of A. citrulli to colonize the fruit and other tissues of melon and watermelon. Last, in the frame of objective 3, we advanced our understanding on the mode of action of few key T3Es of A. citrulli. We also optimized a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for functional genomics in melon and watermelon. This system will allow us to test melon and watermelon genes that may have defense or susceptibility roles related to BFB disease. Overall, this collaboration substantially enriched our knowledge on basic aspects of BFB disease. We believe that the fruits of this collaboration will greatly contribute to our ultimate goal, which is generation of durable resistance of melon and watermelon to A. citrulli.
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Ori, Naomi, and Jason W. Reed. Engineering parthenocarpic fruit production in tomato. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134175.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Normally, fruits are formed only following fertilization. In tomato, fertilization is sensitive to extreme temperatures, resulting in reduced yield. Yield stability would therefore benefit from tomato varieties with parthenocarpic fruits, which develop independently of fertilization. The objective of the research was to generate parthenocarpic tomato lines by mutating PRC2 components, to investigate how PRC2 and auxin signaling regulate fruit initiation and growth, and to generate parthenocarpic lines for breeding. We reasoned that heterozygous prc2 mutations would generate parthenocarpic fruits with minimal vegetative effects, as they act in the female gametophyte. The specific objectives were : To generate (1) tomato PRC2 mutants and characterize them developmentally (2) and molecularly (3), and to test their performance in the field (4). Aim 1 proved challenging, and was achieved only during the third year. Therefore the research was extended for an additional 8 months, during which goals 2 and 4 were achieved. The research yielded mutations in 4 different PRC2 components, two of which were loss-of-function mutations that produced parthenocarpic fruits, Slfie and Slmsi1 mutants. Characterization of heterozygote Slfie mutants showed that they produce fruits independently of fertilization across a range of growth conditions. No homozygote Slfie mutants were obtained, likely due to failure of the mutant allele to transfer via the female gametopyte. Slfie/+ fruits were of good quality in contrast to most previously described parthenocarpic fruits. Initial characterization under heat stress showed a dramatic increase in yield under extreme heat, therefore providing yield stability. In addition, we characterized single and double mutants in tomato SlARF8a and SlARF8b, and found that these also gave plants with parthenocarpic fruit growth and increased yield stability. The research yielded genetic material that can be used in breeding programs to increase yield stability under unstable climate
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Yeh, D. Adeline, Jaclyn Kramer, Linda Calvin, and Catharine Elizabeth Weber. The changing landscape of U.S. strawberry and blueberry markets. Washington, D.C.: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2023.8134359.ers.
Full textAbstract:
Fruits are vital to consumer diets and are an important part of the U.S. agricultural industry. Two berries--strawberries and blueberries--are among the most important fruits. With more than $2 billion in annual farm gate sales and accounting for a 13-percent share of total production value of fruit, strawberries rank third for all fruit produced in the United States. Blueberries account for 5 percent of total fruit production value. This report examined changes in domestic production, consumption, prices, and trade for strawberries and blueberries over two decades. This study helps understand how the major berry markets evolved in a short time and examined opportunities and challenges these markets face.--