Relevant bibliographies by topics / Frozen and thawed

Academic literature on the topic 'Frozen and thawed'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Frozen and thawed"

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Huang, Shaohua, Christina Miao, Sammy Sun, and Sameh Toma. "Monozygotic twins resulted from frozen thawed blastocyst generated from frozen thawed egg." Cryobiology 85 (December 2018): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.10.216.

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Hollinshead, F. K., L. Gillan, J. K. O'Brien, G. Evans, and W. M. C. Maxwell. "In vitro and in vivo assessment of functional capacity of flow cytometrically sorted ram spermatozoa after freezing and thawing." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 15, no. 6 (2003): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd03060.

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The effect of sex sorting and freeze–thawing on the viability and fertility of ram spermatozoa was investigated in the present study. Non-sorted (control) frozen–thawed spermatozoa had a higher motility and forwards progressive motility (FPM) than sorted frozen–thawed spermatozoa (60.9 ± 2.9% v. 57.0 ± 3.3% and 4.0 ± 0.1 v. 3.5 ± 0.1 FPM, respectively; P < 0.001) after incubation (6 h at 37°C). Sorted and non-sorted (control) frozen–thawed spermatozoa had similar acrosome integrity (73.7 ± 1.8% v. 75.2 ± 2.1%, respectively) after thawing and incubation. A greater proportion of sorted spermatozoa displayed chlortetracycline staining patterns that were characteristic of capacitation (22.0 ± 2.8%; P < 0.05) than non-sorted (control) spermatozoa (15.4 ± 2.6% B pattern) before freezing. Overall, more sorted frozen–thawed spermatozoa showed patterns characteristic of being acrosome reacted (12.8 ± 0.7%; P < 0.01) and less were uncapacitated (35.5 ± 0.6%; P < 0.05) than non-sorted (control) frozen–thawed spermatozoa (7.7 ± 0.8% and 38.6 ± 0.6% for AR and F pattern, respectively). Similar numbers of non-sorted (control) and sorted frozen–thawed spermatozoa migrated through artificial cervical mucus after 1 h (76.4 ± 11.9 v. 73.9 ± 11.9 spermatozoa, respectively). The distance travelled by the vanguard spermatozoon was also similar (56.9 ± 7.8 v. 38.6 ± 5.8 mm for control and sorted spermatozoa, respectively). Sorted and control frozen–thawed spermatozoa displayed a similar pattern of binding to, and release from, an oviduct epithelial cell monolayer (OECM), but sorted frozen–thawed spermatozoa were released more rapidly (P < 0.05) than non-sorted (control) frozen–thawed spermatozoa. The pregnancy rate was higher for ewes inseminated with 100 × 106 (commercial control) frozen–thawed spermatozoa (59%) than for 5, 10, 20 and 40 × 106 total sorted frozen–thawed spermatozoa (41% overall; P < 0.001). Insemination of 16 × 106 resulted in a higher pregnancy rate (31%) than 106 (17%; P < 0.05), but was similar to ewes that received 4 × 106 sorted frozen–thawed spermatozoa (24%). Time of insemination (54, 58 and 62 h after sponge removal) had no effect on pregnancy rate. Pregnancy in gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-treated ewes was affected by insemination dose (P < 0.05) but not sperm type (sorted and non-sorted) or ram. Pregnancy was higher after insemination of 40 × 106 than 5 or 20 × 106 non-sorted (control) or sorted frozen–thawed spermatozoa (70%, 33% and 35%, respectively; P < 0.05). Sorted frozen–thawed spermatozoa may have a shorter viability within the female tract than non-sorted frozen–thawed spermatozoa.
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Diana, C., Elis Dihansih, and Dede Kardaya. "PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITIES OF FROZEN BEEF WITHIN DIFFERENT THAWING METHOD." JURNAL PERTANIAN 9, no. 1 (May 18, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jp.v9i1.1155.

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Different thawing metods were applied to frozen beef in order for evaluating both the physical and chemical qualities. The study used a completely randomized design with six treatments as follow:1) fresh beef as control, 2) frozen beef allowed at room temperature (27-300C) until internaltemperature of beef reached 00C (became unfrozen), 3) Frozen beef thawed at refrigerator temperature, i.e. 8-100C, 4) Frozen beef thawed at running water which its temperature range within 25-280C, 5) Frozen beef thawed by boiling water (1000C), and 6) Frozen beef thawed by hot water (<1000C). Every treatment was made in three replicates. Results of the study repealed that frozen beef thawed by running water, hot water, or boiling water resulted in better physical qualities than the one thawed by refrigerator temperature (P<0.05). All thawing methods did not significantly affect on chemical qualities of the beef (P>0.05). Moreover, all frozen beef showed similar chemical qualities to the fresh beef.
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Abie, Sisay Mebre, Ørjan Grøttem Martinsen, Bjørg Egelandsdal, Jie Hou, Frøydis Bjerke, Alex Mason, and Daniel Münch. "Feasibility of Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Assessing Biological Cell Damage during Freezing and Thawing." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 4129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124129.

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This study was performed to test bioimpedance as a tool to detect the effect of different thawing methods on meat quality to aid in the eventual creation of an electric impedance-based food quality monitoring system. The electric impedance was measured for fresh pork, thawed pork, and during quick and slow thawing. A clear difference was observed between fresh and thawed samples for both impedance parameters. Impedance was different between the fresh and the frozen-thawed samples, but there were no impedance differences between frozen-thawed samples and the ones that were frozen-thawed and then stored at +3 °C for an additional 16 h after thawing. The phase angle was also different between fresh and the frozen-thawed samples. At high frequency, there were small, but clear phase angle differences between frozen-thawed samples and the samples that were frozen-thawed and subsequently stored for more than 16 h at +3 °C. Furthermore, the deep learning model LSTM-RNN (long short-term memory recurrent neural network) was found to be a promising way to classify the different methods of thawing.
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O'Brien, J. K., F. K. Hollinshead, G. Evans, and W. M. C. Maxwell. "332IN VIVO DEVELOPMENTAL CAPACITY OF IN VITRO-PRODUCED EMBRYOS DERIVED FROM SEX-SORTED AND RE-CRYOPRESERVED FROZEN-THAWED RAM SPERM." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 2 (2004): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv16n1ab332.

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The ability to sort and re-freeze frozen-thawed sperm would significantly increase the potential application of sperm sexing technology to species management. Frozen-thawed, sorted, re-frozen and then thawed ram sperm appear fully functional in vitro with blastocyst production greater than that for frozen-thawed, non-sorted sperm (Hollinshead FK et al. 2003 Theriogenology 59, 209 abst). The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo capacity of in vitro-produced embryos derived from frozen-thawed sperm after sorting and a second cryopreservation/thawing step. Frozen semen from 2 rams (n=3 ejaculates per ram) was used throughout. Post-thaw sperm treatments comprised (i) non-sorted (Control); (ii) sorted (Froz-Sort) and (iii) sorted, then re-frozen (Froz-Sort-Froz). X and Y sperm were separated using a high-speed sorter (SX MoFlo®, DakoCytomation, Fort Collins, CO, USA) after incubation with Hoechst 33342 and food dye to eliminate nonviable sperm. Reanalysis revealed high levels (mean±SEM) of purity for X- and Y-enriched samples for all treatments (89±1.2%). At Day 6 post-insemination, 2 embryos (blastocyst stage or greater) were transferred per recipient. Data were analyzed by chi-square and Fisher Exact Test. In vivo embryo survival was similar across sperm treatments (28/64, 43.8% overall) and 20 of 23 (87.0%) sexed lambs were of the predicted sex (Table 1). These results demonstrate high in vivo developmental capacity of in vitro-produced sexed embryos derived from frozen-thawed ram sperm after sorting and a second cryopreservation/thawing step, and increase the potential application of sperm sexing technology. Research support by XY, Inc., Australian Research Council and Zoological Parks Board of NSW. Table 1 In vivo survival of transferred in vitro produced embryos derived from frozen-thawed non-sorted (Control), frozen-thawed and sorted (Froz-Sort) and frozen-thawed, sorted, then frozen-thawed (Froz-Sort-Froz) ram sperm.
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de Graaf, S. P., G. Evans, W. M. C. Maxwell, and J. K. O'Brien. "In vitro characteristics of fresh and frozen - thawed ram spermatozoa after sex sorting and re-freezing." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 8 (2006): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd06061.

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The in vitro function of sex-sorted, frozen–thawed ram spermatozoa derived from fresh or frozen semen was investigated. Sorted, frozen–thawed spermatozoa had higher (P < 0.05) motility, viability, acrosome integrity and mitochondrial activity than non-sorted, frozen–thawed controls immediately following thawing and after incubation at 37°C for 3 and 6 h. Similarly, frozen–thawed, sorted, re-frozen–thawed spermatozoa outperformed (P < 0.05) non-sorted controls upon thawing (mitochondrial activity) and following a 3-h incubation (motility, viability/acrosome integrity and mitochondrial activity), but there were no differences after incubation for 6 h (P > 0.05). Velocity characteristics (computer assisted sperm assessment 0–6 h post-thaw) of sorted spermatozoa derived from either fresh or frozen semen remained inferior (P < 0.05) to non-sorted spermatozoa, as did their ability to penetrate artificial cervical mucus after thawing. Direct comparison of cryopreserved spermatozoa derived from either fresh or frozen semen revealed that frozen–thawed, sorted, re-frozen–thawed spermatozoa had comparable (P > 0.05) motility, viability/acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity, average path velocity and oviducal binding capacity immediately post-thaw, but reduced (P < 0.05) quality after 3 and 6 h of incubation. These findings indicate that, under the tested in vitro conditions, sex-sorted spermatozoa derived from fresh semen are superior in some respects to those derived from frozen semen. Further, that the use of either technique, while reducing velocity characteristics and cervical mucus penetration, results in comparable, if not enhanced motility, membrane and mitochondrial function in the post-thaw population of spermatozoa when compared with non-sorted, frozen–thawed controls.
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Ito, J., Y. Seita, K. Fujiwara, K. Furukawa, S. Sugio, and N. Kashiwazaki. "155 ESTABLISHMENT OF AN IN VITRO FERTILIZATION PROTOCOL USING CRYOPRESERVED EPIDIDYMAL AND EJACULATED RAT SPERMATOZOA." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab155.

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In rats, successful IVF with cryopreserved rat sperm has never been reported. The objective of the present study was to establish and improve the IVF protocol using epididymal and ejaculated rat spermatozoa after cryopreservation. At first, we examined whether cryopreserved ejaculated spermatozoa would be useful for IVF in Wistar rats. Capacitation-associated tyrosine phosphorylation was accelerated in frozen-thawed ejaculated sperm in a time-dependent manner. These frozen-thawed spermatozoa were co-cultured with cumulus–oocyte complexes in modified R1ECM for 10 h. The putative zygotes were transferred to R1ECM and then cultured up to 144 h. Although the rates of insemination and 2 pronucleus (2PN) formation were low (26.5 and 23.0%, respectively), most of 2PN oocytes were developed to the 2-cell stage (91.0%). A total of 44 embryos at the 2-cell stage derived from frozen-thawed ejaculated sperm were transferred to 5 recipient females and 21 pups (47.7%) were delivered. Next, we used frozen-thawed epididymal spermatozoa for IVF in Wistar rats. After thawing, intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), free cholesterol levels and capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation levels of the sperm were assayed. Intracellular cAMP and free cholesterol levels in frozen-thawed epididymal sperm were maintained at a low level, suppressing capacitation-associated tyrosine phosphorylation. Treatment with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthin (IBMX) dramatically increased cAMP and capacitation-associated tyrosine phosphorylation levels in frozen-thawed epididymal sperm. When the IBMX-treated frozen-thawed sperm was used for IVF, the proportions of 2PN and the development to blastocysts were significantly higher (approximately 40 and 20%, respectively) than those of frozen-thawed epididymal sperm treated without IBMX (approximately 10 and 3%, respectively). These embryos were developed to term at a high success rate (49%) equivalent to the rate obtained with IVF using fresh sperm (58%). Moreover, we tried to apply our IVF system to inbred rat strains [Fischer 344 (F344) and Brown-Norway (BN)]. We examined whether the IVF protocol was available for F344 and BN rats. Fresh and frozen-thawed sperm collected from cauda epididymides in F344 and BN were used for detection of capacitation-associated tyrosine phosphorylation. In fresh F344 sperm, capacitation-associated tyrosine phosphorylation was induced in a time-dependent manner. Although tyrosine phosphorylation was inhibited in frozen-thawed F344 sperm, it was dramatically accelerated by IBMX treatment as well as frozen-thawed Wistar sperm. However, tyrosine phosphorylation in fresh and frozen-thawed BN sperm was suppressed and the phosphorylation in frozen-thawed sperm was not improved by IBMX. Taken together, we developed an IVF protocol using cryopreserved rat sperm and our data suggest that the IVF system can be applied not only to Wistar rats but also to the F344 strain. This research was also partially supported by a research project grant awarded by the Azabu University Research Services Division.
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Jahn, Egbert. "Aufgetaut und wieder eingefroren." osteuropa 70, no. 12 (2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35998/oe-2020-0097.

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Donnez, Jacques, Jean Squifflet, and Marie-Madeleine Dolmans. "Frozen-Thawed Ovarian Tissue Retransplants." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 27, no. 06 (October 5, 2009): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1241057.

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Fancsovits, Péter, János Urbancsek, László Fónyad, Anna Sebestyén, Gézáné †Csorba, Ádám Lehner, Zita Kaszás, János Rigó jr., and Attila Bokor. "Kezdeti tapasztalataink a petefészekszövet-fagyasztás bevezetésével." Orvosi Hetilap 157, no. 49 (December 2016): 1947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2016.30582.

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Introduction: The oncological treatment may damage ovarian function. To prevent this, it is possible to cryopreserve the ovarian tissue, and to keep the samples for long-term storage. The frozen-thawed tissue could be retransplanted after chemo- or radiotherapy. Aim: The aim of our study was to examine the effect of cryopreservation on the viability of ovarian tissue. Method: We analyzed the survival of frozen-thawed donated ovarian tissues. The quality of the follicles and hormone production in fresh and frozen-thawed samples were compared. Results: Histological analysis showed that the number of viable follicles was reduced by 23% in the frozen-thawed samples. However, viable follicles still presented in post thawing ovarian tissues. Maximal estradiol production in frozen-thawed tissues was 908 pg/ml and hormone production was similar to the control tissues. The maximal progesterone production was 1.95 ng/ml post thawing, but these values were lower than the progesterone production of fresh tissues. Conclusions: The method of ovarian cryopreservation used in our laboratory was able preserve the viability of follicles in frozen-thawed ovarian tissues. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(49), 1947–1954.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Frozen and thawed"

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Kataoka, Ai. "Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in thawed frozen foods." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8857.

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Master of Science
Food Science Institute -- Animal Science & Industry
Daniel Y.C. Fung
In February 2008, the FDA released a draft Compliance Policy Guide (CPG) on Listeria monocytogenes and proposed that ready-to-eat (RTE) foods that do not support the growth of L. monocytogenes may contain up to 100 CFU/g of this pathogen. Frozen foods such as ice cream fall in that category since they are consumed in the frozen state. However, other frozen foods, such as vegetables and seafood that are thawed and served at salad and food bars, may support the growth of Listeria and would not be allowed to contain 100 CFU/g according to the draft CPG. In the current study, growth curves were generated for L. monocytogenes inoculated onto four thawed frozen foods - corn, green peas, crabmeat, and shrimp - stored at 4, 8, 12, and 20ºC. Growth parameters, lag phase duration (LPD), and exponential growth rate (EGR) were determined using a two-phase linear growth model and the Square Root Model. The results demonstrated that L. monocytogenes has a very short LPD on these thawed frozen foods during refrigerated storage and that there would be several orders of magnitude of growth (i.e., more than 1.7 log increase at 4 ºC) of the organism before the product is found to be organoleptically unacceptable. Although it would not be possible to take advantage of any extended lag phase duration caused by freeze injury to the organism, frozen foods containing less than 100 CFU/g of L. monocytogenes that are thawed, or thawed and cooked, and then consumed immediately, should not represent a public health hazard.
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DiGrassie, Wynne Aubin. "Evaluation of Stallion Frozen-Thawed Semen Using Conventional and Flow Cytometric Assays." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33896.

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Field evaluation of frozen-thawed stallion semen has been limited to tests such as post-thaw motility and morphology that are not only subjective but also evaluate only a small population of cells. Flow cytometry has provided a quick, repeatable, objective method of evaluating a large number of cells, including spermatozoa. Two experiments were designed to first validate the use of several flow cytometric tests on frozen-thawed stallion semen and then determine a model that may best explain variation in fertility. Comparing samples that were live and freeze-killed validated the flow cytometric tests.

In experiment one, six ejaculates were collected from each of three stallions. The semen from each ejaculate was centrifuged and frozen in 0.5 ml polyvinyl chloride straws. Two straws from each ejaculate were thawed and evaluated. Semen was evaluated for post-thaw motility, morphology, mitochondrial activity using Rhodamine 123 (R123), plasma membrane integrity using propidium iodide (PI) and ethidium monoazide (EMA), and chromatin structure using the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA). Data was recorded as percentages for all but the SCSA for both experiment one and two. The extent of chromatin denaturation was calculated using the SCSA and the alpha-t population [at = red/(red +green) fluorescence]. From the alpha-t population, statistics were calculated such mean (Xat), standard deviation (SDat), percentage of cells outside (COMPat) the main alpha-t population and the mean green fluorescence (mean green) of the population.

Results from experiment one demonstrated that all flow cytometric tests except EMA were able to distinguish between live and freeze-killed samples (p < 0.0001). Also the stallion accounted for most of the variation in samples when compared to ejaculate and straw within an ejaculate. Therefore two straws could be chosen at random from a stallion and evaluated in experiment two.

In experiment two, twenty-nine stallions were evaluated using the same tests as experiment one excluding EMA. Fertility data was obtained from the 1998 or 1999 breeding season. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the best-fit model to predict overall pregnancy rate. SCSA and R123-PI assays accounted for the largest amount of variation in fertility (R2 = 0.65, p < 0.0004). Within SCSA and the R123/PI assays Xat and PI staining had the highest contribution to this variation in fertility (R2 = 0.11, R2 = 0.47) respectively. The best-fit model for predicting fertility included the assay combination listed above and the interactions between SDat and mean green staining as well as R123 and mean green staining. Post-thaw motility and morphology did not account for significant variation in fertility (p = 0.22, p = 0.46) respectively.

Based on this project post-thaw motility and morphology are poor predictors of fertility in frozen-thawed stallion semen. However, through the addition of SCSA and R123-PI to the routine evaluation of frozen-thawed stallion semen time and money may be saved in advance by identifying those stallions with poor post-thaw fertility.
Master of Science

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Mataveia, Gracinda Andre. "Effect of heterologous seminal plasma and semen extenders on motility of frozen-thawed ram sperm." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05142008-123139/.

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Botha, Alma Ester. "Effect of the acidic buffer 2-[n-morpholino] ethanesulfonic acid on frozen-thawed bull semen." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02252010-141250/.

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Griffin, Erin Michelle. "Development of an extender protocol to enhance the viability of frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3151.

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Determination of an extender protocol which will enhance the viability of frozenthawed bovine spermatozoa will allow producers to obtain higher conception rates due to the increased survival rate of the spermatozoa. Ejaculates of six Brangus bulls (age=18 months) were evaluated for spermatozoal motility, acrosomal integrity, and morphological characteristics (collectively called spermatozoal viability) in two experiments to test our hypotheses that (1) the treatment combination of a 4 hr cooling duration and a 2 hr equilibration with glycerol will result in optimum spermatozoal characteristics after freezing and thawing and (2) rank of three selected extenders relative to their effects on spermatozoal viability after freezing and thawing will be egg yolk-citrate (EC), egg yolk-tris (IMV), and skim milk (milk). In experiment 1, an ejaculate from each bull was partially extended and cooled to 4 ºC for either 2 or 4 hr and then allowed to equilibrate with the glycerolated extender for 2, 4, or 6 hr. Spermatozoal viability was assessed at 0, 3, 6, and 9 hr after thawing. In experiment 1, 4 hr of cooling resulted in a higher percentage of motile spermatozoa than did 2 hr of cooling. The 2 hr equilibration with glycerol yielded lower percentages of motile spermatozoa, acrosomal integrity, and morphologically normal spermatozoa than 4 and 6 hr equilibration durations with glycerol. In experiment 2, we observed a decrease in spermatozoal viability for all three extenders upon freezing and thawing. Viability of frozen-thawed spermatozoa extended in the milk was reduced for all incubation durations, and the IMV extender had a higher percentage of motile spermatozoa than the EC extender at 6 hr of incubation. A higher percentage of intact acrosomes was observed with the IMV extender; however, the EC extender had a higher percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa than the IMV extender. Our results indicate that at cooling duration of 4 hr and a 4 hr equilibration with glycerol provide the highest level of spermatozoal viability post-thaw of the treatments evaluated and that the IMV extender enhances the percentage of spermatozoa with an intact acrosome for frozenthawed spermatozoa over the EC and skim milk extenders.
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Bateson, E. A. J. "Cryopreservation of platelets : investigation of factors affecting recovery and function of frozen and thawed platelets." Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233520.

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Botha, Alma Ester. "Effect of the acidic buffer 2-(N-Morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid on frozen-thawed bull semen." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22848.

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The aim of the current study was to determine if frozen-thawed bull semen can be treated with the acidic buffer MES (2-[N- morpholino] ethanesulfonic acid) without any detrimental effect on the motility, plasma membrane, acrosomal membrane and longevity of sperm. Frozen bull semen was obtained from a local co-operative. The semen was frozen in 0.25 mL French straws at a concentration of 80 x 106 sperm cells per millilitre. Semen of two different batches from ten bulls of four different breeds was used in this study. Three frozen semen straws of each batch were thawed at 38° C for 25 seconds. The thawed semen was pooled and then split into two aliquots. The one aliquot was used as control, whilst the other was exposed to MES treatment. The motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal membrane integrity and longevity of sperm were evaluated. The effect of MES on motility was minimal as only the percentage of aberrantly motile sperm increased two hours after treatment. Although no effect on the plasma membranes were observed, it can be assumed that some damage did occur due to the fact that the acrosomal membranes were affected significantly. No significant effect was found for longevity of sperm between the control and treated samples, but a significant effect was found for both the control and treated samples over time. Although the detrimental effects caused by MES treatment would render some sperm unable to fertilise an oocyte, it is likely that a sufficient portion of sperm would survive the treatment. It is probable that this treatment would also be effective in frozen-thawed buffalo semen. The following step would be to treat semen of footand-mouth disease positive bulls with MES to establish if treatment with MES will be effective in inactivating foot-and-mouth disease virus in semen of infected bulls. Copyright
Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Production Animal Studies
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Wickramasinghe, Anita Elizabeth. "Influence of Freezing and Thawing Methods on Textural Quality of Thawed FrozenPotato Slices." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406116697.

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Lavara, García Raquel. "Genetics of fresh and frozen-thawed semen traits and their relationship with growth rate in rabbits." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/31657.

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Se utilizarán eyaculados procedentes de machos de la línea R (línea de conejos seleccionada por velocidad de crecimiento durante el periodo de engorde)alojados en diferentes centros de inseminación artificial. Una vez recuperados los eyaculados se procederá a su valoración y una muestra de todos ellos será crioconservada. La calidad seminal será de nuevo valorada tras el proceso de congelación. Junto con los anàlisis seminales se utilizarán los datos de crecimiento y pedigree de los machos y de todos los animales de la línea R desde su fundación para estimar por un lado los parámetros genéticos de las variables relacionadas con la producción y calidad de dosis seminales en fresco y tras un proceso de crioconservación y la correlación genética existente entre las variables seminales anteriormente citadas y la velocidad de crecimiento. A su vez se estimará mediante un modelo recursivo la relación entre las variables seminales en fresco y tras la descongelación.
The general aim of this thesis was to study the genetic determinism for some traits related to artificial insemination (AI) dose production of fresh and frozen-thawed semen, in order to explore the interest and limitation of different strategies for their genetic improvement in a paternal line of rabbits selected for growth rate during the fattening period (28-63 days). In chapter 1, genetic parameters of sperm production traits are estimated as well as the genetic relationship with daily gain (DG). The heritabilities (h2) of the semen traits were 0.13±0.05, 0.08±0.04 and 0.07±0.03 for ejaculate volume (V), sperm concentration (CN) and sperm production (PROD) per ejaculate, respectively. A favourable and moderate genetic correlation was observed between V and DG (0.36±0.34). From this chapter it may be concluded that if a seminal trait is to be included as a selection objective, a useful one could be sperm production, as it is a trait in which both volume and concentration are included. Moreover, there is currently no evidence to suggest that selection for DG in rabbits will affect sperm production adversely. The aim of chapter 2 was to explore the genetic determinism of some sperm quality traits and their genetic relation with the selection criteria of the paternal rabbit line. The heritabilities (h2) of semen quality traits commonly evaluated in a classic spermiogram were 0.18, 0.19 and 0.12 for NAR (%, percentage of sperm with intact acrosome), ANR (%, percentage of sperm abnormalities) and MOT (%, percentage of total motile sperm cells) respectively. We also estimated the h2 of some motion CASA parameters 0.09, 0.11, 0.10, 0.11, 0.11 and 0.11 for VAP (µm/s; average path velocity), VSL (µm/s; straight-line velocity), VCL (µm/s; curvilinear velocity), LIN (%, linearity index), ALH (µm; amplitude of the lateral head displacement), STR (%, straightness). Genetic correlations between DG and semen traits showed a high HPD95% (interval of highest density of 95%). However there is some consistent evidence of the negativity of the genetic correlations of DG with NAR and MOT (-0.40 and -0.53, respectively). Chapter 3 aims to determine the repeatability and heritability of sperm head characteristics: width (W, ¿m), area (A, ¿m2),length (L, ¿m) and perimeter (P, ¿m), and explore the relationships between them and with the selection objective (DG). The results obtained showed that sperm head dimensions are heritable (ranged between 0.2 and 0.29). The genetic correlations between sperm traits were always high and positive (between 0.72 and 0.90), with the exception of L-W genetic correlation, which was moderate. Regarding the genetic correlations between DG and sperm head characteristics, the resulting means ranged from -0.09 for L-DG to -0.43 for W-DG, showing consistent evidence of the negativity of the genetic correlations. The environmental and male effects that could have an influence on sperm freezability are studied in Chapter 4. Six different traits were evaluated: sperm concentration (CONC, 106spermatozoa/mL), acrosome integrity in fresh (NAR, %) and frozen-thawed semen (Nar-FT, %), sperm motility in fresh (MOT, %) and frozen-thawed semen (Mot-FT, %) and the percentage of viable sperm in frozen-thawed semen (Live-FT, %). In addition, two synthetic traits were computed: the relative reduction of acrosome integrity (Rnar, %) and relative reduction of motility (Rmot, %) after the freezing-thawing process. A multiple-trait recursive model was used to analyse the relationships between the semen traits considered. For the fixed effects studied, the season had the highest impact on post-thaw semen characteristics. Results of the analysis of recursive coefficients showed that fresh semen concentration and motility influence the future freezability of the semen. All traits studied presented moderate repeatabilities, ranging from 0.11 to 0.38. These results provide conclusive evidence that sperm freezability in rabbits could be heritable. Regarding male correlations, there were large positive male correlations between fresh traits (rm=0.77-0.57), as well as between direct frozen-thawed traits (rm=0.72-1). Male effects on fresh and direct frozen-thawed traits were generally positively correlated. This correlation was moderate to high for MOT with all frozen-thawed traits (rm=0.41-0.74) and for Mot-FT and all fresh traits (rm=0.5-0.74); these results suggest that these traits could be genetically related. The final chapter of this thesis focused on estimating the heritability of semen freezability traits and estimating the genetic correlation between frozen-thawed sperm traits and the growth rate in a paternal rabbit line. Estimated heritabilities showed that frozen-thawed semen traits are heritable (ranged between 0.08 and 0.15). In the case of Live-FT, the estimated heritability is the highest and suggests the possibility of effective selection. After the study of genetic correlations, it seems that DG was negatively correlated with sperm freezability, but due to the high HPD95% no further conclusions could be drawn. More data should be included in order to obtain better accuracy for the estimates of these genetic correlations. If the results obtained in the present study were confirmed, it would imply that selection for DG could alter sperm cell membranes or seminal plasma composition, both components related to sperm cryoresistance.
Lavara García, R. (2013). Genetics of fresh and frozen-thawed semen traits and their relationship with growth rate in rabbits [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31657
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Naveed, Fatima. "Role of embryo quality in a randomised comparison of laser assisted hatching on the implantation rate of frozen thawed embryo transfer cycles." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31972044.

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Books on the topic "Frozen and thawed"

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Canned lit: (parodies regained, then frozen, and thawed). Toronto, Canada: Stoddart, 1990.

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Zarb, Pamela A. An evaluation of the method available for the differentiation between fresh and thawed, frozen beef. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton, 1999.

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Crissey, Susan Diane. Handling frozen/thawed meat and prey items fed to captive exotic animals: A manual of standard operating procedures. Beltsville, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library, 2001.

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Al-Tirani, Ali Ahmad Abdel-Hameed. The loss of blood group antigen expression from reagent red cells suspended and stored in liquid media or frozen and thawed. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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Zhang, Bing Rong. Evaluation of frozen-thawed semen from Swedish red and white AI bulls: With special reference to the relation between zona pellucida binding, in vitro fertilization and in vivo fertility. Uppsala: Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, 1998.

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The frozen Thames. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2007.

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The frozen Thames. New York: Delacorte Press, 2009.

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Currie, Ian. Frosts, freezes, and fairs: Chronicles of the frozen Thames and harsh winters in Britain since 1000 AD. [Coulsdon, Surrey]: Frosted Earth, 1996.

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Humphreys, Helen. Frozen Thames. Union Books, 2012.

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Humphreys, Helen. Frozen Thames. Union Books, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Frozen and thawed"

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Ron-El, Raphael, Deborah Strassburger, Yigal Soffer, Shevach Friedler, Daphna Komarovski, Orna Bern, Esti Kasterstein, Mory Schachter, and Arie Raziel. "Fertilizing Capability of Frozen-Thawed Immotile Sperm." In Male Sterility and Motility Disorders, 128–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1522-6_10.

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Coroleu, B., A. Veiga, M. Moragas, F. Martinez, G. Calderón, and P. N. Barri. "The Replacement of Frozen-Thawed Embryos: Natural or Artificial Cycles?" In Advances in Assisted Reproductive Technologies, 381–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0645-0_43.

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Diedrich, K., S. Al-Hasani, H. van der Ven, and D. Krebs. "Successful In Vitro Fertilization of Frozen-Thawed Rabbit and Human Oocytes." In Future Aspects in Human In Vitro Fertilization, 50–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71412-2_8.

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Dolmans, Marie-Madeleine, and Michelle Soares. "Risk of Transferring Malignant Cells with Transplanted Frozen-Thawed Ovarian Tissue." In Gonadal Tissue Cryopreservation in Fertility Preservation, 161–73. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55963-4_11.

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Mandelbaum, J., A. M. Junca, M. Plachot, J. Cohen, S. Alvarez, D. Cornet, M. O. Alnot, and J. Salat-Baroux. "The Implantation Window in Humans after Fresh or Frozen-Thawed Embryo Transfers." In Advances in Assisted Reproductive Technologies, 729–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0645-0_77.

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Livingston, David P., and Tan D. Tuong. "Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Frozen and Thawed Plant Tissues from Microscopic Images." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 117–37. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0844-8_11.

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Devroey, P., P. Braeckmans, M. Camus, I. Khan, J. Smitz, C. Staessens, E. Van Den Abbeel, L. Van Waesberghe, A. Wisanto, and A. C. Van Steirteghem. "Pregnancies After Replacement of Fresh and Frozen-Thawed Embryos in a Donation Program." In Future Aspects in Human In Vitro Fertilization, 133–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71412-2_20.

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Takeo, Toru, Jorge Sztein, and Naomi Nakagata. "The CARD Method for Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation and In Vitro Fertilization Using Frozen-Thawed Sperm." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 243–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8831-0_14.

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Livingston, David P., and Tan D. Tuong. "Using Pixel-Based Microscope Images to Generate 3D Reconstructions of Frozen and Thawed Plant Tissue." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 119–39. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0660-5_10.

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Oyelese, Olusegun A. "Hypoxanthine Levels, Chemical Studies and Bacterial Flora of Alternate Frozen/Thawed Market-Simulated Marine Fish Species." In Progress in Food Preservation, 315–29. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119962045.ch15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Frozen and thawed"

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Fuller, R., and R. V. Devireddy. "Directional Cooling of Adult Stem Cells." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13490.

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The effect of directional cooling on the immediate post thaw membrane integrity of adipose tissue derived adult stem cells (ASCs) was investigated using a directional solidification stage (DSS). ASCs were cooled at either 1, 5, 20 or 40 °C/min to an end temperature of −80°C in the presence and absence of a cryoprotective agent (dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO). After freezing to -80°C, the samples were thawed at 200°C/min and the ability of the frozen/thawed ASCs to exclude fluorescent dyes was assessed. ASCs frozen using the DSS in the presence of 0.85M (or 10% v/v) DMSO were found to have a higher post-thaw cell membrane integrity (confidence level of 99%) when compared with the ASCs frozen in its absence. Intriguingly, a comparison with corresponding data for ASCs that were frozen using a commercially available controlled rate freezer (CRF) suggests that the directionally cooled ASCs (both in the absence and presence of DMSO) exhibit a significantly lower post-thaw cell membrane integrity (confidence level of 95%). This lowering of post-thaw cell membrane integrity for ASCs frozen using the DSS is postulated to be related to the differences in the nature, and the associated damaging effects, of ice crystals formed in the DSS vs. the commercial freezer.
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Bellaga, S., L. Ben Haj Said, and K. Allaf. "Partial drying of apple fruits to improve freeze/thaw quality during long term frozen storage." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.8372.

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Apple samples were submitted to partially drying prior to freezing. Then, quality assessments were achieved in order to evaluate the quality of these various frozen samples during frozen-storage. Significant positive effects of water content were observed on thaw exudate water and total color difference of dehydrofrozen/thawed apples. Total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content losses were important for samples without any dehydration pretreatment. They noticeably decreased when water content decreased during the whole period of storage. Thus, a partial removal of water prior to freezing is a relevant way to maintain the stability of fruit quality during long-term frozen-storage. Keywords: Apple fruits; dehydrofreezing; frozen storage; color; polyphenol
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Rodionova, Natalia. "Identification of thawed and frozen soil state in some Siberia regions by multi-temporal Sentinel 1 radar data in 2017-2018." In Information Technology and Nanotechnology 2019. IP Zaitsev V.D., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/1613-0073-2019-2391-1-10.

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The paper deals with the identification of thawed/frozen soils in the topsoil layer for three stations in Siberia: Salekhard, Tiksi and Norilsk by using Sentinel 1B C-band radar data for the period of 2017-2018. Determination of the frozen/thawed soil state is carried out in three ways: 1) by multi-temporal radar data on the basis of a significant in 3-5 dB difference in the backscatter coefficient 0 in the transition of freezing/thawing soil state, 2) by finding the threshold value of 0 at which the temperature in the topsoil layer falls below 00C, 3) by texture features. The first method allows determining the period of time during which the process of freezing/thawing of the soil occurs. The second and third methods allow making local maps of frozen/thawed soils. It is shown that for the studied areas the Spearman correlation coefficient between 0 and air temperature for cross - polarization exceeds the correlation coefficient for co-polarization. The graphs of the AFI (air freezing index) for the period of 2012-2018 are constructed based on the archive data of air temperature for the study areas.
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Mironov, V. L., L. G. Kosolapova, S. V. Fomin, I. V. Savin, and K. V. Muzalevskiy. "Dielectric Model for Thawed and Frozen Organic Soils AT 1.4 GHz." In IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2018.8518443.

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Wang, Zhiyuan, Xuerui Wang, Baojiang Sun, Xuejing Deng, Yang Zhao, Yonghai Gao, and Hao Li. "Analysis on Wellhead Stability During Drilling Operation in Arctic Permafrost Region." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61868.

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The arctic region hold abundant oil & gas resources according to the assessment by United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 2009. While, the thaw of permafrost during drilling operation can lead to the instability of wellhead. A coupled thermal model between wellbore and formation is given considering the latent heat of fusing and migration of water during the thaw of permafrost, and the thawed permafrost zone can be estimated. A wellhead stability analysis method considering heat transferred from wellbore is also proposed in this paper. FLAC3D software is applied to analyze the wellhead stability. Some conclusions are made through a case study: Flow in the wellbore delivers heat from deep part of formation to the shallow part of the formation, which leads to the permafrost thaws. Thawed permafrost losses most of the shear strength compared to that of the frozen permafrost which leads to the settlement of wellhead. The calculated results using FLAC3D software shows that the wellhead settles as deep as 0.66 m resulting from the permafrost thaw. In addition, the installation of anti-sinking pad is suggested to reduce the wellhead settlement. According to our simulation, the anti-sinking pad with radius of 8 times the wellhead radius is suggested, which can reduce the wellhead settlement to 0.1 m.
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Ozkan, Istemi F., Mamdouh M. Salama, and Qishi Chen. "Pressure and Bending Tests on Fibreglass Augmented Steel Technology Pipes." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31467.

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The demand for the transportation of natural gas over long distances requires larger diameter pipes operating at higher pressure levels. A new technology, Fibre Augmented Steel Technology Pipe (FAST-Pipe™), emerges as one of the more cost-effective options to achieve this goal. As part of the qualification program of this new technology, a total of 15 tests were conducted on FAST-Pipe™ specimens fabricated from 12.75-inch outer diameter, 0.25-inch wall thickness, ERW, X60 steel liners hoop-wound with 0.2- and 0.35-inch thick dry fibreglass. This paper presents the results of several tests, including burst pressure testing of eight specimens to assess the effects of external environment (frozen and frozen/thawed), load duration (0 to 1,200 hours) and the wrap thickness (0.20 to 0.35 inch) on the burst capacity of the FAST-Pipe™. Variations of these parameters resulted in burst capacities ranging from 5,550 to 7,360 psi as compared to the unwrapped pipes whose burst capacities were in the range of 3,400 to 3,650 psi. It was observed during the cold burst tests that failure did not occur at the frozen or frozen/thawed section; instead, failure occurred in the transition zone between the frozen or frozen/thawed section and the dry (unfrozen) region. This paper also presents the results of two specimens that were subjected to constant internal pressure and imposed curvatures until buckle formation (pressure-bend tests) to assess the effects of wrap thickness (0.35- to 0.20-inch) on the bend capacity of the FAST-Pipe™ and to develop data from which to validate the analytical predictions. As expected, the overall curvature and moment capacities were higher for the 0.35-inch thick wrap than that for the 0.20-inch wrap.
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Lund, Kurt O. "Thawing of Bio-Compounds in Frozen Microplates." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60110.

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Libraries of pharmaceutical compounds are typically stored in solvents and frozen in microplates, which consist of 96 or more wells of about 1 ml, each well capable of retaining a distinct compound. In current practice, when the microplates are removed from the storage freezer, the entire microplate with all wells is allowed to thaw in ambient air or water bath, thus permitting extraction of liquid solution from the wells. This results in the thawing of all compounds, even if only one or several were selected for retrieval from that microplate. This process is inefficient as well as damaging to the nonselected compounds that are refrozen. For the present work we consider thawing in an individual well, independent of all other wells in the microplate, which is surrounded by a metallic sleeve; this effects time-dependent, radial heat transfer from the sleeve to the frozen compound. Partial differential equations are formulated to describe the phase-change thawing process. Regimes of the process are identified as solid-sensible, latent, and liquid-sensible. Semi-analytical solutions are obtained which indicate rapid thawing for a specified, safe sleeve temperature. The thermal system is investigated experimentally for a well containing frozen DMSO. A typical sleeve in thermal contact with the well is fitted with a heater and thermal sensor, and digital feedback control is achieved using a PID algorithm in conjunction with a P/C computer and A/D conversion. Experimental results are found to agree with theory for the conditions tested. It is concluded that the use of thermal sleeves greatly enhances the rate of thawing of compounds in microplates, and that individual wells can be safely and gently thawed independent of other wells in the plate.
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Fedorova, L. L., G. A. Kulyandin, and D. V. Savvin. "Estimating Rock Moisture Based on Ground Penetration Radar Survey in Frozen and Thawed States." In 2018 17th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgpr.2018.8441533.

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Aleksyutina, Daria. "PROPERTIES OF FROZEN AND THAWED SOILS, BAYDARATSKAYA BAY COAST, KARA SEA: VARIABILITY AND TRENDS." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/3.2/s13.052.

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Mironov, V. L., and A. Yu Karavaysky. "Temperature dependent dielectric model at 1.4 GHz for an agricultural soil thawed and frozen." In 2015 International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications (SIBCON). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sibcon.2015.7147092.

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Reports on the topic "Frozen and thawed"

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Zhu, Can, Wanting Xia, Jinzhu Huang, Xuan Zhang, Fangyuan Li, Jiamin Ma, Xiaorun Yu, and Qian Zeng. Effects of acupuncture on pregnancy outcomes of frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0077.

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Moreno - Sepulveda, Jose, Juan Jose Espinos, and Miguel Angel Checa. Natural cycles in frozen-thawed embryo transfer are associated with lower risks of preeclampsia and large-for-gestational-age infants than artificial cycles: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.6.0088.

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Hansen, Peter J., and Amir Arav. Embryo transfer as a tool for improving fertility of heat-stressed dairy cattle. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587730.bard.

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The overall objective of the current proposal is to develop procedures to improve the pregnancy rate achieved following transfer of fresh or cryopreserved embryos produced in the laboratory into heat-stress recipients. The overall hypothesis is that pregnancy rate in heat-stressed lactating cows can be improved by use of embryo transfer and that additional gains in pregnancy rate can be achieved through development of procedures to cryopreserve embryos, select embryos most likely to establish and maintain pregnancy after transfer, and to enhance embryo competence for post-transfer survival through manipulation of culture conditions. The original specific objectives were to 1) optimize procedures for cryopreservation (Israel/US), 2) develop procedures for identifying embryos with the greatest potential for development and survival using the remote monitoring system called EmbryoGuard (Israel), 3) perform field trials to test the efficacy of cryopreservation and the EmbryoGuard selection system for improving pregnancy rates in heat-stressed, lactating cows (US/Israel), 4) test whether selection of fresh or frozen-thawed blastocysts based on measurement of group II caspase activity is an effective means of increasing survival after cryopreservation and post-transfer pregnancy rate (US), and 5) identify genes in blastocysts induced by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (US). In addition to these objectives, additional work was carried out to determine additional cellular determinants of embryonic resistance to heat shock. There were several major achievements. Results of one experiment indicated that survival of embryos to freezing could be improved by treating embryos with cytochalasin B to disrupt the cytoskeleton. An additional improvement in the efficacy of embryo transfer for achieving pregnancy in heat-stressed cows follows from the finding that IGF-1 can improve post-transfer survival of in vitro produced embryos in the summer but not winter. Expression of several genes in the blastocyst was regulated by IGF-1 including IGF binding protein-3, desmocollin II, Na/K ATPase, Bax, heat shock protein 70 and IGF-1 receptor. These genes are likely candidates 1) for developing assays for selection of embryos for transfer and 2) as marker genes for improving culture conditions for embryo production. The fact that IGF-1 improved survival of embryos in heat-stressed recipients only is consistent with the hypothesis that IGF-1 confers cellular thermotolerance to bovine embryos. Other experiments confirmed this action of IGF-1. One action of IGF-1, the ability to block heat-shock induced apoptosis, was shown to be mediated through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Other cellular determinants of resistance of embryos to elevated temperature were identified including redox status of the embryo and the ceramide signaling pathway. Developmental changes in embryonic apoptosis responses in response to heat shock were described and found to include alterations in the capacity of the embryo to undergo caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation as well as events downstream from caspase-3 activation. With the exception of IGF-1, other possible treatments to improve pregnancy rate to embryo transfer were not effective including selection of embryos for caspase activity, treatment of recipients with GnRH.and bilateral transfer of twin embryos. In conclusion, accomplishments achieved during the grant period have resulted in methods for improving post-transfer survival of in vitro produced embryos transferred into heat-stressed cows and have lead to additional avenues for research to increase embryo resistance to elevated temperature and improve survival to cryopreservation. In addition, embryo transfer of vitrified IVF embryos increased significantly the pregnancy rate in repeated breeder cows.
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Douglas, Thomas A., Christopher A. Hiemstra, Stephanie P. Saari, Kevin L. Bjella, Seth W. Campbell, M. Torre Jorgenson, Dana R. N. Brown, and Anna K. Liljedahl. Degrading Permafrost Mapped with Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Airborne Imagery and LiDAR, and Seasonal Thaw Measurements. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41185.

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Accurate identification of the relationships between permafrost extent and landscape patterns helps develop airborne geophysical or remote sensing tools to map permafrost in remote locations or across large areas. These tools are particularly applicable in discontinuous permafrost where climate warming or disturbances such as human development or fire can lead to rapid permafrost degradation. We linked field-based geophysical, point-scale, and imagery surveying measurements to map permafrost at five fire scars on the Tanana Flats in central Alaska. Ground-based elevation surveys, seasonal thaw-depth profiles, and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements were combined with airborne imagery and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) to identify relationships between permafrost geomorphology and elapsed time since fire disturbance. ERT was a robust technique for mapping the presence or absence of permafrost because of the marked difference in resistivity values for frozen versus unfrozen material. There was no clear relationship between elapsed time since fire and permafrost extent at our sites. The transition zone boundaries between permafrost soils and unfrozen soils in the collapse-scar bogs at our sites had complex and unpredictable morphologies, suggesting attempts to quantify the presence or absence of permafrost using aerial measurements alone could lead to incomplete results. The results from our study indicated limitations in being able to apply airborne surveying measurements at the landscape scale toward accurately estimating permafrost extent.
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Swanson, David, and Celia Hampton-Miller. Drained lakes in Bering Land Bridge National Preserve: Vegetation succession and impacts on loon habitat. National Park Service, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2296593.

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The northern coastal plain of Bering Land Bridge National Preserve (BELA) lost lakes at an alarming rate over the first two decades of this century, including four lakes over 100 ha in size in 2018-2019 alone. To understand the effects of these lake drainages, we sampled vegetation of these lakes in 2019 (a reconnaissance visit) and 2021 (for the installation of permanent vegetation monitoring plots). We used these data to summarize the changes that occurred in the first three years after drainage, and to create vegetation maps from 3-m resolution satellite images coinciding with the visit dates. We used time series of these satellite images to study the rate of drainage and vegetation colonization on the lakes. We analyzed our existing data from older drained lake basins (estimated to be more than 200 years since drainage) and reviewed the literature on vegetation change in drained lakes to understand the vegetation changes that are likely in the future. Finally, we used a model of lake occupancy by loons developed by Mizel et al. (2021) to predict the effect of the 2018-2019 lake drainages on available loon habitat, using both our detailed maps of the four sampled drained lakes, and also data on all drained lakes over most of northern BELA derived from Landsat satellite images. Our results show that the four study lakes drained early in the summer, before the end of June, in 2018 (3 lakes) and 2019 (one lake). A combination of record warm weather and heavy snowfall made 2018 and 2019 especially favorable for lake drainage: thaw subsidence probably enlarged existing drainage outlet channels from the lakes, and large amounts of spring snowmelt runoff deepened the outlet channels by thermal erosion (the combination of thaw and erosion). Drainage exposed moist loamy sediment on the lake bottoms that was rapidly colonized by plants. Substantial vegetation cover developed by late summer in the same year as lake drainage in one lake, in the first post-drainage summer in a second lake, and during the 2nd year after drainage in the remaining two lakes. The first vegetation communities to develop consisted of just one or two dominant species, notably Eleocharis acicularis (spike rush), Equisetum arvense (horsetail), and/or Tephroseris palustris (mastodon flower). Other important early species were Arctophila fulva (pendant grass) and Rorippa palustris (yellow cress). By year 3, the communities had become more diverse, with significant cover by taller wetland graminoid species, including A. fulva, Eriophorum scheuchzeri, and Carex aquatilis. Frozen soil was observed in most locations on the lakes in July of 2021, suggesting that permafrost was forming on the lake bottoms. Comparison of the three-year trends in vegetation change with data from older lake basins suggest that ultimately most lake basins will develop wet tundra communities dominated by Carex aquatilis and mosses, with various low shrub species on acid, peat-dominated soils and permafrost; however, this process should take several centuries. The loon habitat model suggests that drainage essentially eliminated the potential habitat for Yellow-billed Loons on the four study lakes, because the residuals ponds were too small for Yellow-billed Loons to take flight from. A total of 17 lakes drained in northern BELA in 2018-2019. As a result, the potential Yellow-billed Loon nesting habitat in northern BELA probably decreased by approximately 2%, while habitat for Pacific Loons decreased less, by about 0.6%. Habitat for the more abundant Red-throated Loons probably increased slightly as a result of lake drainage, because of their ability to use the small residual ponds created by lake drainage.
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