Journal articles: 'Froth flotation'

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Aldrich, Chris, and Xiu Liu. "Monitoring of Flotation Systems by Use of Multivariate Froth Image Analysis." Minerals 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070683.

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Froth image analysis has been considered widely in the identification of operational regimes in flotation circuits, the characterisation of froths in terms of bubble size distributions, froth stability and local froth velocity patterns, or as a basis for the development of inferential online sensors for chemical species in the froth. Relatively few studies have considered flotation froth image analysis in unsupervised process monitoring applications. In this study, it is shown that froth image analysis can be combined with traditional multivariate statistical process monitoring methods for reliable monitoring of industrial platinum metal group flotation plants. This can be accomplished with well-established methods of multivariate image analysis, such as the Haralick feature set derived from grey level co-occurrence matrices and local binary patterns that were considered in this investigation.

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WAKAMATSU, Takahide. "Froth flotation." Hyomen Kagaku 12, no. 1 (1991): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.12.28.

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Han, K. N. "Froth flotation." International Journal of Mineral Processing 28, no. 1-2 (February 1990): 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-7516(90)90034-v.

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Ralston, J. A. "Froth flotation." Minerals Engineering 2, no. 2 (January 1989): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-6875(89)90049-6.

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Yianatos, Juan, Paulina Vallejos, Luis Vinnett, and Sebastián Arriagada. "Semi-Continuous Froth Discharge to Reduce Entrainment of Fine Particles in Flotation Cells Subject to Low-Mineralized Froths." Minerals 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080695.

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An operational strategy is proposed to improve the metallurgical performance of flotation cells subject to low-mineralized froths. This strategy consists of using a semi-continuous discharge into the concentrate, in which the froth is operated under loading and unloading periods. A transient model is developed to evaluate the proposed approach. The model is calibrated using experimental data from two industrial flotation banks. The metallurgical performances of the last cells of these banks are then simulated, considering the semi-continuous froth discharge. The results show that the semi-continuous mode significantly reduces gangue entrainment, improving the concentrate grade while maintaining approximately the same recovery. The semi-continuous strategy demonstrates good potential to enhance the metallurgical indexes under low-mineralized froths, as those in the last cells of rougher flotation banks.

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Wang, Lei, and Chao Li. "A Brief Review of Pulp and Froth Rheology in Mineral Flotation." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (February 8, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3894542.

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In mineral flotation, rheological problems have limited the efficient upgrading of low-grade and complex ores. Since pulp and froth rheology are deemed to play different roles in influencing the separation performance, in this paper, a brief review on pulp and froth rheology in flotation is provided, with an objective of developing a basic understanding of rheology in flotation. The essential variables that affect the rheology of a flotation pulp and froth are discussed. The methods for measuring pulp and froth rheology are presented. The correlations of pulp and froth rheological properties to flotation performance are reviewed. Strategies that are currently used to mitigate the deleterious effects of problematic ores in flotation are also provided for flotation optimization. Research gaps are also proposed to highlight the need of further exploration of flotation rheology in future.

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Barbian, N., E. Ventura-Medina, and J. J. Cilliers. "Dynamic froth stability in froth flotation." Minerals Engineering 16, no. 11 (November 2003): 1111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2003.06.010.

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Matis, K. A., and P. Mavros. "Foam/Froth Flotation." Separation and Purification Methods 20, no. 2 (January 1991): 163–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602549108021414.

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Jera, Tawona M., and Clayton Bhondayi. "A Review of Flotation Physical Froth Flow Modifiers." Minerals 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080864.

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Over the past few decades, the need to process more minerals while lowering capital costs has led to an increase in the size of flotation cells, e.g., 0.03 m3 to 1000 m3. However, this increase has created new challenges in the operation and design of industrial flotation cells, particularly in terms of froth removal, because the distance the froth must travel increases with an increase in the flotation cell diameter. This has a negative impact on recovery. Physical froth flow modifiers can be used to improve froth removal. Their major functions are to modify and optimise the flow of the froth, improve froth drainage, reduce dead zones, and improve froth flow and removal dynamics. Therefore, physical froth flow modifiers are discussed, evaluated, and compared in this paper. The literature indicates that physical froth flow modifiers such as crowders and launders are used extensively as industrial solutions to enhance froth transport and recovery in large flotation cells. Other modifiers (including froth baffles and froth scrapers) have been found to have a profound effect on local froth phase sub-processes, including drainage and bubble coalescence. However, industrial uptake is either dwindling or limited to small-volume rectangular/U-shaped cells in the case of scrapers, or, there is no uptake at all in the case of froth baffles. Further research on how some of the physical modifiers (e.g., baffles and launders) impact the selectivity of particles is required.

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Ostadrahimi, Mahdi, and Saeed Farrokhpay. "Effect of detergents on froth stability and flotation separation." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 59, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2021-2392.

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Abstract Froth stability is an important factor in determining flotation yield, and one of the factors affecting froth stability is dependent on the concentration and type of surfactant. Since detergents contain different types of surfactants, it is possible that they affect the froth stability (together with the frothing agent and the collector) and consequently the flotation yield. Therefore, the effect of detergents containing lauryldimethylamine oxide and sodium laureth sulphate was investigated in this study. The results showed that the addition of detergents increased the froth stability by more than 30% and 45% in terms of froth formation and froth decay, respectively. The flotation tests also showed that the addition of detergents increased the sulphur content of the concentrate by about 0.7%.

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He, Gui Chun, Jin Ni Feng, Yi Peng Wu, Hua Mei Xiang, and Mei Chao Qi. "Relationship between Surface Froth Features and Flotation Indexes in the Flotation of a Sulphide Copper Ore." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.650.

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Froth images are pre-processed, which are acquired at the flotation laboratory. Digital image analysis techniques are used to analysize these froth images and their grey histogram and to extract statistical texture features of those froth images. Finally, the relation model for statistical texture features of those froth images and flotation index is established by RBF neural networks. A simulation showed that the relation model is higher precise

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Martinez, Jose, Miguel Maldonado, and Leopoldo Gutierrez. "A Method to Predict Water Recovery Rate in the Collection and Froth Zone of Flotation Systems." Minerals 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070630.

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This paper describes a method to predict water recovery rate into and through the foam in a bubble column operating under different gas rates, froth depths, and frother types and concentrations. Three frothers were considered: Metil Isobutil Carbinol (MIBC), a proprietary blend of alcohols, aldehydes, and esters commercialized under the name PINNACLE® 9891, and a PGE-based Dow Froth 1012 (DF1012). The water rate entering into the froth (foam) layer from the bubbly (collection) zone was estimated as the water rate overflowing the column when operating at a thin stable foam layer, i.e., 0.5 cm. It was observed that the rate at which water entered into the froth phase could be modelled as a unique linear function of the gas holdup below the froth, regardless of the frother chemistry. This is a fundamental result not previously found in the literature that also facilitates the calculation of the froth zone water recovery for deeper froths. The water recovery in the froth was found to be an inverse logarithmic function of the average liquid residence time in the froth. Although the same trend was observed for the three frothers tested, they did not converge into a single function, which suggests that frother chemistry plays a role in determining froth structure and then needs to be incorporated when modeling water transport in the froth. Finally, the water overflow rate calculated as the product of the water rate into the froth and froth water recovery predicted the actual measured values fairly well. The water transport model here proposed provides a simple representation of the interactions between collection and froth zone and its relation to easily measure operating variables.

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Duoc, Tran Van, Nguyen Hoang Son, Nhu Thi Kim Dung, and Vu Thi Chinh. "Recovery of clean coal from blast furnace dusts by flotation column." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(1).14.

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The paper presents the results of the study on recovery of clean coals from blast furnace dusts of the Cao Bang Iron Steel plant. The study has explored the effects of the most important operating parameters on the coal flotation performance including flotation reagent dosage, solid concentration, froth wash-water rate, flotation time and the froth thickness. The results of the study showed that using a combination of a rougher and a cleaning flotation operations at respectively collector dosage, solid concentration, flotation time, froth wash-water rate and froth thickness of 1000 g/t, 100 g/l, 10 minutes and 1.5 l/minute and 450 mm, has obtained a clean coal product with the yield, ash content and combustible matter recovery respectively of 44.90%, 19.15% and 77.63%. The clean coal has met the quality strandards requirements of the fuel for sintering.

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Khan, Shaihroz, Omar Bashir Wani, Mohammad Shoaib, John Forster, Rana N. Sodhi, Darryel Boucher, and Erin R. Bobicki. "Mineral carbonation for serpentine mitigation in nickel processing: a step towards industrial carbon capture and storage." Faraday Discussions 230 (2021): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1fd00006c.

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We incorporate the carbonation of ultramafic ore followed by froth-flotation to enhance nickel recovery in the beneficiation stage, instead of the traditional froth-flotation step for nickel processing.

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Morozov, Iurii, Tatiana Intogarova, Olga Valieva, and Iuliia Donets. "Flotation classification in closed-circuit grinding as a way of reducing sulphide ore overgrinding." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-1-85-96.

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Research object and aim. Flotation classification in closed-circuit grinding is a way of improving copper ore flotation indicators by reducing minerals overgrinding. Due to valuable components froth recovery with their uncovering in the process of grinding, loss of copper in flotation tailings with secondary slime are reduced significantly. The research aims to study the possibility to improve the flotation of copper ore based on the use of flotation classification in the closed-circuit grinding. Methodology. In order to solve the problem, laboratory studies on closed-circuit grinding experimental modeling were carried out in a mode with and without flotation classification of hydraulic classification discharge. In each grinding mode, five stages of closed-cycle simulation have been implemented. Flotation classification was carried out in froth flotation modes with froth treatment with and without the tapered chute. According to experimental results, the loss of copper has been determined with slime in hydraulic classification discharge and flotation classification, and flotation classification end-product balance was calculated when operating in the closed-circuit grinding. Summary. The obtained experimental data prove the possibility of improving copper ore flotation by reducing minerals overgrinding in the course of flotation classification in closed-circuit grinding. The technology of flotation classification with froth treatment in tapered chutes make it possible to obtain prime concentrate with 18% copper mass fraction when extracting 37.7% copper into it, and final tailings in flotation classification discharge with 0.13% copper mass fraction under 2% loss.

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Jera, Tawona Martin, and Clayton Bhondayi. "A Review on Froth Washing in Flotation." Minerals 12, no. 11 (November 19, 2022): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12111462.

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In the attempt to process lower-grade ores, mineral flotation has taken centre stage as the preferred recovery route. However, in many instances, the froth product does not have a high grade due to the entrainment of gangue minerals. Industry has solved this challenge by introducing froth washing mechanisms. Clean wash water is introduced into or on top of the froth to reduce the amount of entrained gangue in the final concentrate. This article reviews froth-washing systems in detail and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each wash-water delivery mechanism. Comments on industrial uptake are provided. The indications are that froth washing improves the grade of the concentrate and influences froth stability and mobility. Other researchers have reported an improvement in recovery—especially of coarse particles—with wash water being added, while others have reported a reduction in recovery, especially with composite particles. Froth washing is generally applied in mechanical flotation cells by washing at the lip. In column flotation cells and Jameson cells, wash water is added to the entire froth surface. The literature also indicates that the wash-water rate, wash-water quality, type of wash-water delivery/ distribution mechanism and the area covered by wash water are critical parameters that dictate the efficacy of the washing system. Further research is necessary on the impact of wash-water quality on the froth phase sub-processes including froth rheology.

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He, Mingfang, Chunhua Yang, Weihua Gui, and Yiqiu Ling. "Performance Recognition for Sulphur Flotation Process Based on Froth Texture Unit Distribution." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/530349.

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As an important indicator of flotation performance, froth texture is believed to be related to operational condition in sulphur flotation process. A novel fault detection method based on froth texture unit distribution (TUD) is proposed to recognize the fault condition of sulphur flotation in real time. The froth texture unit number is calculated based on texture spectrum, and the probability density function (PDF) of froth texture unit number is defined as texture unit distribution, which can describe the actual textual feature more accurately than the grey level dependence matrix approach. As the type of the froth TUD is unknown, a nonparametric kernel estimation method based on the fixed kernel basis is proposed, which can overcome the difficulty when comparing different TUDs under various conditions is impossible using the traditional varying kernel basis. Through transforming nonparametric description into dynamic kernel weight vectors, a principle component analysis (PCA) model is established to reduce the dimensionality of the vectors. Then a threshold criterion determined by theTQstatistic based on the PCA model is proposed to realize the performance recognition. The industrial application results show that the accurate performance recognition of froth flotation can be achieved by using the proposed method.

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Juřicová, Hana, and František Tichánek. "Reflotation of Coal Flotation Tailings using Foam Separation / Reflotace Černouhelných Flotačních Hlušin Pomocí Pěnové Separace." GeoScience Engineering 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gse-2014-0019.

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Abstract Froth separation is one of the new methods of flotation process in mineral treatment. This method allows a substantial increase in the size upper limit of separated grains. The contribution deals with the verification of the possibility of using the froth separation for retreatment of flotation tailings. For laboratory research samples of flotation tailings from the Paskov Mine treatment complex were used. The results confirmed the ability of froth separation to convert coarse coal grains into a concentrate. Grains with a grain size of 0.5 mm were successfully reflotated.

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Silva, A. C., D. N. Sousa, E. M. S. Silva, T. P. Fontes, R. S. Tomaz, and M. R. Barros. "Temperature Influence in Cornstarch Gelatinization for Froth Flotation." International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering 96 (2016): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ipcbee.2016.v96.2.

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LASKOWSKI, J. S. "Frothers and Flotation Froth." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 12, no. 1 (January 1993): 61–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827509308935253.

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Li, Zongxin, Yu Fu, Zhan Li, Nan Nan, Yimin Zhu, and Yiwen Li. "Froth flotation giant surfactants." Polymer 162 (January 2019): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.12.023.

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Cao, Qin Bo, Shu Ming Wen, Chen Xiu Li, Shao Jun Bai, and Dan Liu. "Application of New Flotation Machine on Phosphate Flotation." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.624.

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Phosphate is a typical oxide ore characterizing that generating abundant froth during flotation. In this research a new flotation machine was employed in the flotation of phosphate. Comparing to regular flotation machine, in the reverse flotation of dolomite the recovery and grade of MgO has no significance improvement. While, in the case of reverse flotation of silicon dioxide, the new flotation machine has significance advantage. In 5 minutes of flotation time, the yield of froth is 20.66% with new machine, which equals to yield using regular machine under 8 minutes. The flotation time has been shorten by new machine. In addition, the recovery of silicon dioxide improved by 6% and the grade of silicon dioxide in phosphate concentrate decreased by 1.3% comparing the regular flotation machine. The results demonstrate that new flotation machine is more suitable and efficient for phosphate flotation

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Galas, Jacek, and Dariusz Litwin. "Machine Learning Technique for Recognition of Flotation Froth Images in a Nonstable Flotation Process." Minerals 12, no. 8 (August 20, 2022): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12081052.

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The paper is focused on the analysis of the relation between the stability of the flotation process and the efficiency of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms based on the flotation froth images. An ML process should enable researchers to construct Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms for flotation process control. The image of the flotation froth includes information characterizing the flotation process. The information can be extracted with the aid of the Image Recognition (IR) algorithms based on the ML. This enables construction of a flotation process control system in the mineral processing plant, which is based on the recognition of images of the flotation froth. The IR algorithms do not provide stable image recognition results and are not efficient in the situation where the parameters of the flotation process are highly unstable. The classification results were equal to 75.11% and 69.62% for a stable and unstable process, respectively. The experimental data collected at the Polish Pb/Zn mineral processing plant provided better insight to the relationships between the flotation process parameters and ML efficiency. These relationships were analyzed, and guidelines for the construction of the ML process for flotation process control have been formulated.

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Bournival, Ghislain, Seher Ata, and Graeme J. Jameson. "Bubble and Froth Stabilizing Agents in Froth Flotation." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 38, no. 6 (April 27, 2017): 366–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2017.1323747.

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Li, Chao, Kym Runge, Fengnian Shi, and Saeed Farrokhpay. "Effect of flotation froth properties on froth rheology." Powder Technology 294 (June 2016): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.02.018.

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Taner, Hasan Ali, and Vildan Onen. "Study of chalcopyrite flotation in the presence of illite using a design of experiments approach." Clay Minerals 56, no. 3 (September 2021): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2021.35.

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AbstractThe interaction between chalcopyrite and illite particles was analysed using ζ-potential measurements and flotation tests. Statistically designed tests were used to examine the factors controlling flotation (frother concentration, dispersant concentration, froth height, airflow rate and amount of clay). Furthermore, the significance levels of the impacts of these factors on responses (chalcopyrite grade/recovery, pyrite grade/recovery, dynamic froth stability and mean bubble diameter) were determined. Chalcopyrite and pyrite ζ-potentials were measured in the presence of illite. The addition of 15% illite to the chalcopyrite, especially between pH 11 and 12, shifted the ζ-potential values closer to that of pure illite, indicating complete surface coating of chalcopyrite with illite. In the flotation experiments, better results were obtained in terms of chalcopyrite grade at a low airflow rate and a high froth height. With increasing froth height there was a decline in the gangue mineral recovery as the residence time of the froth increased. The most significant factor increasing pyrite recovery was the amount of clay. Although illite is considered to be the least problematic clay mineral for flotation, as reported in the literature, an illite content of as low as 5% in the ore decreased chalcopyrite grade by 3.83%. While K and Na contents of 4% were detected after flotation without the addition of illite, their abundance increased to 5.7% after the addition of illite.

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Jiang, Haibing, Jiufen Liu, Huaifa Wang, Runquan Yang, Wenzhi Zhao, Duo Yang, Song Yin, and Liang Shen. "Study on Combined Vacuum–Mechanical Defoaming Technology for Flotation Froth and Its Mechanism." Processes 10, no. 6 (June 14, 2022): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10061183.

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Foam is essential in the flotation process. However, the gas–liquid–solid three-phase froth produced in the flotation process has very strong stability and is difficult to burst spontaneously. The existence of these froths will reduce the transport capacity of the pulp and affect the working efficiency of subsequent processes, such as filtration of the flotation concentrate. In this study, a new defoaming device is designed by combining mechanical impact with depressurized defoaming and its defoaming mechanism is analyzed theoretically. In addition, the liquid level height and pulp overflow method are applied to characterize the defoaming efficiency of the new defoaming device. The effects of impeller structure, pressure drop, impeller rotation frequency, and aeration rate on defoaming efficiency were studied. The results show that when increasing the pressure drop, the defoaming increases, but it will also enhance the generation of bubbles. The efficiency of combined mechanical–vacuum defoaming technology is superior under low-pressure drop using an SC impeller. Under −1 kpa vacuum condition, it only takes 168 s to eliminate 20 cm flotation froth height with combined mechanical impact, while it takes 453 s under ambient pressure, indicating that under vacuum conditions, the mechanical-defoaming method can significantly improve the defoaming efficiency, and the two have a certain synergistic effect.

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Rivard, Benoit, Jilu Feng, Derek Russell, Vivek Bhushan, and Michael Lipsett. "Hyperspectral Characteristics of Oil Sand, Part 1: Prediction of Processability and Froth Quality from Measurements of Ore." Minerals 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121138.

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This study is the first of two companion papers using hyperspectral data to generate predictive models of oil sand ore and froth characteristics as a potential new means for process control. In Alberta, Canada, shallow oil sands deposits are accessed by surface mining and crushed ore is transported to a processing plant for extraction of bitumen using flotation processes. The ore displays considerable variability in clay, bitumen, and fines which affects their behavior in flotation units. Using oil sand ore spanning a range of bitumen and fines characteristics, flotation experiments were performed to generate froth in a batch extractor to determine ore processability (e.g., separation performance) and froth characteristics (color, bitumen, solids). From hyperspectral observations of ore, models can predict the %bitumen content and %fines (particle passing at 44 and 3.9 µm) of ore but the models with highest r2 (>0.96) predict the solids/bitumen of froth and the processability of ore. Spectral observations collected on ore upstream of the separation vessels could therefore offer a first order assessment of froth quality for an ore blend before the ore enters the plant. These models could also potentially be used to monitor and control the performance of the blending process as another means to control the performance of the flotation process.

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Nhu, Dung Kim Thi, Son Hoang Nguyen, Chinh Thi Vu, and Duoc Van Tran. "Study on the effects of some parameters on the flotation performance of Vang Danh coal fines -0.3 mm in the reflux flotation cell." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(2).08.

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In the world, the coal fines usually are upgraded in flotation columns (Jameson, Pneufloat, Microcell,...). The reflux flotation cell is a novel type of flotation column that uses a system of inclined channels to enhance bubble - liquid segregation in flotation. Additionally, in this type of device, it is used a special froth washing mechanism with pressurized water to ameliorate the quality of cleaned coals. This type of device has a simple structure, high capacity and allows to receive cleaned coals of high quality. This paper presents the test results of coal fines samples -0,3mm from Vang Danh Mine by flotation in a laboratory Reflux flotation cell. In the test works, some process parameters are investigated and optimized: flotation time, pulp density, feed rate, froth height, wash water, and flotation reagents regime.

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Piñeres Mendoza, Jorge Luís, Juan Manuel Barraza Burgos, and Astrid del Socorro Blandón Montes. "Flotation kinetic constants of two Colombian coals' vitrinite maceral." Ingeniería e Investigación 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v29n3.15179.

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Vitrinite maceral flotation kinetic constants are important in designing flotation columns to be used in separating this maceral group. This work shows the effect of pH, air speed and froth concentration on vitrinite maceral flotation kinetic constants by using two Colombian bituminous coals: El Cerrejón (Guajira) and La Jagua (Cesar). A 5 m high pilotscale flotation column was used in all runs. The samples were processed using 4-10 pH, 0.7-2.1 cm/s air speed and 2-6 ml/kg of coal froth concentration ranges. Both La Jagua and El Cerrejón coals showed high kinetic constants figures in acid conditions (0.692 min-1 at pH 4 and 0.559 min-1 at pH 5, respectively). The results showed that, generally, the best operating conditions for obtaining high vitrinite maceral kinetic constant values were having an acid medium and low air flow and froth concentration.

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Liu, Hongchang, Mingfang He, Weiwei Cai, Guoxiong Zhou, Yanfeng Wang, and Liujun Li. "Working Condition Recognition of a Mineral Flotation Process Using the DSFF-DenseNet-DT." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 12223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312223.

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The commonly used working condition recognition method in the mineral flotation process is based on shallow features of flotation froth images. However, the shallow features of flotation froth images frequently have an excessive amount of redundant and noisy information, which has an impact on the recognition effect and prevents the flotation process from being effectively optimized. Therefore, a working condition recognition method for the mineral flotation process based on a deep and shallow feature fusion densely connected network decision tree (DSFF-DenseNet-DT) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the color texture distribution (CTD) and size distribution (SD) of a flotation froth image obtained in advance are approximated by the nonparametric kernel density estimation method, and a set of kernel function weights is obtained to represent the color texture and size features, while the deep features of the flotation froth image are extracted through the densely connected network (DenseNet). Secondly, a two-stage feature fusion method based on a stacked autoencoder after Concat (Cat-SAE) is proposed to fuse and reduce the dimensionality of the extracted shallow features and deep features so as to maximize the comprehensive description of the features and eliminate redundant and noisy information. Finally, the feature vectors after fusion dimensionality reduction are fed into the densely connected network decision tree (DenseNet-DT) for working condition recognition. Multiple experiments employing self-built industrial datasets reveal that the suggested method’s average recognition accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score reach 92.67%, 93.9%, 94.2% and 0.94, respectively. These results demonstrate the proposed method’s usefulness.

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Romachev, Artem, Valentin Kuznetsov, Egor Ivanov, and Benndorf Jörg. "Flotation froth feature analysis using computer vision technology." E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019202022.

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The possibility of machine vision application in the field of flotation efficiency evaluation was studied. Algorithm for froth image analysis was developed with aim of obtaining bubble’s size distribution. Algorithm consists of two parts: image processing and object detection. Algorithm’s work was verified on the sulfide flotation froth. As result, mathematical correlations for air flow rate, mean bubble diameter and surface area bubble flux were established.

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Li, Chao, Kym Runge, Fengnian Shi, and Saeed Farrokhpay. "Effect of froth rheology on froth and flotation performance." Minerals Engineering 115 (January 2018): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2017.10.003.

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Ma, Mark. "Froth Flotation of Iron Ores." International Journal of Mining Engineering and Mineral Processing 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2012): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.mining.20120102.06.

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Castro, Sergio, and Janusz S. Laskowski. "Froth Flotation in Saline Water." KONA Powder and Particle Journal 29 (2011): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14356/kona.2011005.

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Lepage, Mark R., Cesar O. Gomez, and Kristian E. Waters. "Using Top-of-Froth Conductivity to Infer Water Overflow Rate in a Two-Phase Lab-Scale Flotation Column." Minerals 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12040454.

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The metallurgical performance of a flotation machine is largely defined by phenomena occurring in the froth zone. The water content in the froth affects recovery by influencing froth stability and mobility and, at the same time, reduces grade by mechanical entrainment of gangue particles in the overflow water. Efficient operation requires a compromise between the water carried by bubbles from the collection zone and that which overflows. It is believed that the most suitable operating strategy could be based on the measurement of froth water content, as a strong correlation with water overflow is anticipated. This work reports the testing results of an in situ electrical conductivity sensor continuously measuring the froth zone water content in a laboratory-scale flotation column. The test program included simultaneous measurement of froth conductivity and water overflow rates for changes in gas flow rate and frother concentration. The results show a stronger dependence of the measured top-of-froth water content on frother concentration than on the gas flow rate. A relatively linear trend was shown between top-of-froth water content and water overflow rate for a given air rate and frother.

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Manono, Malibongwe S., Katlego Matibidi, Iyiola O. Otunniyi, Catherine K. Thubakgale, Kirsten C. Corin, and Jenny G. Wiese. "The Behaviour of Mixtures of Sodium Iso-Butyl Xanthate and Sodium Di-Ethyl Dithiophosphate during the Flotation of a Cu-Ni-Pt Ore in Degrading Water Quality." Minerals 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020123.

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The use of mixtures of thiol collectors is reportedly beneficial in sulfide flotation. This is becoming standard practice for many concentrators, but process water recirculation and re-use in flotation circuits may compromise the behaviour of such mixtures owing to changes in physicochemical interactions occurring in the pulp phase as a result of water quality variations. It is expected that changes in the pulp chemistry would in turn affect both the pulp and froth phase phenomena, thereby affecting flotation performance. Thus, this study considers mixtures of thiol collectors, sodium iso-butyl xanthate (SIBX), and sodium di-ethyl dithiophosphate (SEDTP) in degrading water quality. Bench-scale flotation tests were conducted on various molar ratios of the selected thiol collectors under different ionic strengths (0.0242 mol·dm−3 and 0.1212 mol·dm−3) of synthetic plant water. Increasing the ionic strength of synthetic plant water and SEDTP molar ratio resulted in an increase in water, solids, Cu, and Ni recoveries. Cu-Ni grades decreased in increasing SEDTP molar ratios. The highest Cu-Ni grades were obtained in degrading water quality. The increase in water and solids recoveries in increasing SEDTP and ionic strength of plant water is attributed to an increase in froth stability. It can be concluded that the increase in the ionic strength of plant water increased water recoveries and therefore froth stability in parallel with SEDTP’s froth stabilizing effect, thus suggesting an additive interaction on the froth stabilisation effect seen.

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Nichols, Keir A., and Brent M. Goehring. "Isolation of quartz for cosmogenic in situ <sup>14</sup>C analysis." Geochronology 1, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-1-43-2019.

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Abstract. Froth flotation is a commonly used procedure for separating feldspars and micas from quartz for the preparation of quartz mineral separates to carry out cosmogenic nuclide analysis. Whilst extracting carbon from quartz we observed in situ carbon-14 (14C) concentrations which were anomalously high and in excess of theoretical geological maximum concentrations. Further etching of sample material reduced carbon yields and 14C concentrations, yet the latter remained unrealistically high. When quartz from the original whole rock sample was isolated in our laboratory, we observed even lower carbon yields and geologically plausible in situ 14C concentrations. After ruling out unlikely geological scenarios and systematic measurement issues, we decided to investigate the quartz isolation procedure as a potential source of 14C contamination. We hypothesised that laurylamine (dodecylamine), an organic compound used as part of the froth flotation procedure, elevates 14C concentrations if residual laurylamine is present. We demonstrate that laurylamine has a 14C modern carbon source and thus has the potential to influence in situ 14C measurements if present in minute but measurable quantities. Furthermore, we show that insufficient sample etching results in contaminant 14C persisting through the step heating of quartz that is subsequently collected with the in situ component released at 1100 ∘C. We demonstrate that froth flotation contaminates in situ 14C measurements. We provide guidelines for the preparation of quartz based on methods developed in our laboratory and demonstrate that all froth-flotation-derived carbon and 14C is removed when applied. We recommend that the procedures presented be used at a minimum when using froth flotation to isolate quartz for in situ 14C measurements.

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Ruismäki, Ronja, Tommi Rinne, Anna Dańczak, Pekka Taskinen, Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero, and Ari Jokilaakso. "Integrating Flotation and Pyrometallurgy for Recovering Graphite and Valuable Metals from Battery Scrap." Metals 10, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050680.

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Since the current volumes of collected end-of-life lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are low, one option to increase the feasibility of their recycling is to feed them to existing metals production processes. This work presents a novel approach to integrate froth flotation as a mechanical treatment to optimize the recovery of valuable metals from LIB scrap and minimize their loss in the nickel slag cleaning process. Additionally, the conventional reducing agent in slag cleaning, namely coke, is replaced with graphite contained in the LIB waste flotation products. Using proper conditioning procedures, froth flotation was able to recover up to 81.3% Co in active materials from a Cu-Al rich feed stream. A selected froth product was used as feed for nickel slag cleaning process, and the recovery of metals from a slag (80%)–froth fraction (20%) mixture was investigated in an inert atmosphere at 1350 °C and 1400 °C at varying reduction times. The experimental conditions in combination with the graphite allowed for a very rapid reduction. After 5 min reduction time, the valuable metals Co, Ni, and Cu were found to be distributed to the iron rich metal alloy, while the remaining fraction of Mn and Al present in the froth fraction was deported in the slag.

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Alabi, Oladunni Oyelola, Olanrewaju Rotimi Bodede, and Taiwo Paul Popoola. "Froth Flotation Beneficiation a Sure Way to Value Addition to Arufu (Nigeria) Zinc Ore Towards Smelting Grade Concentrate Production." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 5 (May 31, 2020): 622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.5.1933.

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Froth flotation of Arufu ore was carried out at varying particle sizes after characterization. Fifty (50) kilogram crude sample of the ore was sourced from Arufu zinc mine in Arufu town of Nassarawa state, Nigeria. The whole sample was crushed out of which five (5) kilogram was sampled out using random sampling method. One kilogram each of the resulting sample was then ground and sieved to three particle sizes viz; 63 µm, 90 µm and 125 µm. Chemical analysis of the representative sample of the sourced ore was carried out using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (ED –XRF). 250 grams of the 63 µm sample was charged into Froth flotation cell mixed with water at a ratio of 1:4 to form slurry. The Slurry formed was condition to a pH of 9, while other froth flotation reagents were added one after the other. This resulted in froth and depressed samples, which were dewatered after 24 hours and samples picked for compositional analysis. The procedure was repeated for 90 µm and 125 µm. The characterization of head sample revealed that the ore contains predominantly 36.80%ZnO (26.29% Zn), 31.1 % SiO2 alongside other trace mineral as gangue in the ore. However, Froth flotation studies of the ore at varying particle size revealed that, appreciable amount of mineral of interest (ZnO) was lost to the tailing at sieve sizes 63 µm and 90 µm. This was attributed to over-grinding above the ore’s liberation size phenomenon which has been proven to have adverse effect on the mineral’s quality and overall separation efficiency. It was concluded that the froth flotation is best carried out at a particle size of 125 µm, pH of 9, using potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX) as frother to yield concentrate grade of 50.21 % ZnO (35.93 % Zn) at a recovery of 46.3%. This was re – cleaned to yield high grade of 82.36%ZnO (66.42%Zn). The re – cleaned concentrate produced falls within the standard requirement of 65 % Zn needed as a charge into the blast furnace for Zinc metal production.

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Alabi, Oladunni Oyelola, Olanrewaju Rotimi Bodede, and Taiwo Paul Popoola. "Froth Flotation Beneficiation a Sure Way to Value Addition to Arufu (Nigeria) Zinc Ore Towards Smelting Grade Concentrate Production." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 5 (May 31, 2020): 622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.5.1933.

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Abstract:

Froth flotation of Arufu ore was carried out at varying particle sizes after characterization. Fifty (50) kilogram crude sample of the ore was sourced from Arufu zinc mine in Arufu town of Nassarawa state, Nigeria. The whole sample was crushed out of which five (5) kilogram was sampled out using random sampling method. One kilogram each of the resulting sample was then ground and sieved to three particle sizes viz; 63 µm, 90 µm and 125 µm. Chemical analysis of the representative sample of the sourced ore was carried out using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (ED –XRF). 250 grams of the 63 µm sample was charged into Froth flotation cell mixed with water at a ratio of 1:4 to form slurry. The Slurry formed was condition to a pH of 9, while other froth flotation reagents were added one after the other. This resulted in froth and depressed samples, which were dewatered after 24 hours and samples picked for compositional analysis. The procedure was repeated for 90 µm and 125 µm. The characterization of head sample revealed that the ore contains predominantly 36.80%ZnO (26.29% Zn), 31.1 % SiO2 alongside other trace mineral as gangue in the ore. However, Froth flotation studies of the ore at varying particle size revealed that, appreciable amount of mineral of interest (ZnO) was lost to the tailing at sieve sizes 63 µm and 90 µm. This was attributed to over-grinding above the ore’s liberation size phenomenon which has been proven to have adverse effect on the mineral’s quality and overall separation efficiency. It was concluded that the froth flotation is best carried out at a particle size of 125 µm, pH of 9, using potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX) as frother to yield concentrate grade of 50.21 % ZnO (35.93 % Zn) at a recovery of 46.3%. This was re – cleaned to yield high grade of 82.36%ZnO (66.42%Zn). The re – cleaned concentrate produced falls within the standard requirement of 65 % Zn needed as a charge into the blast furnace for Zinc metal production.

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Rivard, Benoit, Jilu Feng, Derek Russell, Vivek Bushan, and Michael Lipsett. "Hyperspectral Characteristics of Oil Sand, Part 2: Prediction of Froth Characteristics from Measurements of Froth." Minerals 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121137.

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This is the second part of a study of predictive models of oil sand ore and froth characteristics using infrared hyperspectral data as a potential new means for process control. In Alberta, Canada, bitumen in shallow oil sands deposits is accessed by surface mining and then extracted from ore using flotation processes. The ore displays variability in the clay, bitumen, and fines content and this variability affects the separability and product quality in flotation units. Flotation experiments were performed on a set of ore samples of different types to generate froth and determine the ore processability (e.g., separation performance) and froth characteristics (bitumen and solids content, fines distribution). We show that point spectra and spectral imagery of good quality can be acquired rapidly (<1 s and <15 s, respectively) and these capture spectral features diagnostic of bitumen and solids. Ensuing models can predict the solids/bitumen (r2 = 0.88) and the %fines and ultrafines (particle passing at 3.9 and 0.5 µm) content of froth (r2 = 0.8 and 0.9, respectively). The latter model could be used to reject froth with a high solids content. Alternately, the strength of the illite-smectite absorption observed in froth could be used to retain all the samples above a pre-defined processability. Given that point spectrometers can currently be acquired for less than half the cost of an imaging system, we recommend the use of the former for future trials in operating environments.

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Mdoe, Reuben J., and Anand Anupam. "Recovery of Coal Values from Middling and Rejects by Froth Flotation and Mozley Mineral Separation." Studies in Engineering and Technology 8, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/set.v8i1.4785.

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The recovery of coals values from Middling and Rejects carries out by using Froth flotation and Mozley Mineral Separation. The middling and rejects are the waste products from gravity beneficiation process, it has been noted that most of washery plants are selling this product at low cost because they have less values.The independent variables selected for Mozley Mineral Separator and their ranges were indicated in the parentheses as follow, water flow rates (400, 600, 800ml/s), amplitude (1.25, 1.5, 1.75inch) and collection time (30, 40, 60 s) while the independent variables for froth flotation were; Pulp density (10, 12.5, 15 %), collector dosage (39.3, 44.4, 49.5 g/t) and frother dosage (61.8, 65.3, 68.8 g/t). The number of experimental runs and regression equation determined by using Design Expert softwareThe d80 for middling and rejects samples were 10.5mm and 12.89mm respectively. The ash contents for the middling sample treated by froth flotation decrease from 37% to 15.85% at the reagent concentration of 49.5g/t collector, 65.3g/t frother and pulp density of 10%. The froth flotation results of middling sample shown to have a great reduction of ash contents. The overall optimum middling recovery and yield for washery grade I and II attain at reagent concentration and pulp density of 47.703g/t, 68.568g/t and 13.2% for collector, frother and pulp density respectively. The feed of reject coal was 71% and the ash contents reduced to 28.87% with the recovery of 0.85%. The analysis through Mozley mineral separator did not show significant changes in the reduction of ash from both middling and rejects. The ash contents achieved were above the scope of the studies for recovering of coal values. The experiments for middling and reject by froth flotation and Mozley mineral separator may be carried out by varying other parameters as well as the type of methods.

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Lu, Fanlei, Weihua Gui, Chunhua Yang, and Xiaoli Wang. "Two-Step Optimal-Setting Control for Reagent Addition in Froth Flotation Based on Belief Rule Base." Processes 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2022): 1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10101933.

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Reagent addition is an important operation in the froth flotation process. In most plants, it is manually regulated according to the operator’s experience, by observing the surface features of the froth. Due to the drawbacks of manual operation, large fluctuations in the process are common, resulting in unexpected process indexes. Thus, we investigated the relationship between reagent addition, feed conditions (including ore properties, slurry density, and slurry flow rate), and froth image features based on the mechanism of froth flotation and production technology of gold-antimony flotation. Then, we proposed a two-step optimal-setting control strategy for reagent addition, which included a basic dosage pre-setting model and a feedback reagent addition compensation model. According to operating conditions and ore properties, the pre-setting model was developed using a belief rule base (BRB) method based on an evidential reasoning approach (RIMER), which could effectively address the uncertainties of operator experience and historical data. The model parameters of the BRB were then optimized using a state transition algorithm (STA). In terms of the offsets of the froth image features, the feedback compensation model using rule-based reasoning (RBR) was built. Simulation results using a STA-optimized BRB, GA-optimized BRB, least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), and artificial neural network (ANN) were compared. Finally, industrial test results confirmed that the reagent addition system based on the proposed method could satisfy the requirements for automatic reagent addition in an industrial production environment. This is of great significance for improving the production efficiency of flotation plants.

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Lam, W. W., C. Payette, V. A. Munoz, R. J. Mikula, and J. Tyerman. "Flotation of Athabasca oil sands: Microscopical determination of structure of bituminous froth." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100122241.

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The extraction of bitumen from oil sands involves the flotation process where the initial separation of the oil phase, or the bituminous froth, from the inorganic solids and water occurs. However, the froth obtained has high solids concentration and water, which produces problems in downstream operations. Concurrently, some of the oil reports to the tailings, with economic and environmental impact.Flotation can be considered to be a physical-chemical separation process which depends on the selective adhesion of air to the desired component (bitumen) in order to separate it from the water and solids. The feed to the flotation process is an oil-in-water emulsion with relatively high solids. At some point in the separation vessel, this emulsion inverts and becomes a water-in-oil emulsion and forms the bituminous froth. Understanding this inversion process will help in maximizing water and mineral matter drainage from the bitumen product, leading to an improvement in bitumen extraction from oil sands. As well, the partitioning of solids can be understood by studying their wettability with the froth and thus determining whether or not these solids report to the tailings, or are carried upward by attachment to air bubbles in the flotation cell.

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Manono, Malibongwe S., Katlego Matibidi, Kirsten C. Corin, Catherine K. Thubakgale, Iyiola O. Otunniyi, and Jenny G. Wiese. "Specific Ion Effects on the Behavior of Mixtures of Sodium Iso-Butyl Xanthate and Sodium Diethyl Dithiophosphate during the Flotation of a Cu-Ni-PGM Ore: Effects of CaCl2 and NaCl." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 6, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecms2021-10632.

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Inorganic electrolytes present in the process water used during froth flotation may have both beneficial and detrimental effects. These effects are said to be ion specific, as some ions may result in enhanced froth stability, increased mineral recoveries and decreased concentrate grades, while others may bring the opposite effects. Onsite process water quality variations have intensified the need to understand the relationship between inorganic electrolytes and flotation reagents on flotation performance. The use of mixtures of thiol collectors in sulfide flotation is a common practice across the globe; however, very few investigations have considered these in process waters of varying compositions. This study considers the effect of common cations, Na+ and Ca2+, in process water on the behavior of mixtures of thiol collectors. Single-salt solutions of NaCl and CaCl2 at an ionic strength of 0.0213 mol·dm−3 were used to investigate the behavior of mixtures of two thiol collectors. These were carefully selected to understand how mixtures of thiol collectors behave in the presence of a monovalent cation versus a polyvalent cation. Bench-scale froth flotation tests were conducted using a Cu-Ni-PGM ore from the Merensky Reef. The results have shown that the divalent cation, Ca2+, resulted in higher %Cu and %Ni recoveries at all collector mixtures compared to the monovalent cation, Na+. The concentrate grades were, however, slightly compromised, as slightly more gangue reported to the concentrate in the presence of Ca2+. This behavior is attributed to the effect of polyvalent cations on bubble coalescence and froth stability.

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Nakhaei, Fardis, Samira Rahimi, and Mohammadbagher Fathi. "Prediction of Sulfur Removal from Iron Concentrate Using Column Flotation Froth Features: Comparison of k-Means Clustering, Regression, Backpropagation Neural Network, and Convolutional Neural Network." Minerals 12, no. 11 (November 12, 2022): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12111434.

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Froth feature extraction plays a significant role in the monitoring and control of the flotation process. Image-based soft sensors have received a great deal of interest in the flotation process due to their low-cost and non-intrusive properties. This study proposes data-driven soft sensor models based on froth images to predict the key performance indicators of the flotation process. The ability of multiple linear regression (MLR), the backpropagation neural network (BPNN), the k-means clustering algorithm, and the convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict the amount of sulfur removal from iron ore concentrate in the column flotation process was examined. A total of 99 experimental results were used to develop the predictive models. Extracted froth features including color, bubble shape and size, texture, stability, and velocity were used to train the traditional predictive models, whereas in the CNN model the froth images were directly fed into the model. The results comparison indicated that the three-layered feedforward NN model (17-10-1 topology) and CNN model provided better predictions than the MLR and k-means algorithm. The BPNN model displayed a correlation coefficient of 0.97 and a root mean square error of 4.84% between the actual data and network output for both training and the testing datasets. The error percentages of the CNN, BPNN, MLR and k-means models were 10, 11, 15 and 18%, respectively. This study can become a key technical support for the application of intelligent models in the control of the operational variables for the flotation process used to desulfurize iron concentrate.

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Barbian, N., K. Hadler, E. Ventura-Medina, and J. J. Cilliers. "The froth stability column: linking froth stability and flotation performance." Minerals Engineering 18, no. 3 (March 2005): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2004.06.010.

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Akande, S., E. O. Ajaka, O. O. Alabi, and T. A. Olatunji. "Effects of varied process parameters on froth flotation efficiency: A case study of Itakpe iron ore." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 807–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i3.21.

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The dire need for Itakpe iron ore concentrates of appreciable iron content meets for smelting operation necessitated this study. Core samples of the iron ore sourced from Itakpe, Kogi State, Nigeria were prepared for petrological analysis followed by chemical and particle size analyses. Froth flotation was done using different collectors at varying particle sizes and pH values. Characterization studies carried out revealed that Itakpe iron ore is a lean ore assaying 36.18% Fe2O3 and contains predominantly quartz, sillimanite, and haematite. Its liberation size lies favourably at 75 μm. Processing the ore by froth flotation yielded appreciable enrichment. Optimal recovery (~92%) was achieved using potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) at pH 11 for fine feed sizes (<125 μm) yielding iron concentrate assaying 67.66% Fe2O3. Thus, processing at this set-of-conditions is recommended for the industrial production of more enriched Itakpe iron ore concentrates. Keywords: Process parameters, Froth flotation, Efficiency, Itakpe iron ore

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Derhy, Manar, Yassine Taha, Rachid Hakkou, and Mostafa Benzaazoua. "Review of the Main Factors Affecting the Flotation of Phosphate Ores." Minerals 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121109.

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The way to successfully upgrade a phosphate ore is based on the full understanding of its mineralogy, minerals surface properties, minerals distribution and liberation. The conception of a treatment process consists of choosing the proper operations with an adequate succession depending on the ore properties. Usually, froth flotation takes place in phosphate enrichment processes, since it is cheap, convenient, and well developed. Nevertheless, it is a complex technique as it depends on the mineral’s superficial properties in aqueous solutions. Aspects such as wettability, surface charge, zeta potential, and the solubility of minerals play a basic role in defining the flotation conditions. These aspects range from the reagents type and dosage to the pH of the pulp. Other variables namely particles size, froth stability, and bubbles size play critical roles during the treatment, as well. The overall aim is to control the selectivity and recovery of the process. The following review is an attempt to add to previous works gathering phosphate froth flotation data. In that sense, the relevant parameters of phosphate ores flotation are discussed while focusing on apatite, calcite, dolomite, and quartz as main constituent minerals.

Journal articles on the topic 'Froth flotation'

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