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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Hutchinson, MN, and LR Maxson. "Phylogenetic-Relationships Among Australian Tree Frogs (Anura, Hylidae, Pelodryadinae) - an Immunological Approach." Australian Journal of Zoology 35, no. 1 (1987): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9870061.

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Phylogenetic relationships among hylid frogs of the Australian region were studied by micro-complement fixation comparisons of serum albumin. Although our data support current species-group arrangements, we do not find good agreement between our phylogenetic hypotheses and those derived from morphological and karyological studies. Immunological analyses provide data which allow the construction of a phylogeny for the Australian radiation of the speciose genus Litoria, and suggest dividing the species of Litoria examined into five major species-assemblages, each of which is probably monophyletic. The sister- group relationship between the Litoria aurea group and Cyclorana is confirmed, and the diphyletic origin of the terrestrial hylids is supported. The radiation of Australian hylids is monophyletic with respect to the outgroup taxon (Hyla) used in this study, and the origin of diversification within the genus correlates well with estimates of the final separation of Australia from Antarctica-South America. Preliminary data suggest that the endemic New Guinean taxa (Nyctimystes and the montane Litoria) are closely related to the Australian 'freycineti' assemblage within Litoria. Albumin from Litoria infrafrenata cross-reacted poorly with all available Australian antisera, suggesting that this species may have originated independently of the rest of the Australian hylids. Our data support the classification of Australian tree frogs as hylids, rather than as leptodactyloid offshoots.

2

Köhler, Frank, and Rainer Günther. "The radiation of microhylid frogs (Amphibia: Anura) on New Guinea: A mitochondrial phylogeny reveals parallel evolution of morphological and life history traits and disproves the current morphology-based classification." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47, no. 1 (April 2008): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.032.

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3

Kraus, Fred, and Allen Allison. "New microhylid Frogs from the Muller Range, Papua New Guinea." ZooKeys 26 (October 30, 2009): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.26.258.

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4

Kraus, Fred. "New genus of diminutive microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea." ZooKeys 48 (June 9, 2010): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.48.446.

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5

Menzies, J. I., and M. J. Tyler. "Litoria gracilenta (Anura : Hylidae) and related species in New Guinea." Australian Journal of Zoology 52, no. 2 (2004): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo03008.

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We examined a large collection (n = 132) of tree frogs, hitherto identified as Litoria gracilenta, from various localities in New Guinea and compared them with Litoria gracilenta from Queensland and with the recently described Litoria elkeae from far west New Guinea. We found that the frogs in question were neither L. gracilenta nor L. elkeae but comprised two distinct taxa described herein as new species.We call attention to the problems of performing statistical analysis on measurements of soft-bodied organisms and consider that the conclusions reached in this analysis are both conservative and realistic.

6

Menzies, J. I., Lester Russell, M. J. Tyler, and M. J. Mountain. "Fossil frogs from the central highlands of Papua New Guinea." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 26, no. 2 (January 2002): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510208619262.

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7

Kraus, Fred. "New frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) from the mountains of western Papua New Guinea." Records of the Australian Museum 63, no. 1 (June 29, 2011): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.63.2011.1584.

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8

Kraus, Fred. "Two New Species of Frogs Related toBarygenys exsul(Microhylidae) from New Guinea." Herpetologica 69, no. 3 (September 2013): 314–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-12-00073.

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9

Green, DM, and MP Simon. "Digital Microstructure in Ecologically Diverse Sympatric Microhylid Frogs, Genera Cophixalus and Sphenophryne (Amphibia, Anura), From Papua-New-Guinea." Australian Journal of Zoology 34, no. 2 (1986): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9860135.

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The extent of development of digital adhesive toe-pads in sympatric species of microhylid frogs, Cophixalus and Sphenophryne, correlates with the degree of arboreality exhibited by the species. The same basic structures and cell types are found in the toe-pads of these microhylid frogs as are found in other arboreal and semi- arboreal frogs of many diverse evolutionary lineages. A variety of types of cell surface, with unknown functional significance but potential systematic use, are found on the feet of these frogs. Allometric increase in adhesive-pad area in larger species is by widening of the toe-pad, as opposed to acquisition of accessory pads as in some hylid tree frogs.

10

Tyler, Michael J. "TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF SOME HYLID FROGS OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 145, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb02002.x.

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11

Dahl, Chris, Stephen J. Richards, and Vojtech Novotny. "The Sepik River (Papua New Guinea) is not a dispersal barrier for lowland rain-forest frogs." Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 6 (September 11, 2013): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000527.

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Abstract:Major tropical rivers have been suggested to be important dispersal barriers that increase the beta diversity of animal communities in lowland rain forests. We tested this hypothesis using assemblages of frogs in the floodplains of the Sepik River, a major river system in Papua New Guinea. We surveyed frogs at five sites within a continuous 150 × 500-km area of lowland rain forest bisected by the Sepik, using standardized visual and auditory survey techniques. We documented 769 frogs from 44 species. The similarity in species composition decreased with logarithm of geographical distance between the sites, which ranged from 82 to 465 km. The similarity decay did not depend on whether or not the compared sites were separated by the Sepik River or whether the species were aquatic or terrestrial breeders. Likewise, a DCA ordination of frog assemblages did not show separation of sites by the river as a significant factor explaining their composition. Our results suggest that even major rivers, such as the Sepik, may not act as dispersal barriers. Rivers may not limit the distribution of frogs and therefore have a limited effect on determining frog species abundance and assemblage structure in rain forests.

12

KRAUS, FRED. "Ten new species of Oreophryne (Anura, Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 4195, no. 1 (November 17, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4195.1.1.

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Oreophryne presently represents the second-most-diverse genus of microhylid frogs, with 57 named species, most occurring on New Guinea and its satellite islands. Nonetheless, a diversity of species remains to be described. Using morphological, color-pattern, and advertisement-call data, I describe ten new species of Oreophryne from the Papuan Peninsula of New Guinea and adjacent islands, which together form the East Papuan Composite Terrane. All but two of these species can be placed into two species groups based on call type. I refer to these species groups as the O. anser group and the O. equus group, both being based on species described herein. Members of the O. anser group produce calls reminiscent of a goose honk, whereas members of the O. equus group produce calls reminiscent of a horse’s whinny. Description of three new species in the O. anser group requires me to first rediagnose O. loriae, which has previously been interpreted as including the frogs named herein as O. anser sp. nov. The honk call type has not previously been reported within Oreophryne, and the whinny call may be novel as well, although it is possibly derived from other New Guinean species having calls consisting of a slower series of peeps. Based on their unique call types, I hypothesize that both species groups are monophyletic. If true, each would appear endemic to the East Papuan Composite Terrane. Only five additional species of Oreophryne are known from this region that do not belong to one or the other of these two species groups; hence, these newly identified species groups represent the majority of diversity in Oreophryne from the Papuan Peninsula and its satellite islands.

13

Menzies, J. I. "A study of Albericus (Anura : Microhylidae) of New Guinea." Australian Journal of Zoology 47, no. 4 (1999): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo99003.

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I examined a collection of approximately 230 frogs referable to the genus Albericus on account of four synapomorphies (long fifth toes, short legs, absence of clavicle and origin of the mandibular depressor muscles). Morphometric analysis coupled with call characteristics suggests three or four distinct clades within the genus. The status of Albericus variegatus is examined and found to be equivocal. Two recognised species (A. darlingtoni and A. tuberculus) are redefined and eight new species are described. I comment on several other specimens that cannot be accommodated within those species described.

14

KRAUS, FRED. "Papuan frogs of the genus Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae): new synonyms, new species, and a dichotomous key." Zootaxa 3559, no. 1 (November 22, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3559.1.1.

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Cophixalus represents the most diverse genus of microhylid frogs. Within this group I show that two recently describedspecies are in fact synonyms of species described in the 19th Century. Proper recognition of one of these has been hinderedby the poor state of the syntypes and confused information presented in earlier literature. The second species was simplynot diagnosed against other members of the genus. I also describe five new species: one of these is known only from asingle specimen from far western New Guinea, two occupy the Papuan Peninsula in the east of that island, and two arerestricted to Woodlark Island off the southeastern tip of New Guinea. One of these new species had earlier been mis-iden-tified as C. pipilans, requiring me to herein provide a corrected comparison of features that distinguishes C. desticans fromC. pipilans. These taxonomic changes bring the number of Cophixalus species to 61, of which 42 inhabit New Guinea andimmediately adjacent islands. But much of this region remains poorly surveyed, and, undoubtedly, many additional spe-cies remain to be described. I provide the first dichotomous key for the Papuan members of this genus, which should facilitate description of additional species.

15

RICHARDS, STEPHEN J. "A new species of treefrog (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 1052, no. 1 (September 20, 2005): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1052.1.3.

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Litoria singadanae sp. nov. is described from lower montane rainforest on the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. It is a moderately small green frog (two males 29.0–29.1 mm, a female 34.6 mm SV) with long limbs (TL/SV 0.55–0.60), extensively webbed fingers, and a large and prominent tympanum. The new species is unique among Australopapuan hylid frogs in possessing a transparent tympanic membrane. It is known only from the type locality at an altitude of 1280 m asl.

16

OLIVER, PAUL M., STEPHEN J. RICHARDS, and STEPHEN C. DONNELLAN. "Two new species of treefrog (Pelodrydidae: Litoria) from southern New Guinea elucidated by DNA barcoding." Zootaxa 4609, no. 3 (May 24, 2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4609.3.4.

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New Guinea is home to the world’s most diverse insular frog biota, but only a small number of taxa have been included in genetically informed assessments of species diversity. Here we describe two new species of New Guinea treefrog in the genus Litoria that were first flagged during assessments of genetic diversity (DNA barcoding) and are currently only known from the holotypes. Litoria pterodactyla sp. nov. is a large green species in the Litoria graminea species complex from hill forests in Western Province, Papua New Guinea and is the third member of this group known from south of the Central Cordillera. Litoria vivissimia sp. nov. is a small, spike-nosed species from mid-montane forests on the Central Cordillera. It is morphologically very similar to Litoria pronimia, but occurs nearly 1000 m higher than any known locality for that species. More extensive genetically informed assessment of diversity in New Guinea frogs seems certain to reveal many more as-yet-unrecognised taxa in complexes of morphologically similar species.

17

Günther, Rainer. "Metamagnusia and Pseudocallulops, two new genera of microhylid frogs from New Guinea (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae)." Zoosystematics and Evolution 85, no. 2 (September 23, 2009): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoos.200900002.

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18

Goldberg, Stephen R., Charles R. Bursey, and Fred Kraus. "Endoparasites of Eleven Species of Ranid Frogs (Anura: Ranidae) from Papua New Guinea." Pacific Science 63, no. 3 (July 2009): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2984/049.063.0303.

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19

ZWEIFEL, RICHARD G., HAROLD G. COGGER, and STEPHEN J. RICHARDS. "Systematics of Microhylid Frogs, Genus Oreophryne, Living at High Elevations in New Guinea." American Museum Novitates 3495, no. 1 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2005)495[0001:somfgo]2.0.co;2.

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20

Goldberg, Stephen R., Charles R. Bursey, and Fred Kraus. "Helminths of 26 species of microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea." Journal of Natural History 43, no. 31-32 (July 22, 2009): 1987–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930902993740.

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21

Goldberg, Stephen R., Charles R. Bursey, and Fred Kraus. "Helminths of 13 species of microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea." Journal of Natural History 50, no. 31-32 (June 16, 2016): 2005–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1190416.

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22

OLIVER, PAUL, STEPHEN RICHARDS, and BURHAN TJATURADI. "Two new species of Callulops (Anura: Microhylidae) from montane forests in New Guinea." Zootaxa 3178, no. 1 (January 31, 2012): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3178.1.3.

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Two new species of microhylid frogs assigned to the genus Callulops are described from the mountains of New Guinea.Callulops fojaensis sp. nov. is known only from mid-montane forest in the Foja Mountains of Papua Province, IndonesianNew Guinea, and can be distinguished from congeners by the combination of moderate size, short limbs, slightly expandedfinger and toe discs, and uniform brown dorsal and lateral colouration. Callulops mediodiscus sp. nov. is known from asingle site in mid-montane forest in Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, and can be distinguished from allcongeners by its wide finger and toe discs, moderate size and short advertisement call. Description of these two new frogspecies brings the number of Callulops known to 18, of which at least nine are only known from montane regions (>1000 m above sea level).

23

Oliver, Paul M., Eric N. Rittmeyer, Janne Torkkola, Stephen C. Donnellan, Chris Dahl, and Stephen J. Richards. "Multiple trans-Torres Strait colonisations by tree frogs in the Litoria caerulea group, with the description of a new species from New Guinea." Australian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 1 (2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo20071.

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Australia and New Guinea (together referred to as Sahul) were linked by land for much of the late Tertiary and share many biotic elements. However, New Guinea is dominated by rainforest, and northern Australia by savannah. Resolving patterns of biotic interchange between these two regions is critical to understanding the expansion and contraction of both habitat types. The green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) has a vast range across northern and eastern Australia and New Guinea. An assessment of mitochondrial and morphological diversity in this nominal taxon in New Guinea reveals two taxa. True Litoria caerulea occurs in disjunct savannahs of the Trans-Fly, Central Province and across northern Australia, with very low genetic divergence, implying late Pleistocene connectivity. A previously unrecognised taxon is endemic to New Guinea and widespread in lowland swampy rainforest. Date estimates for the divergence of the new species suggest Pliocene connectivity across lowland tropical habitats of northern Australia and New Guinea. In contrast, the new species shows shallow phylogeographic structuring across the central mountains of New Guinea, implying recent dispersal between the northern and southern lowlands. These results emphasise that the extent and connectivity of lowland rainforest and savannah environments across northern Australia and southern New Guinea have undergone profound shifts since the late Pliocene. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A577A415-0B71-4663-B4C1-7271B97298CD

24

RICHARDS, STEPHEN J., and PAUL M. OLIVER. "Two new species of large green canopy-dwelling frogs (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) from Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 1295, no. 1 (August 14, 2006): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1295.1.3.

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Litoria graminea is a large green canopy-dwelling frog originally described from a single specimen from an unknown locality in Papua New Guinea. We demonstrate that this species as currently recognised contains at least three distinct taxa. We restrict the name L. graminea to a population of animals occurring south of New Guinea’s main cordillera and describe two new species of large green arboreal frogs, one from the Kikori River Basin (Southern Highlands and Gulf Province) and one from the Huon Peninsula (Morobe Province). The two new species can be distinguished from each other by differences in iris and sclera colouration, and both can be distinguished from L. graminea by their narrower heads, different iris colouration and by their small round (vs elongate) nuptial pads.

25

ZWEIFEL, RICHARD G., JAMES I. MENZIES, and DAVID PRICE. "Systematics of Microhylid Frogs, Genus Oreophryne, from the North Coast Region of New Guinea." American Museum Novitates 3415 (October 2003): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2003)415<0001:somfgo>2.0.co;2.

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26

Bickford, David P. "Differential parental care behaviors of arboreal and terrestrial microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2004): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0717-x.

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27

Oliver, Paul M., Amy Iannella, Stephen J. Richards, and Michael S. Y. Lee. "Mountain colonisation, miniaturisation and ecological evolution in a radiation of direct-developing New Guinea Frogs (Choerophryne, Microhylidae)." PeerJ 5 (March 30, 2017): e3077. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3077.

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AimsMountain ranges in the tropics are characterised by high levels of localised endemism, often-aberrant evolutionary trajectories, and some of the world’s most diverse regional biotas. Here we investigate the evolution of montane endemism, ecology and body size in a clade of direct-developing frogs (Choerophryne,Microhylidae) from New Guinea.MethodsPhylogenetic relationships were estimated from a mitochondrial molecular dataset using Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches. Ancestral state reconstruction was used to infer the evolution of elevational distribution, ecology (indexed by male calling height), and body size, and phylogenetically corrected regression was employed to examine the relationships between these three traits.ResultsWe obtained strong support for a monophyletic lineage comprising the majority of taxa sampled. Within this clade we identified one subclade that appears to have diversified primarily in montane habitats of the Central Cordillera (>1,000 m a.s.l.), with subsequent dispersal to isolated North Papuan Mountains. A second subclade (characterised by moderately to very elongated snouts) appears to have diversified primarily in hill forests (<1,000 m a.s.l.), with inferred independent upwards colonisations of isolated montane habitats, especially in isolated North Papuan Mountains. We found no clear relationship between extremely small body size (adult SVL less than 15 mm) and elevation, but a stronger relationship with ecology—smaller species tend to be more terrestrial.ConclusionsOrogeny and climatic oscillations have interacted to generate high montane biodiversity in New Guinea via both localised diversification within montane habitats (centric endemism) and periodic dispersal across lowland regions (eccentric endemism). The correlation between extreme miniaturisation and terrestrial habits reflects a general trend in frogs, suggesting that ecological or physiological constraints limit niche usage by miniaturised frogs, even in extremely wet environments such as tropical mountains.

28

Günther, Rainer. "Sexual colour dimorphism in ranid frogs from New Guinea: Description of two new species (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae)." Zoosystematics and Evolution 79, no. 2 (April 22, 2008): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.20030790202.

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29

Günther, Rainer. "Sexual colour dimorphism in ranid frogs from New Guinea: Description of two new species (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae)." Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Zoologische Reihe 79, no. 2 (September 15, 2003): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.4850790202.

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30

HEDGES, S. BLAIR, WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN, and MATTHEW P. HEINICKE. "New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation." Zootaxa 1737, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1737.1.1.

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New World frogs recently placed in a single, enormous family (Brachycephalidae) have direct development and reproduce on land, often far away from water. DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear genes of 344 species were analyzed to estimate their relationships. The molecular phylogeny in turn was used as the basis for a revised classification of the group. The 882 described species are placed in a new taxon, Terrarana, and allocated to four families, four subfamilies, 24 genera, 11 subgenera, 33 species series, 56 species groups, and 11 species subgroups. Systematic accounts are provided for all taxa above the species level. Two families (Craugastoridae and Strabomantidae), three subfamilies (Holoadeninae, Phyzelaphryninae, and Strabomantinae), six genera (Bryophryne, Diasporus, Haddadus, Isodactylus, Lynchius, and Psychrophrynella), and two subgenera (Campbellius and Schwartzius) are proposed and named as new taxa, 13 subspecies are considered to be distinct species, and 613 new combinations are formed. Most of the 100 informal groups (species series, species groups, and species subgroups) are new or newly defined. Brachycephalus and Ischnocnema are placed in Brachycephalidae, a relatively small clade restricted primarily to southeastern Brazil. Eleutherodactylidae includes two subfamilies, four genera, and five subgenera and is centered in the Caribbean region. Craugastoridae contains two genera and three subgenera and is distributed mainly in Middle America. Strabomantidae is distributed primarily in the Andes of northwestern South America and includes two subfamilies, 16 genera, and three subgenera. Images and distribution maps are presented for taxa above the species level and a complete list of species is provided. Aspects of the evolution, biogeography, and conservation of Terrarana are discussed.

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ANSTIS, MARION, FRED PARKER, TIM HAWKES, IAN MORRIS, and STEPHEN J. RICHARDS. "Direct development in some Australopapuan microhylid frogs of the genera Austrochaperina, Cophixalus and Oreophryne (Anura: Microhylidae) from northern Australia and Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 3052, no. 1 (October 7, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3052.1.1.

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Embryonic development in fifteen Australopapuan microhylid frogs of the genera Austrochaperina, Cophixalus and Oreophryne is described. These frogs have direct development during which the embryo develops to a minute froglet within the jelly capsule. Development of the operculum, presence of external gills, tail structure, gut development and timing of forelimb emergence are described and compared with the direct-developing eleutherodactylid Eleutherodactylus coqui from Puerto Rico and three Australian myobatrachid genera with direct development (Arenophryne, Metacrinia and Myobatrachus). We comment on those differences that likely reflect examples of convergent and divergent evolution and heterochrony.

32

Kuramoto, Mitsuru. "Karyological Divergence in three Platymantine Frogs, Family Ranidae." Amphibia-Reptilia 6, no. 4 (1985): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853885x00344.

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AbstractThe karyotypes of three platymantine frogs, Platymantis hazelae and P. dorsalis from Philippines and P. papuensis from Papua New Guinea, were described and compared. P. hazelae has 2n = 26 chromosomes consisting of five large and eight small pairs, as in many other species of Ranidae. The karyotypes of P. dorsalis (2n = 20) and P. papuensis (2n = 22) may be derived from the basic karyotype of 2n = 26. Simple fusions and pericentric inversions explain the karyotypic relationships between P. hazelae and P. papuensis, while the karyotype of P. dorsalis seems to have resulted from more complicated chromosome rearrangements.

33

Kraus, Fred, and Allen Allison. "TAXONOMIC NOTES ON FROGS OF THE GENUS RANA FROM MILNE BAY PROVINCE, PAPUA NEW GUINEA." Herpetological Monographs 21, no. 1 (2007): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/06-004.1.

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34

Borkin, Leo J., and Kraig Adler. "Michael James Tyler, AO (1937–2020): Specialist on the Frogs of Australia and New Guinea." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 4 (July 23, 2020): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-2020ob01.

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35

KURAMOTO, MITSURU, and ALLEN ALLISON. "Karyotypes of Five Hylid Frogs from Papua New Guinea, with a Discussion on Their Systematic Implications." Japanese journal of herpetology 14, no. 1 (1991): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5358/hsj1972.14.1_6.

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36

MAHONY, MICHAEL, STEPHEN C. DONNELLAN, STEPHEN J. RICHARDS, and KEITH MCDONALD. "Species boundaries among barred river frogs, Mixophyes (Anura: Myobatrachidae) in north-eastern Australia, with descriptions of two new species." Zootaxa 1228, no. 1 (June 9, 2006): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1228.1.3.

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Mixophyes are large ground-dwelling myobatrachid frogs from eastern Australia and New Guinea. We use analyses of allozyme frequencies, nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA and morphology to define species boundaries in Mixophyes from the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area of northern Queensland. The molecular analyses identify a minimum of three species in the region. Morphometric and meristic analyses corroborate these distinctions. The existence of two of these species was not previously suspected, and they are formally described herein.

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Donohue, Mark. "Pronouns and Gender: Exploring Nominal Classification Systems in Northern New Guinea." Oceanic Linguistics 39, no. 2 (2000): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ol.2000.0015.

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Brown, Rafe M., Cameron D. Siler, Stephen J. Richards, Arvin C. Diesmos, and David C. Cannatella. "Multilocus phylogeny and a new classification for Southeast Asian and Melanesian forest frogs (family Ceratobatrachidae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174, no. 1 (March 10, 2015): 130–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12232.

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Brinkworth, C. S., J. H. Bowie, M. J. Tyler, and J. C. Wallace. "A Comparison of the Antimicrobial Skin Peptides of the New Guinea Tree Frog (Litoria genimaculata) and the Fringed Tree Frog (Litoria eucnemis)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 9 (2002): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02070.

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The Fringed Tree Frog (Litoria eucnemis) is closely related to the Tree Frog Litoria genimaculata. Both species are found in northern Australia and New Guinea. We have reported that the major antibiotic peptide of L. genimaculata is maculatin 1.1 which has the sequence GLFGVLAKVAAHVVPAIEHF-NH2, and that this basic peptide is different from the hinged caerin 1 peptides (e.g. caerin 1.1, from Litoria splendida and other green tree frogs, which has the sequence GLLSVLGSVAKHVLPHVVPVIAEHL-NH2), in that it lacks four residues of the central hinge region of a caerin 1. Litoria eucnemis has three major host defence peptides, two of these are maculatins (e.g. maculatin 1.3; GLLGLLGSVVSHVVPAIVGHF-NH2) which are related in sequence to that of maculatin 1. The other antibiotic peptide is caerin 1.11 (GLLGAMFKVASKVLPHVVPAITEHF-NH2) a peptide related to the caerin 1 peptides of the green tree frogs of Australia. L. eucnemis is the only species of the Litoria genus (that we have studied) which contains both maculatin and caerin peptides in its skin secretion. The three antibiotic peptides of Litoria eucnemis are significantly less active than maculatin 1.1 and other caerins 1 isolated from anurans of the genus Litoria so far studied.

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Günther, Rainer, and Stephen Richards. "Two New Frog Species of the Genus Copiula Mehely, 1901 (Anura, Microhylidae, Asterophryinae) from Southern Papua New Guinea." Russian Journal of Herpetology 27, no. 1 (March 21, 2020): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2020-27-1-41-53.

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We describe two new species in the microhylid frog genus Copiula from Western Province, Southern Highlands Province, and Gulf Province in southern Papua New Guinea based on morphological and acoustic data. Both species are medium-sized (between 27 – 30 mm SVL), terrestrial frogs with a predominantly beige-colored dorsum and a yellow ventrum. They can be distinguished from each other and from all congeners by their distinct advertisement calls. In the first species calls are short bursts of 3 – 7 rapidly repeated yapping notes lasting 30 – 44 msec at a repetition rate of 11.6 – 16.5 notes/sec, and in the second species calls consist almost exclusively of two notes (occasionally one or three notes) lasting 50 – 91 msec and produced at a repetition rate of 7.1 – 11.3 notes/sec. Calls of the second species are usually uttered in long call series that may start with one or more, one-note calls before increasing to two notes, and occasionally to three notes/call late in the series. Descriptions of these two species brings the number of Copiula known from the New Guinea region to at least 12.

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Sillitoe, Paul. "Contested Knowledge, Contingent Classification: Animals in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea." American Anthropologist 104, no. 4 (December 2002): 1162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2002.104.4.1162.

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Dahl, Chris, Vojtech Novotny, Jiri Moravec, and Stephen J. Richards. "Beta diversity of frogs in the forests of New Guinea, Amazonia and Europe: contrasting tropical and temperate communities." Journal of Biogeography 36, no. 5 (May 2009): 896–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02042.x.

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Wassmann, Jurg, and Pierre R. Dasen. "“Hot” and “Cold”: Classification and sorting among the yupno of papua new guinea." International Journal of Psychology 29, no. 1 (January 1994): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207599408246529.

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Köhler, F., K. J. Schultze, R. Günther, and J. Plötner. "On the genetic diversity in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene of Platymantis frogs from Western New Guinea (Anura: Ceratobatrachidae)." Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 46, no. 2 (May 2008): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2007.00442.x.

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Smith, R. M. "Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): A Proposed New Infrageneric Classification." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 47, no. 1 (March 1990): 1–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600003140.

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K. Schumann's classification of Alpinia (Zingiberaceae), which subdivided the genus into five subgenera and 27 sections, was based, in the main, on the character of the secondary bracts (bracteoles). It is here proposed that the subgenera be reduced to two—Alpinia (7 sections and 10 subsections) and Dieramalpinia (4 sections and 2 subsections), and that the character of the labellum (petaloid or non-petaloid) be used as the main differentiating criterion. Such a classification shows the centre of distribution of subgen. Alpinia, in which the labellum is petaloid, to lie north of the equator; subgen. Dieramalpinia, in which the labellum is non-petaloid, or rarely so at the apex only, is now excluded from continental Asia and has its main concentration east of Wallace's line with its greatest number of species in New Guinea. Stigma types have been examined when possible and, so far, they substantiate the proposed classification.Keys to the subgenera, sections and subsections, together with distribution maps are provided. In Appendix 1 all published names in Alpinia are listed and annotated. Appendix 2 gives a key to the terminally-flowered genera of subfamily Alpineae; this is followed by five new names and six new combinations in Alpinia while A.cordylinoides is transferred to Riedelia.

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DOUGHTY, PAUL, and J. DALE ROBERTS. "A new species of Uperoleia (Anura: Myobatrachidae) from the northwest Kimberley, Western Australia." Zootaxa 1939, no. 1 (November 21, 2008): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1939.1.2.

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Uperoleia is a large genus of small-bodied terrestrial frogs that occur in Australia and southern New Guinea. With nine species, the Kimberley region in northern Western Australia is the most diverse. Recent surveys of the northwest coast of the Kimberley have revealed a tenth species of Uperoleia. The new species is characterized by a combination of small body size, dark and slightly tubercular dorsal skin, basal webbing between the toes, outer metatarsal tubercle spatulate and oriented perpendicular to the foot, possession of maxillary teeth, a broadly exposed frontoparietal fontanelle and the advertisement call is a high-pitched rasp. All specimens collected have been associated with sandstone boulders or escarpments with flowing water or rock pools. The northwest Kimberley is an isolated region of high rainfall and rugged terrain that possesses high biodiversity for many plant and animal groups and is therefore worthy of special conservation attention.

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Pikacha, Patrick, Clare Morrison, Chris Filardi, and Luke Leung. "Factors affecting frog species richness in the Solomon Islands." Pacific Conservation Biology 23, no. 4 (2017): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17011.

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Studies across large oceanic archipelagos often provide an opportunity for testing different processes driving patterns of species richness. Frogs are among the most abundant vertebrates in the Solomon Islands but little is known of the factors influencing their richness patterns. This study used modelling to determine important ecological and biogeographic factors affecting the species richness of frogs at multiple locations on major islands across the archipelago. Between March 2009 and August 2012, 16 frog species were recorded along 109 transects placed in coastal, lowland, ridge and montane forests across 13 islands. Mean species richness was higher in the North Solomon Islands arc (6.2 species) and decreased eastwards towards the New Georgia islands (4.7 species), and Malaita (3.2 species). A plausible explanation is that the North Solomon Islands arc is closest to New Guinea, a major centre of dispersal in the south-west Pacific. Coastal (4.6 species) and freshwater (4.8 species) forests had lower predicted species richness than lowland, ridge, and montane forest types (all with 6.2 species). In addition, more frogs were predicted in areas with thin leaf litter (6.2 species), dense shrub cover (7.7 species), and moist soils (7.7 species), which are characteristic of undisturbed forests. These results suggest that frog conservation activities in the Solomon Islands should target islands in the west with intact lowland, ridge, and montane forests. Specific knowledge of this nature is vital for amphibian conservation on tropical islands experiencing extensive habitat loss, habitat modification and widespread predicted climate change impacts.

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Balke, M. "The Hydroporini (Coleoptera : Dytiscidae : Hydroporinae) of New Guinea: Systematics, distribution and origin of the fauna." Invertebrate Systematics 9, no. 5 (1995): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9951009.

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Only one species of Hydroporini, Megaporus piceatus (RCgimbart, 1892), has been known from New Guinea. M. piceatus is very similar to the Australian M. ruficeps (Sharp, 1882) and study of additional material is neccessary to determine its status. Chostonectes maai, sp. nov., is described from Papua New Guinea. Its sister-species is the Australian C. gigas (Boheman, 1858). The classification of the genera Megaporus Brinck, 1943, and Chostonectes Sharp, 1882, is discussed, and autapomorphies for both groups are suggested. The following species of Hydroporini are reported from New Guinea for the first time: Megaporus sp., Antiporus sp., and Sternoprisccts hansardi (Clark, 1862). A total of five Hydroporini species is now known from New Guinea. All are Australian, or of Australian origin. The New Guinean Hydroporini are not a monophyletic group. The factors delimiting the distribution of Hydroporini in New Guinea are climate and perhaps also vegetation. Australian Hydroporini are adapted to a seasonal climate and most of them also to open forests/woodland.

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Golovatch, Sergei I., Armand Richard Nzoko Fiemapong, and Didier VandenSpiegel. "Trichopolydesmidae from Cameroon, 2: A species-level reclassification of Afrotropical trichopolydesmids (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), with two new species and two new records from Cameroon, and two new species from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea." ZooKeys 891 (November 21, 2019): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.891.46986.

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A revised classification of Afrotropical Trichopolydesmidae is presented. The fauna presently contains as many as 52 species in six recognized genera, with numerous new transfers/combinations involved: Bactrodesmus Cook, 1896 (3 species, including B. grandissp. nov. from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea), Eburodesmus Schubart, 1955 (2 species), Hemisphaeroparia Schubart, 1955 (26 species, including one old species, Polydesmus parvulus Porat, 1894, revised from type material and provisionally assigned to Hemisphaeroparia, as well as two new records and two new species from Cameroon: H. longibrachiatasp. nov. and H. avissp. nov.), Mecistoparia Brolemann, 1926 (3 species), Physetoparia Brolemann, 1920 (12 species, including P. complexasp. nov. from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea), and Sphaeroparia Attems, 1909 (6 species). The hitherto enigmatic genus Bactrodesmus is redefined, but the monotypic Trichozonus Carl, 1905 still remains dubious.

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RÖDEL, MARK-OLIVER, MICHAEL F. BAREJ, ANNIKA HILLERS, ADAM D. LEACHÉ, N’GORAN G. KOUAMÉ, CALEB OFORI-BOATENG, N. EMMANUEL ASSEMIAN, et al. "The genus Astylosternus in the Upper Guinea rainforests, West Africa, with the description of a new species (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae)." Zootaxa 3245, no. 1 (March 23, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3245.1.1.

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Astylosternus laticephalus sp. nov. Rödel, Hillers, Leaché, Kouamé, Ofori-Boateng, Diaz & Sandberger is described fromeastern Ivory Coast and western and central Ghana, and compared to Astylosternus occidentalis Parker, 1931 from thewestern part of the Upper Guinea forest zone (western Ivory Coast, Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone). Based on a com-prehensive sample, including specimens from the entire range, the latter species is re-described. The new species is char-acterized by a body shape typical for frogs of the genus Astylosternus, but has an exceptionally broad head, i.e. broaderthan in A. occidentalis. The basic dorsal pattern of A. laticephalus sp. nov. consists of a brownish to brownish red colour-ation with distinct red dots (red dots are only rarely present in A. occidentalis). The new species has bicoloured eyes withthe lower part of the iris being grey, the upper third of the iris is orange to red (A. occidentalis always has a uniform greyishiris). Males of the new species lack spines on the throat, belly (always present in A. occidentalis males), and a layer ofblack nuptial skin in the pectoral region (present in male A. occidentalis from western Guinea). Astylosternus laticephalussp. nov. differs from A. occidentalis by a mean pairwise genetic distance of 3.2% in the investigated part of the mitochon-drial 16S rRNA gene. Genetic divergence to the morphologically most similar Central African species, A. diadematus,was 11.9%. We briefly discuss the phylogenetic position of West African Astylosternus, hint on the possibility that thegenus might be paraphyletic and discuss the biogeography of West African Astylosternus, in particular with respect to forest cover fluctuations in the past.