Journal articles: 'Fringe Effect Analytical Model'

1

Fang, Yu Ming, Jia Jia Yu, Wen Wen Fu, De Bo Wang, and Pu Li. "An Analytical Model for Dynamic Pull-In of Electrostatic Perforated Plate Actuators." Applied Mechanics and Materials 614 (September 2014): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.614.160.

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Pull-in parameters are important parameters of electrostatic actuators. This paper presents three analytical approximate models for calculating the dynamic pull-in voltage and pull-in position of a perforated plate, respectively. The effects of the fringing field are included in two models. The accuracy of the three present models is compared with ANSYS results. Simulation results show that the detailed capacitance model with fringe effect has good agreement with the FEM results.

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Sun, Yabin, Ziyu Liu, Xiaojin Li, Jiaqi Ren, Fanglin Zheng, and Yanling Shi. "Analytical gate fringe capacitance model for nanoscale MOSFET with layout dependent effect and process variations." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 51, no. 27 (June 19, 2018): 275104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aac7d0.

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Li, Fuqian, and Wenjing Chen. "Phase Error Analysis and Correction for Crossed-Grating Phase-Shifting Profilometry." Sensors 21, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 6475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196475.

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Crossed-grating phase-shifting profilometry (CGPSP) has great utility in three-dimensional shape measurement due to its ability to acquire horizontal and vertical phase maps in a single measurement. However, CGPSP is extremely sensitive to the non-linearity effect of a digital fringe projection system, which is not studied in depth yet. In this paper, a mathematical model is established to analyze the phase error caused by the non-linearity effect. Subsequently, two methods used to eliminate the non-linearity error are discussed in detail. To be specific, a double five-step algorithm based on the mathematical model is proposed to passively suppress the second non-linearity. Furthermore, a precoding gamma correction method based on probability distribution function is introduced to actively attenuate the non-linearity of the captured crossed fringe. The comparison results show that the active gamma correction method requires less fringe patterns and can more effectively reduce the non-linearity error compared with the passive method. Finally, employing CGPSP with gamma correction, a faster and reliable inverse pattern projection is realized with less fringe patterns.

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Mobarak, Youssef Ahmed, and Moamen Atef. "Effect of Novel Nanocomposite Materials for Enhancing Performance of Thin Film Transistor TFT Model." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v5.i1.pp1-12.

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The potential impact of high permittivity gate dielectrics on thin film transistors short channel and circuit performance has been studied using <a name="OLE_LINK110"></a><a name="OLE_LINK118"></a>highly accurate analytical models. In addition, the gate-to-channel capacitance and parasitic fringe capacitances have been extracted. The suggested model in this paper has been <a name="OLE_LINK37"></a><a name="OLE_LINK36"></a>increased the surface potential and decreased the <a name="OLE_LINK93"></a><a name="OLE_LINK92"></a>threshold voltage, whenever the conventional silicon dioxide gate dielectric<a name="OLE_LINK290"></a><a name="OLE_LINK280"></a> is replaced by high-K gate dielectric novel nanocomposite PVP/La2O3Kox=25. Also, it has been investigated that a decrease in parasitic outer fringe capacitance and gate-to-channel capacitance, whenever the conventional silicon nitride is replaced by low-K gate sidewall spacer dielectric novel nanocomposite PTFE/SiO2Ksp=2.9. Finally, it has been demonstrated that using low-K gate sidewalls with high-K gate insulators can be decreased the gate fringing field and threshold voltage. In addition, fabrication of nanocomposites from polymers and nano-oxide particles found to have potential candidates for using it in a wide range of applications in low cost due to low process temperature of these nanocomposites materials.

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Kumar, Arun, P. S. T. N. Srinivas, Shiv Bhushan, Sarvesh Dubey, Yatendra Kumar Singh, and Pramod Kumar Tiwari. "Threshold Voltage Modeling of Double Gate-All-Around Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistors (DGAA MOSFETs) Including the Fringing Field Effects." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2019.2658.

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In this paper, an analytical threshold voltage model of double gate-all-around metal-oxide-semiconductorfield-effect-transistors (DGAA MOSFETs) including the fringing field effects is developed. The total fringing capacitance arising due to induced fringing fields in the device is divided into inner, outer and bottom fringing capacitance. A simple expression for each fringe capacitance is developed individually. The 3-D Poisson's equation has been solved in the channel region using the parabolic potential approximation method to develop the surface potential expressions. The effects of fringing capacitances of inner and outer gates which causes charge induction in the source/drain regions have been incorporated within the developed surface potential expressions. The change in potential due to these induced charges of source/drain region along the channel is formulated and added with the developed surface potential expression at both surfaces. The obtained modified surface potential equations have been utilized to derive the expression of the threshold voltage of the device. The performance of the proposed model has been compared with the previously developed model of DGAA MOSFET structure without High-k dielectrics. The effects of variation of device parameters on the threshold voltage have been also analyzed. The accuracy of the proposed model has been verified by numerical simulation results obtained by a device simulator VTCAD from Cogenda Int.

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Wang, Jinglei, Yixuan Li, Yifan Ji, Jiaming Qian, Yuxuan Che, Chao Zuo, Qian Chen, and Shijie Feng. "Deep Learning-Based 3D Measurements with Near-Infrared Fringe Projection." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 27, 2022): 6469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176469.

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Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) is widely applied to 3D measurements, owing to its advantages of high accuracy, non-contact, and full-field scanning. Compared with most FPP systems that project visible patterns, invisible fringe patterns in the spectra of near-infrared demonstrate fewer impacts on human eyes or on scenes where bright illumination may be avoided. However, the invisible patterns, which are generated by a near-infrared laser, are usually captured with severe speckle noise, resulting in 3D reconstructions of limited quality. To cope with this issue, we propose a deep learning-based framework that can remove the effect of the speckle noise and improve the precision of the 3D reconstruction. The framework consists of two deep neural networks where one learns to produce a clean fringe pattern and the other to obtain an accurate phase from the pattern. Compared with traditional denoising methods that depend on complex physical models, the proposed learning-based method is much faster. The experimental results show that the measurement accuracy can be increased effectively by the presented method.

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Dwivedi, Apoorva, and Gargi Khanna. "A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) capacitive accelerometer-based microphone with enhanced sensitivity for fully implantable hearing aid: a novel analytical approach." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 65, no. 6 (November 18, 2020): 735–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2017-0183.

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AbstractThe present work proposes a novel, compact, intuitively simple and efficient structure to improve the sensitivity of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) capacitive accelerometer using an arrangement of microlever as a displacement amplifier. The accelerometer is proposed to serve as a microphone in the fully implantable cochlear prosthetic system which can be surgically implanted at the middle ear bone structure. Therefore, the design parameters such as size, weight and resonant frequency require deliberation. The paper presents a novel analytical model considering the impact of the mechanical amplification along with the width of the microlever and the capacitive fringe effects on the performance of the sensor. The design is simulated and verified using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS 4.2. The accelerometer is designed within a sensing area of 1 mm2 and accomplishes a nominal capacitance of 4.85 pF and an excellent sensitivity of 5.91 fF/g.

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Manyo, Edem Yawo, Benoit Picoux, Philippe Reynaud, Rémi Tautou, Daniel Nelias, Fatima Allou, and Christophe Petit. "Approach of Pavement Surface Layer Degradation Caused by Tire Contact Using Semi-Analytical Model." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092117.

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New methods of degradations on the pavement’s surface, such as top-down cracking and delamination, caused by the repeated passage of heavy vehicles led to questions about the impact of the contact between the tire and the pavement. In fact, to increase the service life of the structures, future road design methods must have a precise knowledge of the consequences of the contact parameters on the state of stress and deformation in the pavement. In this paper, tractive rolling contact under the effect of friction is modeled by Kalker’s theory using a semi-analytical method (SAM). A tire profile is performed thanks to a digitization by fringes or a photogrammetry technique. The effect of rolling on the main surface extension deformations is then highlighted to study top cracking. At the end of the SAM calculation, contact areas are closed to 200 μdef, exceeding the allowable micro-deformation limit for the initiation of cracking. In addition, results on the main strain directions also give information on the direction of cracking (initiation of longitudinal or transverse cracks). The cracking then becomes evident, leading to a reduced service life.

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Pöller, Franziska, Félix Salazar Bloise, Martin Jakobi, Jie Dong, and Alexander W. Koch. "Extension and Limits of Depolarization-Fringe Contrast Roughness Method in Sub-Micron Domain." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 5572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165572.

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To guarantee quality standards for the industry, surface properties, particularly those of roughness, must be considered in many areas of application. Today, several methods are available on the market, but some damage the surface to be tested as they measure it by contact. A non-contact method for the precise estimation of sub-micron roughness values is presented, which can be used as an extension of existing roughness measurement techniques to improve them further considering the depolarized light reflected by the sample. This setup is based on a Michelson interferometer, and by introducing a quarter-wave plate on a half part of the reference mirror, the surface roughness can be directly derived by measuring the fringe contrasts. This article introduces a simple model describing the intensity distortions resulting from the microscopic roughness in divided interferograms when considering depolarization. This work aimed to extend the measurement range of the technique developed in a previous work, in which depolarization effects are taken into account. For verification, the experimental results were compared with the fringe contrast technique, which does not consider the depolarization of the scattered light, especially regarding the extended wavelength interval, highlighting the limits of the technique. In addition, simulations of the experiments are presented. For comparison, the reference values of the sample roughness were also generated by measurements with a stylus profiler.

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Wang, Wen, Wenjun Qiu, He Yang, Haimei Wu, Guang Shi, Zhanfeng Chen, Keqing Lu, Kui Xiang, and Bingfeng Ju. "An Improved Capacitive Sensor for Detecting the Micro-Clearance of Spherical Joints." Sensors 19, no. 12 (June 14, 2019): 2694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122694.

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Due to the flexible and compact structures, spherical joints are widely used in parallel manipulators and industrial robots. Real-time detection of the clearance between the ball and the socket in spherical joints is beneficial to compensate motion errors of mechanical systems and improve their transmission accuracy. This work proposes an improved capacitive sensor for detecting the micro-clearance of spherical joints. First, the structure of the capacitive sensor is proposed. Then, the mathematical model for the differential capacitance of the sensor and the eccentric micro-displacement of the ball is deduced. Finally, the capacitance values of the capacitive sensor are simulated with Ansoft Maxwell. The simulated values of the differential capacitances at different eccentric displacements agree well with the theoretical ones, indicating the feasibility of the proposed detection method. In addition, the simulated results show that the proposed capacitive sensor could effectively reduce the capacitive fringe effect, improving the measurement accuracy.

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Kalayeh, Kourosh, and Panos Charalambides. "A Non-Linear Model of an All-Elastomer, in-Plane, Capacitive, Tactile Sensor Under the Application of Normal Forces." Sensors 18, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 3614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113614.

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In this work, a large deformation, non-linear semi-analytical model for an all-elastomer, capacitive tactile unit-sensor is developed. The model is capable of predicting the response of such sensors over their entire sensing range under the application of normal forces. In doing so the finite flat punch indentation model developed earlier is integrated with a capacitance model to predict the change-in-capacitance as a function of applied normal forces. The empirical change-in-capacitance expression, based on the parallel plate capacitance model, is developed to account for the fringe field and saturation effects. The elastomeric layer used as a substrate in these sensors is modeled as an incompressible, non-linear, hyperelastic material. More specifically, the two term Mooney-Rivlin strain energy function is used as a constitutive response to relate the stresses and strains. The developed model assumes both geometrical as well as material non-linearity. Based on the related experimental work presented elsewhere, the inverse analysis, combining finite element (FE) modeling and non-linear optimization, is used to obtain the Mooney-Rivlin material parameters. Finally, to validate the model developed herein the model predictions are compared to the experimental results obtained elsewhere for four different tactile sensors. Great agreements are found to exist between the two which shows the model capabilities in capturing the response of these sensors. The model and methodologies developed in this work, may also help advancing bio-material studies in the determination of biological tissue properties.

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Woo, Jemin, Bongsu Hahn, and Changsun Ahn. "Position Estimator Design for a MEMS Top-Drive Electrostatic Rotary Actuator." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 7081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247081.

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The capacitance and rotor angle of a MEMS top-drive electrostatic rotary actuator do not have a linear relationship due to the non-ignorable fringe effect and low aspect ratio of the electrodes. Therefore, the position estimation is not as straightforward as that for a comb-drive linear actuator or a side-drive rotary actuator. The reason is that the capacitance is a nonlinear and periodic function of the rotor angle and is affected by the three-phase input voltages. Therefore, it cannot be approximated as a simple two-plate capacitor. Sensing the capacitance between a rotor and a stator is another challenge. The capacitance can be measured in the electrodes (stators), but the electrodes also have to perform actuation, so a method is needed to combine actuation and sensing. In this study, a nonlinear capacitance model was derived as a data-driven model that effectively represents the nonlinear capacitance with sufficient accuracy. To measure the capacitance accurately, the stator parts for actuation and those for sensing are separated. Using the nonlinear model and the capacitance measurement, an unscented Kalman filter was designed to mitigate the large estimation error due to the periodic nonlinearity. The proposed method shows stable and accurate estimation that cannot be achieved with a simple two-plate capacitor model. The proposed approach can be applied to a similar system with highly nonlinear capacitance.

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Wang, Wen, He Yang, Min Zhang, Zhanfeng Chen, Guang Shi, Keqing Lu, Kui Xiang, and Bingfeng Ju. "A Novel Method for the Micro-Clearance Measurement of a Precision Spherical Joint Based on a Spherical Differential Capacitive Sensor." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 3366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103366.

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A spherical joint is a commonly used mechanical hinge with the advantages of compact structure and good flexibility, and it becomes a key component in many types of equipment, such as parallel mechanisms, industrial robots, and automobiles. Real-time detection of a precision spherical joint clearance is of great significance in analyzing the motion errors of mechanical systems and improving the transmission accuracy. This paper presents a novel method for the micro-clearance measurement with a spherical differential capacitive sensor (SDCS). First, the structure and layout of the spherical capacitive plates were designed according to the measuring principle of capacitive sensors with spacing variation. Then, the mathematical model for the spatial eccentric displacements of the ball and the differential capacitance was established. In addition, equipotential guard rings were used to attenuate the fringe effect on the measurement accuracy. Finally, a simulation with Ansoft Maxwell software was carried out to calculate the capacitance values of the spherical capacitors at different eccentric displacements. Simulation results indicated that the proposed method based on SDCS was feasible and effective for the micro-clearance measurement of the precision spherical joints with small eccentricity.

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Hammer, Hanno. "Analytical Model for Comb-Capacitance Fringe Fields." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 19, no. 1 (February 2010): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2009.2037833.

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Bansal, Aditya, Bipul C. Paul, and Kaushik Roy. "An Analytical Fringe Capacitance Model for Interconnects Using Conformal Mapping." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 25, no. 12 (December 2006): 2765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2006.882489.

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Choi, Yunn-Hong, and Mikhail Skliar. "Quantitative Measurements of Dielectric Spectra with Microdielectric Fringe-Effect Sensors." Analytical Chemistry 76, no. 14 (July 2004): 4143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac049838l.

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Mulkerns, Niall M. C., William H. Hoffmann, Ian D. Lindsay, and Henkjan Gersen. "Shedding Light on Capillary-Based Backscattering Interferometry." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062157.

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Capillary-based backscattering interferometry has been used extensively as a tool to measure molecular binding via interferometric refractive index sensing. Previous studies have analysed the fringe patterns created in the backscatter direction. However, polarisation effects, spatial chirps in the fringe pattern and the practical impact of various approximations, and assumptions in existing models are yet to be fully explored. Here, two independent ray tracing approaches are applied, analysed, contrasted, compared to experimental data, and improved upon by introducing explicit polarisation dependence. In doing so, the significance of the inner diameter, outer diameter, and material of the capillary to the resulting fringe pattern and subsequent analysis are elucidated for the first time. The inner diameter is shown to dictate the fringe pattern seen, and therefore, the effectiveness of any dechirping algorithm, demonstrating that current dechirping methods are only valid for a subset of capillary dimensions. Potential improvements are suggested in order to guide further research, increase sensitivity, and promote wider applicability.

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Choi, Yunn-Hong, and Mikhail Skliar. "Standard-Independent Estimation of Dielectric Permittivity with Microdielectric Fringe-Effect Sensors." Analytical Chemistry 77, no. 3 (February 2005): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac048723e.

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Son, Myungwoo, Hangil Ki, Kihyeun Kim, Sunki Chung, Woong Lee, and Moon-Ho Ham. "Gate capacitance model for the design of graphene nanoribbon array field-effect transistors." RSC Advances 5, no. 68 (2015): 54861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra06546a.

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Choi, Yunn-Hong, Prashant Tathireddy, and Mikhail Skliar. "Method for Measuring Thickness of Dielectric Films Using Microdielectric Fringe-Effect Sensors." Analytical Chemistry 78, no. 10 (May 2006): 3242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac050770z.

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Santare, M. H., B. J. O’Toole, and E. M. Patton. "Two-Dimensional Crack Inclusion Interaction Effects: Analysis and Experiments." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 113, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2928772.

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The plane interaction between a crack and a rigid elliptical inclusion is investigated. In particular, the effects of the orientation and aspect ratio of the inclusion are considered. Analytically, the solution for the interaction of a dislocation with an inclusion is used as Green’s function for the problem. The crack problem is then cast in the form of a set of integral equations with Cauchy singularities. These are solved numerically by the use of piecewise quadratic polynomials to approximate the unknown dislocation density along the crack. From this density the stress intensity at the crack tip can be determined. To model the situation experimentally photoelastic specimens with various elliptical inclusions are tested in uniaxial tension. The stress intensity factors are evaluated from the isochromatic fringe patterns and compared to those predicted numerically.

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Weng, Jiawen, Weishuai Zhou, Simin Ma, Pan Qi, and Jingang Zhong. "Model-Free Lens Distortion Correction Based on Phase Analysis of Fringe-Patterns." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010209.

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The existing lens correction methods deal with the distortion correction by one or more specific image distortion models. However, distortion determination may fail when an unsuitable model is used. So, methods based on the distortion model would have some drawbacks. A model-free lens distortion correction based on the phase analysis of fringe-patterns is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the mathematical relationship of the distortion displacement and the modulated phase of the sinusoidal fringe-pattern are established in theory. By the phase demodulation analysis of the fringe-pattern, the distortion displacement map can be determined point by point for the whole distorted image. So, the image correction is achieved according to the distortion displacement map by a model-free approach. Furthermore, the distortion center, which is important in obtaining an optimal result, is measured by the instantaneous frequency distribution according to the character of distortion automatically. Numerical simulation and experiments performed by a wide-angle lens are carried out to validate the method.

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Tian, Wenbin, Xiaofeng Liang, Xiaolei Qu, Jiangtao Sun, Shuo Gao, Lijun Xu, and Wuqiang Yang. "Investigation of Multi-Plane Scheme for Compensation of Fringe Effect of Electrical Resistance Tomography Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 16, 2019): 3132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143132.

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Conventional electrical resistance tomography (ERT) sensors suffer from the fringe effect, i.e., severe distortion of the electric field on both ends of the measurement electrodes, leading to a 3D sensing region for a 2D sensor. As a result, the objects outside an ERT sensor plane affect the sensing and hence image, i.e., deteriorating the image quality. To address this issue, a multiple-plane ERT sensor scheme is proposed in this paper. With this scheme, auxiliary sensor planes are used to provide references for the fringe effect of the measurement plane, for compensation by subtracting the weighed influence of the fringe effect. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme, either three-plane or two-plane sensor, can compensate for the fringe effect induced by objects outside the measurement plane with a variety of axial object distributions, i.e., several non-conductive bars or conductive bars placed at different cross-sectional and axial positions inside the sensor. Experiments were carried out. Images obtained with single-plane and multiple-plane ERT sensors are compared, and the proposed compensation scheme has been hence verified.

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Pennarubia, Florian, Alison V. Nairn, Megumi Takeuchi, Kelley W. Moremen, and Robert S. Haltiwanger. "Modulation of the NOTCH1 Pathway by LUNATIC FRINGE Is Dominant over That of MANIC or RADICAL FRINGE." Molecules 26, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 5942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195942.

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Fringes are glycosyltransferases that transfer a GlcNAc to O-fucose residues on Epidermal Growth Factor-like (EGF) repeats. Three Fringes exist in mammals: LUNATIC FRINGE (LFNG), MANIC FRINGE (MFNG), and RADICAL FRINGE (RFNG). Fringe modification of O-fucose on EGF repeats in the NOTCH1 (N1) extracellular domain modulates the activation of N1 signaling. Not all O-fucose residues of N1 are modified by all Fringes; some are modified by one or two Fringes and others not modified at all. The distinct effects on N1 activity depend on which Fringe is expressed in a cell. However, little data is available on the effect that more than one Fringe has on the modification of O-fucose residues and the resulting downstream consequence on Notch activation. Using mass spectral glycoproteomic site mapping and cell-based N1 signaling assays, we compared the effect of co-expression of N1 with one or more Fringes on modification of O-fucose and activation of N1 in three cell lines. Individual expression of each Fringe with N1 in the three cell lines revealed differences in modulation of the Notch pathway dependent on the presence of endogenous Fringes. Despite these cell-based differences, co-expression of several Fringes with N1 demonstrated a dominant effect of LFNG over MFNG or RFNG. MFNG and RFNG appeared to be co-dominant but strongly dependent on the ligands used to activate N1 and on the endogenous expression of Fringes. These results show a hierarchy of Fringe activity and indicate that the effect of MFNG and/or RFNG could be small in the presence of LFNG.

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Yao, Yu, Zhengjiang Tang, Ruichao Du, and Changbo Jiang. "A Semi-Analytical Model on Wave-Induced Setup over Fringing Reefs with a Shallow Reef Crest." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0948.

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The vulnerability of low-lying reef-fringed atolls to coastal inundation in extreme wave events is of increasing concern in the context of global sea level rise. Wave-induced setup is an important component of wave runup along reef shorelines. We improved a semi-analytical model to investigate wave-induced setup over fringing reefs crested by a shallow reef. Using mass balance and hydraulics, we developed the model based on flow around reef crest kinematics. We proposed a scaling factor to account for flow unsteadiness and reef-crest shape effects. Our solution showed that wave setup on the reef flat is a function of both offshore wave steepness and the wave refection coefficient. Validation of the model by laboratory data shows that the model reproduces the maximum wave-induced setup on the reef flat in the presence of a reef crest with diffident crest widths. Applying the model to experimental data under various reef configurations and wave conditions were also successful. We found that the scaling factor in the model increased with increasing fore-reef slope but was insensitive to variations in reef-crest width. A key requirement for the model to do is that the reef-crest submergence must be small enough or nearly emergent so that an approximate critical flow condition exists.

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Chen, Qili, Mengqi Han, Ye Wang, and Wenjing Chen. "An Improved Circular Fringe Fourier Transform Profilometry." Sensors 22, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 6048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166048.

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Circular fringe projection profilometry (CFPP), as a branch of carrier fringe projection profilometry, has attracted research interest in recent years. Circular fringe Fourier transform profilometry (CFFTP) has been used to measure out-of-plane objects quickly because the absolute phase can be obtained by employing fewer fringes. However, the existing CFFTP method needs to solve a quadratic equation to calculate the pixel displacement amount related to the height of the object, in which the root-seeking process may get into trouble due to the phase error and the non-uniform period of reference fringe. In this paper, an improved CFFTP method based on a non-telecentric model is presented. The calculation of displacement amount is performed by solving a linear equation instead of a quadratic equation after introducing an extra projection of circular fringe with circular center translation. In addition, Gerchberg iteration is employed to eliminate phase error of the region close to the circular center, and the plane calibration technique is used to eliminate system error by establishing a displacement-to-height look-up table. The mathematical model and theoretical analysis are presented. Simulations and experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Zhu, Xinjun, Limei Song, Hongyi Wang, and Qinghua Guo. "Assessment of Fringe Pattern Decomposition with a Cross-Correlation Index for Phase Retrieval in Fringe Projection 3D Measurements." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 3578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103578.

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Phase retrieval from single frame projection fringe patterns, a fundamental and challenging problem in fringe projection measurement, attracts wide attention and various new methods have emerged to address this challenge. Many phase retrieval methods are based on the decomposition of fringe patterns into a background part and a fringe part, and then the phase is obtained from the decomposed fringe part. However, the decomposition results are subject to the selection of model parameters, which is usually performed manually by trial and error due to the lack of decomposition assessment rules under a no ground truth data situation. In this paper, we propose a cross-correlation index to assess the decomposition and phase retrieval results without the need of ground truth data. The feasibility of the proposed metric is verified by simulated and real fringe patterns with the well-known Fourier transform method and recently proposed Shearlet transform method. This work contributes to the automatic phase retrieval and three-dimensional (3D) measurement with less human intervention, and can be potentially employed in other fields such as phase retrieval in digital holography.

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CARUNTU, DUMITRU I., and MARTIN KNECHT. "ON NONLINEAR RESPONSE NEAR-HALF NATURAL FREQUENCY OF ELECTROSTATICALLY ACTUATED MICRORESONATORS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 11, no. 04 (August 2011): 641–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455411004282.

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This paper deals with the nonlinear response of electrostatically actuated cantilever beam microresonators near-half natural frequency. A first-order fringe correction of the electrostatic force, viscous damping, and Casimir effect are included in the model. Both forces, electrostatic and Casimir, are nonlinear. The dynamics of the resonator is investigated using the method of multiple scales (MMS) in a direct approach of the problem. The reduced order model (ROM) method, based on Galerkin procedure, is used as well. Steady-state motions are found. Numerical simulations are conducted for uniform microresonators. The influences of damping, actuation, and fringe effect on the resonator response are found.

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Lv, Shanshan, Mingshun Jiang, Chenhui Su, Lei Zhang, Faye Zhang, Qingmei Sui, and Lei Jia. "Phase Demodulation Method for Fringe Projection Measurement Based on Improved Variable-Frequency Coded Patterns." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 4463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134463.

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The phase-to-height imaging model, as a three-dimensional (3D) measurement technology, has been commonly applied in fringe projection to assist surface profile measurement, where the efficient and accurate calculation of phase plays a critical role in precise imaging. To deal with multiple extra coded patterns and 2π jump error caused to the existing absolute phase demodulation methods, a novel method of phase demodulation is proposed based on dual variable-frequency (VF) coded patterns. In this paper, the frequency of coded fringe is defined as the number of coded fringes within a single sinusoidal fringe period. First, the effective wrapped phase (EWP) as calculated using the four-step phase shifting method was split into the wrapped phase region with complete period and the wrapped phase region without complete period. Second, the fringe orders in wrapped phase region with complete period were decoded according to the frequency of the VF coded fringes and the continuous characteristic of the fringe order. Notably, the sampling frequency of fast Fourier transform (FFT) was determined by the length of the decoding interval and can be adjusted automatically with the variation in height of the object. Third, the fringe orders in wrapped phase region without complete period were decoded depending on the consistency of fringe orders in the connected region of wrapped phase. Last, phase demodulation was performed. The experimental results were obtained to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in the phase demodulation of both discontinuous objects and highly abrupt objects.

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Mangla, R., and S. Kumar. "DEM Construction using DInSAR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-817-2014.

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A digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D visualization of a terrain surface. It can be used in various analytical studies such as topographic feature extraction, hydrology, geomorphology and landslides analysis etc. Uttrakhand region is affected with landslides, earthquake and flash flood phenomenon. Hence this study was focused on DEM generation using Differential SAR Interferometry (DINSAR) on ALOS PALSAR dataset. Two Pass DINSAR technique involves one interferometric pair in addition with an external DEM. The external DEM was used as a reference to reduce topographic errors. The data processing steps were image co-registration, interferogram generation, interferogram flattening (Differential Interferogram), interferogram filtering, coherence map, phase unwrapping, orbital refinement and re-flattening and DEM generation. Interferogram fringes observed in forest areas were due to temporal decorrelation and the fringes in mountain regions were obtained due to topography changes (may be due to landslides in rainy season). The range of elevation in generated DEM were 132 m to 2823 m and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) error was 36.765159 m. The generated DEM was compared with ASTER DEM and variation in height was analyzed. Atmospheric effects were not removed due to geometrical and temporal decorrelation which affect the accuracy.

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Sadek, A., S. E. D. Habib, and K. Ismail. "Analytical model of field-effect transistors." Solid-State Electronics 38, no. 11 (November 1995): 1969–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(95)00116-b.

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James, Daniel F. V. "The effect of spatial coherence of sources on synthetic aperture mapping." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 131 (1991): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100012999.

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The interferometric mapping of astronomical objects relies on the van-Cittert Zernike theorem, one of the major results of the theory of partially coherent light [see, Bom and Wolf (1980), chapter 10]. This theorem states that the degree of spatial coherence of the field from a distant spatially incoherent source is proportional to the Fourier transform of the intensity distribution across the source. Measurement of the degree of spatial coherence, by, for example, measuring the visibility of interference fringes, allows the object to be mapped by making an inverse Fourier transform. (For a full description of this technique see Thompson, Moran and Swenson, 1986.)In this paper I present a summary of the results an investigation into what happens when the distant source is not spatially coherent (James, 1990). Using a heuristic model of a spherically symmetric partially coherent source, an analytic expression for the error in the measurement of the effective radius, expressed as a function of coherence area, can be obtained.

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Zhang, Lixin, and Quanlin Dong. "Analytical analysis and simulation on fringe field effect of deflector plates applied in ultrafast electron microscopy." Micron 126 (November 2019): 102751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2019.102751.

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Yu, Ji, Xue, and Wang. "Fringe Phase-Shifting Field Based Fuzzy Quotient Space-Oriented Partial Differential Equations Filtering Method for Gaussian Noise-Induced Phase Error." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 5202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235202.

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Traditional filtering methods only focused on improving the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the single fringe pattern, which ignore the filtering effect on phase extraction. Fringe phase-shifting field based fuzzy quotient space-oriented partial differential equations filtering method is proposed to reduce the phase error caused by Gaussian noise while filtering. First, the phase error distribution that is caused by Gaussian noise is analyzed. Furthermore, by introducing the fringe phase-shifting field and the theory of fuzzy quotient space, the modified filtering direction can be adaptively obtained, which transforms the traditional single image filtering into multi-image filtering. Finally, the improved fourth-order oriented partial differential equations with fidelity item filtering method is established. Experiments demonstrated that the proposed method achieves a higher signal-to-noise ratio and lower phase error caused by noise, while also retaining more edge details.

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Liu, Long, Guang Meng, and Hai Huang. "Damage Detection Based on ESPI and SVM." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 1309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.1309.

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An approach of damage detection based on ESPI and SVM is proposed. ESPI (Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry) is a non-contacting measuring method, which can measure the small static and dynamitic surface deformations and reveal the flaws by looking for flaw-induced deformation anomalies. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a machine learning algorithm based on statistical learning theory, and it has recently been established as a powerful tool for classification and regression problems. To develop the precision of processing the pattern fringe data, the SVM is introduced to process the patterns corrupted by the laser speckle effect. The SVM is trained with fringe patterns generated from a finite element model and a simple model of the laser speckle effect. The output pattern is obtained to flag whether the damage exists or not. The trained SVM is tested for robustness with model generated test patterns of a flat plate. The results show that this approach is a promising and effective for damage detection.

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Meng, Xiangyu, Huaina Yu, Yong Wang, Junchao Ren, Chaofan Xue, Shuimin Yang, Zhi Guo, Jun Zhao, Yanqing Wu, and Renzhong Tai. "Analysis of partially coherent light propagation through the soft X-ray interference lithography beamline at SSRF." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 3 (April 14, 2021): 902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521003398.

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The mutual optical intensity (MOI) model is extended to the simulation of the interference pattern produced by extreme ultraviolet lithography with partially coherent light. The partially coherent X-ray propagation through the BL08U1B beamline at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility is analysed using the MOI model and SRW (Synchrotron Radiation Workshop) method. The fringe intensity at the exposure area is not uniform but has similar envelope lines to Fresnel diffraction, which is explained by the diffraction from the finite grating modelled as a single aperture. By balancing the slit size and photon stop size, the fringe visibility, photon flux and intensity slope can be optimized. Further analysis shows that the effect of pink light on the aerial images is negligible, whereas the third-harmonic light should be considered to obtain a balance between high fringe visibility and high flux. Two grating interference exposure experiments were performed in the BL08U1B beamline. The aerial image depth showed that the polymethyl methacrylate photoresist depth was determined by the X-ray coherence properties.

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Zhao, F. M., Z. Liu, and F. R. Jones. "Photoelastic Determination of Interfacial Shear Stresses in Model Composites." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.289.

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Phase-stepping photoelasticity has been used to study the fragmentation of an E-glass fibre in epoxy resin and examine quantitatively the effect of a transverse matrix crack on the stress transfer at an interphase. Unsized glass fibre was coated by plasma polymerisation with a crosslinked conformal film of 90% acrylic acid and 10% 1,7-octadiene. The micro-mechanical response at the fibre-matrix interphase and in the adjacent matrix has been described in detail using contour maps of fringe order. From these, the interfacial shear stress profiles at fibre-break have been calculated.

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Yan, Wenhua, Xudong Ren, Minkang Zhou, and Zhongkun Hu. "Precision Magnetic Field Sensing with Dual Multi-Wave Atom Interferometer." Sensors 23, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010173.

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Precision magnetic field measurement is widely used for practical applications, fundamental research, and medical purposes, etc. We propose a novel quantum magnetometer based on atoms’ multi-wave (3-wave and 5-wave) Ramsey interference. Our design features high phase sensitivity and can be applied to in situ measurements of the magnetic field inside vacuum chambers. The final state detection is designed to be achieved by Raman’s two-photon transition. The analytical solution for applicable interference fringe is presented. Fringe contrast decay due to atom temperature and magnetic field gradient is simulated to estimate reasonable experimental conditions. Sensitivity functions for phase noise and magnetic field noise in a multi-wave system are derived to estimate the noise level required to reach the expected resolution. The validity of the model, dual-channel features on bias estimation, and the quasi-non-destructive detection feature are discussed.

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Rodrigo, Pablo, and Ignacio J. Duran. "Why Does Context Really Matter? Understanding Companies’ Dialogue with Fringe Communities." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020999.

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Although scholars have studied stakeholder dialogue, we lack studies that understand the effect of context on the structure and form of dialogue. To address this gap, in this research we focus on local rural communities that can be classified as fringe stakeholders to develop a comprehensive model of “fringe community dialogue”. As these neglected groups have been marginalized from society and face grave serious socio-environmental issues, we argue that these characteristics will affect the way dialogue occurs. Therefore, we posit that these instances need to be tailored to this specific stakeholder. To assess this, we follow a theory-building grounded theory approach, and as field of research we extract information from three different research sites. Findings indicate that, because of the characteristics of fringe communities, dialogues must follow three sequential dimensions, which are connected by two enabling mechanisms. We contribute by evincing that, because of this stakeholder’s characteristics, the dialogue process has a particular structure and key variables, differing from what the past literature asserts.

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Galietti, U., K. Genovese, L. Lamberti, and D. Posa. "A simple projection moiré system to measure displacements of aircraft structures." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 42, no. 6 (August 1, 2007): 477–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247jsa167.

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This work presents a simple projection moiré system (PMS) to measure displacements of large-scale aeronautical components. The system includes standard optics, uses a standard fringe-processing method, and relies on a simple analytical model to recover topographic information. An extensive calibration campaign, based on design of experiments, is conducted in order to find the best analytical model for retrieving the out-of-plane displacement field from the moiré pattern and to find the optimal combination of parameters involved in the measurement system. In order to check the suitability of the present PMS device for practical industrial applications, distortions induced by aerodynamic loads on a landing-light glazing of an Airbus A340 are measured. Experimental results are in good agreement with other measurements carried out independently.

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Gigliotti, M., Frédéric Jacquemin, J. Molimard, and A. Vautrin. "Transition Saddle-Cylinder Shape of Thin Unsymmetric [0/90] Square Plates under Hygrothermal Loads: Fringe Projection Method and Variational Approach." Applied Mechanics and Materials 3-4 (August 2006): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.3-4.217.

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The deformation of free laminated plates subjected to transient hygrothermal loading is simulated by using a semi-analytical non linear model (variational method). A full-field experimental technique, the fringe projection method, has been developed to measure out-of-plane displacements throughout the deformation process. The experimental approach based on a full-field optical method is shown to be suited to capturing the complex behaviour of plates submitted to large hygrothermal loads, where geometrical nonlinearities should be taken into account.

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Ma, Yang-Bin, Nikola Novak, Karsten Albe, and Bai-Xiang Xu. "Optimized electrocaloric effect by field reversal: Analytical model." Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 20 (November 14, 2016): 202906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4968006.

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Coffie, Robert. "Analytical Field Plate Model for Field Effect Transistors." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 61, no. 3 (March 2014): 878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2014.2300115.

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Ng, R., F. Udrea, and G. Amaratunga. "An analytical model for the 3D-RESURF effect." Solid-State Electronics 44, no. 10 (October 2000): 1753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1101(00)00133-7.

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Jayatilaka, C. J., and R. W. Gillham. "A deterministic-empirical model of the effect of the capillary fringe on near-stream area runoff 1. Description of the model." Journal of Hydrology 184, no. 3-4 (October 1996): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)02985-0.

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Yin, Zhuoyi, Cong Liu, Chuang Zhang, Xiaoyuan He, and Fujun Yang. "Point-Wise Phase Estimation Method in Fringe Projection Profilometry under Non-Sinusoidal Distortion." Sensors 22, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 4478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124478.

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In fringe projection profilometry, high-order harmonics information of distorted fringe will lead to errors in the phase estimation. In order to solve this problem, a point-wise phase estimation method based on a neural network (PWPE-NN) is proposed in this paper. The complex nonlinear mapping relationship between the gray values and the phase under non-sinusoidal distortion is constructed by using the simple neural network model. It establishes a novel implicit expression for phase solution without complicated measurement operations. Compared with the previous method of combining local image information, it can accurately calculate each phase value by point. The comparison results show that the traditional method is with periodic phase errors, while the proposed method can effectively eliminate phase errors caused by non-sinusoidal phase shifting.

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Cheng, Xu, Xingjian Liu, Zhongwei Li, Kai Zhong, Liya Han, Wantao He, Wanbing Gan, Guoqing Xi, Congjun Wang, and Yusheng Shi. "High-Accuracy Globally Consistent Surface Reconstruction Using Fringe Projection Profilometry." Sensors 19, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030668.

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This paper presents a high-accuracy method for globally consistent surface reconstruction using a single fringe projection profilometry (FPP) sensor. To solve the accumulated sensor pose estimation error problem encountered in a long scanning trajectory, we first present a novel 3D registration method which fuses both dense geometric and curvature consistency constraints to improve the accuracy of relative sensor pose estimation. Then we perform global sensor pose optimization by modeling the surface consistency information as a pre-computed covariance matrix and formulating the multi-view point cloud registration problem in a pose graph optimization framework. Experiments on reconstructing a 1300 mm × 400 mm workpiece with a FPP sensor is performed, verifying that our method can substantially reduce the accumulated error and achieve industrial-level surface model reconstruction without any external positional assistance but only using a single FPP sensor.

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Jagtap, Sarika Madhukar, and Vitthal Janardan Gond. "Modeling of 7 Nano Meter Fin Field Effect Transistor for Evaluation of Fringe & Oxide Capacitance." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 2 (January 15, 2022): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.2051.

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Fin-FET are insusceptible to short channel effects punch through, threshold voltage, leakage current but their concerts at high frequencies are conceded due to durable fringing field between gate and source with drain area. Because of high-technology progression, the gate construction of MOSFET has been upgraded from planar to nonplanar with an enrichment in the number of monitoring gates multiple gates on 3 sides. In this paper we mention Fin-FET assembly for high frequency applications. MOS-FET plays very energetic role but scaling of device affected on performance parameters like speed and power. Fin-FET is non planar novel device to solve the short channel effects which occurs due to scaling. Non-planar structure of Fin-FET parasitic capacitances like gate oxide overlap and fringe capacitance makes adverse effect like lower switching speed of device, making result on delay ion and ioff of device. In this paper we planned Fin-FET design procedure to measure oxide and fringe capacitance with low k dielectric spacer thickness and increase ion to recover device driving ability. Effect on threshold voltage having observed with low k spacer at least count of 0.051 V. By using 4.65 eV metal gate work function with front, top and back gate we control leakage current and threshold voltage. Seven nano meter gate length Fin-FET is design We measured oxide capacitance of 0.464 F for 19.28 GHz and fringe capacitance (69.66 nf) for 4.88 GHz frequency by designing the Fin-FET with high-K SOI MOSFETs which support 11.4 nA leakage current to improve the speed of the processor. In this research work, design topologies of Single Finger Fin Filed Effect Transistors are discussed and evaluate the probable result of fringe and parasitic capacitance from fringing area on the device. By using geometry of device like fin width, height, thickness and multiple fingers we measure the fringe capacitance and oxide capacitance of designed Fin-FET. HIGHLIGHTS In this Paper, we focus on fundamentals of novel device Fin-FET its working construction & design based on geometry parameter & capacitance measurement by designing model of 7 nm gate length In this work, we focus on how Fin-FET helps to reduce short channel effect by possessions of geometry parameters like gate length and Fin thickness & progress the performance of the nanoscale device From the simulation results we observe lowering of drain induced barrier lowering, subthreshold slope and leakage current, whereas threshold voltages rise From the observation, SCE has been attributed to the distribution of the junction electric fields into the channel region, producing lower DIBL which decreases VTH GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Ross, J. L., J. Blangero, M. C. Goldstein, and S. Schuler. "Proximate determinants of fertility in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal: an anthropological case study." Journal of Biosocial Science 18, no. 2 (April 1986): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000016114.

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SummaryThis article employs the analytical model of Bongaarts and Potter to compare the proximate determinants of fertility among three populations in Nepal's Kathmandu valley with the following characteristics: (1) high and low caste, (2) urban and urban fringe residence, and (3) users and non-users of contraception. It is shown that while Nepal, as a whole, is firmly entrenched in Phase 1 of the fertility transition, each of the populations studied has begun to experience a demographic transition to different degrees. In fact, greater progress in controlling fertility has been made than previously known.

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Argyriou, Ioannis, Martyn Wells, Alistair Glasse, David Lee, Pierre Royer, Bart Vandenbussche, Eliot Malumuth, et al. "The nature of point source fringes in mid-infrared spectra acquired with the James Webb Space Telescope." Astronomy & Astrophysics 641 (September 2020): A150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037535.

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Context. As is common for infrared spectrometers, the constructive and destructive interference in different layers of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) detector arrays modulate the detected signal as a function of wavelength. The resulting “fringing” in the Medium-Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) spectra varies in amplitude between 10% and 30% of the spectral baseline. A common method for correcting for fringes relies on dividing the data by a fringe flat. In the case of MIRI MRS, the fringe flat is derived from measurements of an extended, spatially homogeneous source acquired during the thermal-vacuum ground verification of the instrument. While this approach reduces fringe amplitudes of extended sources below the percent level, at the detector level, point source fringe residuals vary in a systematic way across the point spread function. The effect could hamper the scientific interpretation of MRS observations of unresolved sources, semi-extended sources, and point sources in crowded fields. Aims. We find MIRI MRS point source fringes to be reproducible under similar observing conditions. We want to investigate whether a generic and accurate correction can be determined. Therefore, we want to identify the variables, if they exist, that would allow for a parametrization of the signal variations induced by point source fringe modulations. Methods. We determine the point source fringe properties by analyzing MRS detector plane images acquired on the ground. We extracted the fringe profile of multiple point source observations and studied the amplitude and phase of the fringes as a function of field position and pixel sampling of the point spread function of the optical chain. Results. A systematic variation in the amplitude and phase of the point source fringes is found over the wavelength range covered by the test sources (4.9 − 5.8 μm). The variation depends on the fraction of the point spread function seen by the detector pixel. We identify the non-uniform pixel illumination as the root cause of the reported systematic variation. This new finding allows us to reconcile the point source and extended source fringe patterns observed in test data during ground verification. We report an improvement after correction of 50% on the 1σ standard deviation of the spectral continuum. A 50% improvement is also reported in line sensitivity for a benchmark test with a spectral continuum of 100 mJy. The improvement in the shape of weak lines is illustrated using a T Tauri model spectrum. Consequently, we verify that fringes of extended sources and potentially semi-extended sources and crowded fields can be simulated by combining multiple point source fringe transmissions. Furthermore, we discuss the applicability of this novel fringe-correction method to the MRS data (and the data of other instruments).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fringe Effect Analytical Model'

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