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Journal articles on the topic 'Friendship patterns'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Zhang, Lun, and Jonathan J. H. Zhu. "Regularity and Variability." International Journal of Web Services Research 11, no. 4 (October 2014): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwsr.2014100102.

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Social network sites (SNSs) have brought revolutionary changes to individuals' social interactions. The growth of online personal relationships is crucial for understanding current interpersonal communications and network dynamics. In the context of a Chinese SNS, this study provides an empirical presentation of the growth patterns of individuals' online friendships. This study uncovers the regularity as well as the variability of such growth patterns. On the one hand, the friendship growth patterns show regularity in that the time trajectory of friendship growth for most users levels off at some point of their friendship formation. On the other hand, the growth patterns of online friendships also demonstrate variability. There are three essentially different growth patterns emerged: the logistic pattern (i.e., S-shape), the double-logistic pattern (i.e., double-S shape), and the power pattern (i.e., rotated-L shape). By employing multinomial logistic regression, this study further found that network connectedness lead to the differences in these growth patterns of online friendships. However, a user's personal strategy of online friendship formation is found to have a nil effect on explaining the differences in growth patterns of online friendships. This paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of the growth patterns of online relationships.

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2

Goodyer, I. M., C. Wright, and P. M. E. Altham. "Recent friendships in anxious and depressed school age children." Psychological Medicine 19, no. 1 (February 1989): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700011119.

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SynopsisA consecutive series of school age children (7 to 16 years) with emotional disorders (N = 100) were compared with a series of community controls (N = 100) matched for age, sex and social class for the quality of their friendships. A semi-structured interview was developed to measure the quality of friendship for this purpose. Significantly more (48%) children with emotional disorder were likely to be rated as experiencing moderate to poor friendships in the 12 months prior to the onset of symptoms than were controls (16%) in the 12 months prior to interview. Prepubertal children with moderate to poor friendship patterns were classified as either predominantly anxious or depressed. Postpubertal children with moderate to poor friendships patterns were, in contrast, predominantly anxious. These findings suggest that puberty denotes a point of change for the impact of friendship deficits on the psychopathology of emotional disorder. There were no sex differences in the clinical classification of children with moderate or poor friendship patterns.

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Ciairano, Silvia, Emanuela Rabaglietti, Antonella Roggero, Silvia Bonino, and Wim Beyers. "Patterns of adolescent friendships, psychological adjustment and antisocial behavior: The moderating role of family stress and friendship reciprocity." International Journal of Behavioral Development 31, no. 6 (November 2007): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025407080573.

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This study distinguishes different patterns of friendship quality in terms of support from and conflict with friends, and reciprocity. Associations between friendship patterns and adolescents' adjustment (self-perception, expectations for the future, depressive feelings, sense of alienation, lying, disobedience, and aggression) were hypothesized to be moderated by family stress and friendship reciprocity. The sample comprised 622 adolescents of both genders, aged 14 to 20 years. We administered a questionnaire, including the Friendship Quality Scale and a peer nomination, twice at a 6-month interval. We identified two patterns of stable friendships: high (47%) and low (37%) quality. In two other groups, friendship quality changed over time, either from low to high (7%), or from high to low (9%). Of all adolescents, 58% had reciprocal and stable friends and 42% had unilateral friends. Under conditions of high family stress, supportive friendships do not have a positive effect on expectations for success and sense of alienation. Reciprocal friendship promotes higher levels of lying and disobedience but also protects against aggression. Summarizing, the effects of friendship quality can be moderated, either diminishing or exacerbating it, by other context factors.

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4

MARTINA, CAMILLE M. S., NAN L. STEVENS, and GERBEN J. WESTERHOF. "Change and stability in loneliness and friendship after an intervention for older women." Ageing and Society 38, no. 3 (November 2, 2016): 435–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x16001008.

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ABSTRACTIn this study we examine patterns of change and stability in loneliness among 108 women who had participated in a friendship enrichment programme during the year after the programme. We distinguished seven groups of participants in which different levels of loneliness significantly declined, remained stable or increased. These were reduced to the following groups: those recovered, significantly improved and not improved. We then examined whether resources such as age, education, partner status, health, initially available friendships and developments in friendships were related to these loneliness patterns. The data were collected using face-to-face semi-structured interviews, a loneliness scale and the personal convoy model. The results indicate that none of the demographic characteristics, nor health, were associated with the patterns of loneliness. Friendship availability and development did differ among the groups. Recovery from loneliness after a year was associated with the presence of a friend in the outer circle of the convoy and having more variation in one's friendships initially and one year later. It was also associated with the presence of a friend in the inner circle and reporting improvement in friendship later. The absence of these qualities initially or subsequently was more characteristic of those whose loneliness was stable or increased. Thus, the maintenance of companionate friendship and the development of intimacy in one's friendships seem advantageous for recovery from loneliness. While this study illustrates that recovery from, and significant reduction of loneliness are possible, we are not yet able to predict who will benefit and who will not benefit from a friendship enrichment programme.

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French, Doran C., Sri Pidada, and Andrea Victor. "Friendships of Indonesian and United States youth." International Journal of Behavioral Development 29, no. 4 (July 2005): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01650250544000080.

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Issues in the study of friendship across cultures were explored by reviewing a set of studies focusing on the friendships of Indonesian and United States youth. Four topics are considered: similarity of friendships across cultures, dimensions of friendships that vary across cultures, the utility of the individualism/collectivism dimension for explaining cultural differences in friendship, and methodological issues in the study of culture and friendship. Two studies are presented that address some of these issues. Although friendships of US and Indonesian youth are similar across many dimensions, the friendships of Indonesian youth appear somewhat less close, more centred on instrumental aid, less focused on enhancement of worth, and more extensive and less exclusive than those of US youth. These patterns are opposite to those that have emerged in the comparison of those in the US and other collectivist cultures, suggesting the need to modify models of collectivism and friendship. Finally, the authors advocate the use of multimethod and multiagent assessments, addressing issues of social class in cross-cultural comparison, and using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to study culture and friendship.

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6

Thorpe, Karen, and Karen Gardner. "Twins and Their Friendships: Differences Between Monozygotic, Dizygotic Same-Sex and Dizygotic Mixed-Sex Pairs." Twin Research and Human Genetics 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.9.1.155.

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AbstractThis study examined the influence of twin status (monozygotic [MZ], dizygotic same-sex [DZss] and dizygotic opposite-sex [DZos]) on friendship patterns. It examined the friendships of 60 children from 30 twin pairs, mean age 8 years, 4 months. The study sought to establish how number of friendships and degree to which these are shared vary according to twin status. Additionally, it sought to assess the children's meaning of shared friendship and to examine whether there were group differences according to twin status. Results indicated that, while number of friends did not vary, the degree to which friendships were shared was significantly associated with twin status. MZ children shared approximately 50% of their friends, DZss 25% and DZos 5%. Group patterns emerged from interviews with the children concerning shared friendships. MZ twins were characteristically positive or accepting about shared friends; DZos pairs shared fewer friends and were, therefore, less challenged by the twin situation in negotiating friendships; and DZss pairs were more diverse in their reaction with some expressing ambivalent or negative views about the twin situation and sharing of friendship. The results are presented in the light of their implications for twin children's developmental and scholastic progress.

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7

Galupo, M. Paz, and Kirsten A. Gonzalez. "Friendship Values and Cross-Category Friendships: Understanding Adult Friendship Patterns Across Gender, Sexual Orientation and Race." Sex Roles 68, no. 11-12 (September 20, 2012): 779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0211-x.

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8

Fiebert, Martin S., and Kimberly S. Wright. "Midlife Friendships in an American Faculty Sample." Psychological Reports 64, no. 3_suppl (June 1989): 1127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3c.1127.

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This study explored midlife same-sex friendship patterns in an American sample of married faculty members. of particular interest were perceived changes in friendship behavior from young adulthood to midlife and sex differences in friendship interactions. 14 men and 14 women between the ages of 40 and 55 yr. provided responses in a structured interview and completed a comprehensive friendship survey, the Acquaintance Description Form. Analysis showed that while both men and women spend less time now with their close friends than they did formerly, the strength of relationship and expressed self-disclosure were perceived to increase with time. Women, compared to men, reported relating more intimately with their friends and rated their current friendships as more important to them than did men. The durations of men's friendships, both currently and retrospectively, were longer than women's.

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Reid, Shannon E. "Friendship Group Composition and Juvenile Institutional Misconduct." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61, no. 2 (July 28, 2016): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15589737.

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The present study examines both the patterns of friendship networks and how these network characteristics relate to the risk factors of institutional misconduct for incarcerated youth. Using friendship networks collected from males incarcerated with California’s Division of Juvenile Justice (DJJ), latent profile analysis was utilized to create homogeneous groups of friendship patterns based on alter attributes and network structure. The incarcerated youth provided 144 egocentric networks reporting 558 social network relationships. Latent profile analysis identified three network profiles: expected group (67%), new breed group (20%), and model citizen group (13%). The three network profiles were integrated into a multiple group analysis framework to examine the relative influence of individual-level risk factors on their rate of institutional misconduct. The analysis finds variation in predictors of institutional misconduct across profile types. These findings suggest that the close friendships of incarcerated youth are patterned across the individual characteristics of the youth’s friends and that the friendship network can act as a moderator for individual risk factors for institutional misconduct.

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10

Domański, Henryk, and Dariusz Przybysz. "Friendship Patterns and Social Inequality." International Journal of Sociology 42, no. 1 (April 2012): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/ijs0020-7659420102.

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11

Řeháková, Blanka. "Friendship Patterns in Czech Society." Czech Sociological Review 39, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 509–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/00380288.2003.39.4.05.

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12

Aukett, Richard, Jane Ritchie, and Kathryn Mill. "Gender differences in friendship patterns." Sex Roles 19, no. 1-2 (July 1988): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00292464.

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13

Jones, Diane Carlson, Nancy Bloys, and Marie Wood. "Sex roles and friendship patterns." Sex Roles 23, no. 3-4 (August 1990): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00289861.

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14

Iqbal, Humera, Sarah Neal, and Carol Vincent. "Children’s friendships in super-diverse localities: Encounters with social and ethnic difference." Childhood 24, no. 1 (July 24, 2016): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0907568216633741.

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This article explores how children make, manage, or avoid friendships in super-diverse primary school settings. We draw on interviews and pictorial data from 78 children, aged 8–9 years across three local London primary schools to identify particular friendship groupings and the extent to which they followed existing patterns of social division. Children in the study did recognise social and cultural differences, but their friendship perceptions, affections, conflicts and practices meant that the way in which difference impacted relationships was partial and unstable. Friendship practices in the routine settings of school involved interactions across difference, but also entrenchments around similarity.

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Janos, Paul M., Kristi A. Marwood, and Nancy M. Robinson. "Friendship patterns in highly intelligent children." Roeper Review 8, no. 1 (September 1985): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02783198509552929.

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Gareis, Elisabeth. "Adult Friendship: Examples of Intercultural Patterns." Annals of the International Communication Association 22, no. 1 (January 1999): 431–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1999.11678968.

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Davidson, Alice J., Kimberly A. Updegraff, and Susan M. McHale. "Parent/peer relationship patterns among Mexican-origin adolescents." International Journal of Behavioral Development 35, no. 3 (March 10, 2011): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025410384926.

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This study examined patterns of mothers’ and fathers’ acceptance and youths’ friendship intimacy among 246 Mexican-origin 7th graders. Three patterns were identified using mixture modeling: (a) low mother and father acceptance, and average friendship intimacy (Low Parent Profile); (b) average mother acceptance, high father acceptance and friendship intimacy (Positive Profile); and (c) high mother acceptance, average father acceptance, and low friendship intimacy (Low Friend Profile). Profiles differed with respect to cultural characteristics and youth adjustment. Findings demonstrated the benefit of a person-oriented approach to illuminate how parental and peer experiences are connected in different ways for different youth and are linked with youth adjustment. Results highlighted the need for research to attend to the unique cultural experiences of minority youth.

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18

Xu, Yiyuan, Jo Ann M. Farver, David Schwartz, and Lei Chang. "Social networks and aggressive behaviour in Chinese children." International Journal of Behavioral Development 28, no. 5 (September 2004): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000090.

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This exploratory study investigated Mainland Chinese children’s social networks and peer group affiliations with a particular emphasis on their aggressive behaviour. The participants were 294 elementary school students in Tianjin, P. R. China (mean age 11.5 years; 161 boys). Social network analysis identified relatively large and gender-specific peer groups. Although different measures were used, the pattern of homophily characteristic of Western aggressive children was partially supported. This finding may be due to the large size of the peer groups. The results showed that some aggressive children formed friendships with nonaggressive children. Moreover, for the aggressive children who were group members, the number of within-group friendships moderated the relation between aggression and overall peer preference. In addition, despite the moderating effect of within-group friendship, the relation between aggression and peer preference remained significantly negative even at the highest levels of friendship. Aggressive children who were isolated from all peer groups had higher hyperactivity ratings and were less liked by peers than were aggressive children who were group members. These findings illustrate how culture may be an influence on patterns of peer group affiliation.

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Simmons, Nathan, and Ian Hay. "Early Adolescents' Friendship Patterns in Middle School: Social–Emotional and Academic Implications." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/aedp.27.2.59.

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AbstractThis research examined the interactions between friendship patterns, school achievement, coping skills, self-concept and the classroom learning environment for 182 early adolescents, mean age 13 years 5 months (47.25% male). Participants completed the Friendship Nomination Form. The second phase of data collection focused on adolescents with high or low friendship ratings, who then completed four social and two academic measures. The social measures were: (1) Friendship Quality Scale (FQS; Bukowski, Hoza, & Boivin, 1994), (2) Self-Description Questionnaire II–Short Form (Marsh, 1990), (3) Coping Strategy Indicator–Short Form (CSI-S; Amirkhan, 1990) and (4) What is Happening in this Classroom Scale (WIHIC; Fraser, Fisher, & McRobbie, 1996). Adolescents with more friends reported more companionship and help from friends. Those with fewer friends perceived their classroom to be less cohesive and less cooperative. Females reported more closeness and friendship commitment than males. Friendship patterns had a significant influence on students' English achievement but not their mathematics achievement. The implications of the findings for school professional are discussed.

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Caverly, Sarah L., Elizabeth A. Lemerise, and Bridgette D. Harper. "Patterns of Friendship in Ungraded Primary Classes." Early Education & Development 13, no. 1 (January 2002): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1301_1.

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21

DuBois, David L., and Barton J. Hirsch. "School/Nonschool Friendship Patterns in Early Adolescence." Journal of Early Adolescence 13, no. 1 (February 1993): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431693013001006.

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22

Armstrong, M. Jocelyn, and Karen S. Goldsteen. "Friendship support patterns of older American women." Journal of Aging Studies 4, no. 4 (December 1990): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-4065(90)90007-u.

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23

Leszczensky, Lars, and Sebastian Pink. "Are Birds of a Feather Praying Together? Assessing Friends’ Influence on Muslim Youths’ Religiosity in Germany." Social Psychology Quarterly 83, no. 3 (August 12, 2020): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272520936633.

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Muslim religiosity is often portrayed as a barrier to integration into secular societies, especially in Europe. Scholars suggest that religiously segregated networks reinforce Muslims’ religiosity and religious identification, but solid evidence is scarce. Based on longitudinal German data, we examined whether friendship networks influence Muslim youths’ religiosity. Using stochastic actor-oriented models, we also assessed whether religiosity in turn relates to friendship choices. We found that higher shares of Muslim friends neither increase Muslim youths’ religious identification nor their frequency of prayer, but they are associated with more frequent mosque attendance. Furthermore, Muslim youths assimilated their Muslim friends’ mosque attendance and frequency of prayer. Friends’ actual religious practices, rather than shared group membership, thus seems to shape individual religiosity. Finally, religiosity does not hamper interreligious friendships; it was unrelated to friendship choices. Results are similar for Christian youths, suggesting that these patterns are not unique to Muslims.

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Du, Juan, and Andy P. Field. "Adolescents’ Peer Friendship and Anxiety and Depression among First-Generation Immigrant BAME Families in the UK." Genealogy 4, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4020062.

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There is equivocal evidence on how being a child in a Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) immigrant family affects internalizing symptoms such as anxiety. This cross-sectional study examined the relationships between peer friendships and anxiety/depression symptoms in BAME immigrant adolescents (IA) and white native adolescents (WNA). Method: Sixty-two adolescents from the UK (IA = 26, WNA = 36, mean age = 14 years) were assessed on close friendship, social competence, social anxiety, and depression. Immigrant family parents (n = 23) were also assessed on cultural orientation. There were no significant differences in anxiety and depression between groups. Bayes factors supported the conclusion that the groups did not differ. However, IA and WNA groups had different patterns of associations between close friendship/social competence and anxiety and depression symptoms. Close friendships were more strongly associated with lower anxiety/depression in IAs than WNAs, and social competence was more strongly associated with lower anxiety/depression in WNAs than IAs. Moderation analyses indicated that the relationship between close friendship and social and separation anxiety was significantly moderated by ethnic group, as was the relationship between social competence and generalized anxiety. The findings suggest that social and separation anxiety are more strongly associated with close friendships for BAME immigrant children than for non-immigrant adolescents. As such, activities that help BAME immigrant children to foster close relationships may have positive effects on their well-being.

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Kamran, Rubina, and Asma Zahoor. "The Portrayal of Pakistani Diaspora Students in Shamsies Fiction." Global Language Review IV, no. II (December 31, 2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2019(iv-ii).12.

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Going to the advanced countries for higher education has been in vogue for long. There is a considerable rise in the number of international students in USA universities. This paper explores how Shamsie portrays interaction among international students. It is delimited to the analysis of Shamsies two novels: Salt and Saffron, and Kartoghraphy applying textual analysis as a research method. The insight gained through this research about friendship among international students is in keeping with the findings of the psychological research about three predictable patterns of friendship: friendship with the students of ones own country, friendship with other foreign students and friendship with students of the host country. In Kartoghraphy all three patterns of friendship are found while in Salt and Saffron only a strong bond of friendship between a Pakistani international student and her American counterpart is portrayed. Shamsie presents easy assimilation of Pakistani diaspora students.

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Poteat, V. Paul, Ethan H. Mereish, Marcia L. Liu, and J. Sophia Nam. "Can friendships be bipartisan? The effects of political ideology on peer relationships." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 14, no. 6 (April 4, 2011): 819–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430211401048.

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Although political ideology has been examined extensively as a predictor of individual differences, it has been absent in the interpersonal relationships literature. Political ideology may have strong effects on friendship patterns because of its polarizing nature. Findings among actual friendship groups (Study 1) indicated a degree of similarity in peers’ political ideology alignments, but also suggested that liberals and conservatives were comfortable with some level of bipartisanship among their friends. In an experimental condition with hypothetical peers (Study 2), individuals’ political ideology predicted their reported friendship potential (perceived similarity and desire for friendship) with gay-affirming and gay-disapproving peers whose ideologies were not explicitly indicated. This effect of political ideology on friendship potential was significant over and above the effect predicted by individuals’ similarity or dissimilarity on sexual minority attitudes with these peers. Findings highlight the overarching relevance of political ideology as a factor that contributes to friendship patterns.

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Galupo, M. Paz. "Friendship patterns of sexual minority individuals in adulthood." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 24, no. 1 (February 2007): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407506070480.

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Tung, Irene, Amanda N. Noroña, and Steve S. Lee. "Childhood maltreatment affects adolescent sensitivity to parenting and close friendships in predicting growth in externalizing behavior." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 04 (September 25, 2018): 1237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418000585.

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AbstractChildhood maltreatment robustly predicts adolescent externalizing behaviors (EB; e.g., violence, delinquency, substance use) and may crystalize patterns of EB by influencing sensitivity to the social environment (e.g., parenting, friendships). In a nationally representative sample of 9,421 adolescents, we modeled latent growth curves of EB from age 13 to 32 years. Next, we explored whether maltreated youth differed from nonmaltreated youth in their sensitivity to parental closeness, friendship involvement, and polymorphisms from dopamine genes linked to EB (dopamine receptors D2 and D4, dopamine transporter). Overall, maltreated youth had significantly higher levels of EB across adolescence and adulthood; however, maltreated and nonmaltreated youth showed similar patterns of EB change over time: violent behavior decreased in adolescence before stabilizing in adulthood, whereas nonviolent delinquency and substance use increased in adolescence before decreasing in the transition to adulthood. Maltreatment reduced sensitivity to parental closeness and friendship involvement, although patterns varied based on type of EB outcome. Finally, none of the environmental effects on EB were significantly moderated by the dopamine polygenic risk score after accounting for multiple testing. These findings underline the enduring effects of early maltreatment and implicate that maltreatment may contribute to long-term risk for EB by influencing children's sensitivity to social relationship factors in adolescence.

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Vellymalay, Suresh Kumar N. "A Look at Interethnic Contact and Social Distance in Vision School Environment in Malaysia." World Studies in Education 21, no. 1 (August 1, 2020): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7459/wse/21.1.06.

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This study examines the interethnic adaptation and friendship patterns of students in the Malaysian Vision School setting. A total of 541 primary students from 11 schools within five different Vision School complexes participated in this study. Questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data from the students. Findings of friendship patterns indicate that students are more inclined towards their own ethnicity rather than students from different ethnic groups. In terms of adaptation, students prefer and choose to befriend others within their own ethnicity. It is clear that the strong preference for in-group friendship thereby draws boundaries and creates social distance among students.

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de Vries, Brian, Carole Jacoby, and Christopher G. Davis. "Ethnic Differences in Later Life Friendship." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 15, no. 2 (1996): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800006723.

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ABSTRACTData from the 1990 Canadian General Social Survey on Friends and Family were used to examine the relationship between ethnicity and patterns and characteristics of friendship in later life. Ethnicity (i.e. British, French, European – the most prevalent ethnic groups amongst Canadian seniors – and a “Multi-Ethnic” category) is examined in relation to the number of friends reported, satisfaction with friendships, and the geographic proximity to and frequency of contact with the closest identified friend, with attention also given to the factors of age, gender, and marital status. Although results indicate differences for both gender and marital status, ethnicity emerged as the most consistent predictor. Specifically, the French have fewer friends, they live closer to them and are in more frequent contact. The British live further from their friends, who are more numerous. The British and the French did not differ from each other in terms of satisfaction with friendship. The European and the Multi-Ethnic groups were similar across the comparisons made. These results are interpreted in the context of social support access and underscore the importance of including ethnicity in studies of aging and social relations.

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Billy, John O. G., and J. Richard Udry. "Patterns of Adolescent Friendship and Effects on Sexual Behavior." Social Psychology Quarterly 48, no. 1 (March 1985): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3033779.

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32

Pinson, Ann. "The Institution of Friendship and Drinking Patterns in Iceland." Anthropological Quarterly 58, no. 2 (April 1985): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3317845.

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Krackhardt, David, and Martin Kilduff. "Friendship Patterns and Culture: The Control of Organizational Diversity." American Anthropologist 92, no. 1 (March 1990): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1990.92.1.02a00100.

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34

Clark, M. L., and Marla Ayers. "Friendship Similarity During Early Adolescence: Gender and Racial Patterns." Journal of Psychology 126, no. 4 (July 1992): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1992.10543372.

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35

Berman, Evan M., Jonathan P. West, and Maurice N. Richter, Jr. "Workplace Relations: Friendship Patterns and Consequences (According to Managers)." Public Administration Review 62, no. 2 (January 2002): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00172.

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Baerveldt, Chris, Gerhard G. van de Bunt, and Marjolijn M. Vermande. "Selection patterns, gender and friendship aim in classroom networks." Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft 17, S5 (September 2014): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11618-014-0546-x.

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37

Crapps, John M., and Zolinda Stoneman. "Friendship patterns and community integration of family care residents." Research in Developmental Disabilities 10, no. 2 (January 1989): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(89)90004-8.

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38

Woolard, Kathryn A. "Between friends: Gender, peer group structure, and bilingualism in urban Catalonia." Language in Society 26, no. 4 (December 1997): 533–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500021047.

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ABSTRACTA gap exists between studies of gender and language and studies of bilingualism. The considerable attention given by studies of discourse style to gender differences in friendship patterns is not reflected in research on bilingual communities. This ethnographic case study of high school students in the Barcelona area shows that gender differences in peer group structure can affect the use of the bilingual repertoire, even when there are no apparent sex differences in second language acquisition. In this setting, girls' friendship circles are more solidary and cohesive than boys'. Moreover, girls' groups are ethnically and linguistically homogeneous, while boys' social circles can be ethnically mixed and internally differentiated linguistically. Girls' friendships set stronger constraints on language behavior. In turn, boys and girls reap different social benefits and costs for their linguistic choices, with more serious consequences for girls' social identities and acceptance by peers. (Gender, sex differences, bilingualism, peer groups, language acquisition, social networks, language shift)

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Butt, Asma. "University students' preference regarding social media content, internet usage and online friendship patterns." Asian Association of Open Universities Journal 15, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaouj-01-2020-0002.

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PurposeThis study aimed to find out the web content accessed by university students and to compare the level of interaction with real-life friends and online friends.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the quantitative research design used, and the researcher collected data through the survey method. The population comprises all undergraduate students at the University of the Punjab, Lahore. The sample of 320 students, age ranges from 18 to 22 years from eight selected departments, collected through a simple random sampling technique and after extraction 284 questionnaires evaluated by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).FindingsThe findings of the study showed that students preferred activities on the Internet is to access social networking sites. Additionally, the mobile phone is the most commonly used device among university students to access the Internet. Furthermore, students mostly used Facebook to keep in touch with their old friends and talk on different topics more easily with their online friends as compared to real-life friends. The study also shows that the results of both the hypothesis are significant; therefore, no difference exists regarding time spent on the Internet in real-life friendship patterns and online friendship patterns.Originality/valueThe research was used to find out the difference between the online friendship and real-life friendship patterns of the two groups who use the Internet for less time and who spend more time on the Internet among the university students.

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Park, Mi Hyun, and Kyung Ja Park. "Stability and Fluidity in Friendship Patterns of Kindergarteners: Does Children’s Emotion Regulation and Maternal Friendship Management Matters?" Korean Journal of Child Studies 39, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2018.39.3.61.

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Camirand, Elisabeth, and François Poulin. "Changes in best friendship quality between adolescence and emerging adulthood: Considering the role of romantic involvement." International Journal of Behavioral Development 43, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025418824995.

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Changes in best friendship quality during adolescence coincide with the emergence of romantic relationships. This study aimed to examine the extent to which changes in friendship quality (intimacy, conflict, emotional support) between the ages of 16 and 22 varied according to four romantic involvement patterns (Late, Sporadic, Long-Term, Frequent) followed during this period. Gender was also included as a moderator. Participants ( n = 281; 61% girls) identified their romantic partners and reported on the quality of their relationship with their best friend each year. A series of multilevel growth curve models revealed that participants in the Late involvement group reported an increase in conflict with their best friend during this period; those in the Sporadic involvement and Frequent involvement groups reported increases in intimacy; and youths in the Long-Term involvement group reported no changes in friendship intimacy, conflict, or emotional support over time. Thus, among youths who reported changes in best friendship quality between adolescence and emerging adulthood, the observed changes appeared to vary according to the romantic involvement patterns followed during this period.

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Temkin, Deborah A., Scott D. Gest, D. Wayne Osgood, Mark Feinberg, and James Moody. "Social Network Implications of Normative School Transitions in Non-Urban School Districts." Youth & Society 50, no. 4 (September 23, 2015): 462–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x15607164.

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This article expands research on normative school transitions (NSTs) from elementary to middle school or middle to high school by examining the extent to which they disrupt structures of friendship networks. Social network analysis is used to quantify aspects of connectedness likely relevant to student experiences of social support. Data were drawn from 25 communities followed from sixth to ninth grades. Variability in timing of NSTs permitted multi-level longitudinal models to disentangle developmental effects from transition effects. Results indicated that friendship networks were most interconnected in smaller schools and among older students. Beyond these effects, transitions from a single feeder school to a single higher level school were not associated with changes in friendship patterns. Transitions from multiple feeder schools to a single higher level school were associated with diminished friendship stability, more loosely connected friendship networks, increased social distance between students, and friendship segregation between students who formerly attended different schools.

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LADD, GARY W. "Friendship Patterns and Peer Status during Early and Middle Childhood." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 9, no. 4 (August 1988): 229???238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-198808000-00010.

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Davey, A. G. "Inter‐ethnic friendship patterns in British schools over three decades." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 14, no. 1-2 (September 1987): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.1987.9976048.

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Espelage, Dorothy L., Harold D. Green, and Stanley Wasserman. "Statistical analysis of friendship patterns and bullying behaviors among youth." New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 2007, no. 118 (2007): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cd.201.

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McCombie, Randy P. "Blood donation patterns of undergraduate students: Family and friendship correlates." Journal of Community Psychology 19, no. 2 (April 1991): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199104)19:2<161::aid-jcop2290190207>3.0.co;2-c.

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Boyer, C. Reyn, and M. Paz Galupo. "Transgender Friendship Profiles: Patterns Across Gender Identity and LGBT Affiliation." Gender Issues 35, no. 3 (August 21, 2017): 236–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12147-017-9199-4.

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Lee, Yeeun, Amori Yee Mikami, and Julie Sarno Owens. "Children’s ADHD Symptoms and Friendship Patterns across a School Year." Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 49, no. 5 (February 2, 2021): 643–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00771-7.

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Fankhauser, Peter. "Novel Findings on Gender Differences in Self- Disclosure: The Sharing of Personal Information in Japanese Students’ Close Friendships." Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjeas-2018-0001.

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Abstract Contrary to common findings on self-disclosure and gender, male students at a Japanese university that were questioned for this study reported significantly higher disclosure to close friends than their female colleagues-overall as well as for various individual topics (N = 479). Two different measures of self-disclosure were used, both yielding similar results. The gender differences were especially pronounced in cross-gender friendships. In accordance with previous literature, subjective feeling of closeness and respondents’ trust in the stability of the friendship were found to be positively associated with self-disclosure. While both closeness and trust in relationship stability were greater in same-gender friendships, no gender differences were found in this regard. The conclusion discusses the possibility of these findings being connected to shifting images of masculinity and femininity among Japanese youth, as well as changing interaction patterns between genders.

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Li, Yaojun, Mike Savage, and Andrew Pickles. "‘Social Change, Friendship and Civic Participation’." Sociological Research Online 8, no. 4 (November 2003): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.863.

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This paper studies the changing distribution of social capital and its impact on class formation in England and Wales from a ‘class structural’ perspective. It compares data from the Social Mobility Inquiry (1972) and the British Household Panel Survey (1992 and 1998) to show a distinct change in the class profiling of membership in civic organisations, with traditionally working-class dominated associations losing their working-class character, and middle-class dominated associations becoming even more middle-class dominated. Similar changes are evident for class-differentiated patterns of friendship. Our study indicates the class polarization of social capital in England and Wales.

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