Journal articles on the topic 'FRIENDLY RELATIONS AMONG STATES'
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1
Serenko, Irina N. "RUSSIA — PAKISTAN — KYRGYZSTAN: SHARED SOCIOCULTURAL MEMORY IN EURASIAN INTEGRATION CONTEXT." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (21) (2022): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2022-3-174-180.
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The article is devoted to the important role of cultural and humanitarian cooperation for the interaction and mutual understanding promotion between regionally close states in the vector of Eurasian integration. On the example of Russia, Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan, it has been attempted to identify the positive experience of humanitarian cooperation with these countries shared historical and socio-cultural memory going back to Soviet times. It has been also shown, that, despite unprecedented increase at the present stage of anti-Russian campaign on the part of the United States and its allies, there is orientation maintenance among these friendly countries towards each other states on the implementation of Eurasian integration processes. Last but not least, it has been achieved by creating an intercultural dialogue through people diplomacy and shared historical memory protection by friendly nations associated, besides other things, with the creative heritage of outstanding Soviet, Russian, Kyrgyz and Pakistani writers, scientists and public figures. Among them, there are two main personalities of Eurasian friends — the Pakistani poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz and the Soviet-Russian-Kyrgyz novelist and diplomat Chingiz Torekulovich Aitmatov, whose rich literary and social activities contributed to the enhancement of interstate cooperation in the field of culture, science and public relations, peoples convergence in the Eurasian space as a whole.
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Klimkin, Pavlo, and Andreas Umland. "Geopolitical Implications and Challenges of the Coronavirus Crisis for Ukraine." World Affairs 183, no. 3 (August 12, 2020): 256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0043820020942493.
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Among various geopolitical repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic are redefinitions of the short-term priorities of many international organizations. Among others, the European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are becoming absorbed by new internal challenges, and are thus even less interested in further enlargement than before. Against this background, Kyiv, Tbilisi, and Chisinau, as well as their Western friends, need to seek new paths to increase the three countries’ security, resilience, and growth before their accession to the West’s major organizations. Above all, an alternative way to decrease Ukraine’s current institutional isolation is to develop more intense bilateral relations with friendly states across the globe, including Germany and the United States. In Eastern Europe, moreover, Ukraine, Georgia, and Moldova should attempt to create new multilateral networks with post-communist member countries of NATO as well as the EU, and try to become part of such structures as the Three Seas Initiative or Bucharest Nine group.
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Zikriya, Naushad Khan, and Asif Salim. "Middle East Dilemma: Pakistan’s Role as Mediator for Conflict Resolution." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/3.1.2.
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The development of International relations together with forces like globalization and technology has brought the world closer to each other. Friendly ties and relations with states create massive challenges during times of conflict. The focus of the paper is on the crisis evolving in the Middle East region and the role of Pakistan in solving those crisis considering relations with its closest allies, political and financial circumstances, and its foreign policy principles. A qualitative research approach with desk analysis technique has been applied to analyse the role of Pakistan as a mediator for the conflict resolution among Middle Eastern countries. The research highlights how the disputes created great problems for Pakistan but it is still striving to resolve conflicts among Middle Eastern countries because maintaining peace and prosperity in the Muslim world has always been a top priority of Pakistan’s foreign policy.
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Trujillo-del-Arco, Ángela. "The 50th anniversary of the Declaration on Friendly Relations and its Role in the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice." Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional 37 (April 23, 2021): 251–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/010.37.251-277.
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In commemoration of the fifty-year anniversary of the adoption of the United Nations General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV), Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, it is fitting to assess the current relevance of this document in the international legal order. An indepth study of the contentious cases and the advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice allows to demonstrate that this instrument is not a mere declaration. On the contrary, it will be shown that, in the present day, it is a key instrument in the resolution of disputes between States.
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Chen, Jie. "The New Evolution of China’s Diplomacy with Arab States Under the Background of the Sino- U.S. Competition: Trends and Prospects." Chinese and Arab Studies 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caas-2022-2015.
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Abstract The interaction between China and Arab countries has a long history. After entering the 21stcentury, China-Arab relations have ushered in many important stages. In July 2018, the two sides agreed to establish a strategic partnership, which has become a new historical beginning for China-Arab friendly cooperation. At the same time, Sino-US relations plummeted. The United States changed its strategic positioning towards China, strengthened its containment of China, and opened the era of Sino-U.S. strategic competition. Therefore, China-Arab relations will be in an important field of strategic competition between China and the United States, which will become an important variable affecting the development of China-Arab relations. Starting from the internal and external factors affecting China-Arab relations, this paper intends to further analyze the changes in China’s diplomatic style of becoming more active in participating in Arab affairs and diversifying the fields and modes of exchange between the two sides under the current background of great power competition, then clarify the unity of stage and long-term, response and initiative, context and totality, and theory and practice embodied in such changes. At present, China must not only recognize the strategic significance of Arab countries, but also correctly understand the strategic contraction of the United States in the Middle East, and further consolidate China-Arab relations, expand the increment of cooperation, and pay attention to each other’s core interests by strengthening the frequency of diplomacy between heads of state, strengthening the use of multilateral mechanisms, strengthening the docking of development strategies, strengthening the supply of public goods, and strengthening exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations.
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Kuo, Raymond. "Secrecy among Friends: Covert Military Alliances and Portfolio Consistency." Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719849676.
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Scholars think that friendly nations adopt secrecy to avoid domestic costs and facilitate cooperation. But this article uncovers a historical puzzle. Between 1870 and 1916, over 80 percent of alliance ties were partially or completely covert. Otherwise, hidden pacts are rare. Why was secrecy prevalent in this particular period and not others? This article presents a theory of “portfolio consistency.” Public agreements undermine the rank of hidden alliances. A partner willing to openly commit to another country but not to you signals the increased importance of this other relationship. States pressure their covert partners to avoid subsequent public pacts. This creates a network effect: the more secret partners a state has, the greater the incentives to maintain secrecy in later military agreements. Covert alliances have a cumulative effect. In seeking the flexibility of hidden partnerships, states can lock themselves into a rigid adherence to secrecy.
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Ochim, Fidelis, and Haruna Hassan. "US-Iran Relations and its Implications on International Peace and Security." African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 509–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajpas.v16i1.29.
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This piece analyses stages of friendly as well as ferocious relationships between United States of America (US) and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The paper identified unhealthy struggle for dominance and the attendant use of surrogates by the countries to achieve their aims. The paper objective centres on ascertaining the causes of the multi-decade sour relations between the states. With the aid of descriptive approach, data obtained from text books, journals, mass media (of international repute), and internet resources were sourced and analysed. Theoretically, Morgenthau’s political realism, with emphasis on interest defined in terms of (political, economic, military and other corollaries) of power was adopted to unravel the relation between the variables. Findings show that US and Iran were allies before a military coup that unseat the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadeq and restored full political powers to the Shah in 1953. There was a trilateral relation amongst Iran, US and Israel; the relationship, necessitated by the fear of Soviet expansion into Middle East by all parties and amplified by Iran’s strategic position between Far-East and Indian Ocean and the need to protect multiple US economic interests in Iran, instilled fears and suspicion among Sunni majority of the region. The paper, also, traces the non-Arab cultural, linguistic, and historic Judeo and Persian national identities distinct in an otherwise predominantly Sunni-Arab region. Also that a US-Iran war portent the ability to suspend the fragile peace in the Middle East and further wreck the relations between US and host of Iranian super allies. Thus, the paper recommends among others that, there is need for the two sides to maintain their border of influence to allow peace and stability of the international political system though anarchically laden.
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Benvenuti, Andrea, and David Martin Jones. "With Friends Like These: Australia, the United States, and Southeast Asian Détente." Journal of Cold War Studies 21, no. 2 (May 2019): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00876.
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A generation of scholars has depicted the premiership of Labor Party leader Gough Whitlam as a watershed in Australian foreign policy. According to the prevailing consensus, Whitlam carved out a more independent and progressive role in international affairs without significantly endangering relations with Western-aligned states in East and Southeast Asia or with Australia's traditionally closest allies, the United States and the United Kingdom. This article takes issue with these views and offers a more skeptical assessment of Whitlam's diplomacy and questions his handling of Australia's alliance with the United States. In doing so, it shows that Whitlam, in his eagerness to embrace détente, reject containment, and project an image of an allegedly more progressive and independent Australia, in fact exacerbated tensions with Richard Nixon's Republican administration and caused disquiet among Southeast Asian countries that were aligned with or at least friendly toward the West.
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van der Noll, Jolanda, and Henk Dekker. "A comparative analysis of Chinese urban citizens’ attitudes towards the EU, the United States, Russia and Japan." International Relations 30, no. 4 (July 26, 2016): 456–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117816649249.
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What are the attitudes towards the European Union (EU), the United States, Russia and Japan among Chinese urban citizens, and how can we explain these attitudes? These are the intriguing questions that we want to answer in this article. The image, social identity, trust, and political socialization theories proposed the various explanatory variables. We assessed their explanatory powers by analysing survey data from more than 2000 Chinese urban citizens. Most empirical evidence is found for the image theory: positive perceptions of the people (trustworthy and peaceful) and the bilateral relationship (friendly) clearly contribute to positive attitudes.
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Cha, Victor D. "Balance, Parallelism, and Asymmetry: United States-Korea Relations." Journal of East Asian Studies 1, no. 1 (February 2001): 179–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800000278.
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The George W. Bush presidency has raised wide speculation about future United States' policy toward the Korean peninsula. The conventional wisdom among pundits in Washington, Seoul and elsewhere is that the incoming administration will switch to a ‘harder line’ regarding the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea (DPRK) and move away from the engagement policy practiced during the Clinton administration. In a similar vein, others have argued that Bush will place a premium on reaffirming and consolidating ties with traditional allies and friends like the Republic of Korea (ROK), Japan, and Taiwan while downplaying strategic engagement with China. The problem with such punditry is that it is usually overstated and under analyzed. Given the current state of relations, there is little incentive for dramatic changes in U.S. policy toward North Korea or with regard to the U.S.-ROK alliance. Moreover, given what is known of the Bush administration's foreign policy vision, there is little evidence upon which to predict an unadulterated hard line swing in policy toward Pyongyang.
11
Chayes, Antonia. "How American Treaty Behavior Threatens National Security." International Security 33, no. 1 (July 2008): 45–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2008.33.1.45.
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In recent years, American treaty behavior has produced growing concern among both allies and less friendly nations. On such fundamental issues as nuclear proliferation, terrorism, human rights, civil liberties, environmental disasters, and commerce, the United States has generated confusion and anger abroad. Such a climate is not conducive to needed cooperation in the conduct of foreign and security policy. Among U.S. actions that have caused concern are the failure to ratify several treaties; the attachment of reservations, understandings, and declarations before ratification; the failure to support a treaty regime once ratified; and treaty withdrawal. The structural and historical reasons for American treaty behavior are deeply rooted in the United States' system of government and do not merely reflect superpower arrogance.
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Ebot, Mathias E. "Gender Caring: The Everyday Construction of Black African Parents in Finland." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 49 (December 31, 2014): 143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.48428.
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The Nordic countries are now firmly ensconced in academia as gender-friendly welfare states. They are seen as pioneering countries with respect to changes in family life and gender relations and thus present an interesting forum for family research. This paper explores how gender caring relates to gender, religion and parenting in Sub-Saharan African families in the context of immigration to Finland. A constructionist perspective is employed to illuminate how guidelines or scripts established in these parents’ cultures are actively used and how they in turn influence their gender relations. Gender caring is conceptualized as an ethic of reciprocity, solidarity and obligation to ensure interdependence and strong bonds among black African parents. The article draws on in-depth interviews conducted with twelve couples mainly in the Helsinki area (which includes Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen).
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Tastama, Ridho Dwiky. "The Position of Women in International Relationship: A Book Review Gender & Hubungan Internasional, Ani Seotjipto, Jalasutra Bandung, 2013, 320 pages, ISBN 978-602-825-293-5." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 4, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jils.v4i01.30175.
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This book also includes various forms of examples of statements of international agreements between countries such as: Singapore Declaration of 1992, Scale of Assessments, Rule of Procedure of the General Assembly, Resolution 1514 (XV): Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, Resolution 1514 (XV): Principles Which Should Be a Guide for Determining whether or not An Obligation Existence to Information of the Charter of the United Nations, and Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. This book explains how to look at international relations in terms of gender as well as feminism, mostly in this book discussing women and their human rights in international relations in the world. The author wrote this book based on his perspective as a subject of women's law to international law. This book uses language that is easily understood and understood by students so it is very helpful in learning activities and very helpful in giving references in making lectures related to international relations.
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Meshcheryakov, Denis A. "Dynamics of indicators of interpersonal relationships of courses of a military university at different stages of military and professional socialization." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 21, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7671-2021-21-1-62-67.
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The article deals with the actual problem of interpersonal relations among military personnel. The urgency of studying this problem is determined by the high importance of this special social group, which performs the function of protecting society and the state. The purpose of the paper is to study the dynamics of indicators of various characteristics (styles) of interpersonal relations among cadets of a military higher educational institution in the process of military-professional socialization in the context of studying the specifics of interpersonal relations among military personnel. As a hypothesis, it is suggested that the specifics of military service presupposes cadets’ preference for certain styles of interpersonal relations at all stages of military socialization. The study involved 182 male cadets of Saratov Military Order of Zhukov Red Banner Institute of National Guard Troops, aged 18 to 26 years, M = 20.5 years. Sample size: 1st academic year – n = 38; 2nd year – n = 48; 3rd year – n = 28; 4th year – n = 32; 5th year – n = 36. To determine the individual style of interpersonal relations, the methodology “Diagnostics of interpersonal relations” by T. Leary (modified by L. N. Sobchik) was used. In the course of empirical research, it was found that the characteristics of interpersonal relations in the process of military socialization are developing quite actively. There is a constant positive dynamics of the styles of interpersonal relations aimed at cooperation, mutual assistance, and acceptance of responsibility. Based on a comparative analysis, it was revealed that the most preferred styles of interpersonal relations are authoritarian, selfish, friendly and altruistic styles.
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FIORI, KATHERINE L., TONI C. ANTONUCCI, and HIROKO AKIYAMA. "Profiles of social relations among older adults: a cross-cultural approach." Ageing and Society 28, no. 2 (February 2008): 203–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x07006472.
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ABSTRACTThis study extends previous research on the profiles of social relations in three ways: (1) by including both functional and qualitative characteristics of social relations; (2) by examining the association of these profiles with mental and physical health and mortality; and (3) by exploring these profiles and associations in two cultures. Using samples of approximately 500 adults aged 60 or more years from the Social Relations and Mental Health over the Life Course studies in both the United States and Japan, separate cluster analyses were conducted for each country. The common or shared network types were labelled ‘diverse’, ‘restricted’, ‘friend-focused’ and ‘family-focused’, but in the US we found two types of ‘friend-focused’ networks (supported and unsupported) and two types of ‘restricted’ networks (structurally- and functionally-restricted). In addition, we found a unique network type in Japan: ‘married and distal’. Multivariate analyses of variance and Cox regressions revealed that whereas individuals in the functionally restricted network type had the worse physical and mental health in the US, Americans in the structurally-restricted network type had the lowest survival rates at a 12-year follow-up. Interestingly, there were no wellbeing differences by network type in Japan. The findings have been interpreted in the light of social relations theories, with special emphasis on the importance of taking a multidimensional perspective and exploring cultural variation.
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Kondori, Amir, and Seyed Hossein Sadeghi. "Review of the nature of Iran's foreign policy in its constitution and its comparative study with other countries." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 72 (March 7, 2022): 856–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4072.52.
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Iran's constitution, which was drafted after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, was mainly influenced by Islamic ideology. In this constitution, foreign policy is one of the categories that is well considered and taking a text of a revolutionary nature and influenced by the ideological atmosphere of the regime, aims to draw up a special strategy in the foreign relations of the Persian country. Therefore, the purpose of reviewing the foundations and structure of the foreign policy of the Republic of Iran and, at the same time, explaining how it develops at the stage of approval and revision of its constitution prevails. In addition, a comparative study of Iran's foreign policy with some countries is carried out, among them: the United States, France, Turkey, and India. The method used was the documentary and was based on the interpretation of textual sources with descriptive and comparative techniques, together with the analysis of the content of the constitution. The findings show that Iran's foreign policy after the Islamic Revolution is based on Islamic principles and seeks interaction with all countries through friendly relations.
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Novikova, Anne. "The Coveted Hated Friend: Israel as the Method and Goal of Christian Zionism in the United States." Oriental Courier, no. 4 (2023): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310029248-0.
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This paper examines the influence of American Christian Zionism as a religious-political movement on changes in US-Israeli relations. Christian Zionism is a widespread theological theory in evangelical Protestant Christian circles, which forms the main base of support for Republican politicians in the United States and demonstrates unquestioning support for Israel. Nevertheless, the reasons for this support have a certain direction, finding supporters among ideologues of desecularization, religious extremists and anti-Semites, especially through the words of prominent pastors and leaders of the Christian Zionism movement in the United States. The paper will analyze its potential negative consequences for Israel in the transformation of US-Israeli relations under the influence of Christian Zionism.
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Yaseen, Zahid, Manzoor Khan Afridi, and Muhammad Muzaffar. "Pakistan and China’s Strategic Ties: Challenges and Opportunities in Trade Perspective." Global Regional Review II, no. I (December 30, 2017): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2017(ii-i).02.
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The 21st century is marked by power shifting from the west to the east. This century started a new debate in the world about the peaceful rise of China as an economic power. Many scholarly articles discuss China as a new superpower. Due to the peaceful rise of China, the major powers like USA and Russia are looking for new areas of cooperation with China. This cooperation proved the statement that “there are not permanent friends or foes in international relations, only interests are permanent” and these national interests help the states to make their foreign policy. This is true in the relationship among states as well in the case of China & Pakistan. Despite, strong defense and diplomatic relations, there are some areas of divergence in Pak-China relations which are seen with the help of primary and secondary sources. This aspect needs to addressed by the leadership of both states.
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Et. al., Pasar Abdulkareem Fendi,. "Role of the United Nation Security Council in Resolving International Disputes." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.711.
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The United Nation (UN) was established after World War II on 24 October 1945 to preserve international peace and security, developing friendly relations between nations fostering respect for human rights. All UN Member country have decided, furthermore adopting their decisions that United Nations Security Council (UNSC) should implement its duties independently. And promoting mutual cooperation in the peaceful resolution of international problems. The UN operates with the help of the six principal organs. One of them is a fifteen-member UNSC. Only recommendations can be made by the other UN bodies. For states. Nevertheless, the UN Member States have mutually agreed in the case of UNSC that UNSC must implement its duties independently. This is the only UN body that can pass a legally binding resolution on the member states. The United Nations have played a significant role in resolving disputes among the different countries over many decades, with the aid of the UNSC (the main body that is in charge of sustaining peace and security). An important implication of this study is that responsibility practices are normative and constrictive in their effect as they organize both our practices and our interpretation on the world in distinctive and contingent ways, which is of central relevance to political decisions about the design of social institutions generally
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Shabanova, Lyudmila Borisovna, and Irina Gennadievna Morozova. "Prospects for investment development in Russia and the Muslim world." Национальная безопасность / nota bene, no. 6 (June 2022): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0668.2022.6.38433.
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Ensuring investment attractiveness is one of the most important aspects of a country's economic activity in modern international relations. Foreign investments make it possible not only to ensure expanded social reproduction in the country, but also expand the possibilities of technological and economic development of the state.The purpose of the work is to analyze foreign direct investment in the Russian Federation in general and the Republic of Tatarstan in particular. The analysis and evaluation of statistical data revealed a reduction in the number of projects involving foreign direct investment in Russia in 2017-2020. In modern conditions, it is necessary to recognize the decline in the investment attractiveness of Russia from investors in the United States and Europe, which may lead to an even greater compression of foreign investment flows. An alternative to foreign investments from the United States of America and Europe can be foreign investments from the countries of the Muslim world. Already today, Russia has friendly relations with the countries of the Muslim world, in addition, there are entire regions with a high density of Muslim population living on the territory of the Russian Federation. Thus, the Republic of Tatarstan, which is already one of the most investment-attractive regions of the Russian Federation and occupies the 3rd place in the list of regions of the Russian Federation most in demand among foreign investors, could play an important role in increasing the number of foreign direct investment.
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Ļevina, Jeļena, Kristīne Mārtinsone, and Kristiāna Klince. "RELATIONS BETWEEN ANOMIA AND VALUES OF THE INHABITANTS OF THE BALTIC STATES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (May 26, 2016): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol1.1522.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the structure of anomia among the inhabitants of the Baltic states and to investigate whether there are relations between different dimensions of anomia and personal values. The secondary data from the European Values Study (EVS, 2008) were used. The sample consisted of the inhabitants of Latvia (n = 1506), Lithuania (n = 1500), and Estonia (n = 1518). For measurement of anomia and values questions from the original questionnaire of the EVS were used. In this study five components of anomia were found, namely, local social distrust, local social isolation, normlessness, global social distrust, and global social isolation. Numerous relations between anomia and values were found. It was found that there are the following common, similar patterns of relations between anomia and values of the inhabitants of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: (1) the importance of politics and religion is negatively associated with all dimensions of anomia (with one exception – there is no found the significant relation between the importance of religion and global social distrust in Latvia); (2) the importance of work and family is negatively associated with normlessness; (3) the importance of friends and acquaintances is negatively associated with global social distrust. Estonia was the only country for which it was found that the value of friends and acquaintances was negatively associated with global social isolation and the value of leisure time was negatively associated with local and global social distrust. The value of leisure time was positively associated with local social isolation in Lithuania and with normlessness in Latvia.
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Shulhan, Iryna, and Olesia Ivanova. "The Russian Federation’s footprint in the United Nations: the right of «veto»." Visnik Nacional’nogo universitetu «Lvivska politehnika». Seria: Uridicni nauki 10, no. 40 (December 18, 2023): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/law2023.40.425.
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The article examines some aspects of the problems of reforming the United Nations, which is the largest international organization in the world, established after the end of World War II to maintain peace, develop friendly relations and intergovernmental cooperation among member states. The study focuses on the activities of the UN Security Council, which is one of the key organs of the international organization, as it performs the main function of the UN - ensuring international security. A significant feature of this body is that it is empowered to make decisions which are binding on all countries that are members of the organization. It is emphasized that the veto right of permanent member states should act as a stabilizer ensuring the collegial nature of the UN Security Council's activities and adoption of important decisions in the field of international security. It is pointed out that the veto power in the UN Security Council is provided for to avoid counteracting the interests of the founding members of the Organization, but given the global expansion of the United Nations in the second half of the twentieth century, it seems obvious that such a right may impede the achievement of justice and equality of member States. The attention is focused on the inadmissibility of using the veto power not in the interests of maintaining peace and security, but on the basis of the member states' own interests.
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Pruska, Anna. "U.S.‑Swiss Relations in the Context of Swiss Banking Secrecy." Ad Americam 16 (December 30, 2015): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.16.2014.16.04.
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Until World War I, bilateral relations between the United States and Switzerland could be described as rather friendly. Often referred to as ‘sister republics,’ the two countries shared common democratic values and a sense of uniqueness with respect to their republican governments in a world dominated by autocracy. The first serious rupture between the two countries occurred during and in the immediate aftermath of World War II. The major cause of this rupture was the refusal of Switzerland to participate in the Safehaven program, designed to track down and block German assets in neutral countries and later to use them for post‑war reparations. The repercussions of the involvement of Switzerland in the transfer of Nazi gold as well as the safekeeping of German assets had profound consequences for U.S.‑Swiss relations in the 1990s, fueling a conflict over the dormant accounts of holocaust victims. All major disagreements between the United States and Switzerland are connected to the concept of Swiss banking secrecy, which is defined in a most rigorous way compared to international legal standards. The implementation of Swiss banking secrecy as defined in Swiss Banking Law facilitates tax misconduct by foreign nationals. Since 2007, the bilateral relations between Switzerland and the U.S. have been determined by ongoing IRS investigations into the involvement of Swiss banks in aiding U.S. citizens in tax evasion and tax fraud, which is facilitated by the enforcement of stringent bank secrecy laws within the Swiss banking system. The U.S. legal actions against Swiss banks proved that the American government is determined to enforce its laws in Switzerland despite it being a sovereign foreign country. The conflicts with the U.S. over banking secrecy, which, among other findings, unveiled the conduct of the Swiss during World War II, have shed light on the true nature of this phenomenon. Switzerland is struggling to defend the values so fundamental to its banking culture, but at the same time it is forced to succumb to international and especially U.S. pressure and implement various internal and international regulations, which impose a constraint on the practice of banking secrecy.
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Ramčilović, Zećir. "Republika Sjeverna Makedonija i Bosna i Hercegovina od uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa do danas (1993-2022)." Historijski pogledi 6, no. 10 (November 15, 2023): 313–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.10.313.
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The Republic of North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are friendly countries that have no outstanding issues and have been continuously improving their cooperation in all spheres of socio-political life and the economy on both bilateral and multilateral levels since their independence in 1993 to the present (2022). The ties and cooperation between these two states and their citizens have deep historical roots. The territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of North Macedonia has been part of the same state entities for more than five centuries, in various, but also very similar positive or negative contexts and processes. This has allowed for not only cooperation but also understanding and mutual support among the people of North Macedonia (Macedonians, Bosniaks, as well as Albanians, Turks, and others) and the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Certainly, the Bosniaks in North Macedonia are the most significant factor in connecting the two states. Unlike Macedonians and other people of North Macedonian origin in Bosnia and Herzegovina, who are in smaller numbers and have a very short continuity from the time of the former Yugoslavia, the Bosniaks are part of Macedonia's distant past, as well as its contemporary Macedonian reality. Without them, no process or Macedonian story would be complete. Therefore, in addition to a chronological overview of the establishment and development of bilateral relations between the two countries since their independence, this paper will also focus on the position of Bosniaks in North Macedonia and Macedonians in Bosnia and Herzegovina after independence. Although there are very important historical processes before independence, I believe it is more important to pay attention to the current moment, which is the goal of this academic conference.
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Nefedov, A. V. "Africa between East and West: Searching for its own path. Book review of ‘La Russie face aux occidentaux en Afrique centrale: Pour un arrimage des Africains aux enjeux de puissance post-bipolarité’ by F.X.N. Edzimbi." Lomonosov World Politics Journal 15, no. 2 (September 21, 2023): 184–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2023-15-2-184-200.
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The book under review is a new research by Cameroonian scholar Francois Xavier Noah Edzimbi ‘Russia and the West in Central Africa: How African countries can adapt to the challenges of the post-bipolar era’ (‘La Russie face aux Occidentaux en Afrique centrale: Pour un arrimage des Africains aux enjeux de puissance post-bipolarite’), published in France in 2022. The reviewer emphasizes that in the context of a new exacerbation of great power rivalry on the African continent this research is particularly relevant since it shows how the situation is perceived directly in Africa, which in turn can help Russia better understand the worldviews of Central African partners and develop a more balanced policy in the region. The book under review synthesizes the elements of realist and constructivist approaches in order to provide a comprehensive view of interactions between African states and extra-regional powers, their respective interests and values. The research focuses on the reasons for Russia’s growing presence in Central Africa. It is in this context, and in order to illuminate the specifics of Russia’s foreign policy in the region that the author addresses the approaches of other actors (namely, the United States and France) towards the relations with African states in the post-bipolar era. According to N. Edzimbi, Russian foreign policy in Central Africa is rather ambiguous: on the one hand, Russia counterbalances the influence of the United States and France, but, on the other hand, it pursues its own pragmatic goals and in this sense differs little from other leading powers. The author argues that despite seemingly friendly rhetoric, all global actors regard Central Africa as yet another arena of interstate rivalry, and suggests that the African countries should develop an independent foreign policy strategy, including, among other things, a force component. At the same time, the Cameroonian researcher emphasizes that this issue can be addressed if African states overcome the ‘learned helplessness syndrome’ and abandon the subordinate role in favor of developing their own power policy. The reviewer concludes that this work may be of interest to a wide range of readers, but it will be especially useful for specialists in African studies and international relations experts who specialize on the challenges faced by Africa and on the Russian-African relations.
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Khara, Nabin Kumar, and Brahmananda Satapathy. "Role of Soft Power in India’s Foreign Policy." Research Review Journal of Social Science 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrjss.2022.v02.n02.003.
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The article focuses on power and its ramifications which has always been the central point in all security studies in international relations. Power is a crucial element of international relations that influences world affairs. As a result, power plays a significant role in foreign policy formulation. Realism is the dominant theory of international relations, and it revolves around the concept of power. Power can come in a variety of forms and implies the capacity to influence others to do what one wants. There are two types of power: hard power and soft power. These two types of power influence international politics, security, economy, and foreign policy. Whereas hard power derives from a country’s military or economic might, soft power derives from the attractiveness of its culture, political ideals, and policies. In international relations, soft power is just as important as hard power. This paper argues that soft power is one dimension of power that refers to one’s ability to persuade others to do something. Different countries place a high value on soft power in today’s international politics. In international relations, the concept of soft power discourse emerged in the early 1990s. This article also argues that foreign policy of a country consists of self-interest strategies. It contains a general objective that guides the activities and relationship of one state in its interaction with other states. This paper intends to explain and analyze India’s foreign policy on the ideas of friendly relations, international cooperation, and peaceful coexistence among all nations, regardless of their political systems. Maintaining national security, advancing democracy, fostering world peace, providing aid, and establishing open trade are the main objectives of India’s foreign policy. The purpose of this paper is to theorize the dynamics of soft power in international relations and to analyze India’s soft power potential. In recent years soft power has become an important tool for governments to achieve their foreign policy goals. India, a country with rich sources of soft power, has made great efforts to use this capacity to achieve its foreign policy goals. Among Indian leaders Narendra Modi has paid considerable attention to the capacity of soft power in India’s foreign policy.
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Molchanov, I. N., and N. P. Molchanova. "Priority Vectors of Regional Economic Integration in the Contemporary World Order." Economic Revival of Russia, no. 1 (79) (2024): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37930/1990-9780-2024-1-79-25-36.
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. In the changing geopolitical reality, fragmentation of the economic space is taking place, and favorable opportunities are being created for the formation and strengthening of integration associations of states in different regions of the world. The subject of the study is the features of integration processes in transforming foreign economic conditions (using the example of the EAEU). The relevance of the study is due to the new geopolitical situation in the world, which exacerbates the need to find ways to improve international economic relations by intensifying the activities of interstate integration associations (unions) of friendly countries. The basis of the «core» of the new (integral) world economic order are China and India. Based on an analysis of the development of the situation on a global scale, a conclusion has been formulated about the emergence of new trends in international economic relations. The fact of the destruction of Russia’s economic ties with a number of developed Western countries, which were based on the interests of the largest business elites and had been functioning smoothly for several decades, has been established. The timeliness and progressiveness of the creation and active functioning of new integration unions of partner countries in the economic space of the globe has been proven. The basic conditions for the development of interstate cooperation: the scale of the economy, the growth of its complexity and connectivity, as well as its leading incentive – increasing public welfare – have been determined. The positive role of the association of EAEU member states operating in the Eurasian space and its place in strengthening regional international integration is substantiated. The increasing influence of the consensus positions of sovereign countries in pursuing responsible economic and financial policies is shown. The timeliness of making agreed decisions on mutually beneficial terms by friendly countries for the long term is being proven. Examples of accumulated invaluable experience of mutual assistance in the political and economic fields of interstate cooperation are presented. Conclusions about the advisability of intensifying activities to prepare for the transition of economic and financial relations of the EAEU member countries and other international integration associations to a new technological structure have been made. Recommendations on the advisability of forming a common vision among partner countries of objective trends in the dynamically changing reality in international economics and finance have been formulated. It would be advisable to focus further regional economic research on a more detailed study of the process of fragmentation of the world economic space and building prospects for international interaction in the future based on the application of system analysis methodology. This approach opens up opportunities for innovation in the financial and economic sphere and deepening integration processes between states from different regions of the world on the basis of partnerships and versatile mutually beneficial cooperation.
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Kim, Jee Sang, and Tae Hong Kim. "An Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test on Fly-Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete in Frequency Domains." Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (December 2014): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.310.
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The Non-Destructive Test techniques on concrete, which can assess the properties of materials without damages, have been developed as the deteriorations of existing structures increase. Among them, the ultrasonic pulse velocity (USPV) method is widely used because it can investigate the states of one material for a long time and repeatedly. However, there have been few researches on the NDT application to geopolymer concrete which is environment friendly construction material without any cement. This paper investigates the variations of ultrasonic pulse velocity and peak frequency of geopolymer concrete under monotonically increasing loads to assess the material conditions with various compressive strength levels by measuring P-wave signals. The pulse velocities and peak frequencies were higher in high strength geopolymer concrete specimens. There are not explicit relations between strength levels and peak frequencies but the peak frequencies are strongly influenced by the applied stress levels. In addition, a predicting equation for compressive strength of geopolymer concrete is derived based on experimental data in similar form for normal concrete.
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STĘPIŃSKA, Agnieszka, and Bartosz HORDECKI. "Postawy wobec Stanów Zjednoczonych: raport z międzynarodowych badań porównawczych." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 4 (November 2, 2018): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2010.15.4.5.
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The paper presents the results of surveys conducted among students in nearly thirty countries. The surveys concerned the students’ attitudes to the presidential elections in the USA in 2008, and their opinions on the candidates running for election. The attitudes towards the United States, its policy and culture were also surveyed. The results indicate that the attitudes of Polish respondents differ significantly from those of the respondents in other countries. In the fall of 2008, Polish respondents were relatively friendly towards Americans, appreciating their honesty, but disrespecting their incompetence and lack of knowledge. The Polish respondents’ assessments of American policy and culture, the US government and its operations in the international arena were also relatively mild. However, the results of Polish surveys were less favorable to US citizens than the results of earlier surveys. They confirmed that, during the George W. Bush presidency, the attitude of Polish society to everything American slowly, but consistently, grew colder. It seems reasonable to suggest this was a reaction to the US’s global policies and a result of Poles’ dissatisfaction with Polish-American bilateral relations.
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Shkvarya, L. V. "Russia’s Foreign Trade with the GCC Countries: Dynamics, Characteristics and Opportunities." MGIMO Review of International Relations 16, no. 3 (July 3, 2023): 222–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2023-3-90-222-243.
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This article examines the foreign trade relations between the Russian Federation and the states of the Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Persian Gulf (GCC) in the 21st century. It considers the development of bilateral trade and economic cooperation with Middle Eastern states, particularly the Arabian monarchies, as an essential direction for enhancing Russia's integration into the global economic system in the context of increasing anti-Russian sanctions. The study's relevance lies in the Russian Federation's need to intensify foreign trade and investment cooperation with friendly states under the current circumstances. The research holds theoretical and practical significance for understanding the characteristics, challenges, and future development of bilateral trade relations with Gulf states.The article aims to analyze the current state of mutual trade between the Russian Federation and GCC countries from 2000 to 2021 and identify the main factors influencing the dynamics and effectiveness of this trade. It establishes that trade and economic cooperation between both sides are founded on a stable objective basis, characterized by similarities and proximity in economic potential levels between the Russian Federation and the GCC countries as a collective business entity, considering individual country characteristics. The economic foundations and mutual benefits remain a priority for further cooperation. Trade volumes, both in goods and services, have shown steady growth, particularly in the past 5-6 years, although there are significant differentiations among countries. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) remains Russia's primary trading partner within the GCC. However, trade flows between Russia and the UAE, as well as other Gulf states, are imbalanced, with Russian exports to the Arabian monarchies significantly exceeding imports from the region. The commodity structure of bilateral trade also requires improvement, offering opportunities for both parties to enhance efficiency. The author suggests that future efforts should focus on developing trade in areas that contribute to economic diversification, the establishment of foundations for "green energy" and other promising sectors, and continuous enhancement of the regulatory framework for cooperation.The analysis draws on data from the UNCTAD international database, ensuring the formulation of reliable and well-founded conclusions. The research utilizes various methods, including comparative analysis, statistical analysis, factor analysis, as well as historical, institutional, and causal approaches.
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Kusanova, D. S. "Halal Industry in the Republic of Tatarstan." Islam in the modern world 17, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2021-17-1-159-176.
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The article analyzes the current state and topical problems of the “halal” industry in the Republic of Tatarstan. The author considers the stages of formation of this market sector and peculiarities of its functioning in the region. It is noted that the Islamic Economic Model (IEM) is the core on which the “halal” industry is based and developed. In turn, the concept of “permissible” and “forbidden” regulates the spheres of public relations among Muslims. The author examines the Halal Lifestyle and Halal Friendly directions, shows their main directions operating in the Republic of Tatarstan. The system of certifi cation in the past and present has been studied, and problems that need to be solved have been identifi ed.
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Guillermet Fernández, Christian, and David Fernández Puyana. "Countering Terrorism and Violet Extremism While Promoting the Right of Peoples to Peace and Security in Africa." Strathmore Law Journal 3, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slj.v3i1.28.
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The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) increasingly emphasises the need for a comprehensive approach to countering the spread of terrorism and violent extremism. In its Resolution 2178 (2014), the UNSC encourages member statesm to engage with relevant local communities and non-governmental actors in developing strategies to counter the violent extremist narrative that can incite terrorist acts. The role played by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights in the struggle against terrorism is really important. The African approach to human rights has decisively contributed to understanding, preventing and countering this phenomenon. In this line, Article 23(1) of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Charter) states that all peoples shall have the right to national and international peace and security, as well as the principles of friendly relations among states, which form the basic foundation of the African Union. The African Charter does not contain enough directives to aid the enforcement of the right. The African Charter limits the whole question of peace to ensuring that an asylum-seeker does not engage in subversive activities against the country of origin or any other State Party to the African Charter, and provides a prohibition to the use of the territory of a member state for subversive or terrorist activities. Finally, on 18 November 2016, the Third Committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Declaration on the Right to Peace, whose preambular section not only deeply deplored all acts of terrorism, but also stressed that all measures taken in the fight against terrorism must be in compliance with the obligations of states under international law.
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Rudnicki, Zbigniew B. "KULTURA I ROZWÓJ JAKO PODSTAWOWE KATEGORIE ODNIESIENIA W TWORZĄCYM SIĘ PRAWIE LUDÓW TUBYLCZYCH." Zeszyty Prawnicze 12, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2012.12.4.01.
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CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT AS THE BASIC CATEGORIESOF REFERENCE IN THE EMERGING LAW OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Summary In contemporary international relations indigenous peoples constitute particular ethnic communities waiting for a long time for the regulation of their status as subjects of international law. Paradoxically, decolonisation, which helped many colonial societies gain national rights, has not only left the issue of indigenous peoples in countries formerly colonised by the White Man unresolved but has also complicated their status. In practice former colonies such as the United States, Canada, Australia or New Zealand have not regulated the legal status of indigenous peoples, relegating them politically and economically to the margins of society. The rights of indigenous peoples as minority groups living in the former Soviet Union, who are not at all colonial peoples officially, have not been defined either. The category of indigenous peoples now extends to many ethnic groups living in nation-states, who are culturally and linguistically distinct with respect to the dominant segments of the national society. However, assigning the attributes of indigenous peoples to them in the strict sense of the term is questionable and is not dealt with in this article. This article traces the process which leads to indigenous peoples acquiring the status of a fully-fledged subject of international law. It describes attempts that have been made to interpret the rights of indigenous peoples on the grounds of the universal instruments of international law. The principal documents are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1960), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1966), the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), and finally the Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (1992). Despite the progress made in granting indigenous peoples their rights with the adoption of the UN Declaration on Indigenous Rights (2007), it is still difficult to talk of full success, i.e. the recognition of the international identity and rights of indigenous peoples on a par with other sovereign nations.
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Віта Антонівна Чепек. "Legal regulation of Hungarian activities regarding its kin-minority in Zakarpattia." Problems of Legality, no. 149 (June 10, 2020): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.149.201926.
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The article analyzes the role and competences of a kin-state in the protection of its national minority living abroad. The issue had been analyzed with the example of Hungarian unilateral legal acts, which present legal consequences and the legitimacy of the actions of a kin-state. The article focuses on the basic international legal mechanisms for the protection of the rights of national minorities and the recommendations given by international advisory bodies in this area. According to international law, the state, in which the minority lives, has the primary duty to protect minority rights. Only few types of actions can be taken by a kin-state in favour of its kin-minority: actions in the context of international bodies and mechanisms, actions in co-operation with the home state and domestic legislation concerning relations with its kin minority. The last one is not regulated by international law and is broadly discussed in its doctrine. The article analyzes Hungarian domestic legislation providing a wide range of preferential treatment to the members of the kin minorities in Zakarpattia, namely Act LXII OF 2001 on Hungarians Living in Neighbouring Countries and Аmendmentof Act LV of 1993 on Hungarian citizenship. Soft law instruments confirm that this kind of legislation of kin-states has to be assessed in accordance with relevant principles of the international law, such as territorial sovereignty of the state, pactasunt servanda, friendly relations among state and the respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms, in particular the prohibition of discrimination.
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Khatoon, Aasia, and Sakeena. "China’s Belt and Road Initiative: an analysis of its role in global peace, development, and implications." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 40–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/3.2.3.
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China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the grand strategy that interlinks the regions in the common chain of trade and economy. The paper investigates whether China’s rise through this initiative is peaceful or whether the claims and worries of the U.S., India and Japan are true that it is rising as a hegemonic and aggressive country. The descriptive-analytical method is being used in this research work. China is growing, particularly through this global interconnectivity initiative. Its economic and political influence is greatly increasing. It connects the countries in an initiative that boosts their economic and social development and peace. It is an initiative of equal benefits and considerably growing interdependence among the states and non-state actors. It constructs a world that has common interests and common security. The new trend growing between China, U.S., India, and Japan consists of competition and friendly cooperative relations. China’s main priority is bringing peace, development, and a better standard of life to its people first. It does not want to repeat the history when its people were smashed badly during the opium war of 1840 and Japan’s occupation in World War II. It does learn the value of peace from its past.
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Pasternak, Igor, Andrii Krap, Lesya Yastrubetska, Dymytrii Grytsyshen, and Larysa Sergiienko. "The Role and Influence of International Organizations in Shaping and Maintaining International Legal Order and Global General and Financial Security." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, no. 12 (December 5, 2023): e2363. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i12.2363.
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Objective: This article delves into the functions and distinctive features of major international organizations, with a primary focus on the United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), Council of Europe (CoE), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides a clear definition of international organizations as voluntary associations among states with specific objectives while examining the factors contributing to their formation.
Methods: The study employs a range of research methods, including a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, statistical comparisons to elucidate key concepts like "legal order," "international legal order," "international security," and "global security." It employs a historical perspective to trace the evolution of international organizations and utilizes generalization and diagnostic methods to offer practical recommendations and conclusions.
Results: Global security concerns encompass various domains such as public health, environmental sustainability, energy security, and more. This article underscores the distinction between "international security" and "global security," emphasizing the latter's more encompassing scope. Furthermore, it highlights the central role played by the United Nations (UN) in preserving global peace, nurturing friendly relations among nations, promoting international cooperation, and serving as a platform for harmonizing diverse national actions.
Conclusions: International organizations, most notably the UN, assume a pivotal role in upholding the international legal order and safeguarding global security against the backdrop of dynamically evolving challenges and threats.
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Rotheram-Fuller, Erin, Jill Locke, Hyejin Park, and Daniel D. Liou. "Friendships, Rejection, and Standardized Test Scores Over Time." SAGE Open 12, no. 4 (October 2022): 215824402211300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221130051.
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Peer acceptance has been consistently linked with academic performance. Acceptance, however, is often a measure of overall peers’ impressions of a child, and not their own interest in being friends. Friendship nominations reflect a stronger, more persistent, peer endorsement than acceptance, and rejection nominations, similarly, reflect more direct negative feelings. In addition, most data on these relationships are from schools with children from middle class backgrounds who are predominantly White. This study focuses on friendship and rejection nominations among a sample of predominantly African American children ( N = 221) from low socioeconomic backgrounds in a large city in the Northeastern United States. All students in 10 classrooms from Grades 3 to 5 ( n = 123) and 6–8 ( n = 98), completed friendship and rejection measures, as well as standardized academic achievement tests, each Spring for 2 years. Reading and math scores increased for both groups over time. Friend and rejection nominations increased over time for younger students but decreased in the older group. Among younger students, friend nominations in the first year were related to reading performance in the second year. However, there were no relations between social variables in Year 1 and standardized test scores in Year 2 within the older grade group. Thus, focusing on both social and academic involvement in the elementary years may help improve student performance.
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Whitford, Andrew B. "The Structures of Interest Coalitions: Evidence from Environmental Litigation." Business and Politics 5, no. 01 (April 2003): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1046.
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This paper addresses the intersection of coalition formation, judicial strategies, and regulatory politics. Coalitions are a low-cost means for assembling minority interests into more powerful blocs. However, in most cases in regulatory politics, judicial strategies are high cost efforts. I argue that coalitions among interests form one basis for judicial participation, but that participation manifests in an array of coalition “microstructures.” For any one event, the microstructure of the interest group coalition varies, but across events the coalitions take on general forms. The paper offers evidence for a variety of coalition microstructures in interest group participation as amici curiae (“friends of the court”) in cases before the United States Supreme Court. The evidence is drawn from the case of the Group of Ten, a stable, long-term coalition of environmental interest groups that operated from 1981 to 1991.
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Kuznietsova, K. I. "CZECH REPUBLIC FOREIGN POLICY: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 139 (2019): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2019.139.0.49-57.
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In the 1990s the Czech foreign policy objectives were to secure its proper place in international relations after the end of the Cold War, which included the entry of a number of international intergovernmental organizations (IMF, World Bank Group organizations, OECD, EBRD, NATO, EU, etc.) and the development of friendly relations with neighboring states and partners. In this sense, there is no reason to identify the foreign policy of the Czech Republic during this period only as a course aimed at "returning to Europe". In the early 1990's, most Czech political actors shared the idea of "return to the West" and "liberal democracy", the differences in their vision of the models of the geopolitical orientation of the Czech Republic make it possible to distinguish between the interaction of the three main foreign policy ideologies in the process of adopting foreign policy decisions: atlanticism, continentalism, and autonomy. Different interpretations of the essence of "liberal democracy" led to the emergence in the Czech politics of two ideological trends that had a significant impact on the vision of the foreign policy priorities of the Czech Republic: economic universalism (aimed at eliminating institutional barriers to the free flow of goods, services, money), and moral universalism (oriented towards the spread of democracy and the protection of human rights, which is a priority in foreign policy). Followers of economic universalism (primarily V. Klaus) actively advocated the development of economic ties with Russia and China, while the followers of the ideology of moral universalism (V. Havel and his followers) actively opposed it. The article also investigates the influence of foreign policy prejudices on the formation of the foreign policy of the Czech Republic, among which the most influential are anti-Russian and anti-German.
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Alekseev, Yury, Liubov Zamaraikina, and Sergei Anuchin. "The "soft power" of the United States as an instrument of foreign policy in the European direction on the example of the French Republic (2016-2021)." Международные отношения, no. 1 (January 2022): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2022.1.37687.
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Subject of the study: the soft power of the United States in relation to the French Republic.The object of the study is the US-EU relations during the presidency of Donald Trump.For this study, the most relevant research methods are the retrospective method, which allows us to assess the changes that have occurred in D. Trump's foreign policy course towards Europe after his inauguration. Taking into account that the work focuses on the content of cultural, educational and other American programs implemented in Europe on the example of the French Republic, the method of content analysis was used. Among other things, a systematic approach was used in conducting research. The presidency of Donald Trump really had an ambiguous, in some aspects destructive effect on the development of a "soft-power" vector in American foreign policy. Despite the fact that, de jure, the US military departments called in the documentation for the leading role of the European Union in ensuring global security and maintaining NATO's activities, de facto, Trump's rhetoric undermined the traditionally friendly attitude of Europeans towards the United States. Since the perception of "attractiveness" is a key element of "soft-power" influence, the results of this study give grounds for the following conclusions. In the period from 2016 to 2021, American influence on Europe was weakened not only by provocative statements and actions regarding NATO funding, contradictions on trade and economic agreements and problems with the Paris Climate Agreement, but also by the elaboration of the cultural and educational vector of foreign policy. Thus, by 2021, the United States had a weakened influence on the French Republic, which allowed the French side to strengthen its influence on American students and strengthen its own position in the American intellectual and managerial environment. The novelty of the study: US foreign policy is studied from the position of soft-power influence on France in the context of intra-bloc interaction in NATO.
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YU, REBECCA P., RYAN J. MCCAMMON, NICOLE B. ELLISON, and KENNETH M. LANGA. "The relationships that matter: social network site use and social wellbeing among older adults in the United States of America." Ageing and Society 36, no. 9 (July 2, 2015): 1826–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x15000677.
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ABSTRACTAn increasing number of middle-aged and older Americans are using social network sites (SNSs), but little research has addressed how SNS use is associated with social wellbeing outcomes in this population. Using a nationally representative sample of 1,620 Americans older than 50 from the 2012 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we examine the relationship between older adults’ SNS use and social wellbeing associated with non-kin and kin relations and explore how these associations vary by age. Results of ordinary least-squares regression analyses suggest that SNS use is positively associated with non-kin-related social wellbeing outcomes, including perceived support from friends (β = 0.13; p < 0.001; N = 460) and feelings of connectedness (β = 0.10; p < 0.001; N = 463). Regression models employing interaction terms of age and SNS use further reveal that SNS use contributes to feelings of connectedness to a greater extent as people age (β = 0.10; p < 0.001; N = 463). Of all kin-related social wellbeing outcomes, SNS use only predicts increased perceived support from children (β = 0.08; p < 0.05; N = 410), and age negatively shapes this relationship (β = −0.14; p < 0.001; N = 410). As older people engage with an increasingly smaller and narrower network with a greater proportion of kin contacts, our results suggest that SNS use may help older adults access differential social benefits throughout later life.
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Mayer, Maximilian, and Susanne Peters. "Shift of the EU Energy Policy and China’s Strategic Opportunity." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 03, no. 01 (January 2017): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740017500051.
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The core idea of the European Union (EU) is to foster economic and political integration among its member states based on liberal principles, a common market, and the establishment of a business-friendly environment. What is surprising is the new rhetoric originating in Brussels and connected to the “Energy Union” that portrays its energy dependence on Russia as a potential threat. One important dimension of this newly launched “Energy Union” is the replacement of the EU’s market orientation in its energy relations with Russia by a “securitization” of Russia’s intention vis-à-vis Europe. These securitizing moves culminate in a vigorous and costly diversification strategy for natural gas supply. The construction of new liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals and gas storage, as well as a new gas mega pipeline passing through Central Asia is part of this new strategy. The recently inaugurated “Energy Union,” at the same time, includes improved infrastructure connections and the approval of domestically produced shale gas. As a result, natural gas has gained the status of a “bridge fuel” while related large-scale infrastructure would lock European economies into a fossil path that ultimately undermines the EU’s goal toward a decarbonized economy. Analyzing the European Commission’s emphasis on natural gas, produced either by conventional or unconventional extraction methods, bears critical insights for China’s energy strategy. As the EU appears to have shifted its emphasis from sustainability to energy security, a vacuum would be left for China to fill, thus rendering it eligible to play the role of the next global leader in climate politics.
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Shovkhalov, Shamil A. "THE LEVEL OF FINANCIAL LITERACY OF THE YOUTH OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC IN MATTERS OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 12/1, no. 132 (2022): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.12.01.017.
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If we ignore the crisis phenomena inherent in all spheres of human life, the Islamic economy is developing due to various factors, especially the growth of the Muslim population, migration from Muslim countries, as well as still friendly relations with countries where the Islamic factor is of high importance, in including Arab, Asian and African states. Against this background, the issue of financial literacy of the population in relation to the topic under study is being updated. So, about ten years ago, I conducted a sociological study in the form of a survey of Muslims regarding their attitude to the issues of Islamic economics. As a result, it was found that Muslims under the age of 40 showed the greatest interest in information about doing business in the bosom of Islamic law. In the course of another survey, it was revealed that among Muslims who consider the religious factor important, 50% are respondents aged 19–34. Given that today issues related to the Islamic economy have become more in demand, especially in some regions of Russia, and there is an inverse relationship between interest in the Islamic economy and the age of market participants, it seems relevant to study the attitude of young people to the topic under consideration using the example of the Chechen Republic, which is the purpose of the scientific article. The choice of the region is related to the fact that it is one of the most developing regions in terms of the Islamic economy along with the Republic of Tatarstan and the Republic of Dagestan.
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Manukhin, Alexey А. "Vicente Lombardo Toledano and the Soviet Approach to the Mexican Left After the Second World War." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 3 (July 19, 2024): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0130386424030114.
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In the history of relations between the USSR and Latin American states, support for the Soviet foreign policy course from non-communist forces – national reformist parties, trade unions, and leftist intelligentsia associations – was of great importance. The Mexican syndicalist Vicente Lombardo Toledano, founder of the Confederation of Latin American Workers and the Socialist People’s Party, had the greatest political weight among the members of all these organizations. He proclaimed himself a supporter of orthodox Marxism, always supported the USSR in the international arena, and actively interacted with the communists. In this article, the author examines the formation of Lombardo Toledano’s views, his ideas about the significance of the Russian revolution and the USSR for the development of Mexico and other Latin American countries. He notes that communication with him helped the Soviet party and state leadership to avoid excessive dogmatism in assessing the domestic and foreign policies of Mexico in the 1940s–1960s. The author places special emphasis on the extent to which contacts with Lombardo Toledano enabled the CPSU Central Committee and the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs to better understand the state of the Mexican left-wing forces and, above all, the Communist Party of Mexico. The author also demonstrates that he was of interest to Soviet strategists as someone who both had access to the Mexican ruling elite and enjoyed prestige in the Latin American and international labour and anti-war movements. He shows that Lombardo Toledano tried to benefit politically and materially from friendly relations with the USSR, while in return supporting Moscow in its struggle against its ideological opponents such as the Trotskyists and Maoists. The source base of the study comprises Lombardo Toledano’s polemical and propaganda writings, documents from Russian archives (the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History and the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History), declassified archival materials and published documents emanating from the U.S. Department of State and the Central Intelligence Agency.
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Iakimova, Elizaveta. "Israel’s 75th Anniversary in the Mirror of Foreign Policy: An Approach to Periodization." Oriental Courier, no. 4 (2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310029246-8.
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The paper focuses on specifics of Israel’s foreign policy periodization since the foundation of the state in May 1948 till the beginning of 2023, characterized by the return to power of Benjamin Netanyahu — the chairman of the Likud party. The author analyzes existing approaches to identifying stages in the history of Israel's relations with foreign countries, and also studies the degree of mutual dependence between the domestic and foreign policies of the Israeli leadership in 75 years. The research is based on the concept, suggested by the professor of international politics at the City University of London Amnon Aran, based not on the chronological, but on the problematic principle of periodization. By 2013, when this specialist completed his analysis, he identified three stages of Israeli foreign policy: Etatist, ethno-national and globalist. The turning points for the first two stages were 1973 and 1985. The nomination of the third stage is driven mostly by the peculiarities of Israeli economic development, which influenced decisions regarding the Middle East peace process and the growing interest of the state in expanding its presence in Asia. The paper also examines the evolution of the Israeli leadership’s understanding of the term “mamlakhtiyut” (statehood), the specifics of the “domestication” of Israeli foreign policy in comparison with the experiences of European and Middle Eastern states, as well as the influence of NGOs on the use of military force as a foreign policy instrument. Finally, author’s interpretation of the current period is proposed. It is marked by a high degree of personification of foreign policy. The increased importance of the establishment of friendly personal contacts with foreign leaders by Israeli prime ministers in recent years was caused by the task of strengthening popularity among the electorate in the context of a series of early elections to the Knesset. In addition, the formulation of the country's course in the international arena was significantly influenced by the ministers of foreign affairs, their previous experience and views on the distribution of powers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with related departments.
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Sokolovskaya, Оlga V. "Emile Dillon, an English-Russian researcher, and his archive in the USA." Slavic Almanac, no. 3-4 (2020): 473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.3-4.5.03.
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This article is devoted to individual episodes of the life of Emile Dillon, unique in his talents and versatile of activity. He was an Englishman who lived in Russia for many years and considered it his second homeland. Dillon was an orientalist, polyglot, journalist, writer, who always found himself at the most interesting moment in many of the world’s hotspots at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, receiving the title of academic at the end of his life in the UK. He was the first English translator for “Kreutzer Sonata” by L. N. Tolstoy, with whom he was in friendly relations. Having come to Russia in 1877, he left it only in 1917. Educated in France, Germany, and Russia, he became a unique man whose talents were successfully used by the intelligence of many countries. The period of teaching at Kharkov University was brief and after receiving the positi on of a St. Petersburg correspondent for “The Daily Telegraph”, the best English newspaper of the time, his bright career as a journalist started. He carried out the most incredible errands of English, Russian and possibly other governments and government officials. It is no coincidence that S. Yu. Witte called him a faithful man and “the first among the publicists of his time”. The findings in the archives of the Stanford University Library revealed his secret mission to the rebellious Crete in 1897, where he, along with two other war correspondents from England, carried out the assignments of the commanders of the international squadron of the four patron states of Greece — England, Russia, France and Italy (the latter occupied the island). His correspondence and notes give a unique picture of the relationship on the island of two irreconcilable parties — the insurgents (Christians) and the Muslims. The Dillon Archive in the United States is rich in other materials that may be of interest to Slavists.
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Galitskaya, Natal'ya Vladimirovna. "Legal regulation of anti-terrorist security: the experience of modern China." Административное и муниципальное право, no. 3 (March 2022): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0595.2022.3.38509.
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Effective provision of anti-terrorist security of modern Russian society is impossible without knowledge of the legal regulation ensuring such security in other states, especially neighboring "friendly" ones - this hinders the effectiveness of interaction within the framework of international cooperation. It should be noted that this issue is particularly relevant today due to the active military confrontation of the Russian Federation with "unfriendly" states on the territory of Ukraine. In our opinion, the legislative and practical activities of the Chinese authorities can be useful for extrapolating to Russian security problems, especially due to the fact that China is classified as a country with a low level of terrorism, while the Russian Federation is among the countries with an average level of terrorist activity. The article makes a legal analysis of the state regulation of anti-terrorist security of the People's Republic of China. The object of the study is social relations arising in the process of state regulation of counter-terrorism in China. The subject of the study is the legal acts of the People's Republic of China of anti-terrorist orientation. The purpose of the study is identification of useful and effective practices of countering the ideology of terrorism in China for the possibility of subsequent implementation into the legal framework of Russian legislation. The method of comparative law, the method of analysis and synthesis are employed by the author. The author studied China's legislation on countering terrorism and came to conclusion about the need to adopt its positive experience in Russia. It is necessary to consider the possibility of creating your own social networks, analogues of foreign ones, it is also worth adopting the experience of creating educational centers for people affected by extremism and terrorism. In order to ensure the rights of citizens in cyberspace and the fight against terrorism, it is possible to use China's experience with user verification when logging on to the Internet.
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Talmon, Stefan. "Basic Principles of Modern International Law. A Study of the United Nations Debates on the Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States. By V. S. Mani. [Delhi: Lancers Books. 1993. x + 440 pp. ISBN 81-7095-039-2. Rs.425]." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 44, no. 1 (January 1995): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/44.1.241.
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Garcia, Agnaldo, Tayssa Grassi Rodrigues, Lorena Schettino Lucas, and Daniela Marisol Pérez-Angarita. "Friendship and internal migration in Brazil: Vulnerability and coping." Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 11, Supp1 (June 2, 2017): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v11isupp1.232.
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Friendship has been investigated in the context of international migration, but little is known about the subject in relation to internal migration, a phenomenon of great social importance in Brazil. The purpose of this article is to present and discuss data obtained in an investigation on the relations between internal migration and friendship as perceived by citizens from the state of Espírito Santo who were living in other states of Brazil, in the North, Northeast, Midwest, South and Southeast regions. Twenty adults born in the state and who had migrated to another Brazilian state participated in the investigation. The participants have been interviewed about how they perceived the relationship between friendship and migration and the data were subjected to thematic content analysis. Among the results difficulties to maintain friendships with people of the place of origin as well as difficulties in forming new friendships were observed. Friends were considered relevant for adaptation to the new state, affecting the perception of the same. The article also discusses the origin of friends, the perception of cultural differences and difficulties to make friends in another state. It is concluded that friends play a relevant role in the lives of Brazilian internal migrants and further investigations are necessary.
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Idowu, Alarima Cornelius, Aromolaran Adetayo Kazeem, Fapojuwo Oluwakemi Enitan, Ayinde Adefunke Fadilat Olawunmi, Masunaga Tsugiyuki, and Wakatsuki Toshiyuki. "Effect of information sources on farmers’ adoption of Sawah eco-technology in Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i1.7.
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This study examined the effect of information sources on farmers’ adoption of Sawah eco-technology in Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 166 sawah farmers from Delta, Ebonyi, Kebbi, Kwara, Niger and Ondo states. Interview guide was used to elicit information on the farmers’ personal and production characteristics, sources of information and the sawah eco-technologies. Frequency counts, percentages, means, and chi-square were used to analyse the data. The results of the study revealed that average years of rice production and sawah rice production of the respondents were 34.0 years and 6.9 years respectively. The average farm size and yield of sawah rice of the respondents were 0.46 ha and 3.25 tonnes/ha, respectively. Commonly adopted sawah eco-technologies by the farmers were nursery bed preparations (100.0%), bund construction (92.9%), canal construction (84.9%), flooding (78.3%), puddling (73.4%) and use of power tiller (65.2%). The main sources of information on sawah by the respondents were contact farmers (92.4%), farmers’ association (87.3%), extension agents (87.3%), researchers (79.3%) and friends/relations (77.9%). There was significant (p<0.05) association between respondents’ use of contact farmers (χ2 = 31.28), extension agents (χ2 = 22.19), farmers association (χ2 = 23.06), researchers (χ2 = 19.62) and friends / relations (χ2 = 31.09) and adoption of sawah eco-technology. This study concluded that information sources are important in dissemination of sawah technologies in Nigeria. Therefore, improving the use of information sources that significantly affect adoption of sawah technology should be encouraged among farmers.Keywords: Information sources, Sawah eco-technology, technology adoption