Academic literature on the topic 'Friday 13th'

Purpose: This paper attempts to investigate the presence of Friday the 13th Effect in the Indian stock market. Design/methodology/approach: This paper tests the presence of the Friday the 13th Effect using different sets of hypotheses for 7 days, 15 days and normal versus Friday the 13th by using statistical methods. Findings: The findings of the study do not support the presence of Friday the 13th Effect for all cases. There are few months for certain specific years where the effect was seen. Research limitations/implications: The Friday the 13th effect has been examined for two major indices of the Indian market, i.e., the Bombay Stock Exchange Index SENSEX and the National Stock Exchange Nifty Fifty Index. However, there are other major and sectoral indices as well where in the effect may be checked. Practical implications: The study results indicate that Indian stock market shows phased anomaly. The effect of Friday the 13th is seen only in some cases during certain years only. Originality/value: Friday the 13th effect has been mostly checked for developed nations and again there has been less work done with respect to this particular market anomaly. The present research is an original work done for emerging market naming India.

The problem of efficiency of financial markets, especially the weekend effect, has always fascinated scientists. The issue is significant from the point of view of assessing the portfolio management effectiveness and behavioral finance. This paper tests the hypothesis of the unfortunate dates effect upon52 equity indices in relation to the following four approaches: close - close, overnight, open-open, open-close calculated for the sessions falling on the 13th and 4th day of the month, Friday the 13th, Tuesday the 13th. In the following part of the paper, the statistical equality of one-session average rates of return (close-close) for sessions falling on Friday 13th and sessions falling on other Friday sessions will be compared, as well as for sessions falling on Tuesday the 13th and sessions falling on other Tuesdays. The last part of the paper consists of the analysis of the correlation coefficients of Friday the 13th (close-close) rates of return calculated for the analyzed equity indices’ pairs.

With twelve films released over the last thirty years, the Friday the 13th series has proved a popular mainstay of the slasher sub-genre of horror, in spite of negative critical reception and minimal academic engagement. The academic discourses that do address the series often frame their arguments based on socio-political function, socioeconomic platforms, psychoanalytic traditions, and cultural relevance. While there is some work that attempts to understand the generic positioning and function of the Friday the 13th films, little work has engaged with the film texts in order to understand and explain the form and structure of each instalment in the series. This thesis not only aims to explore and describe the aesthetic form of the slasher sub-genre of horror, but also to argue the central significance of perspective on the aesthetic effect of the slasher. Perspective, a term that builds upon theories of point of view and subjectivity, permeates the formal design of the slasher film. Therefore, this relationship will be the driving focus of the analysis undertaken with regards to the Friday the 13th films, which will include chapters focusing on specific uses of the camera, sound, editing, and sequences creating a narrative understanding of preceding films in the series. Following this analysis, the aesthetic development of the Friday the 13th series will be contextualised within contemporary generic trends, demonstrating to what extent this franchise is representative of the slasher, and where it proves anomalous or progressive. This will not only demonstrate the role the Friday the 13th films play within the slasher, but also how the slasher has aesthetically evolved over more than three decades. Ultimately, the relevance of this analysis and formal historicizing will be suggestive of the wider context of film studies and cinema as a whole.

Steady-state ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for potable water production is becoming an important global alternative to traditional disinfection by chlorination. Failure of UV to reduce the number of viable contaminant pathogens however can lead to enduring health legacies (with or without fatalities). To better understand vulnerability of UV operations to failure, the probabilistic Fr 13 risk framework of Davey and co-workers1 is applied for the first time in this thesis. Fr 13 is predicated on underlying chemical engineering unit-operations. It is based on the hypothesis that naturally occurring, chance (stochastic) fluctuations about the value of ‘set’ process parameters can unexpectedly combine and accumulate in one direction and leverage significant change across a binary ‘failure– not failure’ boundary. Process failures can result from the accumulation of these fluctuations within an apparent steady-state process itself. That is to say, even with good design and operation of plant, there can be unexpected (surprise and sudden) occasional failures without ‘human error’ or ‘faulty fittings’. Importantly, the impact of these naturally occurring random fluctuations is not accounted for explicitly in traditional chemical engineering. Here, the Fr 13 risk framework is applied for the first time to quantitatively assess operations of logically increasing complexity, namely, a laminar flow-through UV reactor, with turbulent flow in a concentric annular-reactor, both with and without suspended solids present (Davey, Abdul-Halim and Lewis, 2012; Davey and Abdul-Halim, 2013; Abdul-Halim and Davey, 2015; 2016), and; a two-step ‘global’ risk model of combined rapid-sand-filtration and UV irradiation (SF-UV) (Abdul-Halim and Davey, 2017). The work is illustrated with extensive independent data for the survival of viable Escherichia coli - a pathogenic species of faecal bacteria widely used as an indicator for health risk. A logical and step-wise approach was implemented as a research strategy. UV reactor unit-operations models are first synthesized and developed. A failure factor is defined in terms of the design reduction and actual reduction in viable E. coli contaminants. UV reactor operation is simulated using a refined Monte Carlo (with Latin Hypercube) sampling of UV lamp intensity (I), suspended solids concentrations [conc] and water flow (Q). A preliminary Fr 13 failure simulation of a single UV reactor unit-operation (one-step), developed for both simplified laminar flow and turbulent flow models, showed vulnerability to failure with unwanted survival of E. coli of, respectively, 0.4 % and 16 %, averaged over the long term, of all apparently successful steady-state continuous operations. A practical tolerance, as a design margin of safety, of 10 % was assumed. Results from applied ‘second-tier’ studies to assess re-design to improve UV operation reliability and safety and to reduce vulnerability to Fr 13 failure showed that any increased costs to improve control and reduce fluctuations in raw feed-water flow, together with reductions in UV lamp fluence, would be readily justified. The Fr 13 analysis was shown to be an advance on alternate risk assessments because it produced all possible practical UV outcomes, including failures. A more developed and practically realistic model for UV irradiation for potable water production was then synthesized to investigate the impact of the presence of suspended solids (SS) (median particle size 23 μm) as UV shielding and UV absorbing agents, on overall UV efficacy. This resulted in, respectively, some 32.1 % and 43.7 %, of apparent successful operations could unexpectedly fail over the long term due, respectively, to combined impact of random fluctuations in feed-water flow (Q), lamp intensity (I0) and shielding and absorption of UV by SS [conc]. This translated to four (4) failures each calendar month (the comparison rate without suspended solids was two (2) failures per month). Results highlighted that the efficacy of UV irradiation decreased with the presence of SS to 1-log10 reduction, compared with a 4.35-log10 reduction without solids present in the raw feed-water. An unexpected outcome was that UV failure is highly significantly dependent on naturally occurring fluctuations in the raw feed-water flow, and not on fluctuations in the concentration of solids in the feed-water. It was found that the initial presence of solids significantly reduced the practically achievable reductions in viable bacterial contaminants in the annular reactor, but that fluctuations in concentration of solids in the feed-water did not meaningfully impact overall vulnerability of UV efficacy. This finding pointed to a pre-treatment that would be necessary to remove suspended solids prior to the UV reactor, and; the necessity to improve control in feed-water flow to reduce fluctuations. The original synthesis was extended therefore for the first time to include a rapid sand-filter (SF) for pre-treatment of the raw feed-water flow to the UV reactor, and; a Fr 13 risk assessment on both the SF, and sequential, integrated rapid sand-filtration and UV reactor (SF-UV). For the global two-step SF-UV results showed vulnerability to failure of some 40.4 % in overall operations over the long term with a safety margin (tolerance) of 10 %. Pre-treatment with SF removed SS with a mean of 1-log10 reduction (90 %). Subsequently, an overall removal of viable E. coli from the integrated SF-UV reactor was a 3-log10 reduction (99.9 %). This is because the efficacy of UV light to penetrate and inactivate viable E. coli, and other pathogens, is not inhibited by SS in the UV reactor. This showed that the physical removal of E. coli was accomplished by a properly functioning SF and subsequently disinfection was done by UV irradiation to inactivate viable E. coli in the water. Because the Regulatory standard for potable water is a 4-log10 reduction, it was concluded that flocculation and sedimentation prior to SF was needed to exploit these findings. Flocculation is a mixing process to increase particle size from submicroscopic microfloc to visible suspended particles prior to sedimentation and SF. This research will aid understanding of factors that contribute to UV failure and increase confidence in UV operations. It is original, and not incremental, work. Findings will be of immediate interest to risk analysts, water processors and designers of UV reactors for potable water production.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, 2017

Steady-state unit-operations are globally used in chemical engineering. Advantages include ease of control and a uniform product quality. Nonetheless there will be naturally occurring, random (stochastic) fluctuations about any steady-state ‘set’ value of a process parameter. Traditional chemical engineering does not explicitly take account of these. This is because, generally, fluctuation in one parameter appears to be off-set by change in another – with the process outcome remaining apparently steady. However Davey and co-workers (e.g. Davey et al., 2015; Davey, 2015 a; Zou and Davey, 2016; Abdul-Halim and Davey, 2016; Chandrakash and Davey, 2017 a) have shown these naturally occurring fluctuations can accumulate and combine unexpectedly to leverage significant impact and thereby make apparently well-running processes vulnerable to sudden and surprise failure. They developed a probabilistic and quantitative risk framework they titled Fr 13 (Friday 13th) to underscore the nature of these events. Significantly, the framework can be used in ‘second-tier’ studies for re-design to reduce vulnerability to failure. Here, this framework is applied for the first time to show how naturally occurring fluctuations in peak ambient temperature (T₀) and occupancy (room traffic flows) (Lᴛ) can impact heat transfers for conditioning of room air. The conditioning of air in large buildings, including hotels and hospitals, is globally important (Anon., 2012 a). The overarching aim is to quantitatively ‘use’ these fluctuations to develop a strategy for minimum energy. A justification is that methods that permit quantitative determination of reliable strategies for conditioning of air can lead to better energy use, with potential savings, together with reductions in greenhouse gases (GHG). Oddly many buildings do not appear to have a quantitative strategy to minimize conditioning heat transfers. Wide-spread default practice is to simply use an on-off strategy i.e. conditioning-on when the room is occupied and conditioning-off, when un-occupied. One alternative is an on-only strategy i.e. leave the conditioner run continuously. A logical and stepwise combined theoretical-and-experimental, approach was used as a research strategy. A search of the literature showed that work had generally focused on discrete, deterministic aspects and not on mathematically rigorous developments to minimise overall whole-of-building conditioning heat transfers. A preliminary steady-state convective model was therefore synthesized for conditioning air in a (hotel) room (4.5 x 5.0 x 2.5, m) in dry, S-E Australia during summer (20 ≤ T₀ ≤ 40, °C) to an auto-set room bulk temperature of 22 °C for the first time. This was solved using traditional, deterministic methods to show the alternative on-only strategy would use less electrical energy than that of the default on-off for Lᴛ > 36 % (Chu et al., 2016). Findings underscored the importance of the thermal capacitance of a building. The model was again solved using the probabilistic Fr 13 framework in which distributions to mimic fluctuations in T₀ and Lᴛ were (reasonably) assumed and a new energy risk factor (p) was synthesized such that all p > 0 characterized a failure in applied energy strategy (Chu and Davey, 2015). Predictions showed on-only would use less energy on 86.6 % of summer days. Practically, this meant that a continuous on-only strategy would be expected to fail in only 12 of the 90 days of summer, averaged over the long term. It was concluded the Fr 13 framework was an advance over the traditional, deterministic method because all conditioning scenarios that can practically exist are simulated. It was acknowledged however that: 1) a more realistic model was needed to account for radiative heat transfers, and; 2) to improve predictive accuracy, local distributions for T₀ and Lᴛ were needed. To address these: 1) the model was extended mathematically to account for radiative transfers from ambient to the room-interior, and; 2) distributions were carefully-defined based on extensive historical data for S-E Australia from, respectively, Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) (Essendon Airport) and Clarion Suites Gateway Hotel (CSGH) (Melbourne) – a large (85 x 2-room suites) commercial hotel (latitude -37.819708, longitude 144.959936) – for T₀ and Lᴛ for 541 summer days (Dec. 2009 to Feb. 2015) (Chu and Davey, 2017 a). Predictions showed that radiative heat transfers were significant and highlighted that for Lᴛ ≥ 70 %, that is, all commercially viable occupancies, the on-only conditioning strategy would be expected to use less energy. Because findings predicted meaningful savings with the on-only strategy, ‘proof-of-concept’ experiments were carried out for the first time in a controlled-trial in-situ in CSGH over 10 (2 x 5 contiguous) days of summer with 24.2 ≤ T₀ ≤ 40.5, °C and 13.3 ≤ Lᴛ ≤ 100, %. Independent invoices (Origin Energy Ltd, or Simply Energy Ltd, Australia) (at 30 min intervals from nationally registered ‘smart’ power meters) for geometrically identical control and treated suites showed a mean saving of 18.9 % (AUD $2.23 per suite per day) with the on-only strategy, with a concomitant 20.7 % reduction (12.2 kg CO₂-e) in GHG. It was concluded that because findings supported model predictions, and because robust experimental SOPs had been established and agreed by CSGH, a large-scale validation test of energy strategies should be undertaken in the hotel. Commercial-scale testing over 77 contiguous days of summer (Jan. to Mar., 2016) was carried out in two, dimensionally-identical 2-room suites, with the same fit-out and (S-E) aspect, together with identical air-conditioner (8.1 kW) and nationally registered meters to automatically transmit contiguous (24-7) electrical use (at 30 min intervals) (n = 3,696) for the first time. Each suite (10.164 x 9.675, m floor plan) was auto-set to a bulk air temperature of 22 °C (Chu and Davey, 2017 b). In the treated suite the air-conditioner was operated on-only, whilst in the control it was left to wide-spread industry practice of on-off. The suites had (standard) single-glazed pane windows with heat-attenuating (fabric) internal curtains. Peak ambient ranged from 17.8 ≤ T₀ ≤ 39.1, °C. There were 32 days with recorded rainfall. The overall occupancy Lᴛ of both suites was almost identical at 69.7 and 71.2, % respectively for the treated and control suite. Importantly, this coincided with a typical business period for the CSGH hotel. Based on independent electrical invoices, results showed the treated suite used less energy on 47 days (61 %) of the experimental period, and significantly, GHG was reduced by 12 %. An actual reduction in electrical energy costs of AUD $0.75 per day (9 %) averaged over the period was demonstrated for the treated suite. It was concluded therefore that experimental findings directly confirmed the strategy hypothesis that continuous on-only conditioning will use less energy. Although the hypothesis appeared generalizable, and adaptable to a range of room geometries, it was acknowledged that a drawback was that extrapolation of results could not be reliably done because actual energy used would be impacted by seasons. The in-situ commercial-scale experimental study was therefore extended to encompass four consecutive seasons. The research aim was to provide sufficient experimental evidence (n = 13,008) to reliably test the generalizability of the on-only hypothesis (Chu and Davey, 2017 c). Ambient peak ranged from 9.8 ≤ T₀ ≤ 40.5, °C, with rainfall on 169 days (62 %). Overall, Lᴛ was almost identical at 71.9 and 71.7, % respectively, for the treated and control suite. Results based on independent electrical energy invoices showed the on-only strategy used less energy on 147 days (54 %) than the on-off. An overall mean energy saving of 2.68 kWh per suite per day (9.2 %) (i.e. AUD $0.58 or 8.0 %) with a concomitant reduction in indirect GHG of 3.16 kg CO₂-e was demonstrated. Extrapolated for the 85 x 2-room suites of the hotel, this amounted to a real saving of AUD $18,006 per annum - plus credit certificates that could be used to increase savings. Overall, it was concluded therefore the on-only conditioning hypothesis is generalizable to all seasons, and that there appears no barrier to adaption to a range of room geometries. Highly significantly, the methodology could be readily applied to existing buildings without capital outlays or increases in maintenance. A total of five (5) summative research presentations of results and findings were made to the General Manager and support staff of CSGH over the period to July 2017 inclusive (see Appendix I) that maintained active industry-engagement for the study. To apply these new findings, the synthesis of a computational algorithm in the form of a novel App (Anon., 2012 b; Davey, 2015 b) was carried out for the first time (Chu and Davey, 2017 d). The aim was to demonstrate an App that could be used practically to minimize energy in conditioning of dry air in buildings that must maintain an auto-set temperature despite the impact of fluctuations in T₀ and Lᴛ . The App was synthesized from the extensive experimental commercial-scale data and was applied to compute energy for both strategies from independently forecast T₀ and Lᴛ . Practical performance of the App was shown to be dependent on the accuracy of locally forecast T₀ and Lᴛ . Overall results predicted a saving of 2.62 kWh per 2-room suite per day ($47,870 per annum for CSGH) where accuracy of forecast T₀ is 77 % and Lᴛ is 99 %, averaged over the long term. A concomitant benefit was a predicted reduction greenhouse emissions of 3.1 kg CO₂-e per day. The App appears generalizable – and importantly it is not limited by any underlying heat-model. Its predictive accuracy can be refined with accumulation of experimental data for a range of geo-locations and building-types to make it globally applicable. It was concluded that the App is a useful new tool to minimize energy transfers in conditioning of room dry air in large buildings – and could be readily developed commercially 6. Importantly, it can be applied without capital outlays or additional maintenance cost and at both design and analysis stages. This research is original and not incremental work. Results of this research will be of immediate benefit to risk analysts, heat-design engineers, and owners and operators of large buildings.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2018

The food and pharmaceutical industry are generally a nation’s largest manufacturing sector – and importantly one of the most stable. Clean-In-Place (CIP)² is a ubiquitous process in milk processing as thorough cleaning of wet surfaces of equipment is an essential part of daily operations. Faulty cleaning can have serious consequences as milk acts as an excellent substrate in which unwanted micro-organisms can grow and multiply rapidly. Davey & Cerf (2003) introduced the notion of Friday 13th Syndrome³ i.e. the unexpected failure of a well-operated process plant by novel application of Uncertainty Failure Modelling (Davey, 2010; 2011). They showed that failure cannot always be put down to human error or faulty fittings but could be as a result of stochastic changes inside the system itself. In this study a novel CIP failure model based on the methodology of Davey and co-workers is developed using the published models of Bird & Fryer (1991); Bird (1992) and Xin (2003); Xin, Chen & Ozkan (2004) for the first time. The aim was to gain insight into conditions that may lead to unexpected failure of an otherwise well-operated CIP plant. CIP failure is defined as failure to remove proteinaceous deposits on wet surfaces in the auto-set cleaning time. The simplified two-stage model of Bird & Fryer (1991) and Bird (1992) was initially investigated. This model requires input of the thickness of the deposit (δ = 0.00015 m) and the temperature and Re of the cleaning solution (1.0-wt% NaOH). The deposit is considered as two layers: an upper layer of swelled deposit which can be removed (xδ) by the shear from the circulating cleaning solution and a lower layer (yδ) that is not yet removable. The output parameters of particular interest are the rate of deposit removal (R) and total cleaning time (t[subscript]T) needed to remove the deposit. The more elaborate three-stage model of Xin (2003) and Xin, Chen & Ozkan (2004) is based on a polymer dissolution process. This model requires input values of temperature of the cleaning solution (T), critical mass of the deposit (m[subscript]c) and cleaning rate (R[subscript]m). The output parameters of particular interest are the rate of removal during swelling and uniform stage (R[subscript]SU), the rate of removal during decay stage (R[subscript]D) and the total cleaning time needed to remove the deposit (t[subscript]T). The two CIP models are appropriately formatted and simulations used to validate them as a unit-operation. A risk factor (p) together with a practical process tolerance is defined in terms of the auto-set CIP time to remove a specified deposit and the actual cleaning time as affected by stochastic changes within the system (t[subscript]T'). This is computationally convenient as it can be articulated so that all values p > 0 highlight an unwanted outcome i.e. a CIP failure. Simulations for the continuous CIP unit-operation are carried out using Microsoft Excel™ spreadsheet with an add-in @Risk™ (pronounced ‘at risk’) version 5.7 (Palisade Corporation) with some 100,0004 iterations from Monte Carlo sampling of input parameters. A refined Latin Hypercube sampling is used because ‘pure’ Monte Carlo samplings can both over- and under-sample from various parts of a distribution. Values of the input parameters took one of the two forms. The first was the traditional Single Value Assessment (SVA) as defined by Davey (2011) in which a single, ‘best guess’ or mean value of the parameter is used. The output therefore is a single value. The alternate form was a Monte Carlo Assessment (MCA) (Davey, 2011) in which the ‘best guess’ values take the form of a probability distribution around the mean value. Many thousands of randomly sampled values for each input parameter are obtained using Monte Carlo sampling. Generally, in QRA the input parameters take the form of a distribution of values. The output therefore is a distribution of values with each assigned a probability of actually occurring. The values of all inputs are carefully chosen for a realistic simulation of CIP. Results reveal that a continuous CIP unit-operation is actually a mix of successful cleaning operations along with unsuccessful ones, and that these can tip unexpectedly. For example for the unit-operations model of Bird & Fryer (1991) and Bird (1992) failure to remove a proteinaceous milk deposit (δ = 0.00015 m) can occur unexpectedly in 1.0% of all operations when a tolerance of 6% is allowed on the specified auto-set cleaning time (t[subscript]T = 914 s) with a cleaning solution temperature of 60 °C. Using Xin, Chen & Ozkan (2004) model as the underlying unit-operation some 1.9% of operations at a nominal mid-range cleaning solution temperature of 75 °C could fail with a tolerance of 2% on the auto-set CIP time (t[subscript]T = 448 s). Extensive analyses of comparisons of the effect of structure of the two CIP unit-operations models on predictions at similar operating conditions i.e. 2% tolerance on the auto-set clean time (~ 656 s) and 1%-sd in the nominal mean temperature of the NaOH cleaning solution at 65 °C, highlighted that the underlying vulnerability to failure of the simplified model of Bird & Fryer (1991) and Bird (1992) was 1.8 times that of the more elaborate model of Xin (2003) and Xin, Chen & Ozkan (2004). The failure analysis presented in this thesis represents a significant advance over traditional analysis in that all possible practical scenarios that could exist operationally are computed and rigorous quantitative evidence is produced to show that a continuous CIP plant is actually a mix of failed cleaning operations together with successful ones. This insight is not available from traditional methods (with or without sensitivity analysis). Better design and operating decisions can therefore be made because the engineer has a picture of all possible outcomes. The quantitative approach and insight presented here can be used to test re-designs to reduce cleaning failure through changes to the plant including improved temperature and auto-set time control methods. 2 see Appendix A for a definition of some important terms used in this research. 3 Unexpected (unanticipated) failure in plant or product of a well-operated, well-regulated unit-operation. 4 Experience with the models highlighted that stable output values would be obtained with 100,000 iterations (or CIP ‘scenarios’).
Thesis (M.Eng.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2012

ZusammenfassungNur drei Jahre nach Hitchcocks Tod erscheint 1983 mit Psycho II unter der Regie von Richard Franklin die erste Fortsetzung von Psycho, auf die in nur kurzen Abständen 1986 und 1990 zwei weitere folgen: Psycho III und Psycho IV – The Beginning. Die drei Sequels folgen dabei einer populären Welle an Horrorfortsetzungen, die die Geschichten ihrer Vorgängerproduktionen ebenso erfolgreich fortführen. It Lives Again (1978), Damien: Omen II (1978),Dawn of the Dead (1978),Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981) und Halloween II (1981), um nur einige zu nennen, markieren in den 1970er und frühen 1980er Jahren den seriellen Auftakt eines Genretrends, der sich bis in die Gegenwart zieht.

The production of Giordano da Pisa (1260-1310) offers an excellent example for assessing the relationship between a Dominican preacher and his lay audience. His preaching presents simultaneously all the features that make it possible to regard it as a document of how the preacher and the public may have influenced each other. This paper illustrates how the friar proposes a social model and individual behaviours in the relationship between the ideal world and reality.

Bartholomew of San Concordio translated his Documenta antiquorum into the vernacular presumably around 1297-1302, during his stay at the convent of Santa Maria Novella. Cesare Segre suggested such a date based on the dedication of the translation to Geri Spini, a Florentine banker and politician who was a supporter of the Black Guelfs and a close friend of Corso Donati. However, the relationships between the Dominican Friar and the Commune of Florence, as well as the potential connections between Bartholomew’s self-translation and Florentine political contingencies, are still to be investigated.

This chapter considers discussions and categories for different forms of the eye/camera shot as they appear in the Friday the 13th series. First, there is an analysis of the criticism of the use of first-person camera shots in horror, and areas this criticism ignores. Then the chapter looks at eye/camera shots that use various approaches, from those that take on the qualities of seeing from the eye of a specific character, to examples where the viewer sees what looks like a shot from a specific point-of-view but works as misdirection, and other variations in between.

The paper presents the results of a research carried out in the clothing, footwear and leather goods sectors referring to the Italian territory. The survey was carried out through the collection of data on the field, with questionnaires administered to companies in the area: structured analysis on the company profile and brand identity; focus on sustainability with reference to the measures adopted by the company; technological assessment; collection of new needs expressed by each company. The result of the on-field research suggests, on the one hand, theoretical reflections relating to new sustainable approaches for the fashion sector, and on the other, technological innovation to implement value and profit for each company according to a sustainable and circular economic model. In Italy the local manufacturing systems have had their fulcrum in the industrial districts, which present themselves as centres of relations between multiple stakeholders. Generally, the openness and inclusion of stakeholders and systemic organization are essential for the sustainable development of the sector.The cultural tradition and the organization of Made in Italy production, in parallel with the Portuguese textile production systems, seem better prepared for a real ecological transition (Ricchetti & Frisa, 2011). This research proposes a model that accompanies companies on a transition path towards sustainable production.The methodology investigated, which starts from the enhancement of operational tools, contributes to promoting the adoption of new production processes and therefore to a more conscious consumption.The results achieved by SMEs in recent years, in the areas of ecological and digital transition, promise interesting developments, formulating a starting point to be used as an organizational and productive support to definitively move towards the suggested model. The discussion proposes a series of recommendations that can contribute to adopting a change in the entrepreneurial system of SMEs, vice versa, where there are contradictions and persisting barriers, it will be necessary to consider concrete and unanimously shared measures.