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Academic literature on the topic 'Frictional forces'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Frictional forces"

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Wichelhaus, Andrea, Tena Eichenberg, Philip Gruber, Elias Panos Bamidis, and Thomas Stocker. "Friction Force Adjustment by an Innovative Covering System Applied with Superelastic NiTi Brackets and Wires—An In-Vitro Study." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 4248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124248.

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The aim of this study was the investigation of polymeric coverings to adjust frictional forces between V-shaped wires and brackets, both made of superelastic NiTi. Adjustment of frictional forces is relevant for certain stages during orthodontic therapy. Coverings able to generate frictional forces when assembled to such brackets are additively manufactured. Six different internal widths of coverings were examined in three different environments: dry condition at room temperature (RT) or body temperature (BT), or artificial saliva (AS) at RT. The different coverings significantly affected the frictional forces for all media (p < 0.001). A correlation between internal width of the covering and resulting frictional forces was found. BT and dry environment showed the lowest friction forces for all samples. The highest force was found for two covering types at RT in AS, while the remaining four covering types showed the highest values in dry environment (p < 0.001). Friction could, therefore, be adjusted by variation of bracket covering clipped onto brackets, which is useful for orthodontic therapy. Coverings delivering higher friction provide dental anchorage, while coverings with lower friction can be used for tooth movement or purely esthetic reasons. It was shown that the variation of covering width may be used for adjustment of frictional forces.
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Bahadur, Yash Raj, Deepak Kumar Agarwal, Ankur Gupta, and P. Narayana Prasad. "Frictional Resistance in Various Ceramic Brackets using Archwires of different Alloys, Sizes and Cross sections: A Comparative Study." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 6, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v6i1.16174.

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Introduction: Friction at the bracket-archwire interface has been observed as one of the most important factors affecting tooth movement. Hence it is importance to assess the friction generated during tooth movement to bring about optimal treatment results.Objective: To compare the frictional resistance of various ceramic brackets using different archwires, and to compare the static and kinetic frictional force of various ceramic brackets using different archwires.Materials & Method: The present study evaluated and compared the friction generated at the bracket archwire interface when 0.018” and 0.019”x0.025” stainless steel archwires and 0.019”x0.025” teflon coated stainless steel archwires were moved through conventionally ligated, passive self-ligating and interactive self-ligating ceramic brackets. The static and kinetic frictional forces were also evaluated and compared.Result: Highly significant differences in kinetic (p<0.001) and static (p<0.001) frictional forces were observed in all three groups when used with the different archwires. On comparing the static and kinetic frictional forces significant differences were observed among all three groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: The passive self-ligating brackets produce the least frictional forces when compared to interactive self-ligating and conventionally ligated brackets. Also, the static frictional forces were found to be more as compared to kinetic frictional forces.Orthodontic Journal of Nepal, Vol. 6 No. 1, June 2016, pp.18-22
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Dragomirescu, Anca-Oana, Maria-Angelica Bencze, Adriana Vasilache, Elina Teodorescu, Cristina-Crenguța Albu, Nicoleta Olivia Popoviciu, and Ecaterina Ionescu. "Reducing Friction in Orthodontic Brackets: A Matter of Material or Type of Ligation Selection? In-Vitro Comparative Study." Materials 15, no. 7 (April 3, 2022): 2640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072640.

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(1) Background: Orthodontic appliances have changed and improved with the increasing demand for orthodontic treatment of the general population. Patients desire for shorter orthodontic treatments and for the wearing of more aesthetic devices has led to the technological development of orthodontic brackets; these were manufactured from aesthetic materials (ceramics, composite polymers) and presented different designs regarding the way archwires are ligated to the bracket. The aim of this study was to determine whether there were any differences between the static frictional forces generated by stainless steel (metallic) and polycrystalline alumina (ceramics) conventional and self-ligating brackets. (2) Methods: Static friction assessment was carried out in vitro with a universal testing machine, HV-500N-S (Schmidt Control Instruments, Hans Schmidt & Co. GmbH), intended for measuring compression and traction forces. (3) Results: The study revealed significant differences in static frictional forces at the bracket-archwire interface between the tested brackets. Stainless steel brackets produced lower static friction forces than polycrystalline alumina and self-ligating brackets generally produced lower static frictional forces than conventional brackets. The reduction of frictional forces was noticeable in the first stages of treatment, when thin, flexible orthodontic archwires (0.016” NiTi) are used. Engaged with large rectangular stainless steel archwires, (0.019 × 0.025” SS), the frictional forces produced by conventional and self-ligating metal brackets were similar, no significant differences being observed between the two types of metallic design. However, in the case of tested ceramic brackets, the results showed that the self-ligating type allows a reduction in frictional forces even in advanced stages of treatment compared to conventionally ligation. (4) Conclusions: From the perspective of an orthodontic system with low frictional forces, metal brackets are preferable to aesthetic ones, and self-ligating ceramic brackets are preferable to conventional ceramic brackets.
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Burstedt, Magnus K. O., Ingvars Birznieks, Benoni B. Edin, and Roland S. Johansson. "Control of Forces Applied by Individual Fingers Engaged in Restraint of an Active Object." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.1.117.

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Burstedt, Magnus K. O., Ingvars Birznieks, Benoni B. Edin, and Roland S. Johansson. Control of forces applied by individual fingers engaged in restraint of an active object. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 117–128, 1997. We investigated the coordination of fingertip forces in subjects who used the tips of two fingers to restrain an instrumented manipulandum with horizontally oriented grip surfaces. The grip surfaces were subjected to tangential pulling forces in the distal direction in relation to the fingers. The subjects used either the right index and middle fingers (unimanual grasp) or both index fingers (bimanual grasp) to restrain the manipulandum. To change the frictional condition at the digit-object interfaces, either both grip surfaces were covered with sandpaper or one was covered with sandpaper and the other with rayon. The forces applied normally and tangentially to the grip surfaces were measured separately at each plate along with the position of the plates. Subjects could have performed the present task successfully with many different force distributions between the digits. However, they partitioned the load in a manner that reflected the frictional condition at the local digit-object interfaces. When both digits contacted sandpaper, they typically partitioned the load symmetrically, but when one digit made contact with rayon and the other with sandpaper, the digit contacting the less slippery material (sandpaper) took up a larger part of the load. The normal forces were also influenced by the frictional condition, but they reflected the average friction at the two contact sites rather than the local friction. That is, when friction was low at one of the digit-object interfaces, only the applied normal forces increased at both digits. Thus sensory information related to the local frictional condition at the respective digit-object interfaces controlled the normal force at both digits. The normal:tangential force ratio at each digit appeared to be a controlled variable. It was adjusted independently at each digit to the minimum ratio required to prevent frictional slippage, keeping an adequate safety margin against slippage. This was accomplished by the scaling of the normal forces to the average friction and by partitioning of the load according to frictional differences between the digit-object interfaces. In conclusion, by adjusting the normal:tangential force ratios to the local frictional condition, subjects avoided excessive normal forces at the individual digit-object interfaces, and by partitioning the load according the frictional difference, subjects avoided high normal forces. Thus the local frictional condition at the separate digit-object interfaces is one factor that can strongly influence the distribution of forces across digits engaged in a manipulative act.
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Singh, Vinit, Swati Acharya, Satyabrata Patnaik, and Smruti Bhusan Nanda. "Comparative Evaluation of Frictional forces between different Archwire-bracket Combinations." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 4, no. 1 (October 24, 2014): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v4i1.11307.

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Introduction: During sliding mechanics, frictional resistance is an important counterforce to orthodontic tooth movement; whichmust be controlled to allow application of light continuous forces.Objective: To investigate static and kinetic frictional resistance between three orthodontic brackets: ceramic, self-ligating, andstainless steel, and three 0.019×0.025” archwires: stainless steel, nickel-titanium, titanium-molybdenum.Materials & Method: The in vitro study compared the effects of stainless steel, nickel-titanium, and beta-titanium archwires onfrictional forces of three orthodontic bracket systems: ceramic, self-ligating, and stainless steel brackets. All brackets had 0.022”slots, and the wires were 0.019×0.025”. Friction was evaluated in a simulated half-arch fixed appliance on a testing machine. Thestatic and kinetic friction data were analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Duncan multiple rangetest.Result: Self-ligating (Damon) brackets generated significantly lower static and kinetic frictional forces than stainless steel (Gemini)and ceramic brackets (Clarity). Among the archwire materials, Beta-titanium showed the maximum amount of frictional forceand stainless steel archwires had the lowest frictional force.Conclusion: The static and kinetic frictional force for stainless steel bracket was lowest in every combination of wire.
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Downing, Alison, John McCabe, and Peter Gordon. "A Study of Frictional Forces between Orthodontic Brackets and Archwires." British Journal of Orthodontics 21, no. 4 (November 1994): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.21.4.349.

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The differences in magnitude of static and kinetic frictional forces generated by 0·022 × 0·030-inch stainless steel (Dentaurum®) and polycrystalline ceramic (Transcend®) brackets in combinntion with archwires of different sizes (0·018 inch and 0·019 × 0·025 inch) and materials (stainless steel, nickel-titanium, and beta-titanium) at a constant ligature force were investigated. A friction-testing assembly using the Instron machine was used. In all cases, the static frictional force was greater than the kinetic frictional force. There were no significant differences in the frictional forces generated by stainless steel and polycrystalline ceramic brackets. Beta-titanium archwires produced greater frictinal forces than the other two materials. Increasing the archwire diameter increased the frictional force.
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Rozman, M. G., M. Urbakh, and J. Klafter. "Controlling chaotic frictional forces." Physical Review E 57, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 7340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.57.7340.

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Voudouris, John C., Christos Schismenos, Kresimir Lackovic, and Mladen M. Kuftinec. "Self-Ligation Esthetic Brackets with Low Frictional Resistance." Angle Orthodontist 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/110608-565.1.

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Abstract Objective: To test the frictional resistance forces (FRS) generated between several archwires and (1) interactive self-ligating (ISL) brackets and (2) conventionally ligated (CL) brackets. Materials and Methods: Frictional forces produced between three different archwire combinations and self-ligating (SL) brackets (ceramic and metal-slot or all-metal) and CL brackets (metal or ceramic) were evaluated in a dry environment. The three ISL brackets tested were In-Ovation-C, In-Ovation-R, and Damon 3. The three CL brackets were Mystique with Neo Clip, Clarity, and Ovation. Each bracket was tested with 0.020″ SS, 0.019″ × 0.025″ SS and 0.018″ × 0.018″ coated SS. Results: The ISL brackets generally exhibited the lowest frictional forces irrespective of the bracket material and the wire size, and CL brackets exhibited consistently higher frictional forces. Mystique with Neo Clip produced the lowest frictional resistance of all brackets. The In-Ovation-C brackets demonstrated significantly lower frictional resistance than the SL brackets In-Ovation-R and Damon 3 as well as the CL brackets Clarity and Ovation. Conclusions: The ISL ceramic brackets produced the lowest frictional resistance of all the self-ligating brackets. The CL ceramic brackets produced the greatest friction.
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Smith, John R., Jeffrey B. Lund, and Robert K. Galloway. "Friction on PDC Cutters at High Normal Stress." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 124, no. 3 (August 6, 2002): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1485745.

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The impact of frictional forces on the overall forces when drilling with a PDC bit has previously been implied by models and by single cutter and bit tests. This report describes new experiments to measure friction between three different bit surface materials and two different rocks over a wide range of normal stresses in up to four different fluids. Polished PDC cutters are shown to have lower frictional forces on the face of the cutter than standard cutters in both water and mineral oil. The measured friction coefficients were generally higher than reported in previous studies.
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UNGER, TAMÁS, and JÁNOS KERTÉSZ. "FRICTIONAL INDETERMINANCY OF FORCES IN HARD-DISK PACKINGS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 17, no. 29 (November 20, 2003): 5623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797920302329x.

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We study the statical indeterminacy of contact forces in 2D random frictional packings of perfectly rigid disks. Based on contact dynamics simulations we perform a random walk in the force space in order to explore the equilibrium force-states for a fixed packing structure. Our measurement is in agreement with the isostaticity of frictionless hard particles, in that case forces are fully determined. For non-zero friction coefficient the problem gets undetermined, the possible force fluctuations are growing with increasing friction up to a maximum at friction coefficient around 0.1. Further increase of friction reduces the force fluctuations on the average.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Frictional forces"

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Gan, Aik Ben. "The effect of frictional and thermal forces upon sea bed pipeline buckling behaviour." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1985. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19217/.

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The objective of the research programme has been to develop design parameters applicable to in-service submarine pipeline buckling behaviour. The programme has involved experimental and theoretical studies and computer graphics are widely employed throughout. Initially, as detailed in Chapter 1, the necessary buckling mechanisms in. pipelines subjected to axial compression have been identified and analysed in the form of relatively basic fully mobilised studies. In addition, errors and limitations contained within these studies have been determined and delineated. Consequently, geotechnical experimentation as reported in Chapter 2 was deemed necessary particularly given the dearth of information available relating to the nature of the friction resistance force between the pipeline and its supporting medium. Full scale values for the axial and lateral friction coefficients together with their respective fully mobilised displacements have been deduced upon the basis of model tests. A semi-empirical formula has thereby been produced for use in design practice. Further, a novel interpretation of sea bed recovery, or the pipeline's submerged self-weight inertial characteristics associated with vertical buckling, has also been determined. Following on from the above geotechnical study,more refined quasi-idealised analyses,dealt with in Chapter 3, have been undertaken incorporating the appropriate full scale deformation-dependent axial and lateral friction-response loci together with the respective sea bed recovery characteristics. These analyses enable, for the first time, definition of the appropriate critical temperature rise at which axial-flexural bifurcation occurs. Finally, noting that previous buckling analyses have been based on quasi-idealised buckling phenomena, attempts have also been made to incorporate practical submarine pipeline imperfections. Pipelines are not perfectly straight in field conditions and, consequently, the imperfection studies denoted in Chapter 4 have attempted to model the appropriate behaviour. Design charts have been produced accordingly and suggestions made regarding further studies.
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Wood, Peter Edwin. "An investigation of contact forces, flow, pressure, hysteresis and frictional effects in brush seals." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393118.

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Christman, Benjamin M. "Evaluation of frictional forces between brackets of different types at various angulations and an arch wire: With and without pulsating vibration." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2015. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_cdm_stuetd/61.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pulsating vibration on the sliding resistance between orthodontic brackets and stainless steel wires. Brackets were placed at two different angulations (0° and 5°) to simulate leveling of a tipped tooth during tooth movement. Pulsating vibration was delivered via the AcceleDent device. Background: Friction is defined as a force that retards or resists the relative motion of two objects in contact, and its direction is tangential to the common boundary of the two surfaces in contact. This has been of interest to the orthodontist since the mid-20th century. Since the time of Stoner’s paper in 1960, the orthodontic literature has been full of studies done on friction in orthodontics including: friction with different ligation methods, friction among different arch wire materials, friction and different bracket materials, and friction with various slot designs. Understanding friction has led to the emergence of new technologies in orthodontics. One of the most popular is the self-ligating bracket. This popularity arose from claims that they reduce friction during treatment. Other innovations have been introduced in the field of orthodontics to help accelerate tooth movement. Among these innovations is the application of a pulsating vibration during active orthodontic treatment. Such pulsating vibration can be delivered during orthodontic treatment by AcceleDent, which is a hands- free device designed by OrthoAccel Technologies, Inc., Bellaire, TX. The company claims the output force helps accelerate bone turnover. The following study investigated whether it could decrease treatment time via a different mechanism: decreasing frictional resistance to tooth movement along the arch wire. Methods: A paper template was made of a typodont tooth with a bracket window cut out. The bracket cut out was made with the bracket window angulated 0° and 5°. 0.022” x 0.028” standard prescription edgewise brackets (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI) of ceramic, twin and self-ligating design were bonded to 3 maxillary 1st premolar typodont teeth using the template. The teeth were leveled with a 0.019” x 0.025” SS arch wire and placed in a metal scaffold. They were held in place with Aquasil Ultra XLV wash material PVS (DENTSPLY Caulk, Milford, DE.). Only the middle bracket was adjusted for angulation and accuracy was checked with the iPhone 6 level. The AcceleDent Aura device (OrthoAccel Technologies, Inc., Bellaire, TX). was attached to the occlusal surface of the teeth via cable ties. The AcceleDent Aura device provided 30 Hz of pulsating vibration. All tests were performed with a 0.019” x 0.025” SS arch wire pulled through the brackets via a Universal Testing Machine (Instron, Grove City, PA) at a crosshead speed of 2.5mm/min for 30 seconds. Frictional resistance was measured by averaging 6 recordings every 5 seconds. Results: The pulsating vibration provided by the AcceleDent device significantly reduced the resistance to sliding for each bracket type at both 0° and 5° (p<0.05). Ceramic brackets had the highest resistance to sliding of all bracket types. Conclusions: Pulsating vibration via the AcceleDent Aura device reduces the resistance to sliding between a bracket and arch wire in vitro. This may potentially decrease overall treatment time but more in vivo studies need to be done to evaluate this.
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Nguyen, le Anh Vu. "Interparticle friction and Rheology of Dense suspensions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLS085.

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Les suspensions—un type de matériau qui comporte des particules solides dispersées dans un milieu liquide—sont omniprésentes dans notre vie quotidienne et dans l’industrie. Leur caractéristique-clé est la contrainte requise pour les mettre en écoulement à une vitesse désirée : cet attribut est le centre d’intérêt de la rhéologie. Récemment, il émerge que le frottement entre les particules se répercute sur la rhéologie des suspensions concentrées. Cette interaction microscopique peut être altérée en modifiant la surface des particules ou, notamment, en changeant le milieu liquide. Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à démontrer et caractériser l’effet du frottement inter-particulaire sur des comportements rhéologiques des suspensions dans le régime dense. Nous trouvons que des suspensions de mêmes particules se comportent de façons différentes (newtonienne ou rhéofluidifiante) en dépendant des solvants utilisés. En outre, leur courbe d’écoulement peut être connectée à la mesure de coefficient de frottement en fonction de la force normale appliqué sur les particules. Notre travail expérimental aide ouvrir la voie aux études sur des effets de forces à l’échelle microscopique sur la rhéologie en bulk
Suspensions - a type of material consisted of solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium— are omnipresent in our daily life and in industry. Their key characteristic is the shear stress required to make them flow at a desire shear rate: this attribute is the area of interest of Rheology. Recently, it emerged that the friction between the particles impact the rheology of concentrated suspensions. This microscopic interaction can be altered by modifying the particle surface or, especially, by changing the liquid medium. In this thesis, we are looking to evidence and characterize the effect of interparticle friction on the rheological behaviors of suspension in the dense regime. We found that suspensions of same particles behave differently (Newtonian or shear-thinning) depending on the solvents utilized. Furthermore, their flow curve can be connected to the measurement of friction coefficient as a function of the normal force applied on the particles. Our work help paving the way for studies on effects of forces at microscopic scale on the bulk rheology
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White, Joshua Childs. "Development and validity assessment of the Max Power Model for the detection, separation, and quantification of differences in resistive and propulsive forces in swimming." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3219898.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 2006.
"Title from dissertation home page (viewed June 28, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-06, Section: B, page: 3092. Adviser: Joel M. Stager.
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Quignon, Benoit. "Investigations of the frictional behaviour of nanotextured surfaces by friction force microscopy." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.685551.

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Friction is omnipresent in our daily life, and although this phenomenon has been studied for centuries, the fundamental understanding on tribological processes as a whole is still lacking. Reducing friction is beneficial in many applications, from mediating wear to improving the life span of devices, hence improving our knowledge of the parameters affecting frictional forces is of paramount importance. In particular, the miniaturisation of modern devices implies that their reliability and durability become friction limited. Recent advances in the fabrication of nanostructured surfaces with tuneable topographic properties, along with advances in metrological tools such as the atomic force microscope (AFM), now provide the means to systematically study friction on well-defined nanostructured surfaces. This research project is focused on the lubricated and un lubricated frictional behaviour of nanotextured surfaces using the AFM with conventional and colloidal probes. The frictional properties of nanotextured surfaces bearing aluminium oxide nanodomes and zinc oxide nanorods of varying topographic properties in air, as well as the frictional properties in aqueous solutions of ionic and nonionic surfactants on flat and textured surfaces of titanium oxide, are reported. The results show that for the nanodomed-textured surfaces, the ancient Amontons laws of dry friction are obeyed; however, the friction coefficient was insufficient to fully characterise the frictional behaviour of such nanotextured surfaces. Pronounced stick-slip frictional characteristics were observed, with the amplitude of the stick-slip varying linearly with the applied load. On nanorod-textured surfaces, the friction-applied load linear relationship was however lost, due to the bending contributions of the rods to the lateral force experienced by the probe. Finally, the results obtained on flat and pillar-textured titanium oxide surfaces showed that ionic surfactants could mediate effective boundary lubrication with the existence of two frictional regimes, due to load- and shear-induced structural changes in the nanofilms of the adsorbed surfactant molecules.
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Raftari, Maryam. "Investigation of the frictional behaviour of end-grafted polymer layers using friction force microscopy." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7001/.

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Cigeroglu, Ender. "Development of microslip friction models and forced response prediction methods for frictionally constrained turbine blades." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1181856489.

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Garoff, Niklas. "The Friction between Paper Surfaces." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2002. http://www.diva-portal.org/kth/theses/abstract.xsql?dbid=3415.

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Wallin, Harald. "An investigation of friction graphs ranking ability regarding the galling phenomenon in dry SOFS contact : (Adhesive material transfere and friction)." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2790.

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The main purpose of this project is to investigate different tool steels in terms of their ability to withstand material transfer buildup, so-called galling, occurring in SMF (sheet metal forming) operations. The ability to withstand galling is vital to optimize cost-effectiveness and increase the work tool’s effective operational time. This investigation studies four different tool steels, including a TiN-coating, with the intention of evaluating the microstructures, chemical composition and hardness effect on galling resistance in dry conditions using a slider-on-flatsurface (SOFS) tribo-tester which measures the coefficient of friction during sliding.

An OP (optical profilometer) was used to measure the size and geometry of lump growth on the tool and damage on the work sheet. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to identify the interacting tribological mechanisms exhibited at different stages during the slide. The SEM figures confirmed three different types of characteristic patterns exhibited in the tracks after tribo- testing which were categorized as mild adhesive, abrasive and severe adhesive damage.

A SEM figure that illustrates a ragged contact surface and an obvious change in the sheet materials plastic behavior is in this report regarded as a sign of severe adhesive contact, the characteristics could possibly be explained by local high temperature and high pressure followed by a sudden pressure drop and creation of hardened welds or solders between the two surfaces which increase the frictional input needed for further advancement. Friction coefficients observed in the initial 100% mild adhesive stage were, μ=0,22-0,26 succeeded by abrasive SEM characteristics often in association with mild adhesive contact and friction values between μ=0,25-0,4 which where sometimes followed by severe adhesive SEM characteristics in 100% of the contact zone with friction values between μ=0,34- 0,9 respectively. The tool material that performed best according to the friction detection criteria was Sv21 closely followed by Sleipner (TiN coated) and Va40 (HRC 63.3). Unfortunately was the friction criteria, a significant raise in friction for defining a sliding length to galling, not adequate for dry conditions due to immediate material transfer succeeded by cyclic changes between partial or 100% abrasive+mild adhesive and severe adhesive contact. The mechanism that change abrasive wear in association with mild adhesive contact, (moderate friction input), to sever adhesive wear, (higher friction input), is dependent on lump shape (lump geometry) and can appear at comparably low speeds 0,04-0,08 [m/s] and low friction energy input (μ=0,34), the magnitude of the change in friction is therefore not always significant and hardly detectable on the friction graph. This was quite unexpected but could be explained by concentration of friction energy rater than the absolute amount. The problem with using friction graphs for galling evaluation was increased even further when a very small lump size and low corresponding rate of material transfer to the tool surface caused a sustainable high raise in friction (μ≈0,3→0,6) on a TiN-coated tool steel called Sleipner.

A hardly detectable or similar friction raise for Sv21 and Va40 showed much larger corresponding lump size and rate of material transfer. This means that friction graphs demonstrate a clear problem with quantifying lump size [m3] and rate of  material transfer [m3/s]. Another phenomenon called stick slip behavior, material transfer and lump growth followed by a sudden decrease in lump size and transfer of material back to the work sheet, is also not possible to detect on a friction graph. Because a drop in friction can easily be a change in contact temperature and lump attack angle due to a growing lump and not a decreasing lump.

 

The conclusion, a friction graph is not suited for galling evaluation and ranking in dry SOFS conditions. A ranking should primarily be based on dimensional OP measurements of the cross section of formed tracks and scratches or preferably by repeated OP measurements of the tool surface during a single test, the last revel the exact lump growth history and true lump growth even in the sliding direction.

 


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Books on the topic "Frictional forces"

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Kemp, Darrel W. A comparitive analysis of frictional forces between self-ligating and conventional Edgewise orthodontic brackets. [Toronto: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto], 1992.

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Riley, Peter D. Forces & friction. London: Franklin Watts, 2006.

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Friction and forces. London: Franklin Watts, 2011.

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National Geographic Society (U.S.), ed. Forces that move. Washington, D.C: National Geographic, 2006.

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Friction. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2006.

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Schwartz, Jacob T. Finding effective 'force-targets' for two-dimensional multifinger frictional grips. New York: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1988.

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Bradley, Kimberly Brubaker. Forces make things move. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.

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Hewitt, Sally. Friction: Wheels and brakes. London: Aladdin/Watts, 2007.

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Morin, Jean H. Operation Friction, 1990-1991. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997.

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1956-, Gimblett Richard Howard, and Canada. Ministère de la défense nationale., eds. Opération Friction: Golfe Persique, 1990-1991. Toronto, Ont: Dundurn Press, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Frictional forces"

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Schmerr, Lester W. "Frictional Forces." In Engineering Statics with MATLAB®, 261–93. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003372592-9.

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Choi, D. H., and W. Hwang. "Measurement of Frictional Forces in Atomic Force Microscopy." In Solid State Phenomena, 851–54. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-30-2.851.

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Mills, Kenneth C., and Carl-Åke Däcker. "Slag Infiltration, Lubrication and Frictional Forces." In The Casting Powders Book, 19–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53616-3_2.

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Jong, Siaw Chian, Dominic Ek Leong Ong, Erwin Oh, and Chung Siung Choo. "Prediction of Frictional Jacking Forces Using Bayesian Inference." In Challenges and Innovations in Geomechanics, 878–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64514-4_95.

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Chien, C. H., L. C. Chang, and H. J. Tzeng. "The Effects of Frictional Forces in Bending Cables." In Computational Mechanics ’88, 959–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61381-4_249.

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Pethica, J. B., and A. P. Sutton. "Nanomechanics: — Atomic Resolution and Frictional Energy Dissipation in Atomic Force Microscopy." In Forces in Scanning Probe Methods, 353–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0049-6_33.

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Daikhin, L. I., and M. Urbakh. "Effect of Electrostatic Interactions on Frictional Forces in Electrolytes." In Fundamentals of Tribology and Bridging the Gap Between the Macro- and Micro/Nanoscales, 199–214. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0736-8_13.

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Overney, R. M., H. Takano, M. Fujihira, G. Overney, W. Paulus, and H. Ringsdorf. "Molecular Scale Study of Domain Boundaries and Frictional Stick-Slip Motion on Lipid Bilayers." In Forces in Scanning Probe Methods, 307–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0049-6_26.

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Schwarz, U. D., H. Bluhm, H. Hölscher, W. Allers, and R. Wiesendanger. "Friction in the Low-Load Regime: Studies on the Pressure and Direction Dependence of Frictional Forces by Means of Friction Force Microscopy." In Physics of Sliding Friction, 369–402. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8705-1_23.

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Hsu, Jui-Ting, Li-Chun Wu, Yin-Yu Chang, Tzu-Ning Weng, Heng-Li Huang, and Chein-Hung Yu. "Frictional Forces of Conventional and Improved Superelastic NiTi-Alloy Orthodontic Archwires in Stainless Steel and Plastic Brackets." In IFMBE Proceedings, 312–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03891-4_83.

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Conference papers on the topic "Frictional forces"

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Cumbo, M. J., A. Lindquist, and S. D. Jacobs. "Assessment of Frictional Forces in Optical Polishing Using Atomic Force Microscopy." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.wb1.

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A large number of interactive chemical and mechanical factors significantly influence optical polishing processes. Motivated by Tesar's qualitative observations on the importance of friction in pitch polishing of fused silica [1], we have studied the influence of process chemistry on frictional forces in a more quantitative way, independent of any confounding effects introduced by a given polishing tool. The goal was to develop a microscopic laboratory technique for rapid screening of many different combinations of polishing process factors, thereby minimizing the number of experiments necessary to optimize glass removal rates on large-scale planar polishing equipment.
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Cordero-Dávila, Alberto, Rafael Izazaga-Pérez, and Jorge González-García. "Model for frictional forces to reproduce the dragging forces in the polishing process." In Applied Industrial Optics: Spectroscopy, Imaging and Metrology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/aio.2012.jtu5a.7.

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Weisenberger, Janet M., Michael J. Krier, and Sandra M. Kreidler. "Detection of Lateral Damping Friction in Surface Textures Presented via a Force Feedback Haptic Interface." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2408.

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Abstract Previous work with real surfaces has suggested that variations in the coefficient of surface friction do not affect the judgment of surface roughness. Nonetheless, it is likely that subjects are able to detect changes in frictional characteristics even when judgments of roughness are unaffected. The goal of the present study was to determine whether users of a force-feedback haptic interface could discriminate surfaces containing a lateral viscous friction component from surfaces that did not. Three subjects were tested in an adaptive same-different task, in which they were asked to judge whether two simulated surface textures felt the “same” or “different.” On each trial, one surface contained lateral damping forces in addition to vertical point-source forces, and the other did not. Values of the damping constant for the surface containing lateral damping were adjusted to determine the threshold for discriminating a surface with a lateral damping force from a “frictionless” surface. Results suggest that users are quite able to detect a frictional component even at relatively small lateral forces. These results are considered in view of the notion that for some tasks an accurate rendering of frictional forces may improve task realism.
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Hucko, Simon, Tobias Vonderbank, and Katharina Schmitz. "Investigation of Frictional Forces in Hydraulic Spool Valves and Their Effect on the Estimation of Axial Flow Forces." In ASME/BATH 2023 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2023-111904.

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Abstract Model-based design of hydraulic valves, as well as the acquisition of additional variables using soft sensors are rapidly gaining importance. Both, however, require an accurate and comprehensive model of the valve. One of the greatest challenges currently present, is within correctly representing the flow forces acting on the spool, which is why considerable research has been carried out investigating them. Since flow forces are always superimposed by directional frictional, inertial, and, if present, spring forces, they cannot be measured directly. To be able to record the flow forces despite this difficulty, a new measuring method is presented. It enables the measurement of the frictional forces and thereby the calculation of the flow forces. In addition to presenting this new metrology method, the frictional force and factors influencing it, will be further investigated. These factors include the operating point-dependent non-uniform pressure distribution in the annular gap, as well as radial flow forces. The results shown in the paper contribute to a better understanding of frictional forces in hydraulic valves, thus advancing both model-based design, and soft sensor development.
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Sirin, Omer, Mehmet Ayyildiz, and Cagatay Basdogan. "Effect of Finger Velocity on Frictional Forces Modulated by Electrovibration." In 2017 21st National Biomedical Engineering Meeting (BIYOMUT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biyomut.2017.8479007.

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Yang, Hankang, and Sinan Müftü. "Friction Induced Lateral Vibrations of a Tape Moving in Contact With a Slewing Head." In ASME 2013 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2013-2836.

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In dynamic systems, motion transfer due to frictional effects could result in quasi-harmonic oscillations and stick-slip, with potentially undesirable effects. The track-following motion of a read/write (RW) head-assembly transfers frictional forced onto the translating tape. This, in turn, has the potential to introduce unwanted dynamic motion into the system, and to affect the track following operation. In extreme cases the tape could stick onto the head-assembly, which could then create the potential for sudden release (slip) of the tape, if the restoring forces exceed the static friction forces. Due to longitudinal tape motion, stick is only a possibility during start-stop operations. However, with increasingly smoother tape, the effects of friction induced vibration (FrIV) could become problematic for the next generation of tape drives.
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McCarthy, M., B. Hanrahan, C. Zorman, and R. Ghodssi. "Rolling Friction in MEMS Ball Bearings: The Effects of Loading and Solid Film Lubrication." In ASME/STLE 2007 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2007-44190.

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The effects of loading and solid film lubrication on rolling friction in MEMS-fabricated ball bearing structures are investigated in this paper. An in-situ non-contact experimental procedure was used to measure the frictional forces transmitted through a linear ball bearing system. The test devices consist of two silicon plates with deep-etched rectangular trenches acting as the housing for 285μm diameter steel microballs. The dynamic friction is measured with respect to relative velocity for several normal loads and it is observed that the frictional force increases linearly with microball contact area. Additionally, test structures with a 1μm silicon carbide (SiC) film deposited in the trenches have been tested. A 70% reduction in rolling resistance is shown between the nonlubricated and the SiC-lubricated test structures under identical experimental conditions. This is attributed to the reduced sliding friction in the SiC-steel contact area during interfacial slipping. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported characterization of dynamic rolling friction in a MEMS device using a solid film lubricant. It is assumed that all frictional forces measured in this work are due to the desired rolling motion as well as bulk sliding of the microballs.
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Nacivet, Samuel, Christophe Pierre, Fabrice Thouverez, and Louis Jezequel. "Analysis of Periodic Frictional Contact in Finite Elements Problems." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/vib-21735.

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Abstract This paper considers the dynamics of structural systems modeled using the finite element method and subject to dry friction damping, using Coulomb’s law for the friction force model. A new frequency-time domain method, the Dynamic Lagrangian mixed Frequency-Time method (DLFT), is developed to calculate the steady-state forced response. The dynamic Lagrangians formulation introduced herein, when used in conjunction with a nonlinear solver in the frequency domain, is better suited to handling dry friction nonlinearities than the traditional augmented Lagrangians method. Namely, the use of dynamic Lagrangians allows one to solve for the nonlinear forces between two finite element nodes of the structure without using artifacts such as a spring. Hence the finite element model does not have to be degraded at the contact interface. Furthermore, a new reduction of the nonlinear system is proposed to decrease the required computation time. Finally, a set of numerical examples is presented for a beam in contact with a flexible dry friction element connected to ground, for frictional constraints that feature two-dimensional relative motion, and for a large-scale structural system with many friction dampers.
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Prasitpong, Singha, Ratchapak Chitaree, Boonchoat Paosawatyanyong, and Pornrat Wattanakasiwich. "What Thai students Think about Directions and Types of Frictional Forces." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS EDUCATION: ICPE-2009. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3479895.

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Zen, Giampaolo, and Sinan Mu¨ftu¨. "Stability of an Axially Accelerating String Subjected to Frictional Guiding-Forces." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63863.

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The dynamic response of an axially translating continuum subjected to the combined effects of a pair of spring supported frictional guides and axial acceleration is investigated; such systems are both non-conservative and gyroscopic. The continuum is modeled as a tensioned string translating between two rigid supports with a time dependent velocity profile. The equations of motion are derived with the extended Hamilton’s principle and discretized in the space domain with the finite element method. The stability of the system is analyzed with the Floquet theory for cases where the transport velocity is a periodic function of time. Direct time integration using an adaptive step Runge-Kutta algorithm is used to verify the results of the Floquet theory. Results are given in the form of time history diagrams and instability point grids for different sets of parameters such as the location of the stationary load, the stiffness of the elastic support, and the values of initial tension. This work showed that presence of friction adversely affects stability, but using non-zero spring stiffness on the guiding force has a stabilizing effect.
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Reports on the topic "Frictional forces"

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Klammler, Harald. Introduction to the Mechanics of Flow and Transport for Groundwater Scientists. The Groundwater Project, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/gxat7083.

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Starting from Newton’s laws of motion and viscosity, this book is an introduction to fundamental aspects of fluid dynamics that are most relevant to groundwater scientists. Based on a perspective of driving versus resisting forces that govern the motion of a fluid, the author derives Darcy’s law for flow through porous media by drawing an analogy to Bernoulli’s law for fluid with negligible viscosity. By combining the effects of gravity and pressure, the author identifies hydraulic head as a convenient numerical quantity to represent the force driving groundwater flow. In contrast to the physical derivation of hydraulic head, hydraulic conductivity emerges as a parameter related to the resisting frictional forces between the mobile fluid and the stationary porous medium. These frictional seepage forces also affect the effective stress state of the porous medium, thus establishing a link to soil stability and quicksand formation. Combining Darcy’s law with the law of mass conservation leads the reader to the fundamental equations of saturated groundwater flow. Finally, the effects of capillary forces are included to establish the governing equations for unsaturated and multi-phase flow. Throughout the book, the author focuses on thoroughly illustrating and deriving the equations while applying order of magnitude analyses. This approach makes it possible to extract the most information, for example in terms of the scale of response time, without requiring explicit solutions. A number of boxes and solved exercises contain further details and links to practical applications such as the water table ratio that reflects ‘fullness’ of an aquifer and the performance of slug tests for in situ measurement of hydraulic conductivity. This book makes an important contribution to groundwater science by providing a progressive introductory explanation of the physical mechanics of groundwater flow and the accompanying socioeconomic and ecological problems that may arise.
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Gabbey, D. J., J. Lee, and D. J. Patterson. CAM/LIFTER forces and friction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5705342.

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Walker, Shelly. Fog, Friction and Force Caps. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420056.

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Kanai, Shoji, and Masaaki Takiguchi. About the Technology of Frictional Force Reduction for the Piston. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0370.

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Dolado, Juan J., Etienne Lalé, and Hélène Turon. Zero-hours Contracts in a Frictional Labor Market. CIRANO, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/hvdc9170.

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We propose a model to evaluate the U.K.’s zero-hours contract (ZHC) – a contract that exempts employers from the requirement to provide any minimum working hours, and allows workers to decline any workload. We find quantitatively mixed welfare effects of ZHCs. On one hand they unlock job creation among firms that face highly volatile business conditions and increase labor force participation of individuals who prefer flexible work schedules. On the other hand, the use of ZHCs by less volatile firms, where jobs are otherwise viable under regular contracts, reduces welfare and likely explains negative employee reactions to this contract.
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Gabbey, D. J., J. Lee, and D. J. Patterson. CAM/LIFTER forces and friction. Final report, September 15, 1988--November 30, 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10135293.

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Brendler, Joseph A. Physical Metaphor in Military Theory and Doctrine: Force, Friction, or Folly. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada339484.

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Scarpello, Giovanni, and Daniele Ritelli Ritelli. Nonlinear 1-D Oscillations of a Charge Particle Under Coulomb Forces and Dry Friction. Jgsp, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/jgsp-34-2014-77-85.

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Rhein, R. E., R. R. Mitchell, D. J. Patterson, K. M. Morrison, and G. B. Schwartz. Valve train forces and friction in advanced technology diesel engines: Annual progress report No. 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5765365.

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Parzen G. Theory of the friction force using electron cooling as an intrabeam scattering process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1061852.

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