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Journal articles on the topic 'Friction modification'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Chen, Shi, and Zhinan Zhang. "Modification of friction for straightforward implementation of friction law." Multibody System Dynamics 48, no. 2 (September 10, 2019): 239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11044-019-09694-0.

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2

Sadowski, Piotr, and Emil Czajka. "Modification of tribological tester t-01m allowing testing in conditions of lubrication." MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925208004.

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Researchers often want to develop their experiments in terms of wide range of testing conditions and results possible to acquire. One way to achieve this is to adapt existing testing equipment to new requirements. This paper proposes a method for extending the capabilities of the T-01M tester with a pressure lubrication system of a pin on disc contact, its construction and adjustments. Tribological tests carried out with the presence of a lubricant showed the correct functioning of the modified tester. We obtained several variables for the selected friction pair and friction parameters in the lubricated joint: friction force, friction coefficient, mass wear, friction work, wear intensity and specific wear. Verification tests confirmed suitability of the tester modification, adapting it to friction and wear tests in a lubricated contact. The expanded stand can be used (in the future) for tribological tests of lubricated frictional pairs to measure friction, wear, friction pairs temperature and to compare used lubricants.

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3

Rautkari, Lauri, Milena Properzi, Frédéric Pichelin, and Mark Hughes. "Surface modification of wood using friction." Wood Science and Technology 43, no. 3-4 (September 27, 2008): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-008-0227-0.

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4

LI, Jin-Qi, and Takeshi SHINODA. "Surface Modification by Friction Coating under Water." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 49, no. 9Appendix (2000): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.49.9appendix_193.

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5

R??TTGER, J??RGEN, and REGINALD ELSON. "A Modification of Charnley Low-friction Arthroplasty." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, no. 211 (October 1986): 154???163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-198610000-00023.

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6

Ding, Yuan-sheng. "Surface modification of calcium carbonate nanoparticles as hydraulic oil additives friction performance research." Functional materials 25, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm25.03.564.

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7

KOMVOPOULOS, K. "PLASMA-ENHANCED SURFACE MODIFICATION OF LOW LINEAR-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE CATHETERS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 01, no. 01 (May 2001): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519401000064.

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Modification of the surface chemistry, topography, and frictional characteristics of medical-grade low linear-density polyethylene catheters with various plasma chemistries was accomplished in a radio-frequency (RF) vacuum chamber. Two different types of plasma treatments were examined. For surface texturing and chemistry modification, the catheters were treated with either He or CF 4 gases for 0.5–60 min at RF power in the range of 30–1000 W and working pressure between 0.2 and 2 Torr. For grafting of a low friction film, the catheters were exposed to pure Ar plasma at 400 W for 2 min (surface cleaning) and then to CH 4, CH 4/ CF 4, or H 2/ CF 4 plasmas at power of 250–550 W and working pressure of 0.2–0.8 Torr for 10–60 min (surface modification). The effects of the different plasma treatments on the surface texture, chemical behavior, and friction characteristics of the catheters are discussed in light of results obtained from contact surface profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, contact angle measurements, infrared spectroscopy, and friction experiments. The findings of this study demonstrate that surface crosslinking and grafting of desirable functional groups by RF plasma treatment is an effective low-temperature surface modification technique for polymeric medical devices.

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8

Yu, Zhang, Tang, and Gao. "Friction and Wear Behavior of Polyimide Composites Reinforced by Surface-Modified Poly-p-Phenylenebenzobisoxazole (PBO) Fibers in High Ambient Temperatures." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 3, 2019): 1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111805.

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(1) In order to improve the properties of antifriction and wear resistance of polyimide (PI) composite under high temperature conditions, (2) 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and Lanthanum (La) salt modifications were employed to manufacture poly-p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole (PBO)/PI composites with different interface properties. The representative ambient temperatures of 130 and 260 °C were chosen to study the friction and wear behavior of composites with different interface properties. (3) Results revealed that while both modification methods can improve the chemical activity of the surface of PBO fibers, the La salt modification is more effective. The friction coefficient of all composites decreases with the increase of sliding velocity and load at two temperatures, and the specific wear rate is increases. Contrary to the situation in the 130 °C environment, the wear resistance of the unmodified composite in the 260 °C environment is greatly affected by the sliding velocity and load, while the modified composites are less affected. Under the same test parameters, the PBO–La/PI composite has the lowest specific wear rate and friction coefficient, and (4) La salt modification is a more effective approach to improve the properties of antifriction and wear resistance of PI composite than APTES modification in high ambient temperatures.

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9

Kwon, Yong-Jai, Ichinori Shigematsu, and Naobumi Saito. "Surface Modification of Aluminum Foams Using Friction Phenomena." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 73, no. 7 (2009): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.73.527.

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10

Janakiraman, S., Jayachandra Reddy, Satish V. Kailash, and K. Udaya Bhat. "Surface Modification of Steels Using Friction Stir Surfacing." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.258.

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Friction stir surfacing is done to deposit commercial pure Al on medium carbon steel under open atmosphere conditions. Roughness of the substrate, normal load and tool rotation are the variables. Deposition is analysed with respect to continuity, width, composition and phase parameters. Good deposition is observed under a limited set of load and rotation speed. The deposit contains a mixture of steel and aluminium particles.

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11

Kwon, Yong-Jai, Ichinori Shigematsu, and Naobumi Saito. "Surface Modification of Porous Metals Using Friction Phenomena." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 50, no. 1 (2009): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mer2008288.

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12

Yu, L. D., G. W. Shuy, and T. Vilaithong. "Friction modification of WC-Co by ion implantation." Surface and Coatings Technology 128-129 (June 2000): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(00)00642-3.

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13

KATOH, Kazuyoshi, and Hiroshi TOKISUE. "Surface modification of aluminum alloy by friction surfacing." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2003.56 (2003): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2003.56.33.

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14

Lampaert, V., J. Swevers, and F. Al-Bender. "Modification of the Leuven integrated friction model structure." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 47, no. 4 (April 2002): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/9.995050.

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15

Davidov, S. V., and A. O. Gorlenko. "Friction Surface Modification by Nanodiamonds of Denotational Synthesis." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 124 (April 2016): 012122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/124/1/012122.

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16

Kurt, Adem, Ilyas Uygur, and Eren Cete. "Surface modification of aluminium by friction stir processing." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 211, no. 3 (March 2011): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.09.020.

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17

Zhang, Da Bin, Can Li Li, Yang Cao, Ze Lu, and Qi Xiang Cui. "Tribological Performance Comparison and Analysis on Friction Material: Four Modified Phenolic (PF) Resins." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.653.

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This paper makes PF weaving friction material (p0.0) from tung oil, PF weaving friction material (BP) from boric acid, modified PF weaving friction material (SP) of nanopalygorskite by in-situ method, and modified PF weaving friction material (MP) of nanopalygorskite by blending method. The contrast tests of frictional properties are carried out on DMS-1 friction-abrasion tester. Hot recession test is performed on CHASE-M600 testing machine, and surface appearance analysis of friction sample is made on electronic probe. The result shows that after modification, the heat resistance and thermal stability of PF are all improved to different extent. SP friction material has best thermal stability and strongest braking ability under high temperature; while BP takes second place, and P0.0 is the worst. The heat resistance of BP, SP and MP is stronger than P0.0. The critical temperature of hot recession for weaving friction material on the base of nanopalygorskite/tung oil PF raises by 40~50°C. On the aspect of frictional properties, friction coefficients of SP, BP, and MP show quite stable. Among these samples, SP has the most stable friction coefficient, and P0.0 the worst. The wear rate of SP, BP and MP has the same trend with the temperature changes. However, the wear rate of P0.0 is getting intense with temperature rise. Its wear rate is much higher than SP, BP, and MP’s under same temperature.

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18

Leont’ev, L. B., N. P. Shapkin, and V. N. Makarov. "Functional Nanostructured Tribotechnical Materials." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.410.

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The paper describes the tribotechnical properties of thin-film coatings obtained by the tribotechnical modification of 40X grade steel with different organic and inorganic tribotechnical materials (natural inorganic and artificial polymers), as well as with composite materials based on vermiculite. Comparative tribotechnical investigations revealed that composites possess better tribotechnical properties than single-component materials. The most promising materials for the tribotechnical modification of steel friction surfaces are vermiculite-based nanostructured composites that provide minimal friction coefficient and high wear resistance under the conditions of boundary friction. The tribotechnical properties of polymagnesiumphenylsiloxane are a little worse than that of the materials based on vermiculite. Polymagnesiumphenylsiloxane and nanostructured composites based on vermiculite can be used as additives to motor oils and solid lubricants, as well as for the modification of friction surfaces during manufacturing or reconditioning of machine parts to increase their durability.

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19

Quinn, D. Dane. "A New Regularization of Coulomb Friction." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 126, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1760564.

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We present a new regularization of Coulomb’s law of friction that permits a straight-forward incorporation of frictional forces within existing numerical simulations. Similar to existing regularizations, the proposed modification to Coulomb friction leads to a continuous representation of friction and does not require the identification of transitions between slip and stick. However, unlike more common regularizations, the current reformulation maintains a structure at zero contact velocity that is identical to the classical, discontinuous form of Coulomb friction. The implementation of this regularization is presented through two examples in which slip-stick motion induced by sliding friction is of primary importance. The first is a simple one degree-of-freedom system and illustrates the existence of nontrivial equilibrium states. The second example is a multi-degree-of-freedom system in which the present model provides a computationally efficient scheme for simulating the dissipation arising from sliding friction. For systems in which slip-stick transitions are important the proposed regularization provides a computationally efficient scheme to obtain time-accurate simulations.

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20

Chen, Wengang, Xueyuan Liu, and Lili Zheng. "Study on the friction characteristics of 304 steel with composite surface modification." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-03-2016-0051.

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Purpose This paper aims to clarify the friction properties of 304 steel surface modification. The surface modification includes laser texturing processing and nitriding treatment on 304 steel surface, and then the friction properties’ test was conducted on different friction directions and different upper test samples by using microfriction and wear testing machine. Design/methodology/approach The diameter and spacing of 100-, 150-, 200-, 300-μm pit array on the surface of 304 steel were calculated using a M-DPSS-50 semiconductor laser device. Then, the textured surface was nitriding-treated using a nitriding salt bath device. The chemical composition, surface morphology and surface microhardness of the composite-modified surface were measured by X-ray diffraction and by using an optical microscope and a microhardness tester. The tribological characteristics of the composite-modified surface were tested by MRTR microcomputer-controlled multifunctional friction and wear testing machine. Findings The result showed that a rule pit texture surface was obtained by the texture processing. The microhardness of nitriding treatment surface reached 574.27HV0.1, which significantly higher than 222.58HV0.1 of 304 steel. The composite-modified surface has excellent anti-friction and wear resistance properties when the upper specimen was GCr15 steel and ZrO2, respectively. The composite-modified surface has excellent anti-friction and anti-wear properties after long time friction under different angles. However, the friction coefficient and wear morphology of the friction pairs are not affected by the friction angle. Research limitations/implications Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalizability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further. Practical implications The paper conducted a systematic study of the tribological characteristics of 304 steel composite modification surface and provided a good basis for the extensive application of 304 steel. Social implications The study provides a good basis for the extensive application of 304 steel. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to study the extensive application of 304 steel.

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21

Lathabai, Sri, R. Migeon, V. K. Tyagi, Robert G. O'Donnell, and Yuri Estrin. "Friction Stir Processing: A Technique for Microstructural Refinement in Metallic Materials." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.63.

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Friction stir processing (FSP) combines frictional heating and severe plastic deformation to produce microstructural modification, either locally targeted at the near-surface regions or through the bulk, of metallic components fabricated by conventional processing routes. In this paper, we highlight the capabilities of this process by applying it to a high-pressure die cast Al-Si-Mg-(Cu) alloy and examining the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties.

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22

Bhattacharya, Rabi S., A. K. Rai, J. S. Zabinski, and Neil T. McDevitt. "Ion beam modification of fullerene films and their frictional behavior." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 7 (July 1994): 1615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.1615.

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C60 films were deposited on a variety of substrates by thermal evaporation. The presence of C60 in the films was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Raman spectroscopic analysis. The C60 films exhibited an average friction coefficient of 0.4–0.5. The films were irradiated with 2 MeV Ag+ and B+ ions at various doses. High energy ion bombardment created damage that resulted in partly crystalline to amorphous films, dependent on the mass and dose of ions. The amorphous films showed a friction coefficient of <0.1. Partly crystalline films showed a friction coefficient at the same level as that of unirradiated films.

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23

Han, Heng, Shi Jie Wang, and Xiao Ren Lv. "Study on the Friction Properties of Surface Iodide Modified Nitrile Rubber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 157-158 (February 2012): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.157-158.114.

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After Iodide modification using KI solution on the surface of nitrile rubber, the treatment effect on the friction properties of nitrile rubber are explored. Experiments using different concentrations KI solution, soaking the samples for different time, the friction properties of the samples are tested under different load and lubrication. The results showed that, under different conditions, the surface of iodide modified nitrile rubber is dense and smooth, with the increase of KI concentration and soaking time, the degree of iodide modification is deeper, and the friction properties of NBR is also significantly improved.

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24

Kwon, Yong-Jai. "Surface Modification of Metallic Materials via Friction Stir Process." Journal of Welding and Joining 26, no. 6 (December 31, 2008): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/kwjs.2008.26.6.018.

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25

Sun, Ning, and Diran Apelian. "Microstructural Modification of A206 Aluminium via Friction Stir Processing." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.361.

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Friction stir processing (FSP) is a post-processing method that locally manipulates microstructure by imparting a high level of energy in the solid state giving rise to improved mechanical properties. FSP was applied to 25.4 mm thick, sand casting A206 aluminum workpiece under different parameters. Effects of FSP on microstructure evolution will be described and discussed. Specifically, through optical microscopy and SEM measurements the attained refinement in the stirred zone will be reviewed; porosity is significantly reduced and second phase particles are fragmented. Thermal conditions of the FSP zone have been measured as well as studying the effect of the temperature gradients on the resultant structure.

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26

SHINODA, Takeshi, and Jinqi LI. "Surface modification of 5083 aluminum alloys using friction surfacing." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 49, no. 10 (1999): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.49.499.

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27

Shastin, V. I., and S. K. Kargapol’tsev. "Laser Modification: Increasing the Wear Resistance of Friction Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 836 (March 2020): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.836.104.

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The article deals with topical issues of studying the physical, mechanical and tribological parameters of the surface layer of machine parts subjected to laser processing. Various options for modifying mating surfaces are evaluated and analyzed. The data of microstructural analysis and indicators of wear resistance are presented. A theoretical model of the wear of heat-strengthened surfaces is proposed, explaining the mechanism for increasing their wear resistance as a result of homogenization of the microstructure of a special surface layer with increased bearing capacity. It is experimentally confirmed that the greatest wear resistance is observed in friction units during mutual modification of mating surfaces.

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28

Ji, Ling. "Equipment Modification for Friction Stir Joining Based on PLC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 596 (July 2014): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.596.52.

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In order to achieve the common drilling and milling machine for friction stir joining (FSJ) , A model ZXTM-40 equipment is modified., it’s workstation transmission mode and axial direction press mode are mechanical transmission, through the modification, install stepper motors and drives , write program code ,PLC control the motor ,it can work to achieve Longitudinal automatic movement . the speed of workstation can input through the Interactive panel, the control system operate parameters to achieve semi-automated operation of equipment and overtravel protection.. In the vertical direction,install a sleeve on the handle, the sleeve has scale and recesses, it can control the pressure measurement of friction stir pin. weights hanged on the sleeve, research proves the optimum parameters are 3KG weights and 40CM away from the center, Workbench moving speed of 125mm/min, rotation speed of 730r/min, it can join 1mm thick 2024 aluminum by FSJ, appearance of bead is good.

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29

Shea, J. J. "Surface Modification, Mechanisms-Friction, Stress, Reaction Engineering [Book review]." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 21, no. 2 (March 2005): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mei.2005.1412229.

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30

Grewal, H. S., H. S. Arora, H. Singh, and A. Agrawal. "Surface modification of hydroturbine steel using friction stir processing." Applied Surface Science 268 (March 2013): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.01.006.

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31

Bijani, Dariush, Elena L. Deladi, Aydar Akchurin, Matthijn B. de Rooij, and Dirk J. Schipper. "The Influence of Surface Texturing on the Frictional Behaviour of Parallel Sliding Lubricated Surfaces under Conditions of Mixed Lubrication." Lubricants 6, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants6040091.

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In many industrial applications, a modification of the surface geometry can enhance the tribological behaviour of lubricated sliding contacts. In this paper, the effect of surface texturing on the coefficient of friction in parallel sliding lubricated surfaces is investigated. It is shown that surface texturing can improve film formation and, as a result, the load-carrying capacity as well as a reduction in the coefficient of friction. With the numerical model developed, and by considering cavitation, the effects of shape, depth, size, and the textured area fraction on the frictional behaviour of parallel sliding lubricated contacts under conditions of mixed lubrication is studied. In this article it is shown that the surface texturing can have a beneficial effect, in order to decrease friction.

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32

Vafai, K., and P. C. Huang. "Analysis of Heat Transfer Regulation and Modification Employing Intermittently Emplaced Porous Cavities." Journal of Heat Transfer 116, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910912.

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The present work forms a fundamental investigation on the effects of using intermittently porous cavities for regulating and modifying the flow and temperature fields and therefore changing the skin friction and heat transfer characteristics of an external surface. A general flow model that accounts for the effects of the impermeable boundary and inertial effects is used to describe the flow inside the porous region. Solutions of the problem have been carried out using a finite-difference method through the use of a stream function-vorticity transformation. Various interesting characteristics of the flow and temperature fields in the composite layer are analyzed and discussed in detail. The effects of various governing dimensionless parameters, such as the Darcy number, Reynolds number, Prandtl number, the inertia parameter as well as the effects of pertinent geometric parameters are thoroughly explored. Furthermore, the interactive effects of the embedded porous substrates on skin friction and heat transfer characteristics of an external surface are analyzed. The configuration analyzed in this work provides an innovative approach in altering the frictional and heat transfer characteristics of an external surface.

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33

Samani, Hamid Rahmani, Masoud Mirtaheri, and Mojtaba Rafiee. "The Effects of Various Slippage Loads on the Response Modification Factor of Steel Structures Equipped with Frictional Dampers." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 15, no. 06 (June 17, 2015): 1450080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455414500801.

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A common and successful way of structural control is to dissipate the seismic kinetic energy via frictional dampers. Response of a friction damped frame during an earthquake excitation is heavily dependent to the slippage limit of the frictional dampers. Low values of slippage load may lead to excessive deformations while large slippage loads may prevent sliding. Therefore, selecting appropriate values for slippages loads of the dampers is very important in order to have optimum energy dissipating system. Utilizing a response modification factor, the standard seismic design code procedure can be applied to the frames equipped with frictional dampers to determine the value of slippage loads. In this investigation, the response modification factor of steel moment resisting frames equipped with frictional dampers is evaluated considering the effects of various slippage loads. The response modification factor is calculated for two bay widths of 5 m and 7 m in length. It is shown that the optimum slippage load that results in the maximum response modification factor is in the range of 8% to 20% of the total weight of the structure. The taller the structure is, the less the optimum slippage load will be. Finally, an equation is proposed for the response modification factor as a function of the slippage load.

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34

Lao, Xing Sheng, Xu Feng Zhao, Yong Liu, Chun Hui Dai, and Wei Jian Lyu. "Friction Characteristics of Surface Nitriding Modification Layer of Ti-6Al-4V ELI Titanium Alloy in Seawater Environment." Materials Science Forum 1005 (August 2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1005.18.

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In order to study the tribological properties of titanium alloy materials and reinforced PTFE pairs treated by surface nitriding modification in seawater environment under low speed and high load, the physical properties of surface nitriding modified treatment were observed and measured with Ti-6Al-4V ELI as the substrate, and the samples of substrate and surface nitriding were modified as disks to 25% fiberglass , 15% glass fiber +5% graphite and 60% tin bronze reinforced PTFE as distribution pins, the friction properties of substrate and surface nitriding modification layer in seawater environment were studied by friction tester. The results show that the friction coefficient between titanium alloy and auxiliary pair is above 0.1, the friction coefficient of titanium alloy surface treatment specimen is lower than that of TC4 titanium alloy, the wear of surface nitriding modified treatment sample is significantly slight, the friction coefficient of 60% tin bronze distribution is the highest, and the friction coefficient of 15% fiberglass +5% graphite is about 15% higher.

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35

Hild, Rafael, Andreas Feuerhack, Daniel Trauth, Dennis C. Hoffmann, Nathan C. Kruppe, Tobias Brögelmann, Kirsten Bobzin, and Fritz Klocke. "Influence of surface integrity on the plastic flow in analogous testing of 42CrMo4." MATEC Web of Conferences 190 (2018): 14009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819014009.

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Surface modification of workpieces for cold forming processes is common in industrial practice. Specific surface topographies manufactured by means of shot peening form lubricant pockets, which provide a continuous lubricating film throughout the process. Furthermore, hydrostatic as well as hydrodynamic lubrication effects emerge, which further reduce the friction during the process and protect the tool from wear effects. These effects are well researched and applied in order to enable cold forming processes. In dry forming processes, no lubricants are used, and the positive lubrication effects do not appear. Surface modifications by shot peening or knurling change surface integrity in terms of hardness, residual stresses and geometry. The effects of the changed surface integrity on the forming process are not researched. In tribometer tests, a hard and rough surface texture lead to a lower frictional shear stress, whereas a rather smooth and hard surface texture leads to a lower punch force in an extrusion process. The mechanisms between surface textures and the smoothing and forming process are unknown. Furthermore, findings of the tribometer tests cannot be fully transferred to the extrusion process. As in tribometer tests a pin is used as tool and in extrusion a whole die, a discrepancy between the most suitable surface texture for a friction reduction results out of different flow conditions. Still, the tribometer tests give a first reference on a surface pretreament. The paper deals with an investigation of surface textures in order to distinguish characteristics of surface textures respectively a friction reduction. By means of indentation tests of the quenched and tempered steel 42CrMo4 the plastic flow in dependency of different surface integrities are researched. The results show which characteristics help to lower the punch force the most, so for further investigations an optimized surface modification is set up in order to enable a dry metal forming process.

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36

Tao, Zhenhua, and Bharat Bhushan. "Surface Modification of AFM Si3N4 Probes for Adhesion/Friction Reduction and Imaging Improvement." Journal of Tribology 128, no. 4 (June 2, 2006): 865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2345411.

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Si 3 N 4 probes used for atomic force microscope exhibit large adhesion and friction resulting in artifacts of scanned image. In order to reduce adhesion and friction so as to reduce tip related artifacts, liquid lubricant (Z-TETRAOL) and fluorocarbon polymer (Fluorinert™) were applied on the Si3N4 probe. A comprehensive investigation of adhesion, friction, and wear of the uncoated/coated tips in both ambient air and various humidity levels as well as the influence of the coatings on the image resolution was performed. Experiments show that the coatings reduce the adhesion and friction of the Si3N4 tip, improve the initial image resolution, and exhibit less deterioration as compared to that of uncoated tip after scanning. The image degradation of an uncoated Si3N4 probe is also compared with that of an uncoated silicon probe. A probe cantilever deflection model was proposed to correlate the influence of the adhesion and friction with the image distortion.

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37

Li, Rui Di, Jing Long Li, Jiang Tao Xiong, and Fu Sheng Zhang. "Friction Stir Processing for the Modification of Laser Claded Microstructure." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 2336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.2336.

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According to the microstructure defects of laser claded nickel alloy, such as crack and nets brittle phase, the friction stir processing (FSP) method is utilized in this paper to modify microstructure defects by the coupled effect of thermal and stress of FSP. For this purpose, two key scientific problems of large deformation condition and microstructure evolution theory during FSP, are proposed in this paper. Based on this, the following issues are highlighted in this work. Firstly, obtain the friction condition of larger deformation by continuous dirved friction experiment. Secondly, study on the temperature (T), stress (σ), and strain velocity under different processing parameters via self-developed physical simulation apparatus. Thirdly, disclose the effects of T、σ、 on the microstructure evolution and then obtain the microstructure evolution equation by dynamic re-crystallization. The above work could provide theory support for the new technique of laser cladding and FSP for preparing high performance coating.

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LUBAS, JANUSZ. "TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SURFACE LAYER WITH BORON IN FRICTION PAIRS." Surface Review and Letters 16, no. 05 (October 2009): 767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x09013232.

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The aim of the present work is to determine the influence of technologically produced boron surface layers on the friction parameters in the sliding pairs under the conditions of mixed friction. The tribological evaluation included ion nitrided, pack borided, laser borided, quenched and tempered surface layers and TiB2 coating deposited on 38CrAlMo5-10 , 46Cr2 and 30MnB4 steels. Modified surface layers of annular samples were matched under test conditions with counter-sample made from AlSn20 bearing alloy. Tested sliding pairs were lubricated with 15 W/40 Lotos mineral engine oil. The tribological tests were conducted on a T-05 block on ring tester. The applied steel surface layer modification with boron allows surface layers to be created with pre-determined tribological characteristics required for the elements of kinematic pairs operating in the conditions of sliding friction. Pack boronizing reduces the friction coefficient during the start-up of the frictional pair and the maximum start-up resistance level is similar to the levels of pairs with nitrided surface layers.

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Kwon, Young Woo, Mun Ki Bae, Ri-Ichi Murakami, Tae Hwan Jang, and Tae Gyu Kim. "Study of the micro/nano-texture design to improve the friction properties of DLC thin films." International Journal of Modern Physics B 35, no. 14n16 (May 14, 2021): 2140027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979221400270.

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In this study, a DLC pattern was fabricated through a photolithography process that constitutes a part of the semiconductor process, to investigate the frictional wear characteristics. The photolithography was used to produce negative patterns with a pattern width of 10 [Formula: see text]m or 20 [Formula: see text]m and a pattern depth of 500 nm on the DLC surface. The change in the coefficient of friction of the surface was investigated through a ball-on-disk tribology test on the fabricated micro/nano-sized DLC pattern. The DLC pattern fabricated by the photolithography process showed a superior coefficient of friction to that of the general DLC sample. These results show that the decrease in the surface friction coefficient of the patterned DLC thin film is due to the reduction in the surface contact area owing to the modification of the micro/nano-texture of the surface as well as the low friction characteristics of the DLC.

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Livneh, Moshe. "Friction Correction Equation for the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Subsoil Strength Testing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1714, no. 1 (January 2000): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1714-12.

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Extensive experience gained with the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) in Israel has led to some modifications in both the testing apparatus and the testing procedure. One such modification is introduction of a theoretical corrective equation when the penetration is not performed vertically in order to isolate the skin friction that develops along the penetrating rod, which significantly affects DCP values. For this purpose, the torque moment is measured at various penetration depths by the same technique applied for the well-known Vane test. This corrective equation is then modified in light of the results obtained for validating in situ DCP tests.

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Hu, Z., Z. X. Yang, and S. P. Wilkinson. "Analysis of passive earth pressure modification due to seepage flow effects." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 5 (May 2018): 666–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0087.

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Using an assumed vertical retaining wall with a drainage system along the soil–structure interface, this paper analyses the effect of anisotropic seepage flow on the development of passive earth pressure. Extremely unfavourable seepage flow inside the backfill, perhaps due to heavy rainfall, will dramatically increase active earth pressure while reducing passive earth pressure, thus increasing the probability of instability of the retaining structure. A trial and error analysis based on limit equilibrium is applied to identify the optimum failure surface. The flow field is computed using Fourier series expansion, and the effective reaction force along the curved failure surface is obtained by solving a modified Kötter equation considering the effect of seepage flow. This approach correlates well with other existing results. For small values of both the internal friction angle and interface friction angle, the failure surface can be appropriately simplified with a planar approximation. A parametric study indicates that the degree of anisotropic seepage flow affects the resulting passive earth pressure. In addition, incremental increases in the effective friction angle and interface friction angle both lead to an increase in passive earth pressure.

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Wang, Peng, Jing Lv, Lian Hai Wang, Qiang Ma, and Xin He Zhu. "Research on Tribological Properties of Serpentine Particles as Lubricating Oil Additives." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1001.

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This paper adopts wet method to prepare serpentine particles on the planetary ball mill, executes lipophilic degree tests and friction and wear tests of these particles. The results showed that: 1) as the modification agent, the optimum dosage of oleic acid is when the volume ratio of oleic acid and serpentine particles is 2, and the optimum time of milling (modification) is 24h. 2) 4012 maritime lubricating oil with serpentine particles has obvious anti-wear and friction effect, and the optimum dosage range of serpentine particles is 0.9%-1.0%. According to the outcomes of metallurgical microscope observation and electron microprobe analysis, a conclusion can be drawn: during the process of friction and wear, serpentine particles brought on physical or chemical reactions with the surface of test samples, create a layer of protective film, thus this kind of lubricating oil has filling function to the furrow of friction pair surface, so as to decrease the surface roughness, decrease the degree of friction and wear.

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Wang, Cheng, Huan Yong Cui, Qing Ping Zhang, and Wen Ming Wang. "An approach of calculation on sliding friction power losses in involute helical gears with modification." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, no. 9 (February 22, 2015): 1521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215573977.

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Sliding friction between the teeth is recognized as one of the main reasons of power losses in transmission as well as a potential reason of vibration and noise. A new approach is proposed to accurately calculate the sliding friction power losses in involute helical gears considered modification and geometric deviations resulting from the manufacturing processes, assembly errors, and deflections of support structures based on the simulation of gear mesh under light and significant load. Firstly, the paths of contact points on the pinion tooth surface are obtained from tooth contact analysis. Tooth surface load distributions and loaded transmission errors in one mesh period are obtained from loaded tooth contact analysis. Secondly, tooth surface load distributions are converted into the normal forces of tooth surface points of contact, loaded transmission errors are brought to the calculation formulas of sliding velocity, and the sliding friction coefficients of tooth surface points of contact are calculated by a non-Newtonian thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication model. Substituting the sliding velocities, the normal forces, and the sliding friction coefficients into the power calculation formulas gives the sliding friction power losses of tooth surface points of contact. By the soft MATLAB, the values of the sliding friction power losses are integrated and the sliding friction power loss in helical gears from engagement to disengagement is obtained. Finally, an example of this approach is shown in the end. The results indicate that it is very necessary to consider the influence of loaded transmission errors for calculation of sliding friction power losses.

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Liu, Meng Xiang, and Jian Mei Chen. "The Influence of the Al-Ti-B/Al-Sr Modification on the Microstructure and Properties of the Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy in Automotive Piston." Advanced Materials Research 744 (August 2013): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.744.339.

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By using some types of means such as Optical Microscope (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), the testing of tensile mechanical properties and the testing of friction and wear, the impacts of the Al-5Ti-1B and Al-20Sr modification on the Al-16Si-4Cu-0.5Mg-0.2Mn alloy microstructure, mechanical properties and friction properties are researched. The results turn out that the modification can significantly refine the primary silicon and the eutectic silicon in the alloy, the Al-5Ti-1B mainly refined the primary silicon in the alloy, the Al-20Sr refined the eutectic silicon; the alloy’s effect of refinement after compound modification is better than that in separate metamorphism. Modification can improve the tensile strength and elongation of the alloy: the tensile strength of the alloy has been increased by 65MPa after its compound modification; also the elongation by 0.4%. Modification can improve wear-resisting property of the alloy and also its effect of compound modification is better than that of separate metamorphism. The modification mechanism of Al-5Ti-1B is that Al3Ti and TiB2 belongs to heterogeneous nucleation; while the modification mechanism of Al-20Sr is that the strontium changes the growth pattern of Si phase.

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Rung, Stefan, Kevin Bokan, Frederick Kleinwort, Simon Schwarz, Peter Simon, Jan-Hendrik Klein-Wiele, Cemal Esen, and Ralf Hellmann. "Possibilities of Dry and Lubricated Friction Modification Enabled by Different Ultrashort Laser-Based Surface Structuring Methods." Lubricants 7, no. 5 (May 17, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7050043.

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In this contribution we report on the possibilities of dry and lubricated friction modification introduced by different laser surface texturing methods. We compare the potential of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures and Laser Beam Interference Ablation on 100Cr6 steel in a linear reciprocating ball-on-disc configuration using 100Cr6 steel and tungsten carbide balls with load forces between 50 mN and 1000 mN. For dry friction, we find a possibility to reduce the coefficient of friction and we observe a pronounced direction dependency for surfaces fabricated by Laser Beam Interference Ablation. Furthermore, Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures result in a load-dependent friction reduction for lubricated linear reciprocating movements. This work helps to identify the modification behaviour of laser generated micro structures with feature sizes of approximately 1 µm and reveals new possibilities for surface engineering.

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46

Laber, Alicja. "Modification of working conditions for a friction pair with an additive added to engine oil during operation." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-04-2011-0028.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the results of research into using an additive to SAE 15W/40 engine oil during operation and its influence on lubricating properties (normalised tests) on weld point Pz, non-seizure load Pn, load wear index Ih and on seizure load Pt. The friction pair consisted of a group of four balls and the tested lubricant. Moreover, the author tested the influence of an additive to engine oil (non-normalised tests) on tribological properties, including friction force, wear and the temperature of friction area for the C45 steel/210Cr12 steel friction joint. She also determined the influence of an additive to engine oil on the formation of the operating surface layer. The research results helped to build the model of the boundary layer that was formed as a result of adding an additive to engine oil. Design/methodology/approach – The lubricant properties of engine oil and engine oil to which an additive was added during operation were determined according to PN-76/C-04147. The following are the indexes of lubricant properties: weld point Pz, load wear index Ih, non-seizure load Pn, seizure load and average scar diameter. The Pz, Pn and Ih indexes were determined at abruptly increasing load to the moment of welding of the friction pair. The Pt index was determined at the increasing load of the friction pair from 0 to 800 daN at the speed of 408.8 N/s. The tests of tribological properties (friction force, wear and the temperature of friction area) were conducted for the C45/210 Cr12 friction pair in the presence of a lubricant and a lubricant with an additive. Findings – The modification of SAE 15W/40 engine oil with the additive added during operation resulted in improved indexes of lubricant properties Pz, Pn, Ih and Pt and average scar diameter. The boundary layer for the modified oil breaks after a longer time and at lesser friction force. The modification of the engine oil reduced the wear of the friction pair. After the friction process, element composition in the surface layer of the wear trace and its distribution were determined in relation to applied lubricants. A significant amount of sulphur, phosphorus and oxygen, as well as an insignificant amount of copper, was observed in the wear trace after the friction process in the presence of the lubricant medium. The distribution of elements in the wear trace when the engine oil with the additive was used is steady in the wear trace and outside it. Some sulphur, phosphorus and chlorine were found in the wear trace. Originality/value – The results of tests on tribological properties (non-normalised tests) confirmed the positive affect of the additive to engine oil on lubricant properties (normalised tests). The modification of the engine oil caused reduced friction force and the reduced wear of the friction pair. The reduction of friction force and wear was the result of the formation of the surface of a greater amplitude density of unevenness tops in the friction process. Moreover, the operating surface layer, created in the friction process when the additive was added to the engine oil, had greater load participation at 50 per cent C. This operational surface layer improved tribological properties, i.e. it reduced value of friction force and wear. The test results were used to build a model of the boundary layer created as a result of the additive added to engine oil.

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47

Sheikin, S. E., I. M. Pogrelyuk, and D. A. Sergach. "Modification of working surface of titanium components of friction units." Journal of Superhard Materials 37, no. 5 (September 2015): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1063457615050093.

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48

Węglowski, Marek Stanisław, Mateusz Kopyściański, and Stanisław Dymek. "Friction Stir Processing Multi-Run Modification of Cast Aluminum Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 1595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.1595.

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The effect of multi-run FSP modification of cast aluminum alloy AlSi9Mg are presented. The relationship between the number of trials and microstructures are shown. FSP process was performed on the typical milling machine specifically adopted for the processing trials. The microstructure was examined by light as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The studies have shown that the multi-run FSP process causes decrease of the grain size and increase of the homogeneity of the microstructure. In contrast to the cast condition, the microstructure in the processed material was characterized by a relatively uniform distribution of the second phase particles. The size and aspect ratio of these particles decreased significantly. Application of FSP process resulted in a decrease of the porosity in the modified material. The modified materials achieved at perpendicular runs can be characterized by the higher dislocation density that obtained at parallel ones. The multi-run FSP process caused increase the elongation and ultimate tensile strength of modified material in comparison to properties of the cast aluminum alloy.

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49

Ma, Z. Y., Siddharth R. Sharma, Rajiv S. Mishra, and Murray W. Mahoney. "Microstructural Modification of Cast Aluminum Alloys via Friction Stir Processing." Materials Science Forum 426-432 (August 2003): 2891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.426-432.2891.

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Santner, E., D. Klaffke, K. Meine, Ch Polaczyk, and D. Spaltmann. "Demonstration of topography modification by friction processes and vice versa." Tribology International 39, no. 5 (May 2006): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2005.04.029.

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