Relevant bibliographies by topics / Freshwater fauna – Great Britain

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Freshwater fauna – Great Britain'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 29 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Freshwater fauna – Great Britain"

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Maroo, S., and D. W. Yalden. "The Mesolithic mammal fauna of Great Britain." Mammal Review 30, no. 3-4 (December 2000): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.2000.00073.x.

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KELLER, REUBEN P., PHILINE S. E. ZU ERMGASSEN, and DAVID C. ALDRIDGE. "Vectors and Timing of Freshwater Invasions in Great Britain." Conservation Biology 23, no. 6 (December 2009): 1526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01249.x.

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Hughes, S., M. Aprahamian, J. D. Armstrong, R. Gardiner, and N. Milner. "Status of freshwater fish habitat science in Great Britain." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 4, no. 4 (December 2001): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/146349801317276062.

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Palatov, D. M., and A. M. Sokolova. "Freshwater sponges and their associated invertebrates in the Great Lakes Basin (Mongolia)." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2017_172.

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The Great Lakes Depression is a large semi-arid region, whose freshwater invertebrate fauna is poorly known. Examining 37 waterbodies, we found freshwater sponges Eunapius fragilis and Spongilla lacustris (fragments) in the only one small river. Invertebrate species complex found on the sponges comprises nine species, their contribution to the assemblage was assessed by the metabolic intensity index.
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Reading, A. J., J. R. Britton, G. D. Davies, A. P. Shinn, and C. F. Williams. "Introduction and spread of non-native parasites with Silurus glanis L. (Teleostei: Siluridae) in UK fisheries." Journal of Helminthology 86, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x11000642.

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AbstractDespite growing concern of the ecological risks posed by the European catfish Siluris glanis L. in freshwater fisheries, little information exists on the parasite fauna of this silurid catfish in Britain. Parasitological examinations of released S. glanis from four still-water fisheries in England revealed the presence of Thaparocleidus vistulensis (Siwak, 1932) and Ergasilus sieboldi (Nordmann, 1832), both non-native parasites, the latter known to be an important fish pathogen. This represents the first record of T. vistulensis from British freshwater fish. The human-assisted movement of S. glanis between UK recreational still-water fisheries provides a clear avenue for the introduction and spread of non-native parasites.
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Wood, Claire M., Jamie Alison, Marc S. Botham, Annette Burden, François Edwards, R. Angus Garbutt, Paul B. L. George, et al. "Integrated ecological monitoring in Wales: the Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme field survey." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 8 (August 26, 2021): 4155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4155-2021.

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Abstract. The Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP) ran from 2013 until 2016 and was probably the most comprehensive programme of ecological study ever undertaken at a national scale in Wales. The programme aimed to (1) set up an evaluation of the environmental effects of the Glastir agri-environment scheme and (2) quantify environmental status and trends across the wider countryside of Wales. The focus was on outcomes for climate change mitigation, biodiversity, soil and water quality, woodland expansion, and cultural landscapes. As such, GMEP included a large field-survey component, collecting data on a range of elements including vegetation, land cover and use, soils, freshwaters, birds, and insect pollinators from up to three-hundred 1 km survey squares throughout Wales. The field survey capitalised upon the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) Countryside Survey of Great Britain, which has provided an extensive set of repeated, standardised ecological measurements since 1978. The design of both GMEP and the UKCEH Countryside Survey involved stratified-random sampling of squares from a 1 km grid, ensuring proportional representation from land classes with distinct climate, geology and physical geography. Data were collected from different land cover types and landscape features by trained professional surveyors, following standardised and published protocols. Thus, GMEP was designed so that surveys could be repeated at regular intervals to monitor the Welsh environment, including the impacts of agri-environment interventions. One such repeat survey is scheduled for 2021 under the Environment and Rural Affairs Monitoring & Modelling Programme (ERAMMP). Data from GMEP have been used to address many applied policy questions, but there is major potential for further analyses. The precise locations of data collection are not publicly available, largely for reasons of landowner confidentiality. However, the wide variety of available datasets can be (1) analysed at coarse spatial resolutions and (2) linked to each other based on square-level and plot-level identifiers, allowing exploration of relationships, trade-offs and synergies. This paper describes the key sets of raw data arising from the field survey at co-located sites (2013 to 2016). Data from each of these survey elements are available with the following digital object identifiers (DOIs): Landscape features (Maskell et al., 2020a–c), https://doi.org/10.5285/82c63533-529e-47b9-8e78-51b27028cc7f, https://doi.org/10.5285/9f8d9cc6-b552-4c8b-af09-e92743cdd3de, https://doi.org/10.5285/f481c6bf-5774-4df8-8776-c4d7bf059d40; Vegetation plots (Smart et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.5285/71d3619c-4439-4c9e-84dc-3ca873d7f5cc; Topsoil physico-chemical properties (Robinson et al., 2019), https://doi.org/10.5285/0fa51dc6-1537-4ad6-9d06-e476c137ed09; Topsoil meso-fauna (Keith et al., 2019), https://doi.org/10.5285/1c5cf317-2f03-4fef-b060-9eccbb4d9c21; Topsoil particle size distribution (Lebron et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.5285/d6c3cc3c-a7b7-48b2-9e61-d07454639656; Headwater stream quality metrics (Scarlett et al., 2020a), https://doi.org/10.5285/e305fa80-3d38-4576-beef-f6546fad5d45; Pond quality metrics (Scarlett et al., 2020b), https://doi.org/10.5285/687b38d3-2278-41a0-9317-2c7595d6b882; Insect pollinator and flower data (Botham et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.5285/3c8f4e46-bf6c-4ea1-9340-571fede26ee8; and Bird counts (Siriwardena et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.5285/31da0a94-62be-47b3-b76e-4bdef3037360.
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Schwarzhans, Werner. "Fish otoliths from the lower Tertiary of Ellesmere Island." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e86-080.

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Fish otoliths of five species are present in lower Tertiary (Paleocene to Lower Eocene) rocks at Strathcona Fiord, Ellesmere Island. Two species are new, one is conspecific with a species known from the Lower Eocene of southern England, and two remain in open nomenclature.Paleobiogeographic and other implications of the fauna are that first, there is no resemblance to central European faunas; second, there is a resemblance to northern European faunas from Great Britain and the Soviet Union, pointing to cooler climatic conditions; and third, composition of the fauna suggests the prevalence of deeper shelf conditions.
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Allen, Adrian, Jimena Guerrero, Andrew Byrne, John Lavery, Eleanor Presho, Emily Courcier, James O'Keeffe, et al. "Genetic evidence further elucidates the history and extent of badger introductions from Great Britain into Ireland." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 4 (April 2020): 200288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200288.

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The colonization of Ireland by mammals has been the subject of extensive study using genetic methods and forms a central problem in understanding the phylogeography of European mammals after the Last Glacial Maximum. Ireland exhibits a depauperate mammal fauna relative to Great Britain and continental Europe, and a range of natural and anthropogenic processes have given rise to its modern fauna. Previous Europe-wide surveys of the European badger ( Meles meles ) have found conflicting microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA evidence in Irish populations, suggesting Irish badgers have arisen from admixture between human imported British and Scandinavian animals. The extent and history of contact between British and Irish badger populations remains unclear. We use comprehensive genetic data from Great Britain and Ireland to demonstrate that badgers in Ireland's northeastern and southeastern counties are genetically similar to contemporary British populations. Simulation analyses suggest this admixed population arose in Ireland 600–700 (CI 100–2600) years before present most likely through introduction of British badgers by people. These findings add to our knowledge of the complex colonization history of Ireland by mammals and the central role of humans in facilitating it.
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Choudhury, A., M. García-Varela, and G. Pérez-Ponce de León. "Parasites of freshwater fishes and the Great American Biotic Interchange: a bridge too far?" Journal of Helminthology 91, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 174–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x16000407.

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AbstractWe examine the extent to which adult helminths of freshwater fishes have been part of the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI), by integrating information in published studies and new data from Panama with fish biogeography and Earth history of Middle America. The review illustrates the following: (1) the helminth fauna south of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, and especially south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, shows strong Neotropical affinities; (2) host–parasite associations follow principles of the ‘biogeographic core fauna’ in which host-lineage specificity is pronounced; (3) phylogenetic analysis of the widespread freshwater trematode family Allocreadiidae reveals a complex history of host-shifting and co-diversification involving mainly cyprinodontiforms and characids; (4) allocreadiids, monogeneans and spiruridan nematodes of Middle American cyprinodontiforms may provide clues to the evolutionary history of their hosts; and (5) phylogenetic analyses of cryptogonimid trematodes may reveal whether or how cichlids interacted with marine or brackish-water environments during their colonization history. The review shows that ‘interchange’ is limited and asymmetrical, but simple narratives of northward isthmian dispersal will likely prove inadequate to explain the historical biogeography of many host–parasite associations in tropical Middle America, particularly those involving poeciliids. Finally, our study highlights the urgent need for targeted survey work across Middle America, focused sampling in river drainages of Colombia and Venezuela, and deeper strategic sampling in other parts of South America, in order to develop and test robust hypotheses about fish–parasite associations in Middle America.
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WHITESIDE, D. I., and J. E. A. MARSHALL. "The age, fauna and palaeoenvironment of the Late Triassic fissure deposits of Tytherington, South Gloucestershire, UK." Geological Magazine 145, no. 1 (September 17, 2007): 105–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756807003925.

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AbstractImportant vertebrate faunas occur in fissure deposits of Late Triassic–Jurassic age in SW Britain. Although the faunas are well described, their age and palaeoenvironment remain poorly understood. One such fissure system was documented in detail during quarrying operations at Tytherington and has yieldedin situpalynomorphs that add much information concerning its age and palaeoenvironment. Significantly, the Tytherington fauna is of the sauropsid type that has generally been dated as Norian or pre-Penarth Group transgression and was also regarded as representing a distinct upland fauna. The palynomorphs, which include a significant marine component, demonstrate that the Tytherington Triassic fissures are infilled with Late Triassic (Rhaetian) sediments that match specific levels in the Westbury Formation. In addition, many of the Tytherington solutional fissures probably formed during the Rhaetian and are consistent with a fluctuating saline to freshwater environment. There is noprima facieevidence of solutional formation and infilling of the reptile-bearing deposits before the Rhaetian trangression. The fissure reptile fauna, which includes the early dinosaurThecodontosaurus, inhabited a small fire-swept limestone island in the Rhaetian sea. The features of the herpetofauna are entirely consistent with this island model which has Quaternary analogues.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Freshwater fauna – Great Britain"

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Fairclough, I. J. "The changing dung beetle fauna of Great Britain." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413123.

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Zu, Ermgassen Philine Susanne Ermgard. "Freshwater non-indigenous species in Great Britain and their interactions with the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608651.

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Raye, Lee. "The forgotten beasts in medieval Britain : a study of extinct fauna in medieval sources." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/93165/.

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This thesis identifies and discusses historical and literary sources describing four species in the process of reintroduction: lynx (Lynx lynx), large whale (esp. Eubalena glacialis), beaver (Castor fiber) and crane (Grus grus). The scope includes medieval and early modern texts in English, Latin, and Welsh written in Britain before the species went extinct. The aims for each species are: (i) to reconstruct the medieval cultural memory; (ii) to contribute a cohesive extinction narrative; and (iii) to catalogue and provide an eco-sensitive reading of the main historical and literary references. Each chapter focuses on a different species: 1. The chapter on lynxes examines some new early references to the lynx and argues that the species became extinct in south Britain c.900 AD. Some hard-to-reconcile seventeenth century Scottish accounts are also explored. 2. The chapter on whales attributes the beginning of whale hunting to the ninth century in Britain, corresponding with the fish event horizon; but suggests a professional whaling industry only existed from the late medieval period. 3. The chapter on beavers identifies extinction dates based on the increasingly confused literary references to the beaver after c.1300 in south Britain and after c.1600 in Scotland, and the increase in fur importation. 4. The chapter on cranes emphasises the mixed perception of the crane throughout the medieval and early modern period. Cranes were simultaneously depicted as courtly falconers’ birds, greedy gluttons, and vigilant soldiers. More generally, the thesis considers the levels of reliability between eyewitness accounts and animal metaphors. It examines the process of ‘redelimitation’ which is triggered by population decline, whereby nomenclature and concepts attached to one species become transferred to another. Finally, it emphasises geographical determinism: species generally become extinct in south Britain centuries before Scotland.
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Ambu, Ali Aisha. "Morphological and functional aspects of feeding in the freshwater fish louse Argulus foliaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26045.

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Argulus foliaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a member of the branchiuran family Argulidae and has a worldwide distribution, causing major economic impacts for freshwater aquacultured fish species worldwide. In the UK, it has economic impacts for both aquaculture and sports fishing industries. Previous studies observed haemorrhagic and inflammatory responses after Argulus infection, which has been taken to support the idea that the parasite secretes chemicals during the feeding process to assist with the ingestion of blood and epithelial tissue. The present study suggests that the blood-feeding ectoparasite of fish, A. foliaceus, may use similar mechanisms for evading host immune responses to those used by sea lice and other haematophagous arthropods. No previous studies have directly investigated the nature of the bioactive compounds / proteins, assumed to be released from these ectoparasites, and which are considered to contribute to feeding processes and host-parasite interactions during infection. Thus, the work described in this thesis was undertaken with the objective of identifying, describing and characterising the secretory components that have previously been suggested to be secreted from glandular cells associated with the feeding appendages of Argulus foliaceus. The current study applied transcriptomic and proteomic techniques in conjunction with in situ methods to investigate known immunomodulatory genes that may serve a function in parasite-host interactions. Overall, the findings of this project have generated considerable additional knowledge concerning the biology of Argulus spp. and have provided a list of proteins that may be used by the parasite to facilitate feeding processes by secreting these active molecules into the host and hence modulating their immune defence mechanisms. This information can be used as a baseline for developing freshwater lice control strategies to help prevent the spread of Argulosis in aquaculture by applying vaccination as means of control using the candidate antigens described in this study to specifically target Argulus spp. Knowledge generated by the work described in this thesis can also contribute to the development of drugs for controlling Argulus or functional components of feed that may serve to protect fish against this parasite. Furthermore, data from this thesis enhances the knowledge of the distribution of toxin/venom or venom-like substances in crustaceans and arthropods in general.
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Books on the topic "Freshwater fauna – Great Britain"

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Rimes, Carrie A. Freshwater acidification of SSSIs in Great Britain. Peterborough: English Nature, 1992.

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Hedgecott, S. Freshwater quality. London: HMSO, 1992.

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B, Campbell R. N., ed. Freshwater fishes of the British Isles. London: Harper Collins, 1992.

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Association, Freshwater Biological, ed. Keys to the freshwater fish of Britain and Ireland, with notes on their distribution and ecology. Ambleside: Freshwater Biological Association, 2004.

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Kerney, M. P. Atlas of the land and freshwater molluscs of Britain and Ireland. Colchester, Essex, England: Harley Books, 1999.

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M, John D., Whitton B. A. 1935-, Brook Alan J, British Phycological Society, and Natural History Museum (London, England), eds. The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles: An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

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Stauffer, Julie. The water crisis: Constructing solutions to freshwater pollution. Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2009.

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London, Linnean Society of, Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association., and Field Studies Council, eds. Shallow-water crabs: Keys and notes for identification of the species. 2nd ed. Shrewsbury: published for The Linnean Society of London and The Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association by Field Studies Council, 1996.

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J, Boon P., Howell D. L, and Scottish Natural Heritage (Agency : Great Britain), eds. Freshwater quality: Defining the indefinable ? Edinburgh [UK]: The Stationery Office, 1997.

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O'Connor, T. P. Extinctions and invasions: A social history of British fauna. Oxford: Windgather Press, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Freshwater fauna – Great Britain"

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Maitland, P. S., and A. A. Lyle. "Threatened freshwater fishes of Great Britain." In Conservation of Endangered Freshwater Fish in Europe, 9–21. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9014-4_2.

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Hughes, M., D. D. Hornby, H. Bennion, M. Kernan, J. Hilton, G. Phillips, and R. Thomas. "The Development of a GIS-Based Inventory of Standing Waters in Great Britain together with a Risk-Based Prioritisation Protocol." In Biogeochemical Investigations of Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Wetland Ecosystems across the Globe, 73–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0952-2_6.

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Kernan, M., M. Hughes, D. Hornby, H. Bennion, J. Hilton, G. Phillips, and R. Thomas. "The Use of a GIS-Based Inventory to Provide a Regional Risk Assessment of Standing Waters in Great Britain Sensitive to Acidification from Atmospheric Deposition." In Biogeochemical Investigations of Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Wetland Ecosystems across the Globe, 97–112. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0952-2_8.

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Kerney, Michael. "History of the British Fauna." In Atlas of Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Britain and Ireland, 16–18. BRILL, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004629738_006.

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Hayward, P. J., M. J. Isaac, P. Makings, J. Moyse, E. Naylor, and G. Smaldon. "Crustaceans." In Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe, 289–461. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198540540.003.0008.

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Abstract The crustaceans (Phylum Crustacea) exhibit a great diversity of structure, adaptation, and development. Freshwater and terrestrial species are common, but the majority of species are marine. Crustaceans occur in all marine habitats, from the supralittoral zone to the abyss; additionally, most holoplanktonic animals belong to the Crustacea, and the meroplankton largely consists of the larval stages of benthic Crustacea.
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Isaac, M. J., and J. Moyse. "Crustacea I Entomostraca." In The Marine Fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe, 322–61. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198573562.003.0008.

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Abstract The Crustacea exhibit a great diversity of structure, adaptation, and development. Freshwater and terrestrial species are common, but the greater majority of species are marine. Crustaceans occur in all marine habitats, from the supralittoral zone to the abyss; additionally, most holoplanktonic animals belong to the Crustacea, and the meroplankton largely consists of the larval stages of benthic Crustacea. The phylum comprises more than 30 000 species worldwide.
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"Advances in Understanding Landscape Influences on Freshwater Habitats and Biological Assemblages." In Advances in Understanding Landscape Influences on Freshwater Habitats and Biological Assemblages, edited by Paulo S. Pompeu, Cecília G. Leal, Débora R. Carvalho, Nara T. Junqueira, Miriam A. Castro, and Robert M. Hughes. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874561.ch15.

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<i>Abstract.</i>—The Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) is a biome of global importance with great endemism and environmental heterogeneity, but it is highly threatened and overexploited. Such a set of conditions is a key aspect of freshwater biodiversity and a challenge to our understanding of species-rich regions. Therefore, we investigated the fish diversity patterns and the effects of different land uses on fish assemblage structure in 155 Cerrado stream sites in four hydrological units. We assessed catchment land use and cover upstream of each sample site, where fish were sampled once during the dry season. Stream fish diversity patterns and the effects of different land uses on assemblage structure differed among the four hydrologic units, and in the region as a whole, but high values of beta diversity due to species turnover were consistently observed. We observed low explanation of land use in relation to fish assemblage structure, probably because of the high level of species turnover and large number of rare species. For some units, the most-correlated land uses were anthropogenic, and alien species were positively related to anthropogenic impacts. Our analysis highlights the importance of the heterogeneous composition of the fish fauna in Brazilian savanna streams and the significance of shifting towards protecting or properly managing whole basins and drainage networks.
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"Freshwater Fisheries in Canada: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on the Resources and Their Management." In Freshwater Fisheries in Canada: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on the Resources and Their Management, edited by Peter A. Cott, Louise Chavarie, Cynthia A. Paszkowski, Heidi K. Swanson, and William M. Tonn. American Fisheries Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874707.ch6.

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Abstract.—Canada’s three northern territories comprise nearly 40% of the country’s land and more than 35% of its freshwater resources. The physical geography and climate of the region are diverse and include nine of Canada’s 18 terrestrial ecozones. Freshwater habitats include thousands of systems, ranging from small ponds and streams to the Mackenzie and Yukon rivers and 39 lakes greater than 500 km2. The freshwater and anadromous fish fauna (56 species) is dominated by Salmonidae (25 species). Regional diversity of fishes tends to decrease with increasing latitude and decreasing longitude; freshwater productivity is generally low. Fisheries management varies considerably across the territories. In the Yukon, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) manages the transboundary anadromous fishes with the USA, whereas freshwater fisheries management is territorial, in collaboration with First Nations. Most freshwater fishes harvested in the territory are by recreational anglers. In most of the Northwest Territories, fisheries management is a co-management process involving DFO and four regional co-management boards and relies heavily on community consultation. The commercial fishery is concentrated on Lake Whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in Great Slave Lake. Sportfishing, regulated by the territorial government, is popular with many residents and tourists. In Nunavut, subsistence fisheries are most prevalent; the limited commercial fisheries are primarily coastal and focused on Arctic Char Salvelinus alpinus. Sport fishing is also limited but viewed as a growth opportunity. Despite differences in management among the three territories, they share several management and conservation challenges. Specific changes in aquatic ecosystems related to climate change are difficult to predict but will be significant. Despite low overall human population densities, overexploitation can be a concern locally. Other management challenges result from the occurrence of mixed stocks, the impracticality of obtaining stock assessment data, and impacts from resource development. Consultation and adaptive co-management with Indigenous governments, including incorporation of traditional knowledge, are critical to successful management.
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Yalden, D. W. "Zoological Perspectives on the Late Glacial." In Palaeolithic Cave Art at Creswell Crags in European Context. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199299171.003.0010.

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Enough mammal specimens of Late Glacial date from the British Isles have been subjected to radiocarbon dating to provide a reliable outline of the likely large mammal fauna of the time, though the accompanying fauna of small mammals has mostly been assigned to this period on associative, rather than direct, dating. These give an adequate zoological background against which to examine the suggested identities of the large mammals depicted at Church Hole, Creswell Crags. This background information is reviewed in this chapter. While Bison priscus was certainly present earlier in the Devensian, there is no evidence that Bison returned to Britain in the Late Glacial, but aurochs (Bos primigenius) did so, and must be considered a more probable identification. The evidence that ibex (Capra ibex) ever occurred in Britain is very dubious, which cast serious doubt on the original identification of the Church Hole Panel III engraving as being of this species. In this case, discussion and reinterpretation of the engravings during the course of the conference suggested a better resolution than the zoological one suggested at the time. The ice of the Devensian glacial maximum, at about 20–18 ka BP, is believed to have covered all of northern Great Britain and Ireland, leaving smaller areas of the south of each island free of ice but occupied by tundra, permafrost, conditions. It is most unlikely that any of the present mammal fauna could have survived here then, though the possibilities that mountain hare (Lepus timidus) and stoat (Mustela erminea) did so must be conceded—both range well into the Arctic at the present day. The severity of the climate, and the likely nature of the mammal fauna, is indicated by the presence of musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) (Fisherton, Wiltshire, but undated) and the possible polar bear (Ursus maritimus) (Creag nan Uamh, Sutherland, 18.9 ka: Kitchener and Bonsall 1997) that date to this time. Barnwell Station, Cambridge, has a<sup>14</sup> C date on peat of 19.5 ka BP, and a fauna including woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), and horse (Equus ferus). Dated specimens fromsouthern Ireland are also relevant: collared lemming (Dicrostonyx torquatus) at20.3 ka BP, woolly mammoth at 20.36 ka BP and Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) at 19.95 ka BP, all from Castlepook Cave, Cork (Woodman et al. 1997).
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10

Meserve, Peter L. "Zoogeography." In The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.003.0015.

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South America forms the greater part of the Neotropical faunal realm, which extends northward through Central America to tropical southern Mexico. Although making up only 12% of the world’s land area, South America is the richest continent for virtually all organismal groups, including vertebrates. For example, of the known 23,250 species of fish (Eschmeyer, 1998), 41% or 9,530 species are freshwater, and of these, more than 2,800 species (29%) are in South America (Moyle and Cech, 2000). A comparable level of diversity exists for amphibians and birds. Of Earth’s 5,900 species of amphibians, at least 1,749 or 30% occur in South America (Duellman, 1999a, 1999b; Köhler et al., 2005; www.amphibiaweb.org). More than 3,200 (or nearly 32%) of Earth’s 9,900 species of birds occur in South America (Sibley and Monroe, 1990). For reptiles and mammals, diversity is only slightly lower; at least 1,560 (19%) of 8,240 reptile species (Uetz and Etzold, 1996; www.reptiledatabase. org), and 1,037 (19%) of 5,416 mammal species (Nowak, 1999; Wilson and Reeder, 2005) are found in South America. Four major geological events or features are important to understanding South America’s contemporary zoogeography. The first was the breakup of Pangea, and then of Gondwana. South America and Africa remained close for an extended period of the Mesozoic, and thus share important similarities in their faunas, including groups not fully evolved at the time of separation. South America also maintained connections to other Gondwanan continents, directly with Antarctica, indirectly with Australia, until the early Cenozoic. The second major feature was South America’s long period of isolation in the Cenozoic, particularly from North America pending establishment of the late Pliocene land bridge after 3 Ma (million years before present). The latter resulted in “The Great American Interchange” (Webb, 1976; Marshall et al., 1982), which had profound consequences for the fauna. The third major feature of South America has been the Andes, which, in addition to modifying climate, have been a center of speciation, a dispersal route, and a barrier. The cordillera has had an overriding effect on distributions and histories of both past and current biotas on the continent.
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