Journal articles: 'Freshwater animals'

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Streit, Bruno, Thomas St�dler, Klaus Schwenk, Andrea Ender, Kerstin Kuhn, and Bernd Schierwater. "Natural Hybridization in Freshwater Animals." Naturwissenschaften 81, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050031.

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Griffith, Michael B., James M. Lazorchak, and Herman Haring. "Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals." Water 12, no. 5 (May 23, 2020): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051496.

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To better understand how the sulfate (SO42−) anion may contribute to the adverse effects associated with elevated ionic strength or salinity in freshwaters, we measured the uptake and efflux of SO42− in four freshwater species: the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas, Teleostei: Cyprinidae), paper pondshell (Utterbackia imbecillis, Bivalvia: Unionidae), red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Crustacea: Cambaridae), and two-lined mayfly (Hexagenia bilineata, Insecta: Ephemeridae). Using δ(34S/32S) stable isotope ratios and the concentrations of S and SO42−, we measured the SO42− influx rate (Jin), net flux (Jnet), and efflux rate (Jout) during a 24 h exposure period. For all four species, the means of Jin for SO42− were positive, and Jin was significantly greater than 0 at both target SO42− concentrations in the fish and mollusk and at the lower SO42− concentration in the crayfish. The means of Jout and Jnet were much more variable than those for Jin, but several species by target SO42− concentration combinations for Jout and Jnet, were negative, which suggests the net excretion of SO42− by the animals. The results of our experiments suggest a greater regulation of SO42− in freshwater animals than has been previously reported.

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Vanni, Michael J. "Nutrient Cycling by Animals in Freshwater Ecosystems." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33, no. 1 (November 2002): 341–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150519.

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Bartels, H., H. Schewe, and I. C. Potter. "Structural changes in the apical membrane of lamprey chloride cells after acclimation to seawater." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 265, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): C733—C739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1993.265.3.c733.

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Freeze-fracture replicas demonstrate that the apical membrane of the chloride cells of young adult lampreys (Geotria australis) undergoes a structural change when the animal is acclimated from freshwater to seawater. Although the particles on both the P face and the E face of this membrane are randomly distributed in freshwater animals, they are usually arranged in clusters on both fracture faces in seawater-acclimated animals. Light optical diffraction analysis demonstrates that the particles forming the clusters are periodically arranged. Although comparable clusters of particles have not been recorded in other epithelial membranes that are engaged in transporting ions into a hypertonic environment, they may be involved in the final step of Cl- secretion by the chloride cells of lampreys in seawater.

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Park, Chan Jin, Dae Han Kim, Sang Ho Han, and Myung Chan Gye. "Toxic Effects of Aluminium on Freshwater Animals: Review." Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 32, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11626/kjeb.2014.32.4.271.

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Waghela, Trisha, Vandita Bhatt, Ammar Dariwala, and Dineshkumar Saroj. "Comparative Study on Impact Assessment of Dead Fish on the Quality Parameters of Fresh and Sea Water." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 45, no. 15 (July 5, 2024): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i154218.

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Water is vital for ecosystems, supporting biodiversity and sustaining life. Changes in water quality can affect the ecosystem’s animal inhabitants. Decomposition of fish carcasses can lead to deterioration in water quality, posing risk to aquatic animals. This investigation was aimed evaluate the impact of fish carcass on freshwater and seawater quality, by analysing physical and chemical parameters, temperature, salinity, density, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Water quality is characterised by physical, chemical, and biological attributes and could be assessed by analysing several parameters such as pH, Temperature, Salinity, DO, and TDS. It was observed that the temperature of freshwater to be 29°C and sea water to be 27°C. There was a decline in density, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids and pH in both seawater and freshwater, after introducing fish carcass, over the period of three weeks. This study summarizes natural calamities, anthropogenic activities and varied pollution in aquatic environments leading to death of large numbers of aquatic animals which may cause deterioration of water quality and depletion of aquatic biota.

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Nuraini, Rini. "Identification of Freshwater Fish Types Using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) Algorithm." IJICS (International Journal of Informatics and Computer Science) 6, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/ijics.v6i3.5565.

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Fish as aquatic animals have several physiological mechanisms that land animals do not have. Differences in habitat cause fish to adapt to environmental conditions, for example as animals that live in water, both in fresh and marine waters. The number of species or types of freshwater fish means knowledge of the types of freshwater fish. Identification of freshwater fish images is useful for the community, because the types of freshwater fish have different nutritional content, prices and processing for each type. Likewise for cultivators, identification of freshwater fish species can be useful for providing fish handling and management because each fish has a different cultivation method. The purpose of this study was to identify freshwater fish species using the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) algorithm based on color feature extraction using HSV. The LDA algorithm has the ability to reduce dimensions by dividing data into several groups by maximizing the distance between groups that are different or more. To make the identification process easier, color feature extraction with HSV can be used to extract a variety of information from the color in the image. Based on the results of the accuracy test, it produces a value of 84.5%, which is included in the good category.

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Movsesyan, Petrosyan, Nikogosyan, Vardanyan, Terenina, and Voronin. "FORMATION MONITORING OF PARASITE FAUNA IN STABLED ANIMALS OR ANIMALS IN ENCLOSED GRAZING AREAS." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 23 (April 18, 2022): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-9-9.2022.23.321-326.

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Monitoring studies were performed on biological diversity of parasite fauna in domesticated animals at the territory of the Joint Russian-Armenian Scientific Experimental Centre, within the piedmont zone of Armenia with moderate continental climate at 900-1200 m above the sea level. The study species were large and small ruminants, rabbits and hens. All the animals except sheep were kept indoors (stalls). We found 3 trematode species, 4 cestode species and 5 nematode species based on seasonal coproovoscopic and larvoscopic examinations, as well as an incomplete helminthological dissections of 5 sheep. The infection of sheep and cattle with hematophagous parasites was also detected and the infection of hens and rabbits with helminths and protozoa was found. Oribatid mites Scheloribates sp. were isolated from the studied soil samples. We also found and studied land and freshwater molluscs, intermediate hosts of a number of important parasite species for the infection. The land molluscs were found to have naturally-acquired invasions with larval forms of Protostrongylidae and Dicrocoeliidae. In total, we found 20 helminth species, 5 ixodid ticks, 1 oribatid mite and 7 protozoa, and vectors: 2 species of freshwater molluscs and 1 species of land molluscs.

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Muniz, Ivar P. "Freshwater acidification: its effects on species and communities of freshwater microbes, plants and animals." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 97 (1990): 227–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005364.

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SynopsisAcidification in geologically-sensitive areas subject to appreciable acidic deposition has affected the activities of microbes, plants and animals in poorly-buffered freshwater ecosystems in Europe and N. America. Biota can be influenced directly by changes in water quality during both short acidic episodes and longer-term sustained periods of acidification: they are affected indirectly by alterations to the balance of acid-sensitive and acid-tolerant species at different trophic levels sometimes leading to a lessening of grazing pressures. Together the chemical and biological alterations result in adverse effects on some biogeochemical processes including the increased mobilisation and leaching of biologically active elements such as mercury, copper and zinc. Many field observations have now been corroborated by field (whole-lake) and laboratory experiments.Decomposition of organic matter, attributable to microbes, has been found to be affected adversely at some locations. Conspicuously, acidification favours the prolific growth of filamentous algae particularly species ofMougeolia: it also shifts the balance of diatoms, minimising the occurrence of circumneutral species and favouring that of acidophilous and acidobiontic types. Because of their ‘resistant’ siliceous skeletons, it has been possible to trace the historical progression of acidification by examining the remains of diatoms in sediment accumulations. While their species diversity is significantly decreased, the biomass and productivity of dinoflagellates and chrysophytes are only slightly affected.Like that of phytoplankton (dinoflagellates, chrysophytes and some diatoms), the species diversity of zooplankton is significantly decreased by acidification which has variable effects on the biomass and productivity of the group as a whole: the loss of daphnids is particularly conspicuous. Of the benthic macroinvertebrates, snails, crayfish, clams and freshwater shrimps (amphipods) have been found to be acid-sensitive whereas dragonflies and water boatmen (corixids) increase, particularly where populations of predetory fish have decreased.Acidification has been responsible for the loss of fish from significant parts of Norway and Sweden: losses, partial or complete, have also been documented in geologically-sensitive areas of the U.K. and other parts of Europe, also Canada and the U.S.A. Eels seem to be the least sensitive to acidic conditions, followed by pike, trout, minnow and roach — the latter being the most sensitive. Prior to being eliminated, populations of fish become unbalanced because of recruitment failure and the mean age, and sometimes size, of the survivors increases. Accumulations of manganese and mercury have been detected in fish taken from acidified freshwaters. Short-term events (episodes) of extreme acidity and/or large concentrations of water-soluble aluminium have led to major fish kills.The development of embryonic and larval stages of amphibians, including the common frog, toad and natterjack toad, is acid-sensitive. The distribution of fish-eating birds may be influenced by the effects of acidification on the performance of their prey. That of the dipper, a riverine bird, as well as its breeding success, has been restricted where acidification has decreased the availability of its macroinvertebrate prey. Deleterious effects on fish-eating mammals of reduced supplies of prey, sometimes with accumulations of mercury and cadmium and attributable directly and indirectly to acidification, have not, as yet, been confirmed.

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Iverson, Sara J., Aaron T. Fisk, Scott G. Hinch, Joanna Mills Flemming, Steven J. Cooke, and Frederick G. Whoriskey. "The Ocean Tracking Network: Advancing frontiers in aquatic science and management." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 76, no. 7 (July 2019): 1041–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0481.

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Aquatic animals are integral to ocean and freshwater ecosystems and their resilience, are depended upon globally for food sustainability, and support coastal communities and Indigenous peoples. However, global aquatic environments are changing profoundly due to anthropogenic actions and environmental change. These changes are altering distributions, movements, and survival of aquatic animals in ways that are not well understood. The Ocean Tracking Network (OTN) is a global partnership that is filling this knowledge gap. OTN Canada, a pan-Canadian (and beyond) research network, was launched in 2010 with visionary funding by the Canadian government. In our introduction to this special issue, we briefly overview how this interdisciplinary network has used state-of-the-art technologies, infrastructure, electronic tags and sensors, and associated cutting-edge research and training programs to better understand changing marine and freshwater dynamics and their impact on ecosystems, resources, and animal ecology. These studies have provided unprecedented insights into animal ecology and resource management at a range of spatial and temporal scales and by interfacing animal movements with novel measures of environment, physiology, disease, genetics–genomics, and anthropogenic stressors.

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Pessoa, Lourdes Marina Bezerra, Marcela Côrrea Scalon, Filipe Tavares Carneiro, Maíra Gonçalves da Mota Lima, Thamiris Figueiredo da Silva, Rafael Veríssimo Monteiro, and Giane Regina Paludo. "Occurrence of Hemogregarine in Two Species of Brazilian Freshwater Turtles." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 44, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.81102.

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Background: Hemogregarines are the most common intraerythrocytic parasites found in reptiles. The genus Haemogregarina has aquatic vertebrates as intermediate hosts, and as definitive hosts the leeches. The genus Hepatozoon can be found parasitizing amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals and its main vectors invertebrates are mosquitoes, tsetse flies, lice, fleas and mites. The diagnosis of these parasites is done by the technique of blood smear, but modern diagnoses include evaluation of blood by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The aim this study was to determine the occurrence of infection by hemogregarine in freshwater turtles, through PCR.Materials, Methods & Results: Samples from 99 freshwater turtles of species P. expansa and P. geoffroanus of Fundação Zoológico de Brasília,Distrito Federal, Brazil, were used. The animals was captured using a hand net, and were immediately individually identified. The blood samples was collected by puncture of the occipital sinus, and placed into tubes containing sodium heparin anticoagulant for hematologic and molecular analysis. Two different sets of oligonucleotides were used, one to detect hemogregarines and other to detect Hepatozoon sp. infection. The presence of hemogregarine was detected in 20 samples analyzed (n = 99), these eleven samples were positive for hemogregarine, 5 were Hepatozoon sp. and 4 were positive for both oligonucleotides. Laboratory abnormalities were observed in the concentration of total plasma proteins, total serum proteins and globulin, and in the number of thrombocytesin animals positive for hemogregarines and only alterations in the number of thrombocytes were observed in Hepatozoon sp. positive animals of both species.Discussion: This study showed that there is a high occurrence of infection by hemogregarines in the freshwater turtles samples examinated. The remarkable difficulty of identifying morphological differences, combined with the development of universal oligonucleotides, make further assessments infections hematozoa to be performed using molecular tools and specially sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene for hemogregarines. Protein levels in animals depends on the management, diets and normal physiological variations of each species. Hypoproteinemia is commonly observed in reptiles with chronic malnutrition and gastrointestinal parasitism. Therefore it is suggested that the cause of this low level in the measurement of proteins could be directly linked to the presence of hemoparasites because with the infection more animals feeding unless the negative, causing malnutrition, or even the concomitant presence of gastrointestinal parasites, because the study did not evaluate this level of parasitism. Thrombocytes in reptiles participate in blood clotting and some studies have shown that they also have phagocytic capacity. Thrombocytopenia in reptiles is usually a result of excessive use or deficient production. Thus, thrombocytopenia observed in hemogregarines positive animals of this study may suggest that the presence of this group of parasites can cause thrombocytopenia that may be associated with a deficient production of thrombocytes or even greater consumption of these blood cells. The increase of thrombocytes observed in animals positive for Hepatozoon sp. may be related to the defense of the animal, since thrombocytes also have phagocytic activity. No changes were observed in laboratorial tests of P. expansa, which may be due to the small number of this animal species analyzed.

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Wilcox, S., and T. Dietz. "Potassium transport in the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.4.861.

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Potassium transport and blood ion composition were examined in the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha. Animals acclimated to artificial pondwater (APW, [K+]=0.05 mmol l-1) for 4 weeks gradually lost Na+ and Cl-, but the blood K+ concentration remained constant near 0.5 mmol l-1. Blood [K+] in D. polymorpha declined by 41 % after 1 week of exposure to K+-free APW. Conversely, blood [K+] rose to 1.52±0.05 mmol l-1 (mean ± s.e.m.) 24 h after exposure to 0.5 mmol l-1 K+ APW. Total tissue K+ content remained stable in animals maintained in APW, but fell significantly in animals exposed to K+-free APW for 2 weeks. The net K+ flux (Jnet) for animals incubated in APW, with an average K+ concentration of 0.07 mmol l-1, was -0.27±0.06 µequiv g-1 dry tissue h-1, significantly different from the value of 0.50±0.08 µequiv g-1 dry tissue h-1 for animals transferred to 0.30 mmol l-1 K+ APW. A transepithelial membrane potential of -3.6±0.7 mV (blood negative compared with the bathing medium) was measured in APW-acclimated mussels. Potassium influx was measured with 42K and displayed MichaelisMenten saturation kinetics at dilute K+ concentrations. The Km was 0.084±0.054 mmol l-1 and the Jmax was 1.74±0.39 µequiv g-1 dry tissue h-1. Both the Km and Jmax for animals exposed to K+-free APW for 7 days were unchanged. Using 86Rb, qualitatively similar transport characteristics were observed for animals incubated in K+-free, Rb+ APW, but the 22 day K+ depletion time significantly increased Jmax. D. polymorpha compensated for changes in the ionic composition of the acclimation medium by tolerating alterations in blood solute composition and adjusting ion transport rates.

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Frauendorf, Therese C., Amanda L. Subalusky, Christopher L. Dutton, Stephen K. Hamilton, Frank O. Masese, Emma J. Rosi, Gabriel A. Singer, and David M. Post. "Animal legacies lost and found in river ecosystems." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 115011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2cb0.

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Abstract Animals can impact freshwater ecosystem structure and function in ways that persist well beyond the animal’s active presence. These legacy effects can last for months, even decades, and often increase spatial and temporal heterogeneity within a system. Herein, we review examples of structural, biogeochemical, and trophic legacies from animals in stream and river ecosystems with a focus on large vertebrates. We examine how the decline or disappearance of many native animal populations has led to the loss of their legacy effects. We also demonstrate how anthropogenically altered animal populations, such as livestock and invasive species, provide new legacy effects that may partially replace lost animal legacies. However, these new effects often have important functional differences, including stronger, more widespread and homogenizing effects. Understanding the influence of animal legacy effects is particularly important as native animal populations continue to decline and disappear from many ecosystems, because they illustrate the long-term and often unanticipated consequences of biodiversity loss. We encourage the conservation and restoration of native species to ensure that both animal populations and their legacy effects continue to support the structure and function of river ecosystems.

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Snell, Terry W., Rachel K. Johnston, and Amelia B. Matthews. "Freshwater toxicity testing using rehydratedPhilodinasp. (Rotifera) as test animals." Environmental Toxicology 32, no. 10 (July 5, 2017): 2267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.22442.

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Ishikawa, Asano, Yoel E. Stuart, Daniel I. Bolnick, and Jun Kitano. "Copy number variation of a fatty acid desaturase gene Fads2 associated with ecological divergence in freshwater stickleback populations." Biology Letters 17, no. 8 (August 2021): 20210204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0204.

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Fitness of aquatic animals can be limited by the scarcity of nutrients such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA availability from diet varies among aquatic habitats, imposing different selective pressures on resident animals to optimize DHA acquisition and synthesis. For example, DHA is generally poor in freshwater ecosystems compared to marine ecosystems. Our previous work revealed that, relative to marine fishes, several freshwater fishes evolved higher copy numbers of the fatty acid desaturase2 ( Fads2 ) gene, which encodes essential enzymes for DHA biosynthesis, likely compensating for the limited availability of DHA in freshwater. Here, we demonstrate that Fads2 copy number also varies between freshwater sticklebacks inhabiting lakes and streams with stream fish having higher Fads2 copy number. Additionally, populations with benthic-like morphology possessed higher Fads2 copy number than those with planktivore-like morphology. This may be because benthic-like fish mainly feed on DHA-deficient prey such as macroinvertebrates whereas planktivore-like fish forage more regularly on DHA-rich prey, like copepods. Our results suggest that Fads2 copy number variation arises from ecological divergence not only between organisms exploiting marine and freshwater habitats but also between freshwater organisms exploiting divergent resources.

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Rawski, M., Bartosz Kierończyk, Paula Skrzypczak, and Jan Mazurkiewicz. "Establishing a Freshwater Turtle (Emydura subglobosa) Laboratory Line (FTLL) as a novel model species for research and education." ANIMAL SCIENCE AND GENETICS 20, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.5649.

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<b>The Jardine River turtle (Emydura subglobosa) was selected as a potential model species for studies on freshwater turtles and general reptile physiology. Attempts to establish a freshwater turtle laboratory line were made when an adult pair of E. subglobosa was received in 2016 by the Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture (Poznań University of Life Sciences). The first generation of offspring was obtained in 2017, and the second generation in 2023. In each generation, unrelated specimens were added to the animal cohort to avoid inbreeding. Husbandry regimes were established, and a basal diet for nutritional experiments was developed and manufactured by two methods, producing extruded feed and a gelatine-solidified variant. The establishment of the Freshwater Turtle Laboratory Line (FTLL) provides an opportunity to improve the development of husbandry techniques, increase knowledge of reptile physiology, and use laboratory-raised animals as model species for research and education.

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Halvorson, Halvor M., and Carla L. Atkinson. "Egestion Versus Excretion: A Meta-Analysis Examining Nutrient Release Rates and Ratios across Freshwater Fauna." Diversity 11, no. 10 (October 3, 2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11100189.

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In aquatic settings, animals directly affect ecosystem functions through excretion of dissolved nutrients. However, the comparative role of egestion as an animal-mediated nutrient flux remains understudied. We conducted a literature survey and meta-analysis to directly compare nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and N:P of egestion compared to excretion rates and ratios across freshwater animals. Synthesizing 215 datasets across 47 animal species (all primary consumers or omnivores), we show that the total N and P egestion rates exceed inorganic N and P excretion rates but not total N and P excretion rates, and that proportions of P egested compared to excreted depend on body size and animal phylum. We further show that variance of egestion rates is often greater than excretion rates, reflecting greater inter-individual and temporal variation of egestion as a nutrient flux in comparison to excretion. At phylogenetic levels, our analysis suggests that Mollusca exhibit the greatest rates and variance of P egestion relative to excretion, especially compared to Arthropoda. Given quantitative evidence of egestion as a dominant and dynamic animal-mediated nutrient flux, our synthesis demonstrates the need for additional studies of rates, stoichiometry, and roles of animal egestion in aquatic settings.

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Fesenko, S. V., and E. S. Emlyutina. "Thorium Concentrations in Terrestrial and Freshwater Organisms: A Review of the World Data." Радиационная биология. Радиоэкология 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869803123010071.

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An overview of data on thorium concentrations in terrestrial animals, as well as freshwater organisms is presented. Concentrations of 232Th in both animals and fish vary widely, reflecting environmental thorium concentrations. Thorium concentrations in the regions with a normal thorium background in animal tissues were in a range from 0.9 × 10–4 to 2.1 × 10–2 Bq/kg, and from 3.1 × 10–2 to 1.4 × 10–1 Bq/ kg in the areas with high thorium concentrations in the soil. Significantly higher values were observed in wild animals’ tissues. The highest 232Th concentrations were found to be in the skeleton, followed by lungs, kidneys, liver and finally muscles. It has been shown that thorium accumulation is higher in species occupying a higher position in the trophic chains. In areas with normal thorium background, the concentration of 232Th in fish can reach 1.0 × 10–1 Bq/kg (fresh mass), and in areas of high thorium background this value can be up to 100 times higher. The obtained results show the importance of study on the thorium transfer along the food chains and the need to consider observed regularities when assessing the consequences of radioactive contamination of the environment.

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Howard, Richard J., and George H. Burgess. "Surgical hazards posed by marine and freshwater animals in Florida." American Journal of Surgery 166, no. 5 (November 1993): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(05)81154-7.

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Ng, Peter K. L., L. M. Chou, and T. J. Lam. "The status and impact of introduced freshwater animals in Singapore." Biological Conservation 64, no. 1 (1993): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90379-f.

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Lee, Carol Eunmi, and Michael A. Bell. "Causes and consequences of recent freshwater invasions by saltwater animals." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14, no. 7 (July 1999): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01596-7.

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Streit, Bruno, Thomas St�dler, Klaus Schwenk, Andrea Ender, Kerstin Kuhn, and Bernd Schierwater. "Natural hybridization in freshwater animals Ecological implications and molecular approaches." Naturwissenschaften 81, no. 2 (February 1994): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01138462.

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Jones, Scott J. "Surgical hazards posed by marine and freshwater animals in Florida." Journal of Emergency Medicine 12, no. 6 (November 1994): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(94)90504-5.

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Davenport, John. "Meltwater effects on intertidal Antarctic limpets, Nacella concinna." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 4 (August 2001): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315401004313.

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Responses of the Antarctic limpet Nacella concinna (Mollusca: Gastropoda) to meltwater exposure were studied at Adelaide Island (67°34′S 68°08′W). Limpets in crevices could be bathed in pure meltwater, though animals in large pools often avoided significant exposure to lowered salinity because of marked halocline formation. Small pools containing limpets showed extremely demanding osmotic environments with fluctuations between salinities of 3 and 30 psu being recorded within 1–2 min because of alternating meltwater and wave action. Analysis of haemolymph osmolarities in animals taken from the field demonstrated significant falls in osmolality (to 600–800 mOsm kg−1) compared with control animals living in seawater (1000 mOsm kg−1). A few moribund animals had osmolarities <600 mOsm kg−1. Nacella concinna are stenohaline osmoconformers with a median lower lethal salinity (96 h) of 20·9 psu and a median lethal time for freshwater exposure of 2 h 18 min. A 1 h exposure to freshwater caused a 14% increase in body volume and a 27% loss of body fluid ions. Nacella concinna responds behaviourally to meltwater by short-term, ineffective, clamp down of the shell, retraction of the head, cephalic tentacles and mantle margin tentacles. On vertical surfaces limpets respond actively to freshwater exposure by rapid detachment; 50% of animals lose adhesion within 5 min. Consideration of tidal regimes at Adelaide Island suggests that an individual intertidal limpet has a risk of being exposed to severe meltwater exposure about once per year.

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Faulkner, Patricia C., David Hala, Jessica Shimskie, Rachel Johnson, Anna Schneider, Taylor Cubbage, Nicolette Lozano, and Lene H. Petersen. "Juvenile American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) Use Behavioral Thermoregulation to Cope with Dehydration and Salt-Loading when Chronically Exposed to 12 ‰ Saltwater." Animal Behavior and Cognition 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.10.01.01.2023.

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American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) are native to freshwater habitats in the Southeastern United States. These areas are susceptible to salinity increases due to extreme weather events (e.g., hurricanes) and climate change. The goal of this study was to investigate behaviors in juvenile alligators exposed to 12‰ saltwater for five weeks. Sixteen alligators were maintained in an experimental tank with 90 L of water and a heat lamp overhanging a basking plate. Observations were conducted in freshwater (prior to exposure to saltwater) and over the course of 5 weeks in 12‰ saltwater. This allowed for comparison of behaviors in freshwater and in saltwater in the same group of animals. Behaviors related to thermoregulation (basking and staying in the water) and feeding were recorded via instantaneous sampling, in which sampling intervals of 1 min occurred throughout a 20 min observation period. Saltwater-exposed alligators reduced foraging and feeding within the first week of saltwater exposure and spent significantly less time basking compared with freshwater observations. Furthermore, significantly fewer animals chose to bask over the course of 5 weeks in saltwater. A novel behavior, never seen in freshwater, was the closing of the outer eyelids when alligators were in the saltwater. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that chronic saltwater exposure has significant impact on the thermoregulatory behavior in juvenile alligators concomitantly exposed to dehydration and salt-loading without access to freshwater. As alligator hatchlings emerge during peak hurricane season, the survivability of hatchlings may be compromised if access to freshwater is unattainable.

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SAIPAN, PIYAWAT, SUTHEP RUANGWISES, BUNDIT TENGJAROENKUL, and NONGLUCK RUANGWISES. "Total and Inorganic Arsenic in Freshwater Fish and Prawn in Thailand." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 1890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-177.

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Total and inorganic arsenic levels were determined in 120 samples of eight freshwater animal species collected from five distribution centers in the central region of Thailand between January and March 2011. Eight species with the highest annual catch, consisting of seven fish species and one prawn species, were analyzed. Concentrations of inorganic arsenic (on a wet weight basis) ranged from 0.010 μg/g in giant prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) to 0.230 μg/g in striped snakehead (Channa striata). Climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) exhibited the highest mean concentrations of total arsenic (0.459 ± 0.137 μg/g), inorganic arsenic (0.121 ± 0.044 μg/g), and percentage of inorganic arsenic (26.2%). Inorganic arsenic levels found in freshwater animals in this study were much lower than the Thai regulatory standard of 2 μg/g.

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Kazuń, Barbara, and Krzysztof Kazuń. "Using probiotics in freshwater larviculture." Fisheries & Aquatic Life 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2019-0015.

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Abstract Probiotics have become a significant component of aquaculture in recent years. The use of antibiotics is decreasing successively because of their side effects in animals and their negative environmental impact, which is why alternative preventative measures are being sought. Probiotics that are effective in this field are playing increasingly important roles in safeguarding the health of fish and also as growth stimulants. The application of probiotics can help to successfully control the occurrence of disease in hatcheries, increase larval survival, and improve rearing parameters thanks to which the number of required brood-fish, which are expensive to maintain, can be reduced.

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Sayle, Kerry L., Gordon T. Cook, Philippa L. Ascough, Hildur Gestsdóttir, W. Derek Hamilton, and Thomas H. McGovern. "Utilization of δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S Analyses to Understand 14C Dating Anomalies within a Late Viking Age Community in Northeast Iceland." Radiocarbon 56, no. 2 (2014): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.17770.

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Previous stable isotope studies of modern and archaeological faunal samples from sites around Lake Mývatn, within the Mývatnssveit region of northeast Iceland, revealed that an overlap existed between the δ15N ranges of terrestrial herbivores and freshwater fish, while freshwater biota displayed δ13C values that were comparable with marine resources. Therefore, within this specific ecosystem, the separation of terrestrial herbivores, freshwater fish, and marine fish as components of human diet is complicated when only δ13C and δ15N are measured. δ34S measurements carried out within a previous study on animal bones from Skútustaoir, an early Viking age settlement on the south side of Lake Mývatn, showed that a clear offset existed between animals deriving their dietary resources from terrestrial, freshwater, and marine reservoirs. The present study focuses on δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S analyses and radiocarbon dating of human bone collagen from remains excavated from a churchyard at Hofstaoir, 5 km west of Lake Mývatn. The results demonstrate that a wide range of δ34S values exist within individuals, a pattern that must be the result of consumption of varying proportions of terrestrial-, freshwater-, and marine-based resources. For that proportion of the population with 14C ages that apparently predate the well-established first human settlement of Iceland (landnám) circa AD 871 ± 2, this has enabled us to explain the reason for these anomalously old ages in terms of marine and/or freshwater 14C reservoir effects.

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Reshkin, S. J., and G. A. Ahearn. "Intestinal glucose transport and salinity adaptation in a euryhaline teleost." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 252, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): R567—R578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.3.r567.

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Glucose transport by upper and lower intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles of the African tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was characterized in fish acclimated to either freshwater or full-strength seawater. D-[3H]-glucose uptake by vesicles was stimulated by a transmembrane Na gradient, was electrogenic, and was enhanced by counter-transport of either D-glucose or D-galactose. Glucose transport was greater in the upper intestine than in the lower intestine and in seawater animals rather than in fish acclimated to freshwater. Glucose influx (10-s uptake) involved both saturable and nonsaturable transport components. Seawater adaptation increased apparent glucose influx Kt, Jmax, apparent diffusional permeability (P), and the apparent Na affinity of the cotransport system in both intestinal segments, but the stoichiometry of Na-glucose transfer (1:1) was unaffected by differential saline conditions or gut region. It is suggested that increased sugar transport in seawater animals is due to the combination of enhanced Na-binding properties and an increase in number or transfer rate of the transport proteins. Freshwater animals compensate for reduced Na affinity of the coupled process by markedly increasing the protein affinity for glucose.

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Little, Colin. "Comparative physiology as a tool for investigating the evolutionary routes of animals on to land." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 80, no. 3-4 (1989): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300028649.

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ABSTRACTAlthough many physiological characteristics are very labile, it is proposed that some are stable enough to provide evidence concerning the routes by which terrestrial animals moved on to land. Osmotic tolerance and osmoregulatory ability are investigated first. Marine littoral invertebrates tolerate wide osmotic changes but osmoregulate little. Freshwater invertebrates osmoregulate well, but over a narrow range. Terrestrial prosobranchs of the family Pomatiasidae, which have wide tolerance, may have originated directly from the sea. The Cyclophoridae, which are intolerant, may have moved to land from fresh water. Isopods and talitrid amphipods may all have had direct marine origins with no freshwater phase. Secondly, terrestrial animals of marine origin may have blood with higher osmotic pressures than those passing through fresh water. In prosobranchs, isopods and amphipods, the evidence agrees with the conclusions suggested from character one. Thirdly, the production of hypo-osmotic urine in terrestrial animals may be evidence of freshwater origin. The evidence again supports the initial suggestions about prosobranchs and amphipods. It is concluded that because there is little selection pressure acting on these characters on land, they can be used as evidence of ancestry. Possible use of further characters is discussed.

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Sayle, Kerry L., Gordon T. Cook, Philippa L. Ascough, Hildur Gestsdóttir, W. Derek Hamilton, and Thomas H. McGovern. "Utilization of δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S Analyses to Understand 14C Dating Anomalies within a Late Viking Age Community in Northeast Iceland." Radiocarbon 56, no. 02 (2014): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200049845.

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Previous stable isotope studies of modern and archaeological faunal samples from sites around Lake Mývatn, within the Mývatnssveit region of northeast Iceland, revealed that an overlap existed between the δ15N ranges of terrestrial herbivores and freshwater fish, while freshwater biota displayed δ13C values that were comparable with marine resources. Therefore, within this specific ecosystem, the separation of terrestrial herbivores, freshwater fish, and marine fish as components of human diet is complicated when only δ13C and δ15N are measured. δ34S measurements carried out within a previous study on animal bones from Skútustaoir, an early Viking age settlement on the south side of Lake Mývatn, showed that a clear offset existed between animals deriving their dietary resources from terrestrial, freshwater, and marine reservoirs. The present study focuses on δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S analyses and radiocarbon dating of human bone collagen from remains excavated from a churchyard at Hofstaoir, 5 km west of Lake Mývatn. The results demonstrate that a wide range of δ34S values exist within individuals, a pattern that must be the result of consumption of varying proportions of terrestrial-, freshwater-, and marine-based resources. For that proportion of the population with14C ages that apparently predate the well-established first human settlement of Iceland (landnám) circa AD 871 ± 2, this has enabled us to explain the reason for these anomalously old ages in terms of marine and/or freshwater14C reservoir effects.

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Mishra, Anand, Sanjive Shukla, A. K. Chopra, Sandeep Shukla, and Harnam Singh Lodhi. "A report on freshwater tailless flea, Simocephalus vetulus from Haridwar, located in foothills of Shivalik Himalaya in Uttarakhand, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 3 (September 12, 2020): 438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i3.2351.

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The Cladocerans, commonly known as “Water fleas” form a primitive freshwater group of micro crustacean zooplankton of the freshwater ecosystem. They play an important role in the aquatic food chain and also contribute significantly to zooplankton dynamics and secondary productivity in freshwater ecosystems. The animals used in the present study were identified as Simocephalus vetulus with the help of identification keys described by various authors in the previous studies from other parts of India. In the present study, the occurrence of “freshwater tailless flea”, S. vetulus (Crustacea- cladocera) is reported for the first time from freshwater bodies in Haridwar, located in foothills of Shivalik Himalayan region in Uttarakhand. The presence of S. vetulus “tailless water flea” will be helpful as a lab model for the health status of aquatic bodies as well as environmental monitoring.

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Rosser, Michael F. "Clinical Pathology of Freshwater Turtles." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 25, no. 3 (September 2022): 785–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2022.05.005.

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Boylan, Shane. "Geriatric Freshwater and Marine Fish." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 23, no. 3 (September 2020): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2020.05.001.

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Hung, Tsung-Fu, Po-Jan Kuo, Fung-Shi Tsai, Pin-Huan Yu, and Yu-Shin Nai. "A Novel Application of 3D Printing Technology Facilitating Shell Wound Healing of Freshwater Turtle." Animals 12, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12080966.

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Numerous cases and a shortage of resources usually limit wild animal rescue. New technology might save these severely injured wild animals from euthanasia by easing the requirement of intensive medication. Three-dimensional (3D) technologies provide precise and accurate results that improve the quality of medical applications. These 3D tools have become relatively low-cost and accessible in recent years. In the medical field of exotic animals, turtle shell defects are highly challenging because of inevitable water immersion. This report is the first attempt to apply the combination of 3D scanning, computer-aided design (CAD), and 3D printing to make a device that protects the wound from exposure to water or infection sources. The presented techniques successfully extricate a wild freshwater turtle from an extensive shell defect within a short period. Integration of multiple sciences to 3D technology can provide a facile model for veterinary medical applications.

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Auge, Anne-Christine, Gabriel Blouin-Demers, and Dennis L. Murray. "Developing a classification system to assign activity states to two species of freshwater turtles." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): e0277491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277491.

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Research in ecology often requires robust assessment of animal behaviour, but classifying behavioural patterns in free-ranging animals and in natural environments can be especially challenging. New miniaturised bio-logging devices such as accelerometers are increasingly available to record animal behaviour remotely, and thereby address the gap in knowledge related to behaviour of free-ranging animals. However, validation of these data is rarely conducted and classification model transferability across closely-related species is often not tested. Here, we validated accelerometer and water sensor data to classify activity states in two free-ranging freshwater turtle species (Blanding’s turtle, Emydoidea blandingii, and Painted turtle, Chrysemys picta). First, using only accelerometer data, we developed a decision tree to separate motion from motionless states, and second, we included water sensor data to classify the animal as being motionless or in-motion on land or in water. We found that accelerometers separated in-motion from motionless behaviour with > 83% accuracy, whereas models also including water sensor data predicted states in terrestrial and aquatic locations with > 77% accuracy. Despite differences in values separating activity states between the two species, we found high model transferability allowing cross-species application of classification models. Note that reducing sampling frequency did not affect predictive accuracy of our models up to a sampling frequency of 0.0625 Hz. We conclude that the use of accelerometers in animal research is promising, but requires prior data validation and development of robust classification models, and whenever possible cross-species assessment should be conducted to establish model generalisability.

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Ford, Charlotte E., Christopher D. Dunn, Eric M. Leis, Whitney A. Thiel, and Tony L. Goldberg. "Five Species of Wild Freshwater Sport Fish in Wisconsin, USA, Reveal Highly Diverse Viromes." Pathogens 13, no. 2 (February 7, 2024): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020150.

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Studies of marine fish have revealed distant relatives of viruses important to global fish and animal health, but few such studies exist for freshwater fish. To investigate whether freshwater fish also host such viruses, we characterized the viromes of five wild species of freshwater fish in Wisconsin, USA: bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), brown trout (Salmo trutta), lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), northern pike (Esox lucius), and walleye (Sander vitreus). We analyzed 103 blood serum samples collected during a state-wide survey from 2016 to 2020 and used a metagenomic approach for virus detection to identify known and previously uncharacterized virus sequences. We then characterized viruses phylogenetically and quantified prevalence, richness, and relative abundance for each virus. Within these viromes, we identified 19 viruses from 11 viral families: Amnoonviridae, Circoviridae, Coronaviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Picornaviridae, Matonaviridae, Narnaviridae, Nudnaviridae, and Spinareoviridae, 17 of which were previously undescribed. Among these viruses was the first fish-associated coronavirus from the Gammacoronavirus genus, which was present in 11/15 (73%) of S. vitreus. These results demonstrate that, similar to marine fish, freshwater fish also harbor diverse relatives of viruses important to the health of fish and other animals, although it currently remains unknown what effect, if any, the viruses we identified may have on fish health.

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Heron, Carl, Søren Andersen, Anders Fischer, Aikaterini Glykou, Sönke Hartz, Hayley Saul, Val Steele, and Oliver Craig. "Illuminating the Late Mesolithic: residue analysis of ‘blubber’ lamps from Northern Europe." Antiquity 87, no. 335 (March 1, 2013): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00048705.

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Shallow oval bowls used on the Baltic coast in the Mesolithic have been suggested as oil lamps, burning animal fat. Here researchers confirm the use of four coastal examples as lamps burning blubber—the fat of marine animals, while an inland example burned fat from terrestrial mammals or freshwater aquatics—perhaps eels. The authors use a combination of lipid biomarker and bulk and single-compound carbon isotope analysis to indicate the origin of the residues in these vessels.

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Blazhekovikj-Dimovska, Dijana, Stojmir Stojanovski, Jouni Taskinen, Stoe Smiljkov, and Biljana Rimcheska. "Glochidia Infection of Endemic Fishes from Lake Prespa, N. Macedonia." Hydrobiology 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2010003.

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Large freshwater mussels (Unionida) are long-lived, have large bodies, and produce thousands to millions of larvae (glochidia) that usually must attach to host fish tissue to complete their life cycle. This is an obligate parasitic stage of mussel larvae. However, less than one in onemillion find a suitable host and survive. The degree of host specificity varies among unionid species, from specialists that can successfully parasitize only one or a few closely related fish species to generalists that can complete development on a taxonomically broad range of fish species. In addition, freshwater mussels are among the most threatened groups of animals. This is due to habitat destruction, the introduction of non-native species, and the loss of host fish on which their larvae (glochidia) are obligate parasites. Glochidiosis harms fish by affecting their growth; on the other hand, freshwater mussels play an important role in freshwaters by improving water quality and ridding the water of bacteria, algae, and pollutants, they are an indicator species of water quality. During our parasitological survey of fish from the Macedonian part of Lake Prespa in April 2022, many glochidia were found on the gills, skin, and fins of two endemic fishes, Prespa roach (Rutilus prespensis) and Prespa nase (Chondrostoma prespense), in the range of tens to thousands on one host. We thus recorded these two endemic species as new hosts of A. cygnea.

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Osada, Mai, Masaki Yasugi, Hirotsugu Yamamoto, Atsushi Ito, and Shoji Fukamachi. "Individual Identification of Medaka, a Small Freshwater Fish, from the Dorsal Side Using Artificial Intelligence." Hydrobiology 3, no. 2 (June 13, 2024): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology3020009.

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Individual identification is an important ability for humans and perhaps also for non-human animals to lead social lives. It is also desirable for laboratory experiments to keep records of each animal while rearing them in mass. However, the specific body parts or the acceptable visual angles that enable individual identification are mostly unknown for non-human animals. In this study, we investigated whether artificial intelligence (AI) could distinguish individual medaka, a model animal for biological, agrarian, ecological, and ethological studies, based on the dorsal view. Using Teachable Machine, we took photographs of adult fish (n = 4) and used the images for machine learning. To our surprise, the AI could perfectly identify the four individuals in a total of 11 independent experiments, and the identification was valid for up to 10 days. The AI could also distinguish eight individuals, although machine learning required more time and effort. These results clearly demonstrate that the dorsal appearances of this small spot-/stripe-less fish are polymorphic enough for individual identification. Whether these clues can be applied to laboratory experiments where individual identification would be beneficial is an intriguing theme for future research.

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Heffner, Geoff G., Elizabeth A. Rozanski, Matthew W. Beal, Søren Boysen, Lisa Powell, and Sophie Adamantos. "Evaluation of freshwater submersion in small animals: 28 cases (1996–2006)." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 232, no. 2 (January 15, 2008): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.232.2.244.

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Papi, Floriano. "Navigation of marine, freshwater and coastal animals: concepts and current problems." Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 39, no. 1 (March 2006): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236240600563057.

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Cooke, Steven J., Jonathan D. Midwood, Jason D. Thiem, Peter Klimley, Martyn C. Lucas, Eva B. Thorstad, John Eiler, Chris Holbrook, and Brendan C. Ebner. "Tracking animals in freshwater with electronic tags: past, present and future." Animal Biotelemetry 1, no. 1 (2013): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2050-3385-1-5.

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Gammell, Martin P., and Joanne M. O'Brien. "Acoustic communication in aquatic animals: all quiet on the freshwater front?" Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 23, no. 3 (April 15, 2013): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2356.

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Potts, W. T. "Kinetics of sodium uptake in freshwater animals: a comparison of ion-exchange and proton pump hypotheses." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 266, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): R315—R320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.266.2.r315.

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Sodium uptake has been shown to follow saturation kinetics in many freshwater species of animals, and in the presence of hydrogen ions uptake appears to show competitive inhibition. These characteristics are compatible with the hypothesis that uptake occurs via a carrier-mediated exchange of sodium ion for hydrogen ion. However, recently it has been shown that in frog skin, sodium uptake is driven by an electrogenic pump not directly linked to sodium, and evidence is accumulating that a similar pump may occur in other freshwater animals. A mathematical model is developed that shows that a proton pump would also produce saturation kinetics and mimic carrier-mediated competitive inhibition. It would also account for the linkage between sodium influx and efflux observed in several species.

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Lyubas, Artem A., Alexander V. Kondakov, Alena A. Tomilova, Mikhail Yu Gofarov, Tatyana A. Eliseeva, Ekaterina S. Konopleva, Ilya V. Vikhrev, Olesya A. Yunitsyna, Vladimir Pešić, and Ivan N. Bolotov. "Taxonomic Reassessment of Freshwater Mussels from the Western Balkans Reveals an Overlooked but Critical Refugium and Defines Conservation Priorities." Diversity 14, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14110935.

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Freshwater mussels are an endangered group of animals, especially in the water bodies of Central and Western Europe. Conservation priorities were established for many endangered freshwater mussel species in the last decade. Here, we present new data on a cryptic refugium of freshwater mussels in the Western Balkans. Two species, Anodonta exulcerata Porro, 1838 and Unio elongatulus Pfeiffer, 1825, were discovered in Montenegro for the first time. The phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of freshwater mussel species from Montenegro were studied by means of an integrative approach, combining morphological data and COI gene sequences. Unio carneus Küster, 1854 stat. rev. represents a species with a restricted range, which is endemic to the Western Balkans. A viable population of Microcondylaea bonellii (Férussac, 1827) was discovered in the Zeta River. This species was not mentioned in Montenegro since the 1900s. A significant level of genetic diversity was revealed for the studied species. In the Skadar Lake basin, freshwater mussels from diverse ecological groups were discovered. Rheophilic species of freshwater mussels may represent ancient lineages, which need special conservation planning. Conservation priorities should be aimed at the protection of freshwater mussel habitats on the Balkan Peninsula.

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Buchatsky, L. P., and V. V. Makarov. "Nidoviruses associated with aquatic animals." Veterinary Science Today, no. 2 (June 16, 2020): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2020-2-33-115-121.

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Nidoviruses comprise the most complex grouping among other viruses with respect to their multiplicity, phylogeny, systematics, species identification, genetic relationships within a taxon, progressive variability. Like other single-stranded RNA viruses, nidoviruses have a relatively high ability to mutate and recombine, which allows them to quickly adapt to new hosts and new ecological niches. Although most of the known representatives of nidoviruses are associated with terrestrial hosts, more and more data has recently appeared on nidoviruses recovered from aquatic organisms. This review is the analysis of current data on the representatives of the order Nidovirales associated with aquatic animals. They are all included in the eight families based on the current classification of viruses. The most studied among them are members of the families Coronaviridae, Tobaniviridae and Roniviridae. Representatives of the other families of aquatic animal nidoviruses were identified using metagenomic deep sequencing (metagenomics), but their effect on the host organism has not yet been adequately studied. Data on the distribution of nidoviruses among aquatic animals in different global aquatic systems are presented, clinical signs of the disease are described, a brief description of nidoviruses and their genomes is given. Nidoviruses of aquatic animals as the earliest members of the animal kingdom are supposed to have played a possible role in the evolution of terrestrial animal nidoviruses. Therefore, aquatic animal nidoviruses could play a significant role in the formation of new natural reservoirs unknown to science, as well as in their interspecies transfer between marine, freshwater and terrestrial hosts.

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Gilmore, Sandy, Brendan Mackey, and Sandra Berry. "The extent of dispersive movement behaviour in Australian vertebrate animals, possible causes, and some implications for conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 13, no. 2 (2007): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc070093.

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We review categorizations of, and published evidence for, large-scale or dispersive movement in Australia's vertebrate fauna. For the purposes of this paper, dispersive movements are defined as any large scale movements, relative to an individual's territory or to the population breeding range. A continuum in dispersive behaviours can be recognized between regular annual migration and less regular more opportunistic and either more or less extensive re-colonization movements. We argue that dispersive movements can be explained in terms of individuals maximizing Darwinian fitness through optimizing net energy intake traded off against mortality risk, as these vary over space and time. We find that migration, nomadism and other forms of dispersive behaviour can be considered to differ, not in type, but merely in degree. Our review revealed evidence of dispersive movement for 36 (16%) freshwater fish species, 2 (1 %) frogs, 5 (0.6%) land and freshwater reptiles, 7 (100%) marine reptiles, 342 (51%) land and freshwater birds, 88 (56%) marine birds, 27 (8%) land and freshwater mammals, and 28 (50%) marine mammals. The Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) is the Australian Government's main legal instrument for the conservation of biodiversity. While it recognizes, and has special provisions for, international migratory species, the Act does not recognize the special conservation challenges of continental dispersive fauna. The continental dispersive fauna not recognized by the Act includes 246 bird species. We conclude that the EPBC Act needs to be amended to explicitly account for the national conservation responsibilities of the Australian Government with respect to dispersive fauna.

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Crockett, E. L. "Lipid restructuring does not contribute to elevated activities of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in basolateral membranes from the gill of seawater-acclimated eel (Anguilla rostrata)." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 17 (September 1, 1999): 2385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.17.2385.

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In teleost fishes, increases in gill Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity accompanying the transition from fresh water to sea water may be attributed to changes in either the numbers of enzyme molecules present or to turnover number (k(cat)). The sensitivity of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase to its chemical/physical environment in the membrane makes it plausible that modulation of enzyme activity may be driven, in part, by changes in membrane properties. In the current study, I test the hypothesis that lipid compositional changes (restructuring) contribute to the modulation of gill Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity. An enriched preparation of basolateral membranes was prepared from the gills of freshwater- and seawater-acclimated American eel (Anguilla rostrata). Phospholipid class distribution, fatty acyl chain compositions and cholesterol contents were determined. Phosphatidylcholine, the most abundant phospholipid present in gill basolateral membranes, makes up more than 60 % of the total phospholipid content in both freshwater- and seawater-acclimated animals. The contents of other phospholipids and major fatty acyl chains are also similar for the two acclimation groups. Cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratios are 0.28 for freshwater and 0.29 for seawater animals. The similarity between lipid compositions in membranes from freshwater- and seawater-acclimated eels indicates that lipid restructuring is not a mechanism for modulation of gill Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity in Anguilla rostrata, at least during the acclimation time course used in the present study.

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Holanda, Marlon Negreiros de, Ozianndeny Ferreira Câmara, Delcio Damasceno da Silva, Paulo Sérgio Bernarde, Ageane Mota da Silva, Marcos Venicicus Malveira de Lima, Adilson Monteiro, and Rubens Wajnsztejn. "Accident and vascular injury with stingray in the Alto Juruá, Acre, Brazil: a case report." Journal of Human Growth and Development 29, no. 3 (December 12, 2019): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v29.9542.

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Introduction: Fish accidents, called ichthyism, are common and considered a neglected health problem with high morbidity and low lethality. Noteworthy are the poisonings by freshwater stingrays, which are considered very serious and one of the most important injuries caused by aquatic animals in South America. Case Presentation: To describe an accident and vascular injury with venomous stingray animals in the Alto do Juruá, Acre, Brazil. Male patient admitted due to stingray in the left lower extremity 20 days ago. Conclusion: The freshwater stingray, due to its sharp characteristics, injured the great saphenous vein, requiring surgical intervention. The situation presented negative evolution due to the lack of necessary procedures in the first attendance, such as the proper cleaning of the wound and the removal of the sting.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Freshwater animals'

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