Relevant bibliographies by topics / Frequency standards

Academic literature on the topic 'Frequency standards'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Frequency standards"

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Bauch, A., and H. R. Telle. "Frequency standards and frequency measurement." Reports on Progress in Physics 65, no. 5 (April 15, 2002): 789–843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/65/5/203.

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Bagaev, S. N., and V. P. Chebotaev. "Laser frequency standards." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 148, no. 1 (1986): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0148.198601g.0143.

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Helmcke, J., A. Morinaga, J. Ishikawa, and F. Riehle. "Optical frequency standards." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 38, no. 2 (April 1989): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.192339.

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Bagaev, Sergei N., and V. P. Chebotaev. "Laser frequency standards." Soviet Physics Uspekhi 29, no. 1 (January 31, 1986): 82–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/pu1986v029n01abeh003116.

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Basov, N. G., and M. A. Gubin. "Quantum frequency standards." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 6, no. 6 (November 2000): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2944.902135.

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Gill, Patrick. "Optical frequency standards." Metrologia 42, no. 3 (June 2005): S125—S137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/42/3/s13.

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Itano, W. M. "Atomic ion frequency standards." Proceedings of the IEEE 79, no. 7 (July 1991): 936–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.84970.

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Ferguson, A. "Frequency Standards and Metrology." Journal of Modern Optics 37, no. 7 (July 1990): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500349014551411.

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AKIMOTO, Yoshiaki. "Frequency Stabilized Laser for Optical Frequency Standards." Review of Laser Engineering 21, no. 12 (1993): 1226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.21.12_1226.

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Hollberg, L., C. W. Oates, E. A. Curtis, E. N. Ivanov, S. A. Diddams, T. Udem, H. G. Robinson, et al. "Optical frequency standards and measurements." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 37, no. 12 (December 2001): 1502–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3.970895.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Frequency standards"

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CAMILHER, DALTON VILELA. "AUTOCALIBRATION OF FREQUENCY STANDARDS USING THE INTERNET." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2000. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=2015@1.

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MARINHA DO BRASIL
A calibração de padrões atômicos de tempo e freqüência, na forma atualmente realizada, apresenta o inconveniente de ter que se fazer o transporte do Padrão de Transferência até os laboratórios onde se encontram os padrões a serem calibrados. Isto se dá pelo fato destes laboratórios não possuírem uma maneira adequada para enviarem seus padrões ao Departamento do Serviço da Hora do Observatório Nacional (DSH/ON), órgão responsável perante o INMETRO na calibração em tempo e freqüência e detentor do Padrão Nacional. Propõe- se aqui a substituição do procedimento atual por um sistema de calibração automática via Internet, o que elimina a necessidade do deslocamento do Padrão de Transferência. Neste novo sistema de calibração, a referência passa a ser um receptor de GPS (Global Position Sistem), que assume o papel de Padrão de Transferência, ao qual o padrão a ser calibrado é ininterruptamente comparado. O acesso e armazenamento dos dados pelo DSH/ON é feito por meio de um programa que controla remotamente a calibração no laboratório via conexão pela Internet. O presente trabalho envolve uma comparação entre o sistema atual e o proposto aqui, todo o desenvolvimento e apresentação do programa computacional, a montagem de um sistema completo de simulação prática, inclusive com acesso remoto via Internet, a coleta e tratamento dos dados e a apresentação do procedimento utilizado para se chegar à incerteza de medição do sistema. Procura-se ressaltar a vantagem de um sistema de calibração automático, quanto à coleta dos dados, assim como a não dependência do transporte do Padrão de Transferência para a realização da calibração, evitando- se com isto a sua deterioração . Na conclusão deste trabalho a incerteza obtida é comparada com a do procedimento atualmente em prática e a partir desta comparação são feitas considerações quanto à implementação do novo sistema e ao uso do r eceptor de GPS como Padrão de Transferência.
The time and frequency calibration of atomic standards presents the inconvenience of the need of transportation of the Transfer Standard to the laboratories in which stay the standards to be calibrate. This happens because the laboratories do not possess a way to send its standards to the Departamento do Serviço da Hora do Observatório Nacional (DSH/ON), organ representative of INMETRO in Time and Frequency calibrations and detainer of the National Standard. This work intends the substitution of the procedure adopted today by a system of automatic calibration using Internet, eliminating the need of the displacement of the Transfer Standard. In this new procedure, the reference is t he Global Position Sistem (GPS) receiver, assuming the role of the Transfer Standard, to which the standard to be calibrate is compared continuosly. The access and storage of the data for the DSH/ON are made by means of a computer code that remotely controls the calibration through an Internet connection. The present work involves a comparison among both systems, the whole development and presentation of the computer code, the assembling of a complete system of practical simulation, the acquisition and data treatment and the presentation of the procedure used to obtain the measurement of the uncertainty. The advantage of an automatic calibration system, as well as of the collection of the data, is the fact that it not depending of the transportation of the Reference Standard for the accomplishment of the calibratio. As a conclusion of this work the obtained uncertainty is compared with the one in use today and based in this comparison we made considerations about the implementation of the new system and the use of the GPS receiver as Transfer Standard.
La calibración de padrones atómicos de tiempo y frecuencia, en la forma actualmente realizada, tiene el inconveniente de tener que realizar el transporte del Padrón de Transferencia hasta los laboratorios donde se encuentran los padrones que serán calibrados. Esto se debe al hecho de que estos laboratorios no poseen una manera adecuada para enviar sus padrones al Departamento de Servicio de la Hora del Observatorio Nacional (DSH/ON), óprgano responsable frente al INMETRO en la calibración en tiempo y frecuencia y detentor del Padrón Nacional. Se propone aqui la substituición del procedimiento actual por un sistema de calibración automática vía Internet, que elimina la necesidad del desplazamiento del Padrón de transferencia. En este nuevo sistema de calibración, la referencia pasa a ser un receptor de GPS (Global Position Sistem), que asume el papel de Padrón de Transferencia, al cual el padrón a ser calibrado es ininterruptamente comparado. El acceso y almacenamiento de los datos por el DSH/ON se realiza a través de un programa que controla remotamente la calibración en el laboratorio vía conexión por Internet. El presente trabajo compara el sistema actual con el aqui propuesto, todo el desarrollo y presenta el programa computacional, el montaje de un sistema completo de simulación práctica, incluso con acceso remoto víaa Internet, la recolección y tratamiento de datos y la presentación del procedimiento utilizado para llegar a los erros de medición del sistema. Se resalta la ventaja de un sistema de calibración automático, así como la no dependencia del transporte del Padrón de Transferencia para la realización de la calibración, evitando con esto su deterioración. En la conclusión de este trabajo se compara el error obtenido con el del procedimiento actualmente en práctica y a partir de esta comparación se realizan consideraciones respecto a la implementación del nuevo sistema y al uso del receptor de GPS como Padrón de Transferencia.
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PIZZOCARO, MARCO. "Realization and characterization of optical frequency standards." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2506152.

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During the Ph.D. Course I worked on the realization and the characterization of an ytterbium optical frequency standard. Since year 2000, it is possible using optical frequency comb to directly and reliably scale a frequency measurement in the optical domain to a measurement in the microwave domain. This possibility allows the realization of high accuracy and high stability optical frequency standards, whose atomic quality factors are several orders of magnitude higher than the best microwave ones. Among others, the alkaline earth atoms are very promising and, once trapped in an optical lattice, are capable of a short term stability approaching 10−15 at 1 s. A ytterbium optical clock is currently being developed in the laboratories of the Optics Division of Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM) The experiment aims to cool and trap ytterbium atoms in a two stage magneto-optical trap (MOT) (at 399 nm and 556 nm) and to probe them in an optical lattice with a ultrastable laser at 578 nm. This thesis presents the realization of the required laser sources, the stabilization of the clock laser, the development of the cooling and trapping stages and the design of a new experimental setup. The blue and green radiations for the two-stage MOT at 399 nm and 556 nm are obtained by second harmonic generation in non-linear crystals. The yellow clock laser at 578 nm is generated by sum of frequency in non-linear crystal. The clock laser is stabilized with the Pound-Drever-Hall technique on a high-finesse Fabry-Pérot cavity. The temperature stabilization of the cavity is implemented with a novel Active Disturbance Rejection Control scheme. The frequency noise of the laser is characterized with a stability 3 × 10−15 at 1 s. Atoms are trapped in the blue magneto-optical trap at 399 nm and transferred in the green trap at 556 nm. A new experimental setup is designed, studying the vacuum chamber, the MOT coils and the atomic source. I have been guest researcher at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for six months in 2011. I will describe development of NIST ytterbium optical clocks during my visit.
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Law, Eugene L. "TELEMETRY RF SIGNAL BANDWIDTH; DEFINITIONS AND STANDARDS." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608400.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1995 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada
This paper will present and compare several definitions of telemetry radio frequency (RF) signal bandwidth. Measured spectra for different signals will be presented. The bandwidths of these signals will then be determined and measurement methods will be discussed. This discussion will include the effects of spectrum analyzer resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth and detector type. Finally, a proposed spectral mask will be discussed. This spectral mask can be used to calculate the required attenuation for a given frequency offset from the center frequency. The required attenuation is a function of the the bit rate or maximum frequency of interest and the transmitter power. This spectral mask is proposed to be part of the next edition of the Telemetry Standards, Inter-Range Instrumentation Group (IRIG) Standard 106.
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Hella, Mona Mostafa. "CMOS radio frequency power amplifiers for short-range wireless standards /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486399160107527.

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Smowton, P. M. "The frequency stabilisation of laser diodes for industrial applications." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319933.

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BREGOLIN, FILIPPO. "Yb-171 optical frequency standards towards the redefinition of the second." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2754714.

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Langham, Conway David. "Cryogenic sapphire dielectric resonators as microwave frequency standards : development and performance." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364164.

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Smith, J. E. "The effects of rogueing on the frequency of atypical winter wheat plants." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383798.

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Grishina, Vera. "Blue laser for precision spectroscopy : toward optical frequency standard referenced to laser cooled calcium atoms." University of Western Australia. School of Physics, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0046.

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Optical frequency standards with the reference to a narrow electronic transition of a laser-cooled collection of neutral atomic particles are becoming essential tools of research in modern precision physics experiments. In the core of a building block of an optical frequency standard is the optical continuous wave laser that has a good spectral purity of the emitted light. Such a stable optical oscillator is highly desirable in high resolution spectroscopy, if it emits in a good quality beam at a short visible wavelength. This Master thesis explores efficient techniques for building such an optical frequency source intended for use in the cooling and trapping of Calcium atoms scheme. The strong dipole transition at the blue wavelength in the atomic Calcium is needed to reduce the kinetic energy of atoms by nearly six orders of magnitude. A further reduction in the thermal energy of the laser cooled atoms is required to locate with ultra-high precision the 400 Hz narrow clock transition of the stable 40Ca isotope. The experimental methods that achieve this and approach sub-microkelvin temperature of the laser cooled bosonic isotopes of alkaline earths are inspected. The blue laser with a uniform intensity distribution in the beam is useful to maintain the trapped number of cold atoms during these experiments. The spectroscopic properties of the relative transitions in Calcium atom are also reviewed following relevant publications in the area. The constructed blue laser can be used as a primary wavelength source in the lasers network for cooling and trapping of Calcium atoms. These experiments will constitute part of the project to build an optical atom clock referenced to 40Ca narrow linewidth transition. The blue laser is constructed by generating second harmonic in a Potassium Niobate crystal, which is temperature controlled to use a type-I noncritical phase-matching of the optical nonlinear process. The power of the intracavity-generated second harmonic depends on the resonance properties of the optical resonator where this nonlinear crystal is placed. The study is aimed at characterising the designed optical resonator and the experimental parameters that describe it. The formula is derived that relates the resonance power enhancement coefficient with finesse and the power coupling contrast of a passive optical cavity. The obtained relationship is verfied during the experiments. The produced efficiency of the intracavity second harmonic generation is approx. 0.0023 mWblue/(mWred)2. The research work also examines the noise characteristics of the infrared diode laser that is used as a pump source for the intracavity generated second harmonic and determines the spectroscopic precision of the produced blue light. The frequency locking experiment is analysed using the unbalanced scheme of the polarisation stabilisation technique. The designed optical buildup cavity became a part of the unbalanced frequency discriminator in such a scheme. The results demonstrate high gain of frequency noise suppression of the stabilised laser. The unbalanced arrangement of the H}ansch-Couillaud technique has been possible due to a very low amplitude noise of semiconductor lasers.
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Taylor, Paul. "Observation of an ultra-high Q resonance in a single ion of '1'7'2Yb'+." Thesis, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337596.

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Books on the topic "Frequency standards"

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De Marchi, Andrea, ed. Frequency Standards and Metrology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74501-0.

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Riehle, Fritz. Frequency standards: Basics and applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2004.

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Kamas, George. Traceable frequency calibrations: How to use the NBS frequency measurement system in the calibration lab. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1988.

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Kamas, George. Traceable frequency calibrations: How to use the NBS frequency measurement system in the calibration lab. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1988.

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Institute, American National Standards. High-frequency fluorescent lamp ballasts. Washington, D.C: National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 2002.

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Vanier, Jacques. The quantum physics of atomic frequency standards. Bristol: A. Hilger, 1989.

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Vanier, Jacques. The quantum physics of atomic frequency standards. Bristol: Hilger, 1989.

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Tadao, Shimizu, and International Symposium on Atomic Frequency Standards and Coherent Quantum Electronics (1993 : Nara, Japan), eds. Atomic frequency standards and coherent quantum electronics. Tokyo: Japanese Journal of AppliedPhysics, 1994.

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Sanders, Frank H. Measurement procedures for the Radar Spectrum Engineering Criteria (RSEC). Boulder, CO: U.S. Department of Commerce, 2005.

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T, Nguyen, and Langley Research Center, eds. The Ogive as a RCS compact range standard. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Frequency standards"

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Arora, Poonam, and Amitava Sen Gupta. "Atomic Frequency Standards." In Handbook of Metrology and Applications, 1–23. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1550-5_21-1.

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Arora, Poonam, and Amitava Sen Gupta. "Atomic Frequency Standards." In Handbook of Metrology and Applications, 431–53. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2074-7_21.

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Hellwig, H. "Established Microwave Frequency Standards." In Frequency Standards and Metrology, 44–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74501-0_8.

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Godone, A., E. Bava, and C. Novero. "Mg Beam Frequency Standard." In Frequency Standards and Metrology, 78–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74501-0_15.

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Ramsey, N. F. "New Looks at Old Ideas." In Frequency Standards and Metrology, 2–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74501-0_1.

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De Marchi, A. "The Accuracy of Commercial Cesium Beam Frequency Standards." In Frequency Standards and Metrology, 52–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74501-0_10.

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Bertinetto, F., G. B. Picotto, P. Cordiale, and S. Fontana. "He-Ne Laser at 612 nm Stabilized to 127I2 Using FM Spectroscopy." In Frequency Standards and Metrology, 465–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74501-0_100.

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Brand, U., and J. Helmcke. "Frequency Stabilization of a 543.5 nm Wavelength He-Ne Laser to an Iodine Absorption Line." In Frequency Standards and Metrology, 467–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74501-0_101.

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Tino, G. M., K. Ernst, A. Sasso, and M. Inguscio. "Measurement of Isotope Shift in Optical Transitions of Atomic Oxygen." In Frequency Standards and Metrology, 469–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74501-0_102.

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Pacha, S. Rajab, G. Brincourt, R. Catella, Y. Zerega, and J. Andre. "Selective Electron Attachment of SF6 Molecules in Collision with Xe(nf) Rydberg Atoms in a R.F. Quadrupole Trap and Correlative Effects on SF 6 − Ions Lifetime." In Frequency Standards and Metrology, 472–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74501-0_103.

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Conference papers on the topic "Frequency standards"

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Bergquist, James C. "Frequency Standards and Metrology." In Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814531559.

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Prestage, John D., Robert L. Tjoelker, and Lute Maleki. "Hg[sup +] frequency standards." In Trapped charged particles and fundamental physics. AIP, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.57477.

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Bergquist, J. C. "Trapped-ion frequency standards." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.wh2.

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Experimental research at NIST toward the realization of frequency standards of high accuracy is briefly reviewed. Our studies have concentrated on laser-cooled, stored ions since they offer several attractive features toward the achievement of high accuracy (better than one part in 1015). These features include long storage times which eliminate transit-time broadening, gentle confinement which is nearly nonperturbative to the internal level structure of the ion, and laser-cooling which can reduce motional shifts to small values. We have spectroscopically studied ions confined in Penning traps at low density and single ions in rf traps. An rf oscillator at a frequency near 303 MHz has been locked to a hyperfine transition in 9Be+ ions that are stored in a Penning trap and sympathetically laser-cooled. Stability was better than 3 × 10–12 is τ–½ and accuracy was better than one part in 1014. We have also probed an electric-quadrupole allowed transition (frequency ~1 × 1015 Hz) in a single, laser-cooled 199Hg+ ion stored in an rf Paul trap with extremely high resolution. The measured linewidth of this metastable transition is limited presently by the spectral purity of the laser to about 75 Hz. Finally, improvement of signal-to-noise ration by linear trap geometries will also be discussed.
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Gill, P. "Introduction to optical frequency standards." In 18th European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF 2004). IEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20040862.

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Lutwak, Robert. "Introduction to atomic frequency standards." In 2009 Joint Meeting of the European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF) and the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (FCS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/freq.2009.5168121.

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Sherstov, I., Chr Tamm, B. Stein, B. Lipphardt, H. Schnatz, R. Wynands, S. Weyers, T. Schneider, and E. Peik. "171Yb+ Single-Ion Optical Frequency Standards." In 2007 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Joint with the 21st European Frequency and Time Forum. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/freq.2007.4319106.

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YAN, B., H. D. CHENG, Y. S. MA, W. Z. ZHANG, L. LIU, and Y. Z. WANG. "RESEARCH OF FREQUENCY STANDARDS IN SIOM — ATOMIC FREQUENCY STANDARDS BASED ON COHERENT STORAGE." In Proceedings of the 7th Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812838223_0038.

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Parker, T. E., T. H. Heavner, and S. R. Jefferts. "Bias corrections in primary frequency standards." In 2015 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium & the European Frequency and Time Forum (FCS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fcs.2015.7138945.

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PARKER, THOMAS E. "COMPARING HIGH PERFORMANCE FREQUENCY STANDARDS." In Proceedings of the 6th Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777713_0012.

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Ido, T., M. Fujieda, H. Hachisu, K. Hayasaka, M. Kajita, R. Kojima, M. Kumagai, et al. "Atomic frequency standards at NICT." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Tetsuya Ido and Thomas R. Schibli. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.892887.

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Reports on the topic "Frequency standards"

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Ezekiel, S. Laser Pumped Frequency Standards. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada160606.

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FREQUENCY AND TIME SYSTEMS INC BEVERLY MA. Multiple Use Frequency Standards Survey Report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada205899.

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Camparo, J. C., and R. P. Frueholz. A Comparison of Various Alkali Gas Cell Atomic Frequency Standards. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada191393.

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Frueholz, R. P., C. H. Volk, and J. C. Camparo. The Use of Wall-Coated Cells in Atomic Frequency Standards. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada157435.

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Hall, Zanker, and Kelner. PR-343-06605-R02 USM Recalibration Frequency. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010155.

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This program is intended to improve the understanding of the stability over time of gas multi-path ultrasonic flow meters (USMs). Within the Natural Gas Industry, there are currently on universal standards requiring periodic recalibration of USMs. Removing these flow meters from serviced for recalibration is costly and inconvenient. However, the primary reason that a recalibration standard does not exist is the lack of definitive data regarding the long-term stability of installed USMs. In order to address this situation, collection and analysis of data was performed to help formulate a recalibration guideline. Specific tasks include: (1) review and utilization of existing published technical papers, (2) working with certified flow calibration facilities to obtain data, (3) obtaining data from USM manufactures on changing of electronics and/or transducers, (4) obtaining historical recalibration data, and (5) participation in selected recalibrations by PRCI member companies.
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6

MONTANA STATE UNIV BOZEMAN. ASSERT Proposal - FY 1997 Materials for Optical Memories, Signal Processing, and Frequency Standards. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada413208.

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Cone, Rufus L. Ultra-Stable Gallium Nitride and Infrared Laser Frequency Standards Based on Spectral Hole Burning. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada428621.

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Camparo, James C., and Robert P. Frueholz. Exploration of the Potential Performance of Diode Laser-Pumped Gas Cell Atomic Frequency Standards. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada175431.

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Hale, Paul D., and C. M. Wang. Calibration service of optoelectronic frequency response at 1319 nm for combined photodiodeRF power sensor transfer standards. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.250-51.

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Zink, L. R. NO₂ Heterodyne frequency measurements with a tunable diode laser, a CO laser transfer oscillator, and CO₂ laser standards,. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.tn.1308.

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