Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fréquence de télécommunication'
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Kiatmanaroj, Kata. "Allocation de fréquence dans les systèmes de communication par satellites de type SDMA." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00715148.
Full textHermann, Virgile. "Conception et réalisation d'une horloge atomique à jet de césium compacte et simplifiée pour des applications de télécommunication et de navigation par satellites." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066442.
Full textKhoury, Mario. "Silicon-based light emitters towards quantum devices at telecom frequency." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0364.
Full textThe aim of this thesis it to explore the potential of complex carbon impurities in silicon (G-centers) for applications in quantum technologies. This point defect was originally highlighted in carbon-rich Si samples undergoing high-energy electron irradiation followed by high temperature annealing. A key feature of G-centers is their infrared emission, matching the important optical telecommunications wavelength O-band spreading between 1260-1360 nm. Through my PhD work we have demonstrated that we are able to create individual G-centers by ion implantation in conventional silicon on insulator, isotopically purified 28Si on insulator, and embed these emitters in photonic nanostructures such as dielectric Mie resonators. We developed a low-resolution optical lithography and plasma etching method joined with solid state dewetting of monocrystalline, ultra-thin, silicon on insulator to form monocrystalline, atomically-smooth, Mie resonators in well-controlled and large, periodic arrays.By integrating light emitting G-centers within the Si-based antennas we engineered the light emission by tuning carbon dose, beam energy and islands size in order to optimize the coupling between the emitters and the Mie resonances in space and frequency. directional (Huygens-like) light emission at 120 K was demonstrated experimentally and confirmed by finite difference time domain simulations. We estimate that, with an optimal coupling of the G-centers emission with the resonant antennas, a collection efficiency of about 90% can be reached using a conventional objective lens
Auger, François. "Représentations temps-fréquence des signaux non-stationnaires : synthèse et contribution." Nantes, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NANT2056.
Full textGuignard, Celine. "Réalisation de sources impulsionnelles pour les télécommunications." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00260197.
Full textMerck, Philippe. "Développement d'une station terrienne de comparaisons d'horloges atomiques par liaisons micro-ondes avec un satellite de télécommunications." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2005. https://hal.science/tel-02071416.
Full textThis thesis work prepared at the national metrology institute LNE-SYRTE (formerly BNM-SYRTE) dealt with the development of a Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer earth station using microwave links with a telecommunication satellite. The station is equipped with a SATRE modem which applied the spread spectrum method over a generated intermediate frequency carrier modulated by a pseudo-noise code sequence at 2,5 MChips/s. The goal was in particular to contribute in the TAI realization calculated by the BIPM by using an alternative technique to GPS. The work included the development of internal software for both data acquisition and processing data giving by clocks comparison, during regular measurement and calibration sessions. A complete uncertainty budget has been developed for the full calibrated link OP-PTB. The main interesting results obtained were : I. Ns accuracy (six times better than the GPS C/A) on the main link OP-PTB used officially by the BIPM in the French contribution to TAI (since 1st January 2005) ; II. 2. 10-15 frequency stability reached at only 0,6 day averaging times on the OP-PTB link driven by Active Hydrogen Masers (2 days were necessary with the GPS P3 to reach the equivalent stability). This work was achieved with the design and the realization of a calibration device (satellite simulator) used in absolute mode, in order to determine the internal delay of the station
Ben, Trad Imen. "Antennes agiles pour les télécommunications multistandards." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAR0023/document.
Full textWith the emergence of new standards, new telecommunication systems must be able to cohabit different standards on the same antenna, to reduce interference with other users, improve the flow of communications, avoid the detrimental fading loss, ensure greater efficiency in the signal reception ... In order to adapt with such evolving and changing environment with minimal congestion and complexity, antennas with agile frequency, radiation patterns and polarization properties have been deployed. The development of active components such as PIN diodes, varactors diodes and MEMS switches used to produce agility, facilitated the rapid development of these antennas.Works carried out during this thesis fit into this context. We are interested in the study and design of new topologies of agile antennas.We tried at first to define the concept of agile antenna and identify the different techniques of agility before proposing a classification of agile antennas based on the proposed feature, namely agility in frequency, radiation patterns and polarization.Works presented in this thesis are mainly focused on the study of each of these features. Indeed, several topologies have been studied and experimentally characterized:- A square multiband antenna with fractal slot able to switch between fifteen frequency bands from 0.5 to 6 GHz.- An elliptical UWB antenna with reconfigurable rejection bands operating from 0.76 to 6 GHz.- A dipole antenna consists of two identical circular loops able to tilt its radiation pattern in three different directions at 1.54 GHz.- A dipole with reflectors and directors, working in three modes, able to steer its radiation pattern in a different direction while changing the opening angle of the radiated beam.- Rectangular bi-loop single-feed antenna able to toggle either between Linear Polarization (LP) and Circular Polarization (CP) or between two CP (Right Hand (RHCP) and Left Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP).The choice of used agility technique is dictated by needs of the targeted application
Courcelle, Laurent. "Conception par la méthode des fréquences réelles d'amplificateurs monolithiques millimétriques pour les télécommunications à très haut débit." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12940.
Full textAncora, Andrea. "Techniques de réception avancées pour systèmes de télécommunications cellulaires sans-fils de type 3GPP LTE." Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENST0105.
Full textAchieving enhanced spectral efficiency and increased reliability are the leading objectives of upcoming wireless systems. In the pursuit of these objectives, it is imperative to devise strategies taking into account the practical constraints so that the ensuing solutions are implementable in the real world. Our focus in this thesis is therefore on the practical communication systems. In the first introductive part of the thesis, we discuss the classical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) principle highlighting its advantages such as low-required decoding complexity in case of multipath propagation channel together with its well-known limitations induced by impaired reception. Furthermore, we carefully examine its application to next generation 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless telecommunication system. In this sense, LTE OFDMA physical-layer system parameters are detailed and their dimensioning explained from the 3GPP standard perspective. In the second part of the thesis, we first consider the design of Reference Signals in LTE and the wireless propagation channel model. We then approach the Channel Estimation problem. In particular, we study the impact of LTE system parameters on common linear channel estimation techniques and introduce several new methods applicable in this specific context. Furthermore, we propose a general framework for the performance analysis of classical and proposed methods. In the last part of the thesis, we consider impaired OFDM reception in the case of selective channels. As a first step, we deal with linear OFDM equalization in highly doubly selective channels. In order to avoid complex matrix inversion entailed by straightforward application of linear equalization, we develop iterative equalization methods which show to be very attractive from an implementation point of view. Exploiting Basis Expansion Model of the frequency-selective time-varying channel and preconditioning, we show that the complexity of such methods are roughly linearly proportional to the OFDM FFT order but yet attaining MMSE equalizer performance within an acceptable performance loss. Finally, we discuss Alamouti block-code reception for OFDM in case highly selective channel. We determine useful Maximim-Likelihodd (ML) detection bounds and then revise linear and non-linear detection approaches. To overcome known sub-optimality of such methods, we present a Lattice Reduction aided-near-ML techniques which reveals to offer optimal diversity-order detection performance with negligible coding gain loss
Chimot, Nicolas. "Génération et détection de rayonnement aux fréquences térahertz à partir d'antennes photo-conductrices en InGaAs sur InP." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112083.
Full textTerahertz frequency domain lives a huge acceleration motivated by the exploration of a great number of physical processes, of which characteristic frequencies are in this domain. The conception of efficient and low cost emitters and detectors, operating at room temperature, is a real challenge for modern terahertz devices. In0. 53Ga0. 47As photoconductive antennas exciting with laser pulses at 1550 nm wavelength are a solution, because low cost and compact laser sources, providing fibre optic technology, are available. The ionic irradiation of the semiconductor layer introduces defects that act as traps for free carriers leading to an ultrafast device. This thesis work has been first devoted to the study of the Br+-ion-irradiated In0. 53Ga0. 47As physical parameters, as the lifetime and the mobility of the carriers. Dark and illuminated electrical responses of the irradiated In0. 53Ga0. 47As photoconductors have been also studied. We have also demonstrated that irradiated In0. 53Ga0. 47As photoconductive antennas are efficient for the impulsionnal generation, but also for the detection, of electromagnetic radiations at terahertz frequencies. Another way to generate terahertz radiations is the continuous generation. For that purpose, we have developed photomixers in irradiated In0. 53Ga0. 47As and we have demonstrated the potentiality of these devices for the generation of radiation by heterodyne mixing of two continuous laser beams at a wavelength around 1550 nm
El, Hendaoui El Houssine. "Synthèse et optimisation de filtres actifs microondes par la méthode des fréquences réelles simplifiée." Bordeaux 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR10590.
Full textPetit-Ferrufino, Juan. ""Dual electroabsorption modulated laser" : étude et caractérisation d'une nouvelle source optique laser-modulateur intégrés pour les transmissions numériques à haut débit et les applications radio-sur-fibre." Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00579997.
Full textThis thesis is related to the physical layer of a terrestrial optical transmission system for a metropolitan network. Our first investigation deals with an optical device, the Electroabsorption Modulated Laser (EML) which is used to constitute the optical source of medium span optical link thanks to its low price, low consumption and small foot print. The work is done in collaboration with an industrial optoelectronics maker, the GIE Alcatel-Thales III-V Lab, We propose an original technique of pre-chirping obtained by modulating the laser in addition to the electro-absorption modulator (MEA). The purpose of this thesis is to develop a novel modulation scheme of the EML in order to overcome the limits set by the chromatic dispersion and nonlinear effects in the transmission fibre. The principle has been demonstrated in the literature with a separate laser and a modulator but never with an integrated device. The technique is based on a pre-compensation of the chromatic dispersion by applying a modulation to the laser of the EML and then the signal is modulated by the MEA. Within the scope of this research work, we have demonstrated experimentally the first increment of the usual distances from around 80 km upto 160 km with a monolithic component and no dispersion compensating element. Radio-over-Fiber application for optical access networks has also been explored, it is also based on an analogue dual modulation, this time tuned so as supress one modulation sideband. This modulation format can carry very high-speed IQ signals over 100 km excluding the periodic degradation of the data signal induced by chromatic dispersion obtained with double-sideband modulation
Dherbecourt, Pascal. "Etude et réalisation d'un générateur d'onde optique modulée en amplitude à très haute fréquence." Rouen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ROUES031.
Full textThe originality of this work is to build a source for the generation of an amplitude modulated optical wave up to 275 GHz using heterodyning of two 1550 nm DFB lasers. We carry out a study concerning the lasers spectral width influence on the spectral purity of the signal generated in a fast photodiode. The experimental setup is described, as well as characterization of the two lasers spectral width. Photodiode signal is controled by a radio-frequency spectrum analyser up to 60 GHz. Our laboratory has developed an experimental fusion setup by CO2 laser that enables the realization of numerous fiber optical components. We developed a new approach by characterizing their behavior under a fast variation of the input powwer, so as to get valuable information concerning their high rate bandwidth. Photodiode and optical components bandwidth measurements are presented and discussed
Ait, Amrane Omar. "Identification de systèmes à réponse impulsionnelle longue par filtrage adaptatif en fréquence : application à l'annulation d’échos acoustiques." Paris, ENST, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ENST0026.
Full textLandry, Nathaly. "Performance d'un démodulateur matériel pour les télécommunications mobile/satellite dans la bande de fréquences de 20 à 30 GHz." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9644.
Full textRodes, Emmanuel. "Nouveaux concepts d'antenne à base de matériaux BIE métalliques : Application aux réseaux de télécommunications." Limoges, 2006. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/242b992f-d435-4d33-9c2d-99ea899a129a/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0071.pdf.
Full textThis report is dedicated to new developments around the EBG resonator antenna concept. Different solutions are proposed to enlarge the scope of the putative applications. A new structure using a metallic FSS and able to work on two frequency bands is first proposed as a mean to circumvent the problem of the EBG antenna narrow bandwidth. A new kind of metallic arrangement is then described, which allow the creation of antennas able to radiate on a larger bandwidth than the original dielectric ones. Lastly, an EBG resonator antenna possessing a sectoral radiation pattern is presented. The functioning of the structure is detailed and a conception method is given. The interest and limitations of this new concept are illustrated through application examples. The presented realizations successfully confirmed the correct functioning of the proposed structures
Fang, Jin. "Télécommunications dans les systèmes de transport à forte mobilité : estimation et synchronisation de canal pour les communications MIMO - OFDM." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10042/document.
Full textNumerous wireless communication devices operating in different frequency bands are deployed in the railway domain to answer the multitude of uses and needs, from control and command applications involving safety to non-critical applications (passenger information, video surveillance, on board TV, etc.). These applications are associated with quality of service (QOS) requirements that need estimation techniques and synchronization performance.These communications systems are based on standards that rely on two key technologies: OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) and MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output). The combination of MIMO and OFDM permits to benefit from the advantages of both methods. However, the orthogonality between subcarriers of OFDM-MIMO system is destroyed by inter-carrier interference caused by the Doppler effect and frequency offset and phase noise varying between oscillators at transmission and at reception. Thus, the performances of the techniques conventionally used for channel estimation and equalization in a static environment are considerably destroyed in the presence of interference between subcarriers.The purpose of this thesis is to develop new methods and algorithms for estimation and synchronization in very selective channel in time and frequency to allow the evolution of communication systems towards standards that will match better with high speed vehicular communications. It is important to distinguish the case where the propagation channel does not vary during the OFDM symbol duration and when it varies. In this thesis, we focused on the latter.We first developed an algorithm based on the Extended Kalman Filter and the QR decomposition for MIMO-OFDM transmissions. We first approximate the Expansion Model as a basis for temporal variations in complex gains. Our algorithm models the evolution of BEM coefficients within an OFDM symbol by an auto regressive model (AR). Then, we present a normalized frequency offset called normalized CFO in OFDM transmission system that introduces interference between carriers (IEP). This frequency offset is modeled by an AR model. Properties of Extended Kalman filter allow us to estimate simultaneously the two unknown variables, a vector of coefficients, the other BEM normalized frequency offset. The QR algorithm uses a detector to estimate the data symbols. This algorithm presented good performance for receivers at very high speeds. Our second contribution consists of an algorithm that uses the first algorithm to solve the IEP due to phase noise existing in the oscillator of the receiver, and the IEP due to the Doppler effect, but limited to SISO case. Here, we consider that the phase noise has a large variance within one OFDM symbol and also between the two following OFDM symbols. The phase noise is modeled by a Brownian process. Then, the Extended Kalman filter estimates the vector of coefficients of BEM and the vector of phase noise in OFDM symbols. This algorithm is very effective and has a remarkable BER performance when knowledge of the channel and phase noise is poor or nonexistent
Poinsot, Stéphane. "Etude de l'accordabilité tout optique d'un oscillateur optoélectronique micro-onde." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA2043.
Full textThe synthesis and the transport of high frequencies signals (tens gigahertz) know an important development, notably in the field of the optical telecommunications. Besides synthesis of high frequencies carriers with high spectral purity, the use of optoelectronic oscillators ( OEO) allows the transport of the signais by optical way that offers the advantage of immunity to electromagnetic interference. This oscillator converts continuous-light energy, resulting from a laser diode, into stable and spectrally pure microwave signals. It is a hybrid system including optical and electronic devices. This thesis presents the study and the realization of the frequency-tuning of an OEO based on a dual loop configuration. We report a new configuration that allows a fine and continuous tuning of the oscillating frequency. The system is based on the use of chromatic dispersion' s laws in optical fibers to achieve tunability. Ln this case the optical source used is a tunable laser. With a 80 nm-continuous tuning range the experimental results show a RF-tuning range respectively 130,650 and 1900 kHz around 550 MHz, 3 GHz and 9 GHz. We give also in this manuscript another original technique which allows the filtering of RF -oscillating modes by use of chromatic dispersion. Ln that case the optical source used is a laser diode with a multimode optical spectrum. Theoretical and experimental demonstration are developed
El, Tabach Mamdouh. "Contribution aux études en communications numériques pour les réseaux optiques sans fil." Télécom Bretagne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TELB0107.
Full textZonca, Andrea. "Advanced modelling and combined data analysis of planck focal plane instruments." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077169.
Full textThe main topic of my PhD work is the software modelling of the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) radiometers. The LFI is one of the two instruments on-board the European Space Agency Planck Mission for high precision measurements of the anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). The software model relies on measured frequency response of the LFI radiometers components and on an analytical waveguide simu in order to simulate the LFI bandpasses channel by channel. Its implementation is based on QUCS, an open-source circuit Simulator. Modelled bandpasses showed good consistency with the measured performance and suffered less systematic effects, they are therefore the best estimate available for the radiometers frequency response. Thanks to the collaboration with Jean-Michel Lamarre, HFI Instrument Scientist, the bolometric instrument on-board Planck, the focus my activity was broadened and included the study of cross-correlation between HFI and LFI data, on two main aspects: The computation of the thermal transfer functions of the stage at 4K during tests and from simulations. The 4K stage is a key element the HFI cryogenic chain and it is used as a stable reference load by LFI. The design of quick look analysis sessions exploiting both instruments scientific and housekeeping data in order to identify systematic effects. Sessions relies on the data visualization software KST and consist of a set of already implemented and tested basic sessions allowing for example to produce spectra and cross-correlations, and a set of advanced sessions, dedicated on the study of a specific aspect, for example the correlation between LFI 70 GHz and HFI 100 GHz channels
Cambazard, Victor. "Ordre juridique spatial et marchandisation des fréquences." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3009.
Full textThe thesis aims at demonstrating the evolution and adaptation of the international system for distribution of the resources of outer space to the very nature of these resources, at first, and to the evolution of uses that have been made, in a second time. These factual changes translate into institutional and legal adaptations. They are certainly explained by the evolutions of the means of communication, by the growing need of actors in charge of public service missions first, then of private companies, to provide new services to the greatest number.Among the resources of outer space is the radio spectrum, namely the radio bands on which it will be possible to transmit a signal and set up a particular service. This "spectrum", like the luminous spectrum, is finite and has various characteristics, depending on the part of the latter. The services of astronomy, geolocation, radio transmission or even meteorology will see their efficiency increased on certain radio frequencies, and will not be able to work properly on others. The availability of these frequencies is therefore limited and they undoubtedly fall within the definition of scarce resources. Also included in the category of qualified scarce resources are the earth orbits on which it is possible to place communication satellites with optimum efficiency. These are naturally limited by a physical restriction, namely the place that they will be allocated, unlike radio resources, quantified via an intangible spectrum. Their characteristic as a rare / limited natural resource constraint has forced the international actors, first users, to define principles for the sharing, distribution and use of these resources. However, and while the principles developed initially are still current, the method of distribution advocated at the outset, namely "first arrived, first served", has been the vector of numerous distortions, or even flagrant non-respect, of the aforementioned principles.Indeed, the privatization of space activities, in particular telecommunications activities, as well as the international organizations initially responsible for the proper coordination of the use of these resources, as studied in our thesis, was prompted by the lucrative potential of these activities, accompanied sometimes by their normative liberalization, and by growing needs for constantly renewed types of technology. It must, however, have been carried out in coordination with international bodies responsible for the allocation and regulation of radio resources at the global level, specifically the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). This organization is the center of gravity of our study. It is a separate object, representative of what should be a modern, evolving international organization, being paradoxically the oldest international organization attached to the United Nations, since it was founded in 1865 as the International Telegraphic Union. The thesis finally develops adaptation as a key to evolution, as we have mentioned, to the use of new technologies but also to the restriction of natural resources, which are constant in number and yet increasingly solicited. This constitutes our third point: the study of international mechanisms developed to mitigate the adverse consequences of overbooking of these resources with a high lucrative potential, yet considered as common heritage of the Humanity, and in this capacity that should theoretically not be subject to any commodification
Narbonneau, François. "Dissémination ultra-stable d'étalons de fréquence par fibre optique du réseau télécom métropolitain." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1E004.
Full textRazafferson, Richard. "Analyse du rayonnement et des couplages électromagnétiques provoqués par des signaux hautes fréquences interférant avec des câbles d'énergie basse tension." Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-173.pdf.
Full textAlouini, Mehdi. "Etude théorique et expérimentale des lasers solides er 3 + et nd 3 + : Applications des lasers bi-fréquences aux télécommunications optiques et hyperfréquences." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10024.
Full textCordette, Steevy. "Continuum de fréquences optiques pour application OCDMA." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00582653.
Full textCordette, Steevy. "Continuum de fréquences optiques pour application OCDMA." Phd thesis, Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00582653.
Full textThis thesis works is in line with high-bit-rate optical access systems, where optical fiber bandwidth is shared between several users. In this context, we interest on Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) comunication system is considered as an attractive solution. However, thoses system has disadvantages of being limited terms of capacity multiplexing and undergoes interference from unwanted users. In order to increase the number of users of these systems, we propose two OCDMA systems architectures. The first architecture is a hybrid WDM / OCDMA system based on temporal encoding, including a spectrum-sliced broadband source in order to increase the number of users multiplexed via OCDMA by the number of WDM channels generated. The second architecture is an OCDMA system based on spectral-phase encoding that allows the implementation of bipolar codes. Furthermore, we reduced the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) encountered in these OCDMA systems because of interfering users, by using a fiber-based saturable absorber after the data decoding of the desired user. In the framework of the French National Agency for Research (ANR) project SUPERCODE, we studied continuum source generation and optical implementation of saturable absorber, based on optical nonlinear effects in special fibers; designed and implemented all optical encoders and decoders based on Bragg gratings photo-inscribed in optical fibers; and done sytem integration of proposed architectures, as well as analysis and evaluation of system performance
Labarre, Frédéric. "Etude théorique de la propagation et du couplage en hautes fréquences des ondes électromagnétiques sur des lignes de transmission aériennes ou enterrées." Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10228.
Full textUn processus iteratif pour le calcul des parametres est alors mis en uvre afin d'ameliorer les reponses obtenues. Pour completer notre etude, nous developpons une alternative a la modelisation de structures complexes en presence du sol par l'intermediaire d'une discretisation par de fins fils paralleles. Finalement, de nombreuses configurations de lignes ont ete etudiees et les resultats ont ete presentes dans les domaines frequentiel et temporel
Khalil, Ayman. "Allocation de ressources inter-couche pour les futurs systèmes UWB à très haut débit." Rennes, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAR0012.
Full textUltra-wideband (UWB) has recently been attracting great interest as a suitable technology for unlicensed short range communications, due to its ability to provide high data rate at low cost and low power consumption. The objective of this thesis is to propose a new cross-layer multiuser resource allocation scheme under quality of service (QoS) and interference constraints for high data rate unlicensed UWB systems in the context of Future Home Networks, i. E. Wireless personal area network (WPAN), based on the well-known multiband orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) solution supported by the WiMedia Alliance. First, the multiuser resource allocation problem is analytically studied by deriving a constrained optimization problem. Optimal and suboptimal solutions are proposed based on a cross-layer approach that combines information provided by PHY and MAC layers. While the PHY layer is responsible for providing the channel quality of the unlicensed UWB users as well as their interference level that they cause on licensed users, the MAC layer is responsible for classifying the unlicensed users using a two-class based approach that guarantees for multimedia services a high QoS support compared to other services. Combined in an efficient and simple way, the PHY and MAC information present the key elements of the aimed resource allocation. Second, in order to increase the freedom level of the frequency resource allocation, we propose a joint resource allocation and scheduling model leading to a multiuser time-frequency spectrum sharing scheme. An optimization scheme is presented based on the constrained optimization problem proposed for the frequency resource allocation. However, to reduce the complexity of the optimal spectrum sharing solution, a low-complexity solution is proposed based on suboptimal resource allocation and scheduling solutions. The low-complexity time-frequency spectrum sharing scheme proves its ability to provide jointly fairness among the differentiated users and QoS support for high-priority users
Maran, Jean-Noël. "Lasers multi-longueurs d'onde à fibre dopée à l'erbium utilisant un décaleur de fréquence dans la boucle de contre-réaction." Rennes 1, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012177.
Full textBellier, Quentin. "Ingénierie moléculaire pour l'optimisation des effets liés à l'absorption multiphotonique sur la famille Aza-Bodipy : application à la limitation optique aux fréquences des télécommunications." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENSL0690.
Full textThe optical power limiting (OPL) is a protection process of detectors (eyes, cameras…) against laser aggression. The rapid development of frequency-tunable pulsed lasers up to telecommunication wavelengths led to the design of new materials for nonlinear absorption in this spectral range, in particular at 1500 nm. Mutiphotonic absorption, such as the two-photon absorption (TPA) is one of the mechanisms involved in the OPL. TPA is a third order nonlinear phenomenon that promotes a molecule to an excited state by the simultaneous absorption of two photons. Moreover, the overall OPL efficiency can be enhanced by excited state absorption (ESA). In this context, this thesis describes the synthesis of a new family of versatile near infra-red dyes, namely aza-borondipyrromethene (Aza-Bodipy) featuring several sites of functionalization by electro-donating or electro-withdrawing moieties. These molecules present the typical behavior of optical limiters at telecommunication wavelengths, with a maximal efficiency around 1300 nm. OPL curves were interpreted on the basis of two phenomena: TPA, followed by ESA for an overall 2+1 photons absorption. These two processes have been measured independently and structure-activity relationships have been established in order to rationalize OPL experiments. The charge transfer effect and the spectral overlap between TPA and ESA are therefore the key parameters. For practical use of OPL functions, it is required for the chromophores to be introduced into a solid material, which enables polishing and other post-processing. Therefore, Aza-Bodipy dyes have been successfully incorporated to a solid matrix using the sol-gel technique. For the first time, optical quality materials have been prepared featuring OPL properties in the infra-red, which are better than the ones in solution
Sahni, Mohamed Omar. "Contribution à l'étude de techniques pour l'affinement spectral de lasers : application aux diodes à blocage de modes destinées aux télécommunications optiques cohérentes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S121/document.
Full textOptical frequency combs obtained from mode-locked laser diodes are potential candidates for WDM networks. However, their lines exhibit usually a broad optical linewidth ( 1-100 MHz). Thus their use is incompatible for high order modulation formats WDM based systems. This thesis investigates one solution to overcome this limitation. It consists of using a feed-forward heterodyne technique to reduce the frequency noise of each comb-line and consequently their optical linewidths. In a first approach, the technique is applied to a single-mode laser. This allowed us to validate its proper working and to identify the intrinsic limits of the experimental device set up. The latter analysis enabled us to reveal that the minimum achievable frequency noise level by our system, corresponds to a 50 Hz intrinsic optical linewidth spectrum and a 1,6 kHz optical linewidth based on 10 ms observation time. This technique is then applied to an actively mode-locked laser diode demonstrating, at our system output, a 21-line optical frequency comb with intrinsic optical linewidths reduced to below 7 kHz. It is worth noting that 9 among them, exhibit sub-kHz linewidths. For an observation time of 10 ms, all lines share the same optical linewidth, almost equal to 37 kHz. We thus show that the timing jitter impacts the technique performances. We also highlight the relevance of such coherence level for coherent optical communication. Lastly, we study a laser frequency pre-stabilization technique based on a locking to an unbalanced fiber interferometer. When applied to a single-mode laser, the technique showed a reduction of its technical frequency noise, thus leading to a clear improvement of its integrated optical linewidth from 224 kHz to 37 kHz for 3 ms observation time. This first result provides a good support towards the exploration of mode-locked laser diodes potential for metrological applications
Laporte-Fauret, Baptiste. "Amélioration de la Dynamique Absolue d'un Numériseur Radio-Fréquence." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0192.
Full textWith the development of new radio-communications systems, the digitization of information has never been more important.Radio receivers are now present in many areas with mixed analog and digital architectures which operate on wideband frequencies from few kHz to several MHz. However, technologies and nowadays components make it difficult to process all the received signals. Wideband acquisition can indeed create interference but also dynamic range issues.The dynamic range is paramount for some radio receivers which must now process signals with high power ratios. Indeed, if we consider a weak signal, simultaneously received with a strong signal, the digitization process can lead to the disappearance of the former.This phenomenon is the consequence of the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) whose instantaneous dynamic range limits the simultaneous acquisition of a strong and weak signal. Indeed, the instantaneous dynamic range of the ADC is smaller than the absolute dynamic range of the receiver which refers to its ability to process a strong and weak signal received at different time. This difference requires an Automatic Gain Control (AGC) stage in order to prevent the ADC, when a strong signal is received, to be saturated or to enhance weak signals. However, this process can lead to the degradation of the noise sensitivity and, in the end, to the loss of weak signals when simultaneously received with strong signals.The aim of this PhD thesis is to overtake the technological limitations of the ADC regarding the instantaneous dynamic range by using a mixed-signal approach and, thus, propose a new digitization architecture in order to improve the absolute dynamic range of the digitizer.To do so, a state of the art of different technics to enhance the ADC dynamic range was performed. This work highlighted the current limitations and identified some ideas to investigate. Then, we performed a study of theADC resolution requirement to correctly digitize multiple received signals with high power ratios. We also studied the impact of solutions such as analog spread spectrum before proposing a new architecture which improves the absolute dynamic range of a digital receiver by lowering the thermal noise introduced by the digitization stage
Casas, Francisco Javier. "Techniques de réduction d'ordre des modèles de circuits haute fréquence faiblement non linéaire." Limoges, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIMO0022.
Full textThe work reported deals with system-level modelling techniques of microwave circuits commonly employed in emission and reception telecommunications channels. The need of reduced models for simulation of communication systems is discussed, and the state of the art of this activity is summarized in the first chapter. The second chapter focus on model reduction methods for pumped and non-pumped circuits exhibiting a linear input-output behaviour. Then, in the third chapter, a model reduction technique for pumped weakly non linear circuits with memory is presented. In the fourth chapter, the proposed methods are applied to the modelling and simulation of a transmitter and receiver. Finally, the conclusions and perspectives of this work are summarised
Virette, David. "Étude de transformées temps-fréquence pour le codage audio faible retard en haute qualité." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1E014.
Full textFahs, Bassem. "Evolution de la génération de fréquence dans les récepteurs/émetteurs radiofréquences pour les futurs standars de communication sans fil." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2033.
Full textThis thesis covers the wide frequency generation and more particularly the design of wide tuningrange controlled oscillators for future integrated wireless radio transceivers. This work aims to anticipate the standards evolution needs and challenges with appropriate solutions and proposals. Two application cases with different constraints are considered: The Ultra-Wide-Band (UWB) technology and LTE/LTEA standards for mobile handsets. We propose respectively for these two cases an implementation with a two-stage ring-oscillator achieving 139% of tuning-range, and an LC oscillator proposal with 68% tuningrange. This work treats also the problematic of electromagnetic (EM) radiations involving the LCoscillators in radio transceivers, and their negative effects on RF performances. We propose therefore a reduced EM radiations, low phase-noise and wide tuning-range LC-oscillator employing an “8”-shaped inductor in order to correct these issues
Moulessehoul-Ounnas, Malika. "Conception et mise en oeuvre de l'interface d'acquisition et de transmission d'un réseau de capteurs sans fil : application à la mesure de signaux électrophysiologiques." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR4043.
Full textThis thesis work is a theoretical and experimental study of a universal applicationtransmission system. A wireless sensor or multi-sensor system dedicated to different low-magnitudeapplications. It is inspired from wireless networks platforms of the moderntechnological world.In this dissertation, the different reasons for the interest aroused by such a system, arepresented, we will more deeply study one of the applications of this system, namely theneurophysiological area. From the choice of the architecture and corresponding experimentalsimulations we will explain, step by step, the different phases which led us to realize theprototypes taking into account the results of each phase, then finally a comparative studyof different prototypes realized and the prospects envisaged
Courbebaisse, Guy. "Distributions temps-fréquence et temps-échelle : contributions au domaine des machines thermiques." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0050.
Full textLemoine, Christophe. "Contribution à l'analyse statistique des mesures en chambre réverbérante à brassage de modes : Applications à la détermination de l'efficacité de brassage et de l'incertitude de mesure dans un contexte CEM et radiofréquence." Rennes, INSA, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00336456.
Full textThis thesis deals with the statistical behaviour of the measurements collected in a mode-stirred reverberation chamber. At first, we carry out an extensive study of distribution functions of the power and the field measurements inside a working volume, in the case of an overmoded cavity. Based on experiments, significant differences are highlighted between the ideal cavity model and the actual measurements distribution as a function of the antenna size. Then, we develop a model for estimating both mechanical and electronic stirring efficiency. This model is easy to implement and provides more efficient use of the chamber. Finally, many applications of these results are presented in the context of radiofrequencies and electromagnetic compatibility. This work is particularly useful in optimising the experimental protocol definition in order to be consistent with the user requirements in terms of measurements uncertainty
Avril, Gautier. "Etude et optimisation des sytèmes à courants porteurs domestiques face aux perturbations du réseau électrique." Rennes, INSA, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ISAR0015.
Full textWith the emergence of broadband network technologies like ADSL or FTTH, most telecommunication service providers offer new high data rate services, such as broadband Internet, voice over IP and IP television. The use of indoor powerline systems allows the user to have access to each of these services via any socket in the house. However, the electrical network is not designed for the transmission of digital signals. Moreover, other electrical devices may generate some interference degrading the communication link. This Ph. D. Analyses the powerline systems performance in the presence of these limitations and suggests several optimization solutions according to different complementary axes. Firstly, we study the detection and mitigation of impulsive noise, in order to improve the system performance in the presence of physical disruption. Secondly, we develop algorithms liable to reduce the analog to digital converter noise which can solve implementation limitations. Finally, the study explores a better power spectrum, management, in order to increase data rates while respecting regulation constraints
Hajj, Mohamad. "Conception, réalisation et caractérisation de nouveaux types d'antennes sectorielles à base de matériaux BIE métalliques pour télécommunications terrestres." Limoges, 2009. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/f49a2783-fa7c-4333-8dbf-8c14921cbd6e/blobholder:0/2009LIMO4032.pdf.
Full textThis thesis investigates several developments related to terrestrial wireless communication networks. The presented work is focused on studying base station antennas using metallic electromagnetic band gap (M-EBG) materials. These structures offer a sectoral radiation pattern in the azimuth plane with a high gain. Four aspects were addressed during this manuscript : 1. The first allows us to understand and highlight attractive properties of M-EBG materials, then exploit these properties for the design and implementation of sectoral M-EBG base station antennas. 2. The second is to enhance and increase M-EBG sectoral antenna performances in terms of gain and bandwidth. For that, we have presented a new technique for increasing the Gain Bandwidth Product. 3. The third is to achieve many versatile capabilities of the antenna. This versatility has been improved thanks to multipolarized, multi-frequency behavior of the M-EBG sectoral antenna. 4. The fourth is carried out a feasibility study of a novel beam scanning antenna array obtained by assembling identical M-EBG sectoral antennas, then the same structure is used to design an agile antenna suitable for many applications inculding telecommunication and RADAR
Schnebelin, Côme. "Analyse et génération de signaux dans les boucles optiques à décalage de fréquence : analogie spatiale et nouveaux concepts d'auto-imagerie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY028.
Full textSignal generation and processing techniques suffer from intrinsic limitations of electronic systems: limited bandwidth, sensitivity to electromagnetic interference, bulk and cost. On the contrary, optical systems naturally overcome these constraints and are potentially very attractive for the generation and processing of signals. During this thesis, we studied an original optical system used for microwave photonics: frequency shifting loops.The temporal properties of these loops have a strong link with some properties of the Talbot effect in spatial optics. This duality has been successful during this work, because it led us to demonstrate many properties both in time optics in the frequency shifting loops, and in spatial optics with simple diffraction setup.We have thus demonstrated the possibility of analogically calculating the Fourier transform and the fractional Fourier transform of an arbitrary signal, with a very good spectral resolution. This allowed us to measure the "chirp" rate of a linearly frequency modulated signal, or to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of some signals. We have also shown the possibility to generate pulse trains with an adjustable repetition rate, and to make spectral shaping of high resolution, in amplitude and phase. This result has been used to generate arbitrary optical or radiofrequency signals with bandwidths of several tens of GHz and durations of up to several tens of ns.The properties of the duality between spatial optics and frequency shifting loops led us to reinterpret a number of properties of the Talbot effect (image formation, self-healing of Talbot images) and to propose new concepts, such as control of Talbot images (period and size) or image amplification
Mouginot, Guillaume. "Potentialités des transistors HEMTs AlGaN-GaN pour l’amplification large bande de fréquence : Effets limitatifs et modélisation." Limoges, 2011. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/4c36e4fd-daca-4684-8b8d-12ab331c721d/blobholder:0/2011LIMO4056.pdf.
Full textNowadays, the design of high-frequency broadband power integrated circuits is an important research axis in modern defense systems. This manuscript proposes a study about GaN HEMT in order to highlight its interest for these applications. The first part consists in design and measurement data of a broadband 6-18 GHz power amplifier. The obtained results demonstrate the performance of UMS GH25 technology based on SiC substrate. Unfortunately, for high frequency applications, AlGaN/GaN HEMT is limited by two phenomena that are thermal and trapping effects. Thus, a non-linear electrothermal model including these effects for a HEMT 8x75 μm is proposed. Some specific characterizations have shown limitations of current techniques for trap modeling and their analyses should open new perspectives in this field
Abou, Daher Mahmoud. "Réalisation et optimisation de transistors HEMT GaN forte puissance et haute fréquence par technologie de transfert de couches sur substrat hôte." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30046.
Full textWireless telecommunication market largely benefits from new nitride technologies, which reach outstanding performance compared with traditional technologies. Current research is opening up many new strategies and alternative solutions to address simultaneously antagonist considerations such as cost, performances and/or reliability. Most AlGaN / GaN HEMTs are fabricated on a low cost, highly resistive silicon substrate or on a much more expensive and supply sensitive SiC substrate. However, the electrical performance constraints required when these technologies are integrating into radar systems, satellites and in telecommunications systems make them dependent to the operating temperature parameter, mainly linked to the high power dissipation during static/dynamic energy transfer. Indeed, these components are capable of generating high power densities in the microwave range. However, the operating frequency increase leads an increase of the power dissipation, generating the self-heating phenomenon which influences the devices performance (ID,max,ft,fmax...). In this context, several solutions were already proposed in the literature (use of composite substrates, passivation of devices, etc.). Furthermore, the layer transfer technology to report HEMTs from growth substrate onto a host substrate with a good thermal conductivity (such as diamond substrate) is a promising solution, still poorly detailed to date. The objective of this thesis work is to improve the heat dissipation and thus the performance and reliability of high-frequency HEMT transistors by using a layer transfer technology. AlGaN / GaN heterostructures are grown on a silicon substrate by MOCVD at CHREA. After the fabrication of HEMTs on a silicon substrate, AlGaN / GaN devices (for which the silicon substrate has been removed) are transferred onto a CVD diamond substrate. This transfer is obtained by thermocompression bonding of sputtered AlN layers on each surface to be assembled (backside of the transistors and diamond substrate). This transfer process has not damaged the functionality of the transistors with short gate length (Lg = 80 nm). The AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with a 2x35 µm development transferred onto diamond of feature a current ID,max = 710 mA.mm-1, a cutoff frequency ft of 85GHz and an oscillation frequency fmax of 144GHz. However, this transfer technique requires optimization phases (especially to reduce thickness and improve the crystalline quality and thermal conductivity of AlN layers) in order to reduce the thermal resistance of this adhesion layer and to limit the self-heating phenomenon noted at the end of this thesis work
Arab, Nisrine. "Optique intégrée sur verre pour la génération de fréquences radio." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT102/document.
Full textFuture communication systems will use millimeter-wave (mm) (30 GHz - 300 GHz) frequency carriers and beyond to overcome the saturation of different frequency bands and achieve high data rates. Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) systems have gained attention thanks to their low cost and low fiber attenuation. In this thesis, different configurations and several laser designs have been proposed for radio frequency generation by photonic based technique. The Improvement of the laser fabrication process developed in the laboratory resulted in single-mode sources emitting around the erbium peak (1534 nm) up to 41 mW optical output power with 9.8% efficiency. Their optical linewidths were measured equal to 2 kHz and their relative intensity noise (RIN) equal to -145 dB/Hz after 50 MHz. Using these lasers, electrical signals at millimeter frequencies having linewidths of few kHz have been generated Three heterodyning configurations have been proposed to improve the thermal stability of the generated signals in order to meet the IEEE standards. Co-integrated lasers have been further manufactured to generate carriers between 5GHz and 165GHz. A comparative study showed that the behaviors of the carriers thus generated were independent of the produced frequency. Finally, the designs of structures integrating coupler, tapers and several lasers on glass pumped by a single source were studied. By using the carriers generated by these latest implementations, data transmissions have been accomplished meeting the required standards
Dontabactouny, Madhoussoudhana. "Lasers à blocage de modes à base de fils et de boîtes quantiques pour les télécommunications optiques." Phd thesis, INSA de Rennes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00630247.
Full textPallavisini, A. "Système d'interférences radiofréquences pour la cryptographie par chaos appliquée aux transmissions hertziennes." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00373707.
Full textBouzegzi, Abdelaziz. "Algorithmes de discrimination de signaux pour la radio cognitive." Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENST0048.
Full textIn the context of cognitive radio it is a crucial task to distinguish blindly various wireless systems (e. G. , Wifi, Wimax, 3GPP/LTE, DVB-T) from each others. We focus on the OFDM based systems which differ from their subcarrier spacing used in OFDM modulation. One can thus carry out recognition algorithms based on the value of the subcarrier spacing. Standard approaches developed in the literature rely on the detection of the cyclic prefix which enables to exhibit the value of the used subcarrier spacing. Nevertheless, these approaches fail when either the cyclic prefix duration is small or the channel impulse response is almost as large as the cyclic prefix. Therefore, this thesis proposes new algorithms to estimate the parameters of OFDM modulated signal (especially the subcarrier spacing) relying on i) the normalized kurtosis, ii) the maximum-likelihood principle, iii) the matched filter, and iv) the second-order cyclostationary property. We have shown the strong robustness of proposed algorithms to short cyclic prefix, multipath channel, time offset, and frequency offset
Cheynet, De Beaupré Vincent. "Dispositifs à Faible Coût Appliqués à la Synthèse de Fréquences et à la Modulation FSK pour les Systèmes de Radiocommunication." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00395267.
Full textTous les systèmes de communication modernes requièrent un signal périodique stable pour fournir une base de temps nécessaire à la synchronisation, à l'alignement des horloges d'échantillonnage, à la récupération d'horloge ou encore à la synthèse de fréquence. Le verrouillage de phase est une des principales techniques pour répondre à ces besoins.
L'enjeu de ce travail de thèse est de concevoir, réaliser et caractériser une boucle à verrouillage de phase capable de s'intégrer dans un système de télécommunication développé en partenariat entre la société STMicroelectronics et l'Institut Matériaux Microélectronique Nanosciences de Provence (IM2NP). Ce système faible coût, faible consommation, réalisé en technologie CMOS est destiné à des applications de type réseaux personnels sans fils. Des contraintes fortes en terme de surface silicium, consommation, réactivité de la boucle et de précision fréquentielle sont les éléments directeurs de la conception de cette PLL. La boucle réalisée devra être capable de fonctionner en synthétiseur de fréquence et en modulateur FSK. Une attention particulière sera portée à l'oscillateur contrôlé en tension, véritable coeur de la PLL proposée.
Battikh, Arij. "Développement d’une tête de réception numérique innovante pour réception de télécommunications par satellite en Bande X." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIMO0012.
Full textThis thesis reconsiders the architecture of ground station receivers of satellite communications (SATCOM) thanks to the implementation of innovative technological components: theRF sub-sampling/digitization and the digital polarization duplexer (DOMT). A demonstrator operating at X-Band has been studied and designed from these technologies. The sub-sampling of the RF signals is performed using Track and Hold Amplifier (THA) technology which allows sampling signals whose bandwidth covers several GHz (DC-13 GHz in the context of this work). An experimental study has been conducted to compare the performances of a THA with those of an equivalent mixer in terms of dynamics, harmonic distortions and noise factor. The digitization of the IF signals, low frequency image of the sub-sampled RF signal, is then ensured by a high-speed Digital Analog Converter (ADC). The realized DOMT is based on the use of a purely analog turnstile junction which separates the polarized received signals. The DOMT digital signal processing unit allows recombination of orthogonally polarized signals from a digital calibration. The proper functioning of this innovative digital RF front-end concept is demonstrated at X band, theoretically from a mathematical model on the one hand and experimentally on the other hand, thanks to the characterizations of the designed demonstrator. The obtained results in both simulation and measurement validate the concept and allows obtaining a cross-polarization coupling around 40dB at X band
Chafik, Aymene. "Modélisation haute fréquence des effets électromagnétiques induits dans les câblages aéronautiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0143/document.
Full textConsidering the increasing awareness of the EM coupling issues inside aircraft and automotive engines, numerical modeling of cable harness networks is currently one of the most important steps in the design process of an engineering project. Most of the relevant softwares that deals with the cable topology simulation relies on the well-known analytical models such as the multiconductor transmission line theory. These techniques are better than the fullwave ones regarding the time calculation and the memory requirement. However, they are available only in the low frequency range because of the assumptions taken into account such as the uniform geometry and the infinite length of the wires. To overcome these restrictions and improve the existing solutions, we come up with a new high frequency model which is based on the transmission line theory and two numerical methods: PEEC and TLST. To keep the analytical approach of our model, we managed to get the analytical expressions of the PEEC’s partial elements. In this thesis, we were also interested by the cable raceways and cable trays. First of all, we developed a raceway model based on transmission line wires. Comparing our results with the FDTD ones, we noticed some differences especially in the high frequency range when the wire ends with the risers. Through an experimental study, we explained the behavior and the impact of these cables trays on the EM wave propagation. Finally, the results of our models have been validated with the measurements. Thanks to these experiments, we highlighted the fact that the termination of a wire has an important impact on the wave propagation