Academic literature on the topic 'French Revolution (1789-1815)'

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Journal articles on the topic "French Revolution (1789-1815)"

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DOYLE, WILLIAM. "THE FRENCH REVOLUTION BETWEEN BICENTENARIES." Historical Journal 40, no. 4 (December 1997): 1123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x97007589.

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The revolution in provincial France. Aquitaine, 1789–1799. By A. Forrest. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Pp. vi+377. £45.Fair shares for all. Jacobin egalitarianism in practice. By J.-P. Gross. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xv+255. £30.Europe under Napoleon, 1799–1815. By M. Broers. London: Edward Arnold, 1996. Pp. xii+291. £15.99.
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Phoenix, Eamon, and Liam Swords. "The Green Cockade: The Irish in the French Revolution 1789-1815." Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society 13, no. 2 (1989): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29742400.

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Broers, Michael. "Review Article: The Permanent Revolution: An Anglo-Saxon Revival of the French Revolution, 1789—1815." European History Quarterly 32, no. 4 (October 2002): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269142002032004149.

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Nader Qawasmh, Mohammad, and Abdal Majeed Zaid AL-Shnaq. "The Impact of the French Revolution on Convergence Ottoman-British Politician (1789-1815)." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 49, no. 6 (November 30, 2022): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i6.3738.

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This study examines the impact of the French Revolution on Convergence the Ottoman-British politics in the period from 1789 to 1815. where it reviews the status of both the Ottoman Empire and the state in that period, showing the nature and development of the relations that arose between the two parties. The importance of the study lies in its attempt to address the political developments that contributed to the fluctuation of the mutual political relations between the Ottoman Empire and Britain during the study period. The study aimed to shed light on the role of the Ottoman policy in exploiting the principle of conflict of interests; To maintain the integrity of its territories from any European aggression, and to avoid any political situation that might involve it in the European conflict resulting from the Napoleonic wars on the European continent. The study concluded with a set of results, the most prominent of which were: Showing the importance of the diplomatic role in managing political events in that critical period, and showing the extent of the flexibility of the Ottoman Empire in dealing with emerging political changes, and its success in exploiting the principle of conflict of interests between the great powers to lead to political gains.
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DINCECCO, MARK. "Fragmented authority from Ancien Régime to modernity: a quantitative analysis." Journal of Institutional Economics 6, no. 3 (May 20, 2010): 305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137410000032.

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Abstract:This paper performs a systematic analysis that examines institutional fragmentation in terms of customs tariffs within states west of the Rhine from 1700 to 1815 and between states east of the Rhine from 1815 to 1871. Internal customs zones are measured in two ways: physical size and urban population. Both methods use 175 sample cities as described by De Vries (1984) in England, France, the Netherlands, and Spain as the basic unit of account. The results indicate that customs zones west of the Rhine were small prior to the French Revolution but grew dramatically from 1789 onwards. They thus provide definitive evidence of divided authority in Ancien Régime Europe. The measurement of external customs zones uses 117 sample cities in the German and Italian territories. The findings indicate a remarkable degree of institutional consolidation between states east of the Rhine over the 1800s.
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Hayhoe, Jeremy. "The Bourgeois Revolution in France 1789-1815, by Henry HellerThe Bourgeois Revolution in France 1789-1815, by Henry Heller. Monographs in French Studies. Oxford, Berghahn Books, 2006. ix, 172 pp. $60.00 US (cloth)." Canadian Journal of History 42, no. 1 (April 2007): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.42.1.112.

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Schofield, Philip. "H. T. Dickinson, ed., Britain and the French Revolution 1789–1815, Basingstoke and London, MacMillan, 1989, pp. 291." Utilitas 3, no. 1 (May 1991): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800000960.

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HEYWOOD, COLIN. "LEARNING DEMOCRACY IN FRANCE: POPULAR POLITICS IN TROYES, c. 1830–1900." Historical Journal 47, no. 4 (November 29, 2004): 921–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x04004042.

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The French have had an ambiguous relationship with liberal democracy, doing much to pioneer it since 1789, but also harbouring substantial minorities hostile to it. This article seeks the historical roots for this relationship in a critical period for the democratization process in France between the 1830 Revolution and the consolidation of the Third Republic late in the nineteenth century. It takes the textile town of Troyes as a case study. In particular, it takes a ‘grass-roots’ approach to the problem, as opposed to the usual focus on ideologies and attitudes to democratization among the elites. The general contention is that the population of the town faced a number of obstacles as it attempted to develop a ‘democratic culture’. The analysis highlights the varying approaches to popular participation in politics taken by successive regimes between 1815 and the 1870s, the slow emergence of a civil society in the town, and the problems faced by militants as they operated under the constraints of universal manhood suffrage.
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Haywood, Ian. "Reforming Ideas in Britain: Politics and Language in the Shadow of the French Revolution, 1789–1815; British Drama of the Industrial Revolution." European Romantic Review 27, no. 4 (June 28, 2016): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509585.2016.1190092.

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Harris, Bob. "Reforming Ideas in Britain: Politics and Language in the Shadow of the French Revolution, 1789–1815, by Mark Philp." English Historical Review 130, no. 545 (August 2015): 1014–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cev193.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "French Revolution (1789-1815)"

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Westermayr, Anna Verena. "Public festivities in England during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, 1789-1815." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272026.

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Betros, Gemma Maree. "The female religious communities of Paris during the French Revolution and First Empire, 1789-1815." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612936.

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Ritz, Olivier. "Les métaphores naturelles dans le débat sur la Révolution de 1789 à 1815." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040134.

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En étudiant les textes du débat sur la Révolution française qui ont été publiés entre 1789 et 1815, cette thèse montre comment les métaphores naturelles ont servi à configurer des relations nouvelles entre la politique, la science et la littérature.La première partie étudie les métaphores naturelles en tant qu’instruments du débat sur la Révolution, envisageant successivement quatre fonctions rhétoriques : non seulement émouvoir et argumenter, mais aussi faire connaître et faire agir. La seconde partie étudie les relations entre les sciences de la nature et la politique. Elle porte sur les tentatives d’établir une véritable science politique à partir du modèle des sciences naturelles, sur les liens entre Révolution française et révolution scientifique ainsi que sur les stratégies discursives de promotion de la figure du savant. La troisième partie traite du débat sur la littérature qui se développe au cœur du débat sur la Révolution. Si les métaphores naturelles y sont remarquables pour leur force rhétorique et parce qu’elles mettent la littérature en tension avec la science et la politique, elles sont aussi des marqueurs littéraires : à travers elles, les écrivains légitiment leur œuvre, définissent leur rôle et s’inscrivent dans des traditions poétiques. Deux chapitres étudient spécifiquement les premières histoires de la Révolution.L’invention de la littérature comme usage fondamentalement esthétique du langage écrit est le résultat paradoxal de cette période où les liens entre la littérature, la politique et les sciences ont été particulièrement riches
By studying a series of texts that debate the French Revolution between 1789 and 1815, this thesis aims to show how natural metaphors played a part in creating new relationships between politics, science and literature.The first part focuses on the rhetorical uses of natural metaphors in the debate. It studies how they were used not only to arouse emotions and to convince the reader, but also to produce knowledge and drive people to action. The second part deals with the relationships between the natural sciences and politics: first examining the attempt to create a new political science based on the model of the natural sciences, then analysing the relationship between the French Revolution and the scientific revolution, before finally considering the textual strategies used to create and promote the new figure of the scientist. The third part studies the debate about literature that developed at the centre of the debate on the French Revolution. In this context, natural metaphors are interesting not only because of their rhetorical power or because they create tensions between literature, science and politics, but also because they are used as indications of literariness: by using natural metaphors, writers legitimized their works, defined their social function and took their place in a literary tradition. Two chapters focus specifically on the first written histories of the French Revolution.The idea of literature as an essentially aesthetic use of written language is the paradoxical result of this period of deep and intensive interaction between literature, politics and sciences
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Renard, Nils. ""La terre est affranchie" : Henri Grégoire et les paysages catholiques de la Révolution française (1789-1815)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA01H077.

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Cette thèse interroge les rapports entre religion, environnement et anthropologie, de la fin de l’Ancien Régime à l’Empire, en se concentrant sur la figure de Henri Grégoire (1750- 1831), personnage essentiel de la Révolution française, connu pour son combat abolitionniste. En étudiant les cercles religieux et intellectuels gravitant autour de l’abbé Grégoire, en particulier les curés agronomes, le clergé révolutionnaire et républicain de l’Église gallicane, les membres de la Société de philosophie chrétienne, les agronomes et sylviculteurs des sociétés d’agriculture, et particulièrement de la Société d’agriculture du département de la Seine, mais aussi les figures de l’Europe savante sous l’Empire, on peut suivre l’évolution d’un débat intellectuel au croisement du politique, du religieux et d’une réflexion sur la nature. En définissant les paysages catholiques de la France rurale, héritages idéalisés du travail de la terre, et cadre du gouvernement politique et religieux des sociétés, on éclaire un pan essentiel de son action. Elle s’exerce dans le contexte de l’inquiétude climatique sur les forêts de France : le choix de l’arbre de la liberté comme symbole de la Révolution marque alors un temps politique et scientifique essentiel pour l’évêque de Blois. De ses influences lorraines, Grégoire tire un ensemble de traditions intellectuelles, dont nous montrons la complexité, fruit des débats religieux de son époque, et déterminant sa conception du rôle du clergé dans le gouvernement des sociétés, à travers la centralité qu’il accorde à l’agriculture. Les débats politiques et scientifiques au tournant du Consulat et de l’Empire, sur le gouvernement des sociétés et de leur environnement, interrogent ce modèle social hérité de la Réforme catholique. La régénération par le travail de la terre, théorisée en particulier pour les juifs de France dans le cadre de l’émancipation, est définie comme l’horizon politique et spirituel adapté aussi bien à la métropole en Révolution qu’aux anciens esclaves des colonies, en répondant aux espérances placées dans l’agriculture comme la source d’une abolition de l’esclavage. Il répond également aux attentes de pacification des régions rurales insurgées, en particulier la Vendée, dont nous montrons que l’influence sur Grégoire et le clergé républicain est décisive dans la refondation d’une apologétique chrétienne dans la France du Directoire. Le positionnement politique de l’abbé Grégoire sous l’Empire, souvent considéré comme un opposant irréductible, se révèle alors plus nuancé. Les paysages catholiques de la Révolution se comprennent à la lumière de son approche spirituelle et civilisationnelle de l’agriculture, matrice de l’émancipation
This PhD dissertation questions the connection between religion, environment and anthropology, from the end of the Old Régime to the First French Empire, focusing on Henri Grégoire (1750-1831), who was a prominent figure of the French Revolution, famous for his abolitionist claim. I study religious and intellectual groups circulating around him, in particular the members of the clergy specializing in agriculture, the republican and revolutionary clergy of the Gallican Church, the members of the Christian Philosophical Society, the agronomists and foresters of the agriculture societies, especially the Agriculture Society of the Seine district, but also the main thinkers of Europe during the Empire of Napoléon. I delineate the evolution of a debate on nature, politics and religion. By defining Catholic landscapes of rural France, seen as idealized legacies of the ploughing, and understood as the context of the religious and political governance of the country, I shed new light on Grégoire’s action. It takes place in the context of the environmental anxiety about French forests: the choice of the Liberty tree as a symbol of the Revolution is a major political and scientific threshold for the bishop of Blois. Grégoire inherits complex intellectual traditions from his Lorraine origins, which are the result of religious debates of the time. They define his perception of the role of the clergy in the governance of societies, based on agriculture as a central element. Political and scientific debates on the way to rule societies and environment, taking place at the beginning of the Consulat and the Empire, question this social model dating back to the Catholic CounterReformation. Regeneration by the rural work is first theorized during the Jewish émancipation debate in France; it becomes the political and spiritual frontier for France and for former enslaved people of the colonies as well. It fits in the great expectations endowed in agriculture for the abolition of slavery. It also answers attempts at pacification in seditious rural areas, especially the Vendée region. That latter context has a great influence on Grégoire and his clergy, who develop a new Catholic literature during the Directoire period, as I show it. Therefore, the way Grégoire positions himself politically under Napoléon’s reign is to be qualified. His civilisational and spiritual approach to agriculture, considered as a means for emancipation, sheds new light on the Catholic landscapes of the French Revolution
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Haegele, Vincent. "La famille Bonaparte et la gestion de l’héritage révolutionnaire : enjeux politiques et économiques au sein de l’espace européen." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUL029.

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La Révolution française s’inscrit dès ses débuts dans un cadre international : tout au long des années 1780, les réformes entreprises dans les pays voisins de la France, mais aussi les crises politiques comme celle vécue par les Provinces-Unies, ont eu un large écho dans le débat politique intérieur. La signature du traité de commerce franco-anglais de 1786 est considérée comme une erreur politique dans un contexte qui voit l’opinion publique française s’alarmer du décrochage subi par l’économie du pays face au rival britannique. La Révolution remet en cause les bases fondamentales de la société française mais aussi ses rapports avec les puissances voisines, dont le langage diplomatique n’est plus compréhensible. L’entrée en guerre, en 1792, est inéluctable. Victorieuse sur le terrain militaire, la France n’est cependant pas pour autant épargnée par les crises politiques engendrées par les expérimentations constitutionnelles successives mises en place. En 1800, Napoléon Bonaparte s’empare du pouvoir et entreprend de consolider l’héritage révolutionnaire, à l’intérieur des frontières, mais aussi à l’extérieur. Bien qu’il prétende fermer le cycle commencé en 1789, Napoléon lui donne une nouvelle dimension dont la finalité est bien de construire un Empire. Cela sous-entend de reconstruire l’appareil diplomatique et de doter les États alliés ou satellites d’institutions inspirées du modèle qu’il incarne en reprenant à son profit les codes et symboles de la monarchie. Pourtant ce modèle n’est pas sans faiblesse. Le présent travail cherche à présenter le rôle de la famille Bonaparte dans l’appropriation des idées révolutionnaires et dans leur transmission à travers l’Europe
From its beginning, the French Revolution was the part of an international framework: throughout the 1780s, reforms and crisis in the foreign countries had a large echo in the internal political debate. The conclusion of the Franco-British commercial treaty in 1786 has been seen as a major political error by a growing part of the French public opinion. People were alarmed by the capability of the country’s economy to face the weight of British rival. The Revolution soon questions the fundamental bases of French society but also its relations with foreign powers, whose diplomatic language is no longer understandable. In 1792, the entry into the war was inevitable. Glorious in the military field, France was not however spared by the political crises engendered by the successive constitutional experiments. In 1800, the general Napoleon Bonaparte seized power and consolidated the revolutionary legacy, within the borders, but also abroad. Although he claimed to close the cycle started in 1789, Napoleon gave it a new dimension whose purpose was to build an Empire beyond natural borders. This implied a new diplomatic organisation and endowing allied or satellite states with institutions inspired by the model he personally embodied by using the codes and symbols of the monarchy for his own benefits. Yet this model was not without weakness. This work aims to present the role of the Bonaparte family in the appropriation of revolutionary ideas and in their transmission across Europe
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Roux, Stéphane. "Le concept de "convention nationale" sous la Révolution. Contribution à l'étude de la représentation constituante." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020076.

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Dans un système constitutionnel fondé sur la souveraineté de la nation, le pouvoir constituant fait figure de phénomène ambivalent, difficilement analysable en termes juridiques. Par définition réfractaire à tout encadrement impératif, le pouvoir suprême au sein de l’Etat n’en doit pas moins revêtir une forme organisée pour exprimer une volonté normative. Les acteurs de la Révolution française agissent aux confins du droit, tirant profit des ressources de la philosophie politique et de l’histoire pour établir une constitution, principe fondamental du système juridique qu’ils cherchent à établir. Ils se dotent d’outils pour parvenir à leurs fins : le concept de « convention nationale » en est un, auréolé du succès des réalisations américaines. Plutôt qu’à une transposition institutionnelle, les révolutionnaires français procèdent à une adaptation. En devenant « extraordinaire », la représentation constituante qu’ils conceptualisent perd son caractère révolutionnaire pour devenir pleinement juridique. Elle offre une alternative à l’insurrection. Un tel processus présente cependant un revers. Ce pouvoir, en accédant à l’existence investi de l’exercice de la souveraineté, est dégagé de toutes contraintes juridiques autres que celles qui découlent de son organisation. Ces contraintes pèsent sur ses membres, exacerbant les tensions qui déchirent un corps collectif doté des pouvoirs les plus étendus. Les dérives sanglantes qui frappent la Convention nationale ne sont pas inéluctables ; elles découlent de l’exploitation politique des failles inhérentes au fonctionnement d’une représentation souveraine dont les membres ne doivent jouir d’aucun privilège
In a constitutional system founded on the sovereignty of the nation, constituent power is an ambivalent phenomenon, difficult to analyse in juridical terms. By definition resistant to mandatory regulation, the supreme power in the state must necessarily take a form which enables it to express a normative will. The actors of the French Revolution push the confines of the law, taking advantage of the resources of political philosophy and history to establish a constitution, fundamental principle of the juridical system they seek to institute. They create tools to achieve their ends: the concept of “national convention” being one, taking inspiration from the success of American achievements. Rather than an institutionnal transposition, the French revolutionaries proceed with an adaptation. By becoming “extraordinary”, the constituent representation which they conceptualize losses its revolutionary character to become fully juridical. It offers an alternative to the insurrection. By coming into existence invested with the capacity to exercise sovereignty, this power is released from all legal constraints other than those arising as a result of its organization. The process, however, is two-sided, and internally produced constraints weigh on its members, exacerbating tensions thar tear a collective body endowed with the broadest powers. The bloody excesses that strike the National Convention are not inevitable. They arise from political exploitation of flaws inherent to the organization of a sovereign representation whose members must not have any privilege
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Hayworth, Jordan R. "Conquering the Natural Frontier: French Expansion to the Rhine River During the War of the First Coalition, 1792-1797." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822845/.

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After conquering Belgium and the Rhineland in 1794, the French Army of the Sambre and Meuse faced severe logistical, disciplinary, and morale problems that signaled the erosion of its capabilities. The army’s degeneration resulted from a revolution in French foreign policy designed to conquer the natural frontiers, a policy often falsely portrayed as a diplomatic tradition of the French monarchy. In fact, the natural frontiers policy – expansion to the Rhine, the Pyrenees, and the Alps – emerged only after the start of the War of the First Coalition in 1792. Moreover, the pursuit of natural frontiers caused more controversy than previously understood. No less a figure than Lazare Carnot – the Organizer of Victory – viewed French expansion to the Rhine as impractical and likely to perpetuate war. While the war of conquest provided the French state with the resources to survive, it entailed numerous unforeseen consequences. Most notably, the Revolutionary armies became isolated from the nation and displayed more loyalty to their commanders than to the civilian authorities. In 1797, the Sambre and Meuse Army became a political tool of General Lazare Hoche, who sought control over the Rhineland by supporting the creation of a Cisrhenan Republic. Ultimately, troops from Hoche’s army removed Carnot from the French Directory in the coup d’état of 18 fructidor, a crucial benchmark in the militarization of French politics two years before Napoleon Bonaparte’s seizure of power. Accordingly, the conquest of the Rhine frontier contributed to the erosion of democratic governance in Revolutionary France.
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Mabo, Solenn. "Les citoyennes, les contre-révolutionnaires et les autres : participations, engagements et rapports de genre dans la Révolution française en Bretagne." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.bu.univ-rennes2.fr/system/files/theses/2019_theseMaboS.pdf.

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Centrée sur les rapports de genre dans le champ politique, cette thèse s’empare de la représentation figée de Bretonnes fanatiques et contre-révolutionnaires en analysant les voies de leur participation à la Révolution, qu’elles la soutiennent, la combattent ou s’y impliquent autrement. Des actions d’envergure aux interventions plus quotidiennes, leur engagement est confronté à celui des hommes pour observer comment se manifestent et se recomposent des pratiques et identités politiques sexuées. Après un prologue qui présente la place des femmes dans la société bretonne au XVIIIe siècle, la thèse s’organise autour de trois grands axes. Le premier montre comment elles participent à la séquence pré-révolutionnaire puis investissent les nouveaux espaces de la citoyenneté. Le second explore les marges de la participation politique en observant comment des femmes ordinaires sont impliquées plus ou moins volontairement dans la dynamique révolutionnaire. Le dernier axe présente les résistances à la Révolution, des luttes religieuses à la chouannerie, et examine comment se fabriquent des trajectoires féminines contre-révolutionnaires. L’ensemble repose sur l’exploitation d’archives très dispersées et engage une réflexion sur les mécanismes de la mise en lumière ou de l’occultation des femmes dans les événements et la documentation. En dégageant toute une gamme d’interventions féminines jusque-là ignorées ou peu visibles, cette thèse propose une autre histoire de la Révolution en Bretagne, qui entend nourrir la compréhension de l’ensemble du processus révolutionnaire et alimenter l’histoire des rapports de genre en situation de crise ou de conflit
Focused on gender relations in the political field, this thesis revisits the traditional image of fanatical and counter-revolutionary Breton women by analysing the ways of their participation in the Revolution, whether they supported it, fought against it or got otherwise involved. From major actions to everyday interventions, their commitment is compared with that of men to observe how gendered political practices and identities are manifested and recomposed. After an introduction presenting the place of women in Breton society in the eighteenth century, the study proceeds along three major axes. The first presents how they participated in the pre-revolutionary sequence and then invested the new spaces of citizenship. The second explores the margins of political participation by observing how ordinary women were more or less voluntarily involved in revolutionary dynamics. The third and last part focuses on the resistance to the Revolution, from religious struggles to Chouannerie, and shows how some counter-revolutionary feminine destinies were forged. The present work is based on the exploitation of very scattered archives and engages in a reflection on the mechanisms of the highlighting or the occultation of women in the events and the documentation. By revealing a whole range of previously ignored or inconspicuous feminine interventions, this thesis offers another history of the Revolution in Brittany, which can foster a better understanding of the whole revolutionary process and enrich the history of gender relations in crisis or conflict situations
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Le, Joncour Tristan. "La République entre péril intérieur et insécurité extérieure." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR049.

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La distinction de l’ami et de l’ennemi comme facteur déterminant du politique – théorie de Carl Schmitt – a été développée par son élève, traducteur et introducteur Julien Freund, qui précisa « l’essence du politique » par deux autres facteurs : les distinctions du commandant et du commandé, du public et du privé. Le moment de fondation ou de refondation du politique (le kairos grec) est la « situation exceptionnelle » dont la qualification est l’œuvre du souverain. Freund apporte à cette conception schmitienne deux éléments objectifs : la guerre civile et la guerre étrangère faisant de la crise politique la mise en danger de mort de la collectivité, soit la conjugaison du péril intérieur et de l’insécurité extérieure. Correspondent seules à cette définition la Grande Révolution et la Révolution nationale. Le retour en France de l’ennemi (non de la guerre) est la « reprise » (Kierkegaard : la chose du passé surgissant telle qu’en elle-même l’a changée la nouvelle situation) du conflit à la fois étranger et civil de 1954-1962, conflit qui amena la réforme de la loi fondamentale (référendum d’octobre 1958), la décision de la situation exceptionnelle (application de l’article 16, permettant l’incarnation du commandement pour la première fois depuis 1944) et l’installation du régime (référendum d’octobre 1962). L’assimilation de l’Epuration à la « Terreur jacobine » occulte la remise en vigueur des lois révolutionnaires par l’État français, des lois de la Restauration par le pouvoir gaullo-communiste. Tandis que les auteurs contre-révolutionnaires avaient décrit dans la Révolution une œuvre providentielle de régénération nationale, les théories politiques subversives d’illustres « révolutionnaires » et leur mise en pratique (par leurs eux-mêmes) contredisent l’action et le bilan du jacobinisme illibéral : patriotisme de Brissot, fédéralisme de Cloots, communisme de Babeuf. Une dialectique révolutionnaire-conservatrice (réaliste) rencontre donc en miroir une dialectique réactionnaire-progressiste, impolitique en ce sens que son but est le dépassement, l’anéantissement ou l’implosion d’une collectivité politique donnée, la Nation. Robespierre, sous cet angle, incarna donc la tendance conservatrice de la Révolution. La victoire inaugurale de l’oligarchie par un coup de force parlementaire (Thermidor) passe par la délégation du pouvoir souverain, de la députation vers l’armée (stratocratie). Au bout d’une génération, la monarchie de Juillet consacre l’alliance structurelle de l’Ordre et du Mouvement. C’est le coup d’État de 1851 qui ressuscite le suffrage universel ; puis le second Empire reviendra sur l’héritage libéral de 1789 au temporel (abolition des corporations, interdiction des coalitions) comme au spirituel (constitution civile du clergé) en dotant l’Église et en autorisant les syndicats (1864). S’institutionnalise après la guerre étrangère (franco-prussienne) puis civile (Commune) un « nouvel Ancien régime » (Pierre Leroux) dont la gauche constituera l’aile active ; la droite, l’aile passive. En 1939, le gouvernement décidant de la guerre contre l’avis du Parlement, ce qui restait de République est renversé de fait ; le congrès réuni à Vichy, par son vote du 10 juillet 1940, reconquiert paradoxalement la souveraineté en la déléguant. L’histoire du régime de Vichy doit donc être revue à cette lumière, comme celle du gaullisme (dissidence de la Tradition) et de la résistance communiste (dissidence de la Révolution) ; ces deux dernières forces, réunies à partir de 1941, reconstitueront le mouvement réactionnaire-progressiste. Les mémoires de la Révolution française et de la Révolution nationale sont battues en brèche sous les coups d’un libéralisme toujours plus hégémonique, altérant le Peuple, la Constitution, le politique lui-même. Le régime libéral renvoie dos à dos jacobinisme et maurrassisme dans le même enfer mémoriel
The distinction of the friend and the enemy as the determining factor of politics – a theory of Carl Schmidt – has been developped by his pupil, translator and introducer Julien Freund who indicated besides two other factors of the "essence of politics" : the distinction of the commanding one and the commanded one and that of the public sphere and the private sphere. The act of fundation or refundation of politics (the greek kairos) is the ‘exceptional situation’ and its qualification is the sovereign’s task. Freund adds to this Schmittian approach two objective elements : civil war and foreign war changing the political crisis into the danger of death for the collectivity, that is the combination of the internal threat with that from abroad. The only events in the History of France that do correspond to this definition are the Great Revolution and the National Revolution. The enemy coming back in France (and not war coming back) is the ‘resumption’ (Kierkegaard : the thing from the past appearing as the situation changed it in itself) of the internal and external conflict of 1954-1962, a conflict that led to the reform of the fundamental law (referundum of October 1958), the decision to decree the exceptional situation (application of section 16 of the Constitution enabling the incarnation of the command for the first time since 1944) and the installation of the regime (referendum of October 1962). The assimilation of the épuration légale (French : “legal purge”) to the "Jacobin Terror" hides the reinstatement of revolutionary laws by the French State and that of the laws of the Bourbon Restoration by the Gaullo-communist power. While counterrevolutionary authors had described in the Revolution a providential work of national regeneration, the subversive political theories of illustrious "Revolutionaries" and their application (by themselves) contradict the action and the results of illiberal Jacobinism: Brissot’s patriotism, Cloots’ federalism, Babeuf’s communism. A revolutionary-conservative (realist) dialectic thus meets in mirror a reactionary-progressive dialectic which can only be impolitic in the sense that its goal is the overcoming, the annihilation or the implosion of a given political community, the Nation. Robespierre, from this angle, thus embodied the conservative tendency of the Revolution. The inaugural victory of the oligarchy by a parliamentary coup (Thermidor) involves the delegation of the sovereign power from deputyship to the army (stratocracy). At the end of a generation, the July monarchy consecrates the structural alliance of the Order and the Movement. It was the coup d'etat of 1851 that revived universal suffrage; the Second Empire was then to reconsider the liberal heritage of 1789 in the temporal field (abolition of fund, prohibition of coalitions) as well as in the spiritual field (civil constitution of the clergy) by endowing the Church and authorizing labor unions (1864). After the foreign (Franco-Prussian) and then civil (Commune) wars, a "new Ancien Regime" (Pierre Leroux) was institutionalised, with the left as active wing and the right as the passive wing. In 1939, as the government declared war against the opinion of Parliament, what remained of the Republic was overthrown de facto; the congress at Vichy, by its vote of July 10, 1940, paradoxically reconquered sovereignty by delegating it. The history of the Vichy regime must therefore be reviewed in this light, like that of Gaullism (dissent of Tradition) and communist resistance (dissent of the Revolution); these last two forces, united from 1941, would reconstitute the reactionary-progressive movement. The memories of the French Revolution and the National Revolution are undermined by the blows of an ever more hegemonic liberalism altering the People, the Constitution, politics itself. The liberal regime refers back to back Jacobinism and Maurrassism in the same memorial hell
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10

Constantini, Laurent. "Les Constitutions des Républiques soeurs, illustration d’un modèle français pour l’Europe ?" Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST2002.

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Les Républiques soeurs, sont les républiques créées, aux Pays-Bas, en Italie, et en Suisse, pendant la Révolution, grâce à l'intervention militaire française et dont la constitution s'inspire fortement de celle du Directoire. Parmi ces dix constitutions datées de 1796 à 1799, certaines ont été simplement octroyées par la France, d'autres ont été adoptées plus librement. A ce moment où les puissances européennes font face à l'expansion de la Grande nation, celle-ci veut être entourée de républiques faites à son image, alliées, et même dociles, afin de se constituer un glacis protecteur. Ces constitutions sont donc établies grâce à la force des armes françaises, mais elles sont censées réaliser la liberté des peuples révolutionnés. Ces derniers, libérés d'une tutelle étrangère, ou d'un système inégalitaire, doivent connaître une émancipation à travers l'idéal républicain exprimé dans les constitutions. Or, la Constitution de l'an III, qui leur a servi de modèle, est elle-même la traduction d'un dilemme. Les Thermidoriens veulent clore l'épisode jacobin, tout en maintenant les acquis républicains. Les Républiques soeurs sont ainsi souvent décrites comme le lieu des expérimentations constitutionnelles qui ne peuvent être menées en France. Il s'agit donc, à travers une analyse constitutionnelle, de comparer les traductions de l'idéal républicain dans ces textes, et d'en montrer les différences par rapport au modèle français de 1795, afin de mesurer leur possibilité d'adaptation. Cette recherche des originalités des Constitutions des Républiques soeurs devant l'apport de l'idéal républicain, nécessite de passer par les thèmes qui constituent cet idéal, à savoir ceux de l'égalité, des droits, des libertés, de la garantie des droits, de la citoyenneté, de la souveraineté, de la représentation, et de la séparation des pouvoirs
The Sister Republics were created in Italy, Switzerland and the Netherlands through military intervention, during the French Revolution, and their constitutions are very much alike that of the Directoire. Of these ten Constitutions, adopted between 1796 and 1799, some were simply granted by France while others were passed on a more autonomous basis.At a time when the European powers were unable to contain the expansion of the Great nation, the latter wanted to surround itself with Republics built in its image, allied, even docile so as to surround itself in a protective glacis. These Constitutions were, thus, set up thanks to the French army's action, although they were meant to enforce the freedom of these revolutionized peoples. Freed from foreign dominion or from a non-equalitarian regime, they would experience emancipation through the republican ideal expressed in their constitutions. However, the Constitution de l'an III, upon which they were designed, was itself the expression of a dilemma. Thermidorians wanted to put an end to the Jacobin episode, while maintaining the gains of the republican regime. The Sister Republics are, hence, often described as the place of the constitutional experiments which could not be done in France. It is then question, through constitutional analysis, to compare the various translations of the republican ideal found in those texts, and to show the differences between them and the French model of 1795, so as to find out how adaptable they are. This investigation into the originality of the Constitutions of the Sister Republics in front of the republican ideal, will deal with the themes which are constitutive of this idea : equality, rights, liberties, protection of rights, citizenship, sovereignty, political representation and separation of powers
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Books on the topic "French Revolution (1789-1815)"

1

Dickinson, H. T., ed. Britain and the French Revolution, 1789–1815. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20054-2.

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T, Dickinson H., ed. Britain and the French Revolution, 1789-1815. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.

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T, Dickinson H., ed. Britain and the French Revolution, 1789-1815. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Education, 1989.

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British radicalism and the French revolution, 1789-1815. Oxford, OX, UK: Blackwell, 1985.

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Taaffe, Peter. The masses arise: The great French Revolution, 1789-1815. London: Fortress, 1989.

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Taaffe, Peter. The masses arise: The great French Revolution, 1789-1815. 2nd ed. [London]: Socialist Publications, 2009.

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Taaffe, Peter. The masses arise: The great French Revolution, 1789-1815. 2nd ed. [London]: Socialist Publications, 2009.

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Swords, Liam. The green cockade: The Irish in the French Revolution 1789-1815. Sandycove, Co. Dublin, Ireland: Glendale, 1989.

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American foreign policy during the French Revolution--Napoleonic period, 1789-1815: A bibliography. New York: Garland Pub., 1994.

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Popkin, Jeremy D. A short history of the French Revolution. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "French Revolution (1789-1815)"

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Elliott, Marianne. "Ireland and the French Revolution." In Britain and the French Revolution, 1789–1815, 83–101. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20054-2_5.

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Dukes, Paul. "The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815." In Paths to a New Europe, 150–86. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-80206-3_6.

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Dukes, Paul. "The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815." In A History of Europe 1648–1948: The Arrival, The Rise, The Fall, 175–212. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18027-1_7.

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Pugh, Martin. "The Impact of the French Revolution, 1789–1815." In Britain Since 1789, 19–27. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27402-4_3.

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Stevenson, John. "Popular Radicalism and Popular Protest 1789–1815." In Britain and the French Revolution, 1789–1815, 61–81. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20054-2_4.

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Dickinson, H. T. "Popular Conservatism and Militant Loyalism 1789–1815." In Britain and the French Revolution, 1789–1815, 103–25. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20054-2_6.

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Dickinson, H. T. "Introduction: the Impact of the French Revolution and the French Wars 1789–1815." In Britain and the French Revolution, 1789–1815, 1–19. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20054-2_1.

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Duffy, Michael. "British Diplomacy and the French Wars 1789–1815." In Britain and the French Revolution, 1789–1815, 127–45. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20054-2_7.

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Emsley, Clive. "The Social Impact of the French Wars." In Britain and the French Revolution, 1789–1815, 211–27. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20054-2_11.

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Derry, John. "The Opposition Whigs and the French Revolution 1789–1815." In Britain and the French Revolution, 1789–1815, 39–59. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20054-2_3.

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