Academic literature on the topic 'French language Consonants'
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Journal articles on the topic "French language Consonants"
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McLeod, Sharynne, and Kathryn Crowe. "Children's Consonant Acquisition in 27 Languages: A Cross-Linguistic Review." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 1546–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_ajslp-17-0100.
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Purpose The aim of this study was to provide a cross-linguistic review of acquisition of consonant phonemes to inform speech-language pathologists' expectations of children's developmental capacity by (a) identifying characteristics of studies of consonant acquisition, (b) describing general principles of consonant acquisition, and (c) providing case studies for English, Japanese, Korean, and Spanish. Method A cross-linguistic review was undertaken of 60 articles describing 64 studies of consonant acquisition by 26,007 children from 31 countries in 27 languages: Afrikaans, Arabic, Cantonese, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Jamaican Creole, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Maltese, Mandarin (Putonghua), Portuguese, Setswana (Tswana), Slovenian, Spanish, Swahili, Turkish, and Xhosa. Results Most studies were cross-sectional and examined single word production. Combining data from 27 languages, most of the world's consonants were acquired by 5;0 years;months old. By 5;0, children produced at least 93% of consonants correctly. Plosives, nasals, and nonpulmonic consonants (e.g., clicks) were acquired earlier than trills, flaps, fricatives, and affricates. Most labial, pharyngeal, and posterior lingual consonants were acquired earlier than consonants with anterior tongue placement. However, there was an interaction between place and manner where plosives and nasals produced with anterior tongue placement were acquired earlier than anterior trills, fricatives, and affricates. Conclusions Children across the world acquire consonants at a young age. Five-year-old children have acquired most consonants within their ambient language; however, individual variability should be considered. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6972857
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Cabrera, Laurianne, Ranka Bijeljac-Babic, and Josiane Bertoncini. "The development of consonant and lexical-tone discrimination between 3 and 6 years: Effect of language exposure." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 6 (June 25, 2018): 1249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918781077.
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Aims and objectives:The present study explored children’s discrimination capacities for lexical tones and consonants between 3 and 6 years of age and the effect of native language on this ability. Recent studies in infants have shown a perceptual rebound for non-native listeners during the second year of life, but only for lexical tones. However, the later stages of development, and particularly when children start pre-school, are yet not clear.Design:Discrimination abilities of 134 children were measured in three age groups between 3 and 6 years using a behavioural task where children detected a change in lexical tones or consonants. Children were either French monolinguals, French bilinguals exposed to an Asian tone language or French bilinguals exposed to a second non-tone language at home.Data and analysis:Overall, results indicated that higher detection scores for consonants were observed from 4 to 5 years, while for lexical tones the highest scores were observed only at 5–6 years. Moreover, bilingual children exposed to an Asian tone language had higher scores for tones compared to monolingual French children. Interestingly, both bilingual groups, whether exposed to an Asian tone language or to a non-tone language, had better scores for tones than for French consonants, while monolinguals performed equally with both.Conclusions:Language exposure from an early age influences phonological development and bilingualism seems to enhance the perception of prosodic information.Originality:This study is the first to show a different developmental trajectory for consonant and lexical-tone discrimination between 3 and 6 years according to the native language.Significance:Similar detection scores for tones and consonants for monolingual French children and better detection for tones than for consonants for both groups of bilinguals suggest that the perception of lexical tone is determined by both language-specific influences and non-linguistic/auditory processing during childhood.
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FLOCCIA, CAROLINE, THIERRY NAZZI, CLAIRE DELLE LUCHE, SILVANA POLTROCK, and JEREMY GOSLIN. "English-learning one- to two-year-olds do not show a consonant bias in word learning." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 5 (July 19, 2013): 1085–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000913000287.
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ABSTRACTFollowing the proposal that consonants are more involved than vowels in coding the lexicon (Nespor, Peña & Mehler, 2003), an early lexical consonant bias was found from age 1;2 in French but an equal sensitivity to consonants and vowels from 1;0 to 2;0 in English. As different tasks were used in French and English, we sought to clarify this ambiguity by using an interactive word-learning study similar to that used in French, with British-English-learning toddlers aged 1;4 and 1;11. Children were taught two CVC labels differing on either a consonant or vowel and tested on their pairing of a third object named with one of the previously taught labels, or part of them. In concert with previous research on British-English toddlers, our results provided no evidence of a general consonant bias. The language-specific mechanisms explaining the differential status for consonants and vowels in lexical development are discussed.
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Schmidt, Deborah. "Phantom consonants in Basaa." Phonology 11, no. 1 (May 1994): 149–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001871.
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Basaa, a zone A Bantu language spoken in Cameroon, is only one among many genetically unrelated languages for which the positing of phonetically null phantom consonants facilitates a phonological account of certain otherwise unexpected surface forms encountered in derivational paradigms. Clements & Keyser (1983), Marlett & Stemberger (1983), Keyser & Kiparsky (1984), Crowhurst (1988) and Hualde (1992) propose that phantom consonants exist in Turkish, Seri, French, Finnish, Southern Paiute and Aranese Gascon, for example, syllabifying as onsets or codas where appropriate and in certain cases inducing the gemination of an adjacent consonantal segment or the lengthening of a preceding tautosyllabic vowel, as we shall see takes place in Basaa.
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Blazhevich, Yuliya. "Phonetic Peculiarities of the French Language of Cameroon." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 4 (December 2019): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.4.17.
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Phonetic peculiarities of the territorial variant of the French language in Cameroon have been considered in the article. Audio- and video recordings of French-speaking Cameroonians have been used for the study. Significant divergences between the phonetic systems of the French language of the former metropolis and its Cameroonian version have been detected in the systems of vowels and consonants as well as on the prosodic level. The analysis proves that local Cameroonian languages being L1 of the speakers interfere with the French language of Cameroon as articulation habits of mother tongues are transferred into their speech in the French language. In the vowel system we have detected the following phonological phenomena: substitution of French sounds by the L1 ones, denasalization, diphthongization of vowels, change of sound length and use of epenthesis. In the consonant system such phenomena as substitution, devoicing, voicing, palatalization, sound opposition attenuation and consonant cluster simplification have been detected. Alterations are also observed on the prosodic level where L1 interference manifests in the form of excess tone marking transferred into French which is characteristic of most indigenous African languages. Four groups of accents spoken in Cameroon are also singled out and their main characteristics are described in the article.
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Tranel, Bernard. "French final consonants and nonlinear phonology." Lingua 95, no. 1-3 (March 1995): 131–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(95)90104-3.
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Genidze, N. K. "Vocalic Ratio as One of the Most Important Criteria of Phonetic Classification of World Languages." Discourse 6, no. 5 (November 30, 2020): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2020-6-5-87-96.
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Introduction. The article analyses the vowel-consonant ratio as one of the most important criteria of phonetic typology in the world languages. Scientific relevance of the research is based on quantitative and qualitative analysis and comparison of grammar and phonetics in typologically, genetically and historically different languages.Methodology and sources. Certain language is determined by vocalic ratio – a concept introduced to identify the vowels-consonant relation and measured through vk = V/C. Thus, all the languages can be either vocalic (vk > 1.3), consonantal (vk < 0.7) or mixed (0.7 > vk > 1.3). The article concerns the ideas by Ferdinand de Saussure (Indo-European root’s structure) and Aleksander V. Isachenko (phonetic typology).Results and discussion. The author conducts a comparative analysis of phonological systems and phonetic analysis of text fragments in several languages of different families and different historical periods: Gothic, old English, old Icelandic, English, Danish, French, and Finnish. The research reveals how the language’s structure matches its vowel-consonant ratio, i. e. disclose a link between its phonetic and morphology-syntactic classifications.Conclusion. The research has proved the fact that analytic trends in phonemes, on the one hand, depend on the vowel-consonant distribution in the language and speech, and on historically determined difference between the phonemes’ function – on the other. Inevitably, too, the language’s evolution from inflectional-synthetic to analytic or agglutinative (analytic-agglutinative) type affects all language levels, including the phonetic one. Consonants are stronger and almost resistible to changes; they function to distinguish the sense, making relative words so similar. The development of vowel system triggers the development of analytic functions, which are bound to impact the language system. Increasing number of vowels, emerging diphthongs and triphthongs are the result of analytic abilities of the language.
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Nikiema, Emmanuel. "De la nécessité des positions vides dans les représentations syllabiques du gen." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 40, no. 3 (September 1995): 319–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100016005.
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AbstractThe introduction of empty nuclear positions in syllable structure goes back to the early 80s. Since then, empty nuclei have been proposed in phonological analyses to account for vocalic epenthesis (vowel/Ø alternation). The analysis of Gen put forth in this article argues for empty nuclei although no vowel/Ø alternation can be observed in the language. Nevertheless, on the basis of the tonal patterns of Gen, it is shown that empty positions must be part of the underlying representation of syllables in the language. Another aspect of the study deals with consonant clusters. Thus far, all analyses supporting empty positions within a cluster have also referred to the absence of cooccurrence restrictions among the consonants surrounding the empty vowel. This paper provides new insights since, in Gen, the consonant clusters in which empty nuclei are proposed are typical of those observed in branching onset languages (like French, Italian and English) or in languages having light diphthongs. We argue that all attested consonant clusters in Gen are heterosyllabic.
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Cichocki, W., A. B. House, A. M. Kinloch, and A. C. Lister. "Cantonese Speakers and the Acquisition of French Consonants." Language Learning 49 (1999): 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.49.s1.3.
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Cichocki, W., A. B. House, A. M. Kinloch, and A. C. Lister. "Cantonese Speakers and the Acquisition of French Consonants." Language Learning 43, no. 1 (March 1993): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1993.tb00172.x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "French language Consonants"
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Pecue, Caleb J. "Utilizing Audiovisual Stimuli in the Classroom to Facilitate Pronunciation of French Stop Consonants." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1589836.
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Torres, Erin Helgeson. "Flute Articulation Pedagogy: The Effect of Language-Specific Consonant Pronunciation on a Flutist’s Articulation within the French and English Languages." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338398069.
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Thomas, Georgianne S. "An introductory reference guide to the cross-linguistic study of the consonants C/k/ and G/g/ from vulgar Latin to romance languages French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian in the initial, medial, and/or ending positions up to the 12th century." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2006. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1210.
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This dissertation proposes an analysis of the consonants C/k/ and G/g/ from Vulgar Latin to the five Romance Languages: French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian in the initial, medial, and/or ending positions up to the 12th century. This study examined the evolution of C/k/ and G/g/ in each language while noting the history and cultures that impacted their evolution.
I discuss how the spoken language of Italian evolved slowly from the late Vulgar Latin of the Empire, in close contact with the universal standard of Medieval Latin, yet is consistent with the rest of the languages in this study when it comes to consonants /b/ d/g/ being pronounced as plosives when they occur at the beginning of the word. I examine the similarities that persist in Romanian and Italian, in spite of Romanian's isolation from the other Romance languages.
I selected these consonants based on the conjugation irregularity of Romance verbs. The findings reflect a consistent conclusion taking into account scribers' errors, political reformations and numerous wars: Relative to all the languages in this research: initial consonants, single or followed by another consonant, remained unchanged; less resistance is offered by intervocalic consonants that either weakened or just disappeared; and final unsupported (preceded by a vowel) consonants or supported (preceded by a consonant) either remained or disappeared, up to the twelfth century. Research also included such variables impacting the languages as cultural concerns; non-contact with other Romance languages; and, geographical isolation.
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Landron, Simon. "L'opposition de voisement des occlusives orales du français par des locuteurs taïwanais." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA013/document.
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Cette thèse traite de l’acquisition des occlusives sourdes /p t k/ et sonores /b d g/ du français par 11 locutrices taïwanaises de niveau intermédiaire à avancé. La situation de Taïwan est qualifiée de diglossique, les locuteurs parlent généralement deux langues dont les principales sont le chinois mandarin et le taïwanais. Le chinois mandarin possède les occlusives /p t k ph th kh/ tandis que le taïwanais possède les occlusives /b g p t k ph th kh/. L’analyse acoustique des logatomes CVCVCVC où C=/b d g p t k/ et V=/a i u/ révèle une grande hétérogénéité entre les locutrices : les indices des natifs du français pour opposer entre sourdes et sonores sont parfois utilisés par les non-natifs, parfois non. On note l’influence du chinois mandarin. Un test de perception révèle une moins bonne discrimination des paires de consonnes /b p/, /d t/ et /g k/ en syllabe CV si V=/a/, comparé à /i u/. Ces résultats suggèrent une tendance générale chez ces auditrices à mieux discriminer les occlusives du français lorsque le VOT des sourdes est plus long et à ne pas tenir compte du VOT négatif des voisées. En perception, les indices pour discriminer les occlusives aspirées et non-aspirées du chinois mandarin semblent ainsi également être utilisés en français. Nous n’avons pas relevé de signe d’une influence du taïwanais, où l’opposition de voisement existe cependantThis dissertation deals with the acquisition of French voiceless stops /p t k/ and voiced stops /b d g/ by 11 Taiwanese intermediate or advanced learners of L2 French. The linguistic situation in Taiwan is described as diglossia. Most speakers speak two languages, mainly Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese. Mandarin Chinese has plosives /p t k ph th kh/ while Taiwanese has /b g p t k ph th kh/. An acoustic analysis of CVCVCVC logatoms where C = /b d g p t k/ and V = /a i u/ shows important heterogeneity among speakers. The cues used by French native speakers to oppose voiceless and voiced stops are irregularly used by non-native speakers. The influence of Mandarin Chinese is noted. A perception test shows poorer discrimination among pairs of consonants (/b p/, /d t/ and /g k/) in CV syllable when V = /a/, as compared to /i u/. The results show that non-native listeners tend to, firstly, better discriminate the voiceless plosives of French when the VOT is longer and secondly, ignore the negative VOT of voiced stops. As regards perception, the cues used in Mandarin Chinese to discriminate between aspirated and non-aspirated stops consonants seem to be used in French too. No clue to the influence of Taiwanese has been found, although the opposition of voicing exists
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Akpossan, Johanne. "La consonne /R/ comme indice de la variation lectale : cas du français en contact avec le créole guadeloupéen." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA030010/document.
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Cette thèse a pour objectif de définir l’apport de la phonétique expérimentale dans l’identification d’une variété lectale, en prenant pour exemple les langues parlées en Guadeloupe. En Guadeloupe, deux langues cohabitent : le français et le créole. Mais, dans les faits, il y a une diversité de variétés de français d’une part, et de créole d’autre part. Chacune de ces variétés va de l’acrolecte au basilecte en passant par le mésolecte : il y a donc un continuum français et un continuum créole. La situation sociolinguistique de la Guadeloupe peut être ainsi représentée par un double continuum.Ces différentes variétés de français peuvent-elles se distinguer par des caractéristiques (1) acoustiques, (2) phonétiques, (3) phonologiques et (4) perceptives de la consonne /R/? La durée du contact avec le créole, a t-elle une influence sur la variété de français parlée par un locuteur ?Nos résultats montrent que plus la variété de français est basilectale, (1) plus la diffusion de l’énergie spectrale du /R/ est faible avec un taux de bruit réduit et une hauteur moyenne des fréquences basse ; (2) plus la variante fricatisée du /R/ est rare et plus la variante approximante est fréquente ; (3) plus le taux d’élision du /R/ en coda de syllabe augmente ainsi que le taux de réalisation de /R/ en tant que [w] en contexte labial; (4) plus la variété est perçue comme ayant un faible degré d’accent français. Généralement, plus la durée du contact entre le français et le créole est longue, plus cette variété est basilectale.Si les caractéristiques de la consonne /R/ permettent de discriminer la variété acrolectale de la variété basilectale (variétés extrêmes), il apparait plus difficile d’établir une liste d’indices (ou « lectomètres ») qui permettraient d’identifier les variétés se trouvant dans la zone intermédiaire : le mésolecte est doté d’une certaine imprévisibilitéThe goal of this thesis is to determine the contribution of experimental phonetics in the identification of a lectal variety, in taking for example languages spoken in Guadeloupe. In Guadeloupe, two languages coexist : French and Creole. But in fact, there is a diversity of varieties of French on the one hand, and of Creole on the other hand. Each of these varieties goes from acrolect to basilect through mesolect : so there are a French continuum and a Creole continuum. Thus, the sociolinguistic situation of Guadeloupe can be represented by a double continuum.These different varieties of French can they be distinguished by (1) acoustic, (2) phonetic, (3) phonological (4) and perceptual characteristics of /R/ consonant? Does the contact duration with Creole have an influence on the variety of French spoken by a speaker?Our results show that the more basilectal the variety of French is, (1) the lower spectral diffusion of /R/ energy is, with a reduced rate noise and a low frequency mean; (2) the more infrequent /R/ constrictive variants are and the more common /R/ approximant variants are ; (3) the greater rates of /R/ elision in coda of syllable and /R/ realization as [w] in labial context increase ;(4) and the more the variety is perceived as having a low degree of French accent. Usually, the longer duration of the contact between French and Creole is, the more basilectal the variety of French is.If characteristics of /R/ consonant can distinguish acrolect and basilect (extreme varieties), it’s not so easy to establish a list of indications (or « lectomètres ») in order to identify varieties in the intermediate zone: mesolect has a certain unpredictability
Books on the topic "French language Consonants"
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Les structures syllabiques du français: Fréquence et distribution des phonèmes consonantiques, contraintes idiomatiques dans les séquences consonantiques. Genève: Slatkine, 1985.
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Gruaz, Claude, and Michel Alessio. Simplifier les consonnes doubles. Limoges]: Éditions Lambert-Lucas, 2013.
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Gibson, Mark, and Juana Gil, eds. Romance Phonetics and Phonology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739401.001.0001.
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The research in this volume addresses several recurring topics in Romance Phonetics and Phonology with a special focus on the segment, syllable, word, and phrase levels of analysis. The original research presented in this volume ranges from the low-level mechanical processes involved in speech production and perception to high-level representation and computation. The interaction between these two dimensions of speech and their effects on first- and second-language acquisition are methodically treated in later chapters. Individual chapters address rhotics in various languages (Spanish, Italian, and Brazilian Portuguese), both taps and trills, singleton and geminate; vowel nasalization and associated changes; sibilants and fricatives, the ways in which vowels are affected by their position; there are explorations of diphthongs and consonant clusters in Romanian; variant consonant production in three Catalan dialects; voice quality discrimination in Italian by native speakers of Spanish; mutual language perception by French and Spanish native speakers of each other’s language; poetry recitation (vis-à-vis rhotics in particular); French prosodic structure; glide modifications and pre-voicing in onsets in Spanish and Catalan; vowel reduction in Galician; and detailed investigations of bilinguals’ language acquisition. A number of experimental methods are employed to address the topics under study including both acoustic and articulatory data; electropalatography (EPG), ultrasound, electromagnetic articulography (EMA).
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Dressler, Wolfgang U., Basilio Calderone, Sabine Sommer-Lolei, and Katharina Korecky-Kröll. Experimental, Acquisitional and Corpus linguistic Approaches to the Study of Morphonotactics. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/978oeaw87141.
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This volume unites six contributions on morphonotactics of consonant clusters and its difference to phonotactics (in a narrow sense). Morphonotactics comprises that part of phonotactics (in the large sense) which is due to interaction with morphology. It deals prototypically with clusters which are due to morphological concatenation as in the word-final consonant cluster in Ger. (er/sie) mach-t '(he/she) make-s', which is morphonotactic vs. its phonotactic homophonous equivalent Macht 'power'. The opening chapter introduces into the area of morphonotactics and into the following five chapters which deal with German or French morphonotactics or both. The first represents the first corpuslinguistic analysis of German morphonotactics based on a large electronic corpus, the second investigates phonetic processing in both languages, the remaining three, equally distributed between both languages, with the impact of (mor)phonotactics on processing and language acquisition. Thus, this volume unites phonological, morphological, phonetic, psycholinguistic, corpuslinguistic and typological perspectives integrated into a series of experimental approaches. The volume publishes selectively results of a bilateral research project funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF).
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Adams, David. A Handbook of Diction for Singers. 3rd ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639504.001.0001.
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Abstract The 3rd edition of A Handbook of Diction for Singers is a guide to help classical singers achieve professional levels of lyric diction in Italian, French, and German, the three major languages of classical vocal repertory. It serves as a textbook for student singers, as well as a reference for voice teachers, vocal coaches, and conductors. The presentation is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The newly created chapter 1, “An Introduction to Specific Sounds,” introduces the relevant phonetic symbols, with descriptions of how each sound is produced and reference to the positioning of the articulators (tongue, jaw, lips, glottis) for each sound. Comparison of sample words from each language, including English, are provided. Each of the three languages is given its own chapter, with discussion not only of the sounds but also of features such as diacritical marks, words stress, vowel length, syllabification, and word structure. Example words have been expanded from previous editions, and most words are translated into English and transcribed into phonetic symbols. There are multiple musical examples, as well as basic exercises for specific sounds and IPA transcription (a new feature). Fine points not available from other textbooks are covered, such as extensive information on the open and close vowels sounds of e and o in Italian, sequencing of consonant sounds and word structure in German, and vowel length and details of the treatment of mute e in French. Additional resources are discussed for each language and sample texts are given with IPA transcriptions and translations.
Book chapters on the topic "French language Consonants"
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Tranel, Bernard. "Exceptionality in optimality theory and final consonants in French." In Grammatical Theory and Romance Languages, 275. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.133.22tra.
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Martínez-Gil, Fernando. "Consonant intrusion in heterosyllabic cosonant-liquid clusters in Old Spanish and Old French:." In A Romance Perspective on Language Knowledge and Use, 39. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.238.06mar.
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Papin, Kevin, and Walcir Cardoso. "Pronunciation practice in Google Translate: focus on French liaison." In Intelligent CALL, granular systems and learner data: short papers from EUROCALL 2022, 322–27. Research-publishing.net, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2022.61.1478.
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This paper examines the impact of self-directed pronunciation practice using Google Translate (GT) on the acquisition of French liaison (the production of latent consonants when they appear in consonant-vowel contexts across words: /z/ in le/za/mis ‘the friends’). Second-language (L2) French learners completed homework activities on GT to practice pronunciation, utilizing the tool’s Text-To-Speech (TTS) and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) capabilities. Using a pretest/posttest design, the acquisition of liaison was assessed in terms of phonological awareness, perception, and production. The results indicated that while the L2 French learners significantly improved in their ability to produce liaison, their awareness and perception were not affected due to ceiling effects. Overall, learners reported positive views of their GT-based, self-directed learning experience.
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Vihman, Marilyn May. "Phonological templates in development." In Phonological Templates in Development, 122–62. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793564.003.0005.
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This chapter presents cross-linguistic data from two children each from the language groups represented in Chapter 4. The child’s consonantal resources are evaluated, with examples of the child’s word forms. This is followed by an account of the child’s prosodic structures and their relative frequency of use. Active template use is evaluated, based in part on the extent to which the child adapts words to fit those structures. A correlation is found between the children’s production of consonant matches and the extent of variegation in their word forms. Finally, an overview is provided of template use in the 18 children whose patterns have been considered in detail. Consonant harmony is found to be the pattern most frequently deployed, but a VCV pattern is used by five of the children (French, Finnish, Italian, Welsh). The pattern is traced to accentual aspects of the ambient language.
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Keats, Jonathon. "Panglish." In Virtual Words. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195398540.003.0037.
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“I am of this opinion that our own tung should be written cleane and pure, unmixt and unmangeled with borowing of other tunges,” wrote Sir John Cheke in 1561, defending English against the deluge of language imported from French and Italian. The first professor of Greek at Cambridge University, Cheke did not object to foreign phrasing out of ignorance, but rather argued from principles so fastidious that his translation of the Gospel According to Matthew substituted the word crossed for crucified and gainrising for resurrection. Proud of his heritage, unbowed by European cultivation, Cheke refused to be indebted to other cultures in his expression, “wherein if we take not heed by tiim, ever borowing and never paying,” he warned, “[our tung] shall be fain to keep her house as bankrupt.” Nearly half a millennium has passed, and Cheke’s disquiet seems ridiculous, not only because English has been incalculably enriched by mortgaged non-Germanic words such as democracy and education and science, but also because our own tongue has so flourished as to be seen on the European continent and around the world as the sort of cultural threat that Classical and Romance languages were to Cheke’s countrymen. The predominance of English is staggering. An estimated 1.5 billion people speak it, a number that the British Council predicts will increase by half a billion by the year 2016. Moreover fewer than a quarter of these people speak English as a first language; there are nearly twice as many nonnative speakers in India and China as native speakers on the planet. As might be expected given these statistics, few of the world’s 1.5 billion English speakers are fluent. Most get by with a vocabulary of a couple thousand words, as compared to the eighty thousand familiar to the average American or Briton. Pronunciations are often simplified, especially in the case of tricky consonant clusters. (For example, cluster becomes clusser.) Rules of grammar are frequently streamlined, irregularities dropped.
Conference papers on the topic "French language Consonants"
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Colin, C., Monique Radeau, Didier Demolin, and A. Soquet. "Visual lipreading of voicing for French stop consonants." In 6th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 2000). ISCA: ISCA, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.2000-336.
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