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NKAYA, KIMBOUALA, Didace MOUHOUELO, and Merveille NGOULOU. "CONGOLESE LANGUAGES VIS-À-VIS FOREIGN LANGUAGES: STATUS, FORMS AND FUNCTIONS." International Journal of Language, Linguistics, Literature and Culture 01, no. 01 (2022): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.59009/ijlllc.2022.0004.
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The existence of African native languages deteriorates vis-à-vis foreign languages such as English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. The former colonies keep using the later as their official languages. The status of the African native languages is either Mother Tongue (MT) or first language (L1), facing that of foreign language (FL) and second language (L2). Unfortunately, the functions of most of these languages are limited to oral communication because their scriptural forms do not exist. This study tries to draw the connections between status and the form, using the Larry (MT or vernacular language), the Kituba and Lingala (L1 or vehicular language) as main communicative languages in Brazzaville. Results show that these Congolese languages are gradually getting menaced and losing ground. This is due to the outstanding intellectualism that takes Congolese people – who are African people as well – to use more and more French words and expressions when speaking them daily. The use of the Roman alphabet would help the Congo, as some African countries have done it, to glocalize their languages in the written form in order to link their status, form and function better. Didactically, African children should first learn their MT and L1 orally and writingly before they tackle with the learning of foreign languages.
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de Goede, Meike J. "Duress and Messianism in French Moyen-Congo." Conflict and Society 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2018.040115.
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The Matsouanist religion in Congo-Brazzaville has its roots in Amicale, a sociopolitical association and movement that aimed to improve the rights of colonial subjects that emerged in the late 1920s. After its leader, André Matsoua, died in prison, the movement transformed into a religion that worships Matsoua as a prophet. In this article, I argue that this transformation should be understood not as a rupture but as continuation, albeit in a different discursive domain. This transformation was steered by duress, or the internalization of structural violence in everyday life under colonialism. Through this discursive transformation, Matsoua’s followers appropriated the movement and brought it into a culturally known place that enabled them to continue their struggle for liberation from colonial oppression.
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Kamitewoko, Edwige. "Language in the Labor Market: Evidence from Chinese Immigrant-Owned Enterprises in Congo Brazzaville." British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade 5, no. 3 (January 10, 2015): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjemt/2015/12507.
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Elongo, Arsène. "Aspects innovants des métonymies dans le discours quotidien de Brazzavillois." Traduction et Langues 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v22i2.951.
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Innovative Aspects of Metonymies in Brazzavillois' Everyday Discourse
This article examines the innovative aspects of metonymies in the everyday speech of Brazzavillois residents, who live in an environment influenced by both the French language and local languages. The primary goal of the study is to discern the network of metonymies in oral communication and to identify the stylistic reasons for their expressive use in Brazzaville French.The chosen methodology involves compiling a corpus sourced from recordings, posters, and various daily uses related to the professional and linguistic habits of the Brazzaville community. Data selection criteria prioritize relevance and qualitative value. Utilizing this corpus, we applied the linguistic components criteria and the implicit approach developed by Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1998), along with the ellipsis approach proposed by Michel Le Guern (1973). This application aims to elucidate the discursive implications of metonymy in everyday conversation, seeking to verify how metonymic expressions illuminate the subjectivity, culture, and language proficiency of the speaker. Furthermore, metonymies in oral communication hold implicit value as they allow for the examination of undisclosed informational content omitted by the speaker through ellipses. The ellipsis approach aids in analyzing metonymy as a process that accentuates the container, with the content being elliptically placed by the speaker based on communication needs, intending to magnify a salient element of metonymic adjacency. Our anticipated results are expected to confirm that metonymy actively contributes to the semantic innovation of French in the Brazzaville context. This is attributed to its discursive techniques, particularly the containing/content relationship, which remains a decisive factor in semantic evolution and polysemy. Additionally, metonymy, being a figure of everyday life, permeates various domains such as family, professional settings, religious language, and even in journalism. It is commonly employed in familiar discourse, the realm of transportation, educational institutions, and commercial communication. This usage often arises from the application of verbs like 'pay' and 'buy,' where the content is replaced by the container (e.g., the bottle replaces the gas, and the invoice replaces the company). In conclusion, our findings indicate that metonymy in oral communication is not merely a tool for aesthetic language creation; rather, it emerges as a phenomenon driving linguistic innovation. It adds new layers of meaning to verbs like 'buy' and 'pay' within the specific context of Brazzaville, contributing to a diatopic variation of French in Africa.
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De Kind, Jasper. "Pre-verbal focus in Kisikongo (H16a, Bantu)." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (January 1, 2014): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.421.
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The present paper aims at describing different pre-verbal focus strategies in Kisikongo (H16a), spoken in the vicinity of Mbanza Kongo, northern Angola. This western Bantu language is part of the Kikongo Language Cluster (KLC), stretching from southern Gabon to northern Angola, including Cabinda and parts of Congo-Brazzaville and Congo-Kinshasa. Kikongo exhibits a clause-internal pre-verbal argument focus position, which has rarely been reported in Bantu languages, except in Mbuun (B87) (Bostoen and Mundeke 2012) and Nsong (B85d) (Koni Muluwa and Bostoen, this volume), both spoken in the neighboring Kwilu region of the DRC. The more extensively studied eastern and southern Bantu languages generally have a post-verbal argument focus position (cf. Watters 1979, Morimoto 2000, Creissels 2004, Güldemann 2007, Buell 2009, van der Wal 2009, among others). In addition to this mono-clausal argument focus strategy, Kisikongo also relies on different bi-clausal constructions to focus arguments, i.e. cleft-constructions.
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BERNAULT, FLORENCE. "The Congo. By RANDALL FEGLEY. (World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 162.) Oxford, Santa Barbara and Denver: Clio Press, 1993. Pp. 1 + 168. £30 (ISBN 1-85109-199-8)." Journal of African History 38, no. 1 (March 1997): 123–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796656904.
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Randall Fegley's bibliographical compilation is clearly not among the best of the World Bibliographical Series. The objective of the collection is to present a solid guide of the country to the non-specialist, and compared to other volumes in the series, Fegley's work lacks polish and perspective. The volume is marked by spelling errors. Accents in French names and titles are most often ignored. Important authors' names are misspelled: Gilles Sautter becomes ‘Giles’ in the text and ‘Sautte’ in the index; Jean-Claude Willame becomes ‘Willaure’. Ironically, the listing of the latter's book, Patrimonialism and Change in the Congo, a political science essay on Zaïre, illustrates the mistake Fegley denounces in his preface (p. xiii) : most English-speaking readers confuse Zaïre and Congo. The well-known collection of essays edited by P. Gifford and W. R. Louis is wrongly entitled by Fegley as Transfers of Power in Africa, and presented as a single volume (p. 68). Some titles are also poorly categorized, like René Gauze's The Politics of Congo-Brazzaville. Gauze's 150-page text is devoted to Congolese politics during the colonial period, with a 50-page supplement on the decade 1962 to 1972 written by Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff. It is nevertheless classified only under ‘Post-colonial politics’ (p. 71). Jan Vansina's Paths in the Rainforest, best classified in pre-colonial history, is listed just once under ‘Politics, General’.
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Wiesinger, Evelyn. "Non-French lexicon in Guianese French Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 34, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 3–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00027.wie.
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Abstract Guianese French Creole1 (GFC) is one of the least studied French Creoles, which is especially true with respect to its non-French-related input. Combining sociohistorical, demographic and linguistic data, this contribution gives a first lexico-etymological account of the GFC lexicon of non-French origin, including Amerindian and Portuguese influences and especially the quantitative and qualitative nature of the contribution made by different Niger-Congo languages. These findings are discussed in light of controversial hypotheses on the particular influence of early numerical and/or socially dominant ethnolinguistic groups on the creole lexicon (i.e. Baker 2012), as well as with regard to word classes and semantic domains to which the different groups contributed. Whereas Gbe and non-Gbe languages clearly diverge with regard to their semantic contribution, the early dominance of presumably Gbe-speaking slaves in French Guiana is not reflected in the numerical proportion of Gbe-related lexical items in GFC, at least on the basis of my still limited data. This study thus tentatively confirms the lesser explanatory power of the lexicon for creole genesis scenarios and points to the fact that sub- or adstrate-related lexical items may have taken very complex etymological routes, which clearly need further study.
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Gehrmann, Susanne. "Remembering colonial violence: Inter/textual strategies of Congolese authors." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 46, no. 1 (November 8, 2017): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.46i1.3461.
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This article explores the Congolese remembering of the experienced colonial violence through the medium of literature. Although criticism of colonialism is not a favourite topic of Congolese writers, there exists an important corpus of texts, especially when the literary production of Congo Kinshasa and Congo Brazzaville with their politically distinct though sometimes similar experiences is taken into account. Three main strategies of writing about the topic can be distinguished: a documentary mode, an allegorical mode and a fragmented mode, which often appear in combination. Intertextuality with the colonial archive as well as oral African narrations is a recurrent feature of these texts. The short stories of Lomami Tchibamba, of the first generation of Congolese authors writing in French, are analysed as examples for a dominantly allegorical narration. Mythical creatures taken from the context of oral literature become symbols for the process of alterity and power relations during colonialism, while the construction of a heroic figure of African resistance provides a counter-narrative to colonial texts of conquest. Thomas Mpoyi-Buatu’s novel La reproduction (1986) provides an example of fragmented writing that reflects the traumatic experience of violence in both Congolese memory of colonialism and Congolese suffering of the present violent dictatorial regime. The body of the protagonist and narrator becomes the literal site of remembering.
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ALLEMBE, Rodrigue Lézin. "A corpus-based analysis of learners’ spelling and morpho-syntactic writing errors and mistakes. Case study of senior secondary schools in Brazzaville (Congo)." International Journal of Education and Humanities 2, no. 4 (October 29, 2022): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.58557/ijeh.v2i4.103.
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This research work aimed at identifying and analyzing errors and mistakes that Congolese EFL learners commit in their written productions with regard to spelling and morpho-syntax aspects. We carried out the investigation in two senior secondary schools: Réconciliation and Kintélé, located in Brazzaville. To obtain reliable results, we used for data collection the EFL learners’ copies from grade 3 of these two schools of our choice. Besides, we used the descriptive analytical method and Corder’s errors analysis theory (EA) to identify and analyze the types of errors and mistakes made in writing. The results show that EFL learners mostly make interlingual errors (interference between French and English) at the level of selection (morphological and grammatical errors) and of syntax (misordering of words). To enhance EFL learners’ writing skills, we suggest some strategies and techniques teachers should use during writing instruction
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KALVA MWENE-MUBAMBI, Simon Pierre. "Le degré de la maîtrise de l’orthographe d’usage des finalistes du secondaire de la Ville de Mbujimayi (2019-2020)." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 08 (August 11, 2022): 2477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i8.el02.
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In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the French language remains an official language and the vehicle of teaching at both high school and tertiary education. A great dead of reseachers have drawn a conclusion in their investigations that the learners have difficulties writing the French language even at higher level of the inside educational system. They don’t have the mastery of neither standard spelling nor grammatical spelling.This study is a initical analysis that assesses the high school finalists’ performances and determines their level of the standard spelling of the French language. The latter has but a less effective percent of 56%.
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Fouéré, Thierry, Bernard Maire, Francis Delpeuch, Yves Martin-Prével, Félicité Tchibindat, and Guy Adoua-Oyila. "Dietary changes in African urban households in response to currency devaluation: foreseeable risks for health and nutrition." Public Health Nutrition 3, no. 3 (September 2000): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980000000331.
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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effects of currency devaluation on dietary change and nutritional vulnerability of poor households in two African capital cities.DesignA qualitative study based on 120 semistructured individual interviews and four focus group discussions in each city.SettingDakar, Senegal (western Africa) and Brazzaville, Congo (central Africa).SubjectsAll of the subjects were randomly selected women from modest or poor households, who spoke the local common language and were responsible for household meal preparation. Only those likely to restrict the dynamic of focus group discussions (because of language, age or education) were excluded.ResultsChanges were found in meal preparation characteristics (frequency, sharing pattern) and meal composition. There was frequent depletion of fat and vegetable contents in meals, frequent elimination of desserts and even the elimination of one daily meal. These changes specifically affected economically disadvantaged and socially isolated households, and those headed by women. Other changes were the reduction in the size of consumption units and the development of neighbourhood-specific street food – which has been a growing trend in Brazzaville since the outset of the economic crisis but is more recent in Dakar.ConclusionsIf lasting, these changes pose a dual health risk, i.e. reducing dietary diversity and altering the bacteriological quality of prepared meals. In addition, attempts to reduce the consumption units were found to upset community ties that bind these societies.
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Katabe, Isidore M., and Eustard R. Tibategeza. "Language-in-Education Policy and Practice in the Democratic Republic of Congo." European Journal of Language and Culture Studies 2, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejlang.2023.2.1.58.
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This paper concentrates on the language-in-education policy and practice in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) particularly in Kalemie region. It intends to examine the practicality of language-in-education policy in schools and to examine the challenges pertaining to the implementation of the language of education policy. Data collection was done in four schools, two primary and two secondary schools in Kalemie region. The study employed a qualitative approach and the data were gathered through interviews, focus group discussions, observation and documentary review. Simple random sampling was used to get standard six pupils, form one students and teachers. The study employed the Proficiency Theory as a theory of bilingual education developed by Cummins. The study reveals that teachers from secondary schools use French language as a medium of instruction. It also indicates that language competence of the students is very weak. This is due to the transition from the national language, Kiswahili to French. The study notes that students are not comfortable with the medium of instruction, in this case French. It was discovered that, teachers face serious challenges on implementing the policy, such as students not being comfortable with the medium of instruction in the class, absence of teaching and learning materials, inadequate textbooks in schools, and lack of an organized library. However, the students indicated that, even if they have problems with French, they still prefer it to Kiswahili, since it is a language for their future job opportunities. The study recommends that there is a need for a political will to ensure the existence and growth of African languages and their position particularly in education.
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Nkeket Ndabiza, Mavie Norha. "Les structures tonales des tiroirs de l’indicatif en mbomba, bantu C40, en usage au Congo Brazzaville." La linguistique Vol. 58, no. 2 (October 19, 2022): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ling.582.0057.
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Eyssette, Jérémie. "The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s Linguistic Temptation: A Comparative Analysis with Rwanda’s Switch-to-English." Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619885974.
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The aim of this article is to assess whether the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) is likely to upgrade the status of English by constitutional or educational means. Indeed, neighboring countries such as Rwanda and Burundi adopted English as their official language in 1996 and 2014, but less writing in English is devoted to a potential linguistic transition in DR Congo, the most populous French-speaking country. This article will gauge DR Congo and Rwanda against the four criteria that arguably triggered Rwanda’s switch-to-English: historical factors in current linguistic trends; the role of charismatic leaders in sudden language policy changes; language-in-education policies; and economic incentives. The results of this interdisciplinary investigation into the language dynamics of the Great Lakes region indicate that, reflecting the vehicles of DR Congo’s domestic and regional evolutions, its leaders might be tempted to enhance the status of English as an official language in a way that, contrary to Rwanda’s radical switch-to-English, is more compatible with other languages.
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Poligui, René Noel, Emelie Arlette Apinda Legnouo, and Henri Zandi. "Attack by Augosoma centaurus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) adults on rattan palm Laccosperma secundiflorum (Arecaceae) in Plateaux Batéké, Gabon." African Journal of Tropical Entomology Research 2, no. 3 (December 24, 2023): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.58697/ajter020321.
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An unusual phenomenon consisting of attacks once every two years by adults of a horned beetle on the rattan palm Laccosperma secundiflorum (Arecaceae) (known as ‘French palmier-asperge’) was observed in the Plateaux Batéké (Gabon) over the past decade. Residents reported repeated devastation of rattan palm from May to June, pointing to Pandanus beetle as the pest killing many shoots within populations of this palm species, which is used as a non-timber forest product (NTFP) for alimentary purposes. The ecological area of these attacks includes gallery forests and groves surrounding Ossouele village and neighbouring villages across the border in Congo Brazzaville. The insect fed on and destroyed the rattan heart, starting at its tip, leading to the deterioration and death of L. secundiflorum. Our observations in 2022 allowed us to identify Augosoma centaurus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) as the insect pest devastating this climbing palm, reducing the resource quality and quantity for household consumption and trade. Further studies are needed to increase our understanding of the trophic relationship between the pest and its new adult host/feeding plant.
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Treier, Leonie. "Architectures of Appropriation." Museum Worlds 10, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/armw.2022.100103.
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The Maisons Tropicales are three prefabricated housing structures designed by Jean Prouvé. Fabricated in France, they were transported to and assembled in Brazzaville and Niamey, then part of the French colonies, around 1950. Their design was tied closely to the belief in the so-called civilizing and enlightening power of European modernist design and, thereby, also the French colonial agenda. In the early 2000s, an American collector, Robert Rubin, and a French art dealer, Eric Touchaleaume, “repatriated” the houses to France. There, they were transformed into and celebrated as icons of French modern design, while their colonial histories were ignored. This article analyzes the importance of discourse in this transformation and how it reflects ongoing dynamics of power and dispossession in the art world. Rubin and Touchaleaume simultaneously employed conflicting narratives mirroring anthropological “salvage” and “repatriation” discourses to describe the Maisons’ removal. The case study highlights the moral weight associated with the language around processes of repatriation, the nested relationships between heritage and the market, and the continuation of colonial practices of dispossession.
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Daté Atavito BARNABÉ-AKAYI and Raphaël YEBOU. "Stylistics of Abiku, of Mwènè or the Isotopies of Fire and Air in L’Ame Blessée d’un Eléphant Noir by Mwènè Gabriel Okoundji." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.9.7.
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The concepts of Abiku in yoruba language and Mwènè in tegue language (Congo Brazzaville) have many significations and use, according to the authors. In Mwènè Gabriel Okoundji, their use wins values which put them in an edifying relationship with the four elements of nature. On this basis, L’âme blessée d’un éléphant noir appears as a gnomic work whose four poems seem to symbolize the four fundamental elements of nature that Abiku and Mwènè are the cruciferous and/or six figures. The poet allegorizes the four cosmic figures (Fire, Air, Water, Earth) and plays with the elliptisation of the two formers. So, it’s interesting to know how those various symbols contribute to the elaboration of the six figures. Does the number 6 intervene in the four figures to link together the worlds and to set an homeostasy, an ataraxia? The stylistic analysis borrowed from François Rastier here is applied to numeroligical and universal myths, to the use of pronouns, and to the punctuation in order to read the Seal of Solomon.
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Beltzung, Jean-Marc, Annie Rialland, and Martial Embanga Aborobongui. "relatives possessives en mbochi (C25)." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 53 (January 1, 2010): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.53.2010.390.
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This paper deals with the possessive constructions — either connective or relative — in Mbochi (C25), a Bantu language spoken in Congo-Brazzaville. In Mbochi, as in most languages of the same group (C20), the underlying /CV-/ form of nominal prefixes never surfaces as such but is targeted by two main processes: consonantal dissimilation and vowel elision. Both processes are in complementary distribution and the alternations triggered by them may explain the surface forms of both connective and relative constructions. In order to provide the necessary background for the study of Mbochi relative clauses, the three subject markers of Mbochi are introduced and the main verbal suffixes are also discussed. Thereafter, a detailed presentation and analysis of the relative constructions is given. Finally, we discuss the prosody of these constructions, showing that relative clauses in Mbochi have no particular tonal markers and we propose a model involving superimposed boundary tones to account for their intonation.
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Pype, Katrien. "‘Provisional notes on the postcolony’ in Congo studies: an overview of themes and debates." Africa 92, no. 1 (January 2022): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972021000863.
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AbstractThis article considers the uptake of Achille Mbembe’s article ‘Provisional notes on the postcolony’ (1992), the book De la Postcolonie: essai sur l’imagination politique dans l’Afrique contemporain (2000) and its translated version, On the Postcolony (2001), in Congo studies. ‘Congo’ here is a shorthand for the current Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire. The article is concerned with the ways in which these two English-language texts (and their original French versions) figure in the social sciences and the humanities, specifically in the field of study relating to Zairian/Congolese society and culture. It becomes clear that the theme of mutual entanglements of commandement (power) and citizens not only influences political studies but also structures Congo scholarship on economy and governance, popular culture and erotics. The article ends with some reflections on academic writing about Congo, the limited uptake of ‘Provisional notes’ and On the Postcolony in religious studies, questions about ethics and scientific writing about political postcolonial cultures, and especially the necessity to historicize the postcolony.
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Aborobongui, Georges Martial Embanga, Fatima Hamlaoui, and Annie Rialland. "Syntactic and prosodic aspects of left and right dislocation in Embɔsi (Bantu C25)." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (January 1, 2014): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.418.
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This paper deals with left and right dislocation in Embɔsi, a Bantu language (C25) spoken in Congo-Brazzaville. The prosody of dislocation has gathered considerable attention, as it is particularly informative for the theories of the syntax-prosody mapping of Intonation Phrases (a.o. Selkirk, 2009, 2011; Downing, 2011). Concentrating on selected Bantu languages, Downing (2011) identifies two main phrasing patterns. She primarily distinguishes languages in which only right dislocated phrases display a lack of prosodic integration ("asymmetric" languages), from languages in which both left and right dislocations phrase separately ("symmetric" languages). Hiatus avoidance processes, boundary tones and register expansion/reduction indicate that Embɔsi displays a somewhat more intricate phrasing pattern. In this language, both left and right dislocated items sit outside of the Intonation Phrase formed by the core-clause, but only the latter form their own Intonation Phrase. We also discuss the prosody of multiple dislocations (i.e. with two dislocated arguments), which have not so far received all the attention they deserve. What we observe in Embɔsi is that either the two dislocated items phrase together and are not integrated to the core Intonation Phrase, or only the outermost dislocated element phrases separately.
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Allotey, Deborah, and Ileana Paul. "Overt PRO in Gã." Studies in African Linguistics 52, no. 1and2 (April 28, 2024): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.52.1and2.131241.
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This paper presents data from Gã (Kwa, Niger-Congo language spoken in Ghana) that show that controlled subjects of non-finite predicates must be overt in this language. The presence of an overt pronominal subject in a non-finite embedded clause is surprising from the perspective of languages such as English and French, where such subjects must be covert (PRO). We provide evidence that the overt pronoun in Gã patterns with obligatorily controlled PRO (Hornstein 1999; Landau 2013) and argue for the minimal pronoun analysis of Kratzer (2009).
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Boutin, Béatrice Akissi. "Décrire le français en relation aux langues en contact." Journal of Language Contact 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 36–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00701003.
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It is not possible to explain what happens to French syntax in a situation of close contact with one or more languages, solely in terms of French. How then can we describe French in relation to the languages in contact? We first discuss the early research of Gabriel Manessy and their development by a number of linguists, and later show the importance of exploring several properties of the constructions under study in comparing languages, in order to place them within the context of general language processes. Furthermore, we will insist on the need to go beyond the forms at issue by focusing on their behavior. The examples will be taken from Ivory Coast French, which, ever since its establishment, has been in contact with the languages of the vast Niger-Congo family, in particular Jula and Baule (which have themselves been in contact for several centuries).
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Golden, Anne, and Guri Steien. "Mashi – this language was in my ears." Metaphor and the Social World 11, no. 2 (October 12, 2021): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.00021.gol.
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Abstract In order to understand the process of learning new languages as adults, we need to take into account learners’ past experiences with all of their language(s), as such experiences shape attitudes and conceptualizations. In this paper, we present an analysis of metaphorical expressions in the narrated linguistic biographies of (former) refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in Norway. The participants speak a multitude of languages, e.g., different local Congolese languages, Congolese national languages (Lingala or Swahili), French (the official language of the DRC), in addition to Norwegian (the language of the host society). Attention is paid to how the participants’ expressions align with conceptual metaphors emerged from work in Cognitive Linguistics, such as language is an object, language is a person and language is an identity marker, as well as specifications like language is a tool and language is a possession. We argue that awareness of conceptualizations of ‘language’ can contribute to the development of language training pedagogies that better reflect learners’ past experiences.
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Kouya, Hortense Kouya, and Dominique Oba. "The Contribution of the International Organization of Francophonie in Cultural Matter in the Republic of Congo from 1981 to 2016." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 2, no. 4 (October 14, 2021): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v2i4.315.
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Colonization has had a lasting impact on African life. This movement instilled a new culture within these colonies. Among these African countries is the Congo. On the whole, these countries have experienced some disputes near where it was a question of meeting around an international body which is none other than the Francophonie for the countries or states colonized by France. It is in this sense that under the leadership of three African Heads of State,Léopold Sédar Senghor from Senegal, Habib Bourguiba from Tunisia and Hamani Diori from Niger, and of Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia, the representatives of 21 states and governments signed in Niamey, on March 20, 1970, the convention establishing the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT). New intergovernmental organization based on the sharing of a common language, French. The Congo being colonized by France adheres to the International Organization of Francophonie on December 7 to 9, 1981, during the general conference held in Libreville, Gabon. And the Congolese government has come to understand that ensuring a better vision on culture and politics can lead the Congo to sustainable development. Hence the need for the Congolese state to cooperate with the International Organization of Francophonie for better visibility for the cultural and political promotion of the country. This is what the subject of our study is: the contribution of the OIF in cultural and political matters in the Republic of Congo from 1981 to 2016.
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Kouya, Hortense Kouya, and Dominique Oba. "The Contribution of the International Organization of Francophonie in Cultural Matter in the Republic of Congo from 1981 to 2016." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 2, no. 4 (October 14, 2021): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v2i4.315.
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Colonization has had a lasting impact on African life. This movement instilled a new culture within these colonies. Among these African countries is the Congo. On the whole, these countries have experienced some disputes near where it was a question of meeting around an international body which is none other than the Francophonie for the countries or states colonized by France. It is in this sense that under the leadership of three African Heads of State,Léopold Sédar Senghor from Senegal, Habib Bourguiba from Tunisia and Hamani Diori from Niger, and of Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia, the representatives of 21 states and governments signed in Niamey, on March 20, 1970, the convention establishing the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT). New intergovernmental organization based on the sharing of a common language, French. The Congo being colonized by France adheres to the International Organization of Francophonie on December 7 to 9, 1981, during the general conference held in Libreville, Gabon. And the Congolese government has come to understand that ensuring a better vision on culture and politics can lead the Congo to sustainable development. Hence the need for the Congolese state to cooperate with the International Organization of Francophonie for better visibility for the cultural and political promotion of the country. This is what the subject of our study is: the contribution of the OIF in cultural and political matters in the Republic of Congo from 1981 to 2016.
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Meeuwis, Michael. "Taalstrijd in Afrika: Het taalwetsartikel in het koloniaal charter van 1908 en de strijd van de Vlamingen en Afrikaners voor het Nederlands in Afrika tot 1960." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 75, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 27–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v75i1.16392.
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Het Koloniaal Charter, de organieke wet die in 1908 de overname van Congo door de Belgische staat uit de privé-handen van Koning Leopold II regelde, bevatte een artikel over taalrechten in de kolonie. Hoewel ook taalrechten voor de Congolezen erin vermeld werden, handelde het artikel in de eerste plaats over taalrechten voor de Belgische koloniserende minderheid. Het artikel is er gekomen op aandringen van enkele Vlaamse parlementsleden tijdens debatten gehouden in de Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in de eerste helft van 1908. In deze bijdrage worden deze debatten besproken om zo de semantiek en taalideologische achtergronden van elk deel van het artikel van een historische verklaring te voorzien. Daarnaast wordt ook belicht hoe niet alleen in 1908 maar ook in de decennia erna (en tot aan de dekolonisatie in 1960), met name telkens wanneer Vlaamse politici de gebrekkige toepassing van het taalwetsartikel en de blijvende dominantie van het Frans in Belgisch-Congo aanklaagden, zij verwijzingen maakten naar de Afrikaners en het Afrikaans in Zuid-Afrika, om zo het argument kracht bij te zetten dat het Nederlands in heel Afrika onder de Sahara een taal van belang was of kon worden. Opmerkelijk is dat ook Zuid-Afrikaanse denkers en politici meermaals naar de aanwezigheid en het officiële statuut van het Nederlands in Belgisch-Congo verwezen, namelijk in hun strijd tegen de dominantie van het Engels tegenover het Nederlands/Afrikaans bij hen. Vanaf 1914 kwamen er bovendien rechtstreekse contacten tussen Vlaamse en Afrikaanse politici over deze materie. In een afsluitend deel wordt aangegeven hoe aan het eind van de Belgische kolonisatie de Congolese elite erg negatief reageerde op de Vlaamse eisen voor een tweetalige kolonie, omdat ze er een kolonialistische rem op hun kansen tot socio-economische emancipatie in zagen.___________
Language Struggle in Africa: The language law article in the Colonial Charter of 1908 and the fight of Flemings and Afrikaners for Dutch in Africa until 1960The Colonial Charter, the organic law that regulated the Belgian state’s takeover of Congo from the private ownership of King Leopold II in 1908, contained an article about language rights in the colony. While language rights for the Congolese were mentioned therein, the article primarily dealt with language rights for the colonizing Belgian minority. The article came about on the insistence of several Flemish members of parliament during debates held in the Chamber of Representatives in the first half of 1908. In this article, these debates are discussed in order to provide a historical explanation for the semantic and language-ideology background for each section of this article of the Charter. In addition, light will be shed on how not only in 1908, but also in the following decades (and until decolonization in 1960), particularly whenever Flemish politicians complained about the spotty application of the article and the continuing dominance of French in Belgian Congo, they pointed to the Afrikaners and Afrikaans in South Africa in order to make a strong argument that Dutch was, or could become, an important language in all of sub-Saharan Africa. Notably, South African thinkers and politicians also pointed out the presence and official status of Dutch in Belgian Congo on several occasions, namely in their own struggle against the domination of English over Dutch/Afrikaans. Moreover, from 1914 onward there were direct contacts between Flemish and Afrikaner politicians concerning this matter. The conclusion of this article suggests that in the last years of Belgian colonialism, the Congolese elite reacted quite negatively to Flemish demands for a bilingual colony because they saw in such demands a colonialist hindrance on their chances for socioeconomic emancipation.
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Záhořík, Jan. "Languages in Sub-Saharan Africa in a broader socio-political perspective." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 11, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2010.3646.
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Charles University This study deals with language policies in Africa with a special focus on multi-ethnic and multi-lingual states including Sudan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Democratic Republic of Congo. The study will thus examine relations between state and minorities, the status of major and marginalized languages, the roles of European languages in politics as well as theoretical frameworks. Sub-Saharan Africa has undergone a remarkable process from linguistic imperialism to linguistic pluralism and revivalism. Until the 1960s the superior position of the European languages (English, French, and Portuguese) was evident, but after the Africanization of politics and society in many African countries, a strong accent on linguistic emancipation was initiated. Nowadays, many African countries follow the principle of linguistic pluralism where several languages enjoy the same rights and space in the media, administrative, education, etc. This study will discuss some important case studies and their specific language policies.
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Dewulf, Jeroen. "When Oyono's “Boy” Speaks Dutch: Two Readings in One Language." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no. 1 (January 2013): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.1.112.
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De Huisjongen, The dutch translation of ferdinand oyono's une vie de boy, was published in 1980 by kosmos and released in two cities: Amsterdam, where the publisher had its headquarters, and Antwerp, the site of its Belgian branch. For Flemish (Dutch-speaking Belgian) readers, the Catholic and French colonial environment described in the novel represented a world that in many ways felt familiar. In the once deeply Catholic Flanders, where French used to be the language spoken by the elite and where the memories of the former colony Belgian Congo are still vivid, people could easily identify with Oyono's main character, Toundi.In the Netherlands, however, the memories of the nation's colonial history are characterized by a predominantly Protestant world-view that primarily evokes images from Southeast Asia. There, in the former Dutch East Indies, it was not the masculine “boy” but the feminine babu who took care of the household. This explains the decision by the then twenty-seven-year-old Dutch translator of Oyono's novel, today's best-selling author Herman Koch, not to use boy in the title but to opt for huisjongen (lit., “house youth”). The idea of having a “boy” as housekeeper clearly sounded strange to this Dutch translator.In view of the different associations the novel must have evoked among Dutch and Flemish readers, this article presents two separate analyses of the same translation. One reflects a Dutch perspective on De huisjongen and interprets Toundi, a child diarist doomed to die at the hands of oppressors, as an African Anne Frank. The other reads the novel from a Flemish perspective and interprets Toundi as an African variant of Manneken Pis, the roguish street boy from Brussels who derides the authorities.
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IFALAMBANGA MUBIKABALA, Damien. "Teacher Talk Time as a Means to Develop Learners Communicative Skills in an EFL Class." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 09 (September 23, 2022): 2498–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i9.el02.
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The English curriculum in the Democratic Republic of Congo forecasts for the teaching of English from the first year of secondary school. Most students who finish high school are unable to speak English correctly, even to engage in a ten-minute conversation with friends. My experience as an English teacher for several years in high school shows that there are many factors that hinder the learner to assimilate the English language: the lack of motivation on the part of pupils, lack of appropriate textbooks, inadequacy of the national curriculum, laziness and fear on the part of pupils, monopolization of speech by the teacher model and use of French to teach English. This teacher model leads to the teacher’s share of monopolizing speech during classroom instruction. In this study, I want to show that the Teacher Talk Time during the transmission of his lesson should decrease because this affects the learner time to develop communicative skills. The suggested model for teaching English as a second language provides 25% of the time for the teacher and 75% for the learner so that the teacher is the facilitator, coach, guide, moderator, a helper. English must be taught as a language but not as a subject.
The difficulties that learners have to express themselves fluently in English come greatly due the teacher who does not give a lot of time to learners to practice the English language because he talks too much. Therefore, this work shows that ‘Teacher Talking too Much’ in the class does not give opportunities to the learner to develop oral skill and master English as a Foreign Language for our secondary schools in Bandundu town in particular and those of the Democratic Republic of Congo in general.
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Malekani, Claude Wakenge. "Mother Tongues and Teaching English as a Foreign Language: A Case Study." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 3 (September 25, 2023): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2023-3-221-238.
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This paper examines the role of mother tongues in the teaching of English as a foreign language at the University of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The purpose of the study is to determine the perfect mother tongue of students and to evaluate the efficacy of translanguaging methods in the teaching of English as foreign language. The research used three types of data, including quantitative, qualitative, and test data, as well as a survey conducted among 250 students at the Faculty of Arts. The results of the study suggest that translanguaging methods should be adopted to meet the needs of the country, particularly when English is combined with one of the local languages or French, in order to improve the understanding of students and their academic performance, particularly for those Congolese Learners of English who are not exposed to English often. The main problem in this study is that the learners at the University are learning English as an academic subject and a medium of instruction that they do not understand very well. However, the concept of’mother tongue’ (MT) is very important in learning other languages including a foreign language. This is especially true for students who live in a multilingual environment like DRC who have to follow and understand certain subjects taught in English. Most of them do not have their own unique and same mother tongue. For example, there are situations where a person speaks two basic languages, one is Congolese and the other is a second language. For example, someone who has been extensively exposed to a non-Congolese language like French since birth in addition to their Congolese language.
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Govaerts, Bert. "De zaak van Rechter Grootaert en de strijd om het Nederlands in Belgisch-Congo. Een symbooldossier uit de jaren vijftig." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 7–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v67i1.12460.
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In 1908 verwierf België de souvereiniteit over de voormalige Congo Vrijstaat, die particulier bezit van koning Leopold II was geweest. De nieuwe kolonie kreeg een soort grondwet, het Koloniale Charter. Artikel 3 daarvan bepaalde dat er in Belgisch-Congo taalvrijheid heerste, maar ook dat de Belgen er dezelfde taalrechten en -bescherming zouden genieten als in het moederland. Uiterlijk tegen 1913 moesten speciale decreten de taalregeling in rechtszaken en in de administratie vastleggen. Die afspraak werd niet gehonoreerd. De decreten kwamen er niet en de kolonie werd in de praktijk exclusief Franstalig. Een klein aantal Vlaamse koloniale ambtenaren verzette zich daar tegen en boekte ook beperkte successen, op plaatselijk niveau. Een doorbraak kwam er pas in de nadagen van de kolonie, toen een Vlaams magistraat, Jozef Grootaert, het recht opeiste om in het Nederlands te vonnissen. Pas na een lang en bitter gevecht, uitgevochten tot op regeringsniveau en mee gekleurd door allerlei persoonlijke motieven, werd uiteindelijk in 1956, meer dan veertig jaar later dan afgesproken, een decreet over het gebruik van de talen bij het koloniale gerecht goedgekeurd. Over een decreet i.v.m. bestuurzaken raakte men het niet meer eens voor de onafhankelijkheid van de kolonie in 1960. In het onafhankelijke Congo was er voor het Nederlands geen (officiële) plaats.________The Case of Judge Grootaert and the struggle for Dutch in the Belgian CongoIn 1908 Belgium acquired the sovereignty over the former Congo Free State, which had been the private property of king Leopold II. The new colony was granted a kind of constitution, the Colonial Charter. Article 3 of this charter provided not only that there would be freedom of language in the Belgian Congo, but also that the Belgians in that country would enjoy the same rights and protection of their language as they had in their motherland. The language regulation for court cases and the administration was to be laid down in special decrees by 1913 at the latest. That agreement was not honoured. The decrees failed to be drawn up and in practice the colony became exclusively French speaking. A small number of Flemish colonial officials resisted against this situation and in fact obtained some limited successes on a local level. A breakthrough finally occurred in the latter years of the colony, when a Flemish magistrate, Jozef Grootaert claimed the right to pronounce judgement in Dutch. Only after a long and bitter struggle that was fought out until the bitter end on a governmental level and that was also characterized by all kinds of personal motives, a decree about the use of languages at the colonial court was finally approved in 1956, more than forty years after it had been agreed. It proved to be no longer possible to reach agreement about a decree concerning administrative matters before the independence of the colony in 1960. In the independent Congo Republic no (official) role was reserved for Dutch.
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Malekani, Claude Wakenge. "Using a Foreign Language in a Polylinguism Situation: Semiotic Systems Conflict." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 1 (March 25, 2023): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2023-1-238-246.
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This work is an attempt to analyze factors of semiotic spaces asymmetry and dissymmetry for the host and the acquired linguacultures in the current polylinguism situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A psycho- and sociolinguistic experiment, as well as the data obtained through a direct questionnaire carried out during the primary study of the mechanisms behind the linguistic barrier experienced by Congolese students from three universities (UNIKIN, UPC and Bel Campus) trying to use English, allows identifying not only the dominant use areas for the native and international languages in the DRC, yet also the respondents’ attitude to the need of knowing foreign languages. In order to create a representative sample, a survey was conducted among each group of students selected randomly, while the sample concerned only three schools (Humanities, Economics and Medicine) within the universities mentioned above. The sociolinguistic analysis conducted therein, served as the basis for detecting the key factors behind semiotic systems conflict in the parallel usage of the competing language systems pairs (local vs. English/French): 1) gender, 2) age, 3) status. The language-and-culture barrier in case of a parallel employment of the host and the invasive language can be eliminated while learning a foreign language relying on a familiar language system. This approach, though, is not accepted by the majority of the respondents (over 90% of males and about 85% of females), whereas preference was towards semiosis models of the international language system (French or English). The intersection of semiotic spaces and a free switch between the language systems serving them was to be observed in the groups aged 18-24 (about 40%) mainly at the University of Kinshasa, and only among a small number of the respondents falling within the age group of 25-35 (12%) at the two other universities. This fact points at the reliably objective factors promoting the creation of a convergent semiotic space in the capital-city university and within the region taken as a whole.
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Olivio, Ann Marie. "Exploring the speech rhythm continuum." Journal of Speech Sciences 1, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/joss.v1i2.15022.
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In current speech rhythm research, the traditional search for isochrony and speech rhythm classes has been replaced with a focus on uncovering the acoustic correlates of rhythm in the speech signal (Ramus, Nespor, and Mehler 1999, Grabe and Low 2002, Cummins 2002). In this paper, I present findings from a study in which I describe speech rhythm in a language whose rhythm had not been previously studied—Ashanti Twi (Niger-Congo, Kwa). Additionally, I test the validity of claims made about the utility of various rhythm metrics. Two native speakers of Ashanti Twi participated in the study. Each speaker was recorded while reading a translation of “The North Wind and the Sun”. Vocalic and consonantal intervals were measured in Praat using auditory and visual cues. Various rhythm metrics (interval measurements and Pairwise Variability Indices) were then computed and compared to results from prior studies. Results show that Ashanti Twi is rhythmically more similar to languages that have been traditionally described as syllable-timed, such as French and Spanish. However, it does not fall clearly into the traditional stressor syllable-timed categories, supporting the claim that speech rhythm should be studied as a continuum rather than a categorical distinction.
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Polepole, François Maheshe, Olivier Mukuku, Franck Shongo Omanjelo, Alfred Chasumba Murhula, Marcellin Bugeme, Théophile Barhwamire Kabesha, Stanis Okitotsho Wembonyama, and Zacharie Kibendelwa Tsongo. "Quality of life of people with epilepsy at a tertiary referral centre in Goma, DRC." Advances in Health and Behavior 5, no. 1 (2022): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/ahb.2022.01.005.
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Purpose: This study aims to determine the quality of life (QOL) related to the health of people with epilepsy (PWE) followed in ambulatory care at the Neuropsychiatric Hospital Center in Goma, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods: A total of 302 adults with epilepsy followed in ambulatory care at the Neuropsychiatric Hospital Center in Goma were interviewed in this cross-sectional study. The QOL was measured using a validated French-language version of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 inventory (QOLIE-31). Results: The mean age was 28.4±11.0 years and 56.9% were males. The mean total QOLIE-31 score was 47.7±11.0. The highest subscale score was overall QOL with a mean of 57.5±15.0 and the lowest was medication effects with 39.7±27.5. Unemployment, presence of seizures, tobacco use, and co-morbidities (medical or psychiatric) significantly affected QOL (p < 0.05). All QOL subscales showed a significant correlation with seizure frequency, except for medication effects. Conclusion: Worrying about seizures had the major contribution to QOL, while the medication effects had the least. This study confirms the importance of seizure control for better QOL in Congolese PWE.
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Tack, Bieke, Daniel Vita, Irène Mansosa, Thomas Nsema Mbaki, Naomie Wasolua, Aimée Luyindula, Jaan Toelen, Octavie Lunguya, and Jan Jacobs. "Field Experiences with Handheld Diagnostic Devices to Triage Children under Five Presenting with Severe Febrile Illness in a District Hospital in DR Congo." Diagnostics 12, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12030746.
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As part of a field study (NCT04473768) in children presenting with severe febrile illness to Kisantu hospital (DR Congo), we retrospectively compiled user experiences (not performance) with handheld diagnostic devices assisting triage: tympanic thermometer, pulse oximeter (measuring heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation), hemoglobinometer and glucometer. Guidance documents for product selection were generic and scattered. Stock rupture, market withdrawal and unaffordable prices interfered with procurement. Challenges at implementation included environmental temperature, capillary blood sampling (antisepsis, order of multiple tests, filling microcuvettes and glucose strips), calibration (environmental temperature, cold chain) and liability-oriented communication with a manufacturer. Instructions for use were readable and contained symbol keys; two devices had printed French-language instructions. Shortcomings were poor integration of figures with text and distinct procedures for the oximeter and its sensor. Usability interview revealed appreciations for quick results, visibility of the display and memory function (three devices) but also problems of capillary blood sample transfer, cleaning, too long of a time-to-results (respiratory rate) and size, fitting and disposal of thermometer probes. Pictorial error messages were preferred over alphanumeric error codes but interpretation of symbols was poor. Alarm sounds of the oximeter caused unrest in children and caretakers perceived the device as associated with poor prognosis.
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Bruce, Aisha Aiko, Adrienne D. Witol, Haley Greenslade, Mandeep Plaha, and Mary Anne Venner. "How Do New Immigrant Families (African Continent) with a Child with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Experience the Western Medical System?" Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 3529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3529.3529.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION: New immigrant families from continental Africa account for an increasing proportion of pediatric patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in Canada and North America. As families enter the western medical system they face a myriad of tests and medications as well they encounter language barriers, endless forms and large teams. Previous experiences with healthcare also influence families' expectations and adjustment.There is no published data exploring the experiences of these families to help guide practice. Resources such as the Canadian Pediatric Society guide on immigrant health are not specific to SCD. We set out to examine cultural sensitivity methodologically in order to improve delivery of care. Research Questions: What are newcomer families' experiences with SCD in Canada and their home country?What are the prevailing values and beliefs related to SCD that shape the attitude and behaviors of newcomer families?How do newcomer families perceivethe current delivery of medical care (the barriers and the facilitators)? METHODS: Focused ethnography was used to understand the socio-cultural context in which newcomer families from Africa experience their child's SCD; to explore their perspectives, beliefs, how they manage daily life and experience the western medical system. A sample size of12-15 participants was selected to reach saturation.Participants were selected using purposeful and convenience sampling and semi-structured interviews were held with the primary caregiver(s) with use of aninterpreter if needed. Research Ethics Board approved. RESULTS: Saturation was reached at 10 families and 12 were interviewed due to recruiting methods. Demographics:12 caregivers (N=8 females; N=4 males); most were in their forties and from Congo, Nigeria or Liberia. The majority had 3 or more children, were married and employed. The majority did not have extended family within the region. Languages spoken at home were English, French, Yoruba, Swahili orMoorie. They immigrated to Canada between 2002 and 2015 For themes see table 1. CONCLUSIONS: Participants' attitude, perception and knowledge about SCD were profoundly affected by their experiences in their countries of origin. These mostly negative experiences (seeing children suffering without appropriate medical care; observing social stigma, etc.) were deeply embedded and determined their response to SCD in their children. 1. Practice guideline: Allow for sufficient time and provision oftranslation services to explore the families' experience with stigma within country of residence and origin as well as embedded in the healthcare system and the community. Despite the prevalence of SCD in their home countries the diagnosis was a surprise. The path towards acceptance was slow, emotionally convoluted and not linear. Acceptance of the diagnosis is a process and devastating in the context of previous experiences. 2. Practice guideline: Review diagnostic information early and have easily accessible information about SCD available for parents/family network. This information will also need to be reviewed with the child at key developmental time periods. SCD has a dominant impact on life causing renegotiation of all relationships: spousal, family, community, co-workers and school staff. Managing SCD influenced daily routines imposing structure which was disrupted for hospitalizations. Families were reluctant to leave children unattended in the hospital and thus sacrificed personal and employment goals. Social support is limited and families cope alone.Families tend to seek practical support and deny the desire for emotional support. 3. Practice guideline: 3a)Screen for potential isolation and explore whether other caretakers are aware of diagnosis and disease specific care 3b) Given the tendency to deny emotional support needs, lack of nearby extended family and the stigma in the community setting up networks that provide both practical and instrumental support could be meaningful and more likely utilized resources. The life-long complexity of SCD creates anxiety for the child's life expectancy. Families trust in medical expertise, improvements in medical treatments and their faith/religious beliefs are foundations for hope. 4. Practice guideline: HCP working with families should ensure awareness of clinical advances and develop means to easily share knowledge as it will strengthen hope for the future. Table 1 Table 1. Disclosures Bruce: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Apopharma: Consultancy.
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Tsoumou, Jean Mathieu. "Impoliteness among multilingual Facebook users in Congo Brazzaville." Journal of Politeness Research, May 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pr-2021-0043.
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Abstract This paper analyses a 265,147-word corpus of multilingual Facebook comments discussing political news in Congo-Brazzaville, collected between 2015 and 2016. The commenters use French, Lingala, Kituba, as well as ethnic languages such as Laary, to provide evaluations of the news and engage in impolite exchanges with each other. It is now widely evidenced that digital discourse is increasingly attracting (im)politeness research, going from Western-centric grounds into exploring other societies and cultures such as Asia and Africa. Despite this, (im)politeness research in multilingual contexts – such as Congo-Brazzaville – remains neglected. The paper aims to redress this imbalance by analysing impoliteness in Facebook interactions among Congolese users. Thus, the paper provides insights into how the notion of impoliteness plays out in a context that is polarized politically and sociolinguistically. The findings suggest that what triggers impoliteness is not just the desire to either claim own grounds, or the fact that the target of the impolite comment is a user with an opposing view, but also the desire to control what others should and should not say (or do). Furthermore, the interpretation of impoliteness in this context lies in the users’ abilities to understand the role of language alternation as it is framed in the comments.
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Mankou, Brice Arsène. "VERQUIN: City of memory and Franco-Congolese friendship." Cahiers du Cedimes, 2024, 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.69611/cahiers19-1-01.
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Brazzaville - capital of the AEF, (French Equatorial Africa included four French territories in Central Africa: Middle Congo (today Congo-Brazzaville), Gabon, Oubangui-Chari (today Central Africa) and Chad), Brazzaville was a strategic area and the city from which the first armed forces of Free France departed. It was still in Brazzaville that General de Gaulle launched his manifesto to constitute the defense council of the empire. It was in Brazzaville that the so-called Brazzaville conference was held, under the aegis of General de Gaulle, which made it possible to lay the foundations of the French Union. Finally, it was in Brazzaville that General de Gaulle delivered an important speech on autonomy, the self-determination of peoples, a speech which paved the way for decolonization and two years later for the independence of most French-speaking African countries. If we should recall a few dates, remember, simply that it was in Brazzaville during the Nazi occupation that Generalde Gaulle organized the resistance from this country which counts in the history of France.
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Sounda Mbouity, Vanelle Faïda. "CRÉATION LEXICALE PAR GLISSEMENT SÉMANTIQUE EN FRANÇAIS ECRIT EN RÉPUBLIQUE DU CONGO." Cahiers Africains de rhétorique, July 30, 2022, 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.55595/vfsme.
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The semantic shift contributes to the creation of new words in French. This process is also observed in the Congolese written press in Brazzaville. This article therefore analyses lexies that have undergone semantic modifications. A threefold approach of differential linguistics, stylistics and semantaxis allows us to identify the different figurative procedures of word-sliding that deserve a description and an analysis. The first is the expression of metonymy. The second is irony and satirical creation. Keywords: French in Congo, semantic shift, metaphor, semantaxis, antonomasia
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SAH, Zéphirin. "The History of Yoro Port from 1948 to 2022." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 6, no. 10 (October 7, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i10-11.
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Brazzaville, a former Teke village of M'foa like most African cities, is a colonial city founded in 1880 by Pierre Savorgnan De Brazza. From its creation to the independence of the Congo, the city inherited from the French colonial state ce rtain places of history and infrastructure, among which there is the river port of Yoro in Brazzaville. This place of contact and exchange I s a place of memory in the same way as the city that bears it. This study proposes to analyze the different stages of the history o f this port which is a former fishing village of Impila in the Teke country on the lands of King Makoko. It is the result of our field investigations, documentary research and in the archives.
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Baka, Jean. "Planning Policy on afro-european multilingualism in Sub-Saharian Africa." Afrika Focus 18, no. 1-2 (August 22, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v18i1-2.5423.
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Generally two types of multilingualism are distinguished: individual multilingualism and social multilingualism. This paper has a double aim: 1. The analysis of the solutions designed for the management of social multilingualism in general and afro-european multilingualism in particular. 2. The proposal of a language policy approach, which takes into account ethnic differences, cultural particularities and the importance of languages of mass communication. This approach will allow democratise the education system by an augmentation of school attendance rates, the limitation of failures and school desertion and annihilation of illiteracy and niral exodus.The approach offered is exemplified by the case of Republic of Congo. Key Words: Multilinguialsm, Congo-Brazzaville, Language Policy, Language Education, Indigenous Development, Sub-Sahara Africa.
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"Evaluation de la commercialisation et de la consommation du poisson fumé au Congo: cas de Brazzaville." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, July 31, 2019, 6810–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v41-1.8.
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1 RÉSUMÉ Le poisson fumé constitue une source importante de protéines, accessibles aux ménages à faible revenus. L’objectif général de cette étude est d’évaluer la consommation des poissons fumés et de connaître les différents types de poisson fumés vendus et consommés à Brazzaville. Deux enquêtes ont été réalisées. Une première enquête exhaustive a porté sur l’inventaire des différents types des poissons fumés vendus auprès de 208 vendeurs de poissons fumés recensés dans trois marchés de Brazzaville (Mampassi, Moungali et Total). Une deuxième enquête transversale a porté sur la consommation du poisson fumé auprès de 120 ménages des deux arrondissements (Bacongo et Ouénzé). S’agissant de l’inventaire, les résultats montrent que 23 types de poissons fumés sont vendus dans les marchés enquêtés. Les poissons les plus vendus sont : Protopterus dolloï (62,50%), Distichodus spp (48,55%) et Clarias spp (45,19%). Appelé respectivement en langue vernaculaire (lingala) : « Nzombo », « Mboto » et« Ngolo ». Concernant la consommation, les poissons fumés sont largement consommés dans les ménages de Brazzaville (87,5%). dont les plus consommés sont: Clarias spp« Ngolo », Protopterus dolloï« Nzombo »et Distichodus spp« Mboto » avec une fréquence de consommation qui varie d’une à 2 fois et plus par semaine. L’enquête a révélé que le poisson d’eau douce fumé occupe une place de choix aussi bien, dans le panier de la ménagère et à la consommation alimentaire des habitants de Brazzaville. Il assure par conséquent, une bonne couverture de la sécurité alimentaire auprès de ladite population. SUMMARY Smoked fish is an important source of protein, accessible to low-income households. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the consumption of smoked fish and to know the different types of smoked fish sold and consumed in Brazzaville. Two surveys were conducted. A first exhaustive survey focused on the inventory of different types of smoked fish sold to 208 smoked fish vendors listed in three markets of Brazzaville (Mampassi, Moungali and Total). A second cross-sectional survey focused on the consumption of smoked fish among 120 households in the two boroughs (Bacongo and Ouénzé). With regard to the inventory, the results show that 23 types of smoked fish are sold in the surveyed markets. The best-selling fish are: Protopterus dolloï (62.50%), Distichodus spp (48.55%) and Clarias spp (45.19%). Called respectively in vernacular language (lingala): "Nzombo", "Mboto" and "Ngolo". Regarding consumption, smoked fish are widely consumed in households in Brazzaville (87.5%). of which the most consumed are: Clarias spp. "Ngolo", Protopterus dolloï "Nzombo" and Distichodus spp "Mboto" with a consumption frequency that varies from one to two times and more per week. The survey revealed that smoked freshwater fish occupy a prominent place both in the household basket and in the food consumption of the inhabitants of Brazzaville. It ensures, therefore, a good coverage of food security with the said population.
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Bounkoulou, Paul Marie. "Brazzaville, capital of Free France: between domination and complicity of the elites." Cahiers du Cedimes, 2024, 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.69611/cahiers19-1-02.
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The history of the relationship between Paris and Brazzaville is punctuated by the issue of and the recognition or otherwise of others, and the possible drifts in the way one relates to other otherness as the notion of "self" is always construed in terms of "me being for or against you". Without Brazzaville's call, France would certainly not be what it is today: proud and strong of its place in the world. This remains the figure of the rallying of those whose humanity is denied to the cause of safeguarding the fate of humanity. By its unwavering desire to maintain "the easements of the colonial pact," through military cooperation, official development assistance, the franc of the French Community of Africa, the accommodations between the emancipation logic of the political and economic elites of the Congo and the geostrategic interests of France, it proves the asymmetry of relations between Brazzaville and Paris. The other is then a simple means and not an end. In the context of the progressive rooting of a multipolar world, the survival of this historical relationship requires a necessary and balanced revisitation of its foundations.
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Lengert, Joachim. "Jean-Alexis Mfoutou, La langue française au Congo-Brazzaville. Manifestation de l'activité langagière des sujets parlants." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie (ZrP) 125, no. 3 (January 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrph.2009.047.
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Hien, Alain N. "Number marking in Dagara and French." Studies in African Linguistics 51, no. 1 (August 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v51i1.121556.
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This paper examines how number is marked in Dagara (Gur, Nige-Congo) and French. It argues that number occupies a syntactic position in Dagara and French and that the difference between the two languages resides in the syntactic operation through which number is marked. Following previous studies, the paper mentions that the status of number in Dagara and French can be assumed to be similar to that in English and that the difference among the three languages is the operation involved in number marking and the syntactic position of number in the structure of nominal phrases. This difference is responsible for the morphological manifestation of number on all the constituents of a nominal phrase in French but on only one constituent in Dagara and English. Besides, the paper claims that the difference between Dagara and English in number marking is in the syntactic position of number and that this difference explains why the plural marker is always on nouns but not on adjectives in English. In contrast, nouns do not take the plural marker in the presence of an adjective in Dagara.
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Kasanga, Luanga A. "Streetwise English and French advertising in multilingual DR Congo: symbolism, modernity, and cosmopolitan identity." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2010, no. 206 (January 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2010.053.
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Gombé-Apondza, Guy-Roger Cyriac. "Valence et compléments verbaux en akwá, bantu C22 de la République du Congo." Cahiers Africains de rhétorique, July 30, 2022, 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55595/rcga.
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: Illustrated using a corpus of approximately two hundred sentences, the present study aims to describe, following the theoretical model of dependency syntax initiated by L. Tesnière, valence and verbal complements, that is that is, the links likely to exist between the verb (core) and its various actants (subject and object complements) in Akwá, a Bantu language used in the north of the Republic of Congo. From this study, it appears that unlike some languages including French, Akwá does not have absolutely avalent (impersonal) verbs and these are mostly monovalent. Keywords : valence, complements, actants, bantu, akwá
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Steien, Guri Bordal, Jan Svennevig, and Bård Uri Jensen. "On the pragmatic function of utterance-level declination as deployed by speakers with multilingual repertoires." International Journal of Bilingualism, March 28, 2022, 136700692210779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13670069221077957.
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Aim and objectives/purpose/research questions: The aim of this study is to examine the pragmatic function of utterance-level declination as used in conversations in French and Norwegian by 10 migrants from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) living in Norway whose repertoires are highly multilingual. Design/methodology/approach: To investigate this contour, we draw on insights from different fields, that is, research on multilingualism, Conversation Analysis (CA), and phonetics/phonology. Data and analysis: By an automatic procedure, we examined pitch variations of 400 declarative utterances (200 in Norwegian and 200 in French). The procedure found that 38 of the utterances have declination. These were then analyzed qualitatively with methods from CA in the context of the sequence. The aim of the CA was to assess the pragmatic functions of the contour. Findings/conclusions: We found that utterance-level declination is a marked contour, that is, used to make certain utterances prominent in relation to other utterances of the sequence. The contour has the same functions in French and Norwegian for these speakers. Our conclusion is that the contour is a flexible resource of the speakers’ repertoires. Originality and significance/implications: This study is a contribution to the scarcely explored area of the prosody-pragmatics interface in speakers with varied linguistic repertoires. Moreover, our approach is emic and inspired by recent trends in the field of multilingualism.
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Falisse, Jean-Benoit, Marieke Huysentruyt, and Anders Olofsgård. "Incentivizing Textbooks for Self-Study: Experimental Evidence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Economic Journal, May 17, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueae039.
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Abstract We designed and randomly evaluated the impact of a textbooks for self-study scheme in eastern DRC targeting student achievement in primary schools. Students in treatment schools were seven percentage points more likely to pass the national exam, and those who passed obtained higher scores. We also evidence higher scores on a French language test. The effects are primarily driven by student interest in textbooks, frequency of doing homework and motivation to go to school and continue education. Student achievement can thus be improved by intensified and diversified use of existing learning materials in poor and fragile settings.
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Schürmann, Felix. "From the head of the snake to the unity of the world: mapping blurred transitions at the Congo estuary, 1859–1880." Water History, July 26, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12685-024-00343-8.
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AbstractThe Congo estuary is a space of transitions not only in hydrological but also in historical terms. When from the 1860s the centuries-old slave trade ended and foreign companies established trading posts along the lower river to export raw materials, mapmakers from Europe began to relate the Congo with what they perceived as “world traffic” in new ways. Grounded in a close reading and contextualisation of two nautical charts by the British Admiralty, a general map from a German geographic journal, and an economic map by a French officer, this article discusses how maps reflected the dynamics at the lower section of the river under the conditions of colonial globalisation. During the nineteenth century, mapping rivers and oceans translated notions of globality into a visual language and thus significantly contributed to envisioning aquatic and terrestrial parts of the earth as a spatial continuum. Driven by an underlying capitalist desire increasingly directed towards the Congo basin, the maps in question transformed the river area from a terra incognita into a potentially controllable area and confirmed interpretations of the estuary as a portal of global relevance. Royal Navy officers mapped the estuary in contexts of unfolding imperial power and at times during military operations. While aiming at demystifying the river, the maps also formed projection surfaces for fantasies, fictions, and imaginations. Mapmakers processed knowledge from the riverine BaKongo communities only selectively and filtered it through a standardised repertoire of cartographic signs, thus participating in a “nihilisation” (Luckmann/Berger) of African knowledge.