Relevant bibliographies by topics / French class

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'French class'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 January 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "French class"

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Rosenthal, Barbara. "French Class." Art Journal 49, no. 3 (1990): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/777110.

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GEORGE, K. "MODERN FRENCH AND CLASS DISTINCTION." French Studies Bulletin 13, no. 48 (January 1, 1993): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/frebul/13.48.1.

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&NA;. "French plan ???orange tag??? drug class." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 954 (September 1994): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199409540-00056.

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Kelly, Richard O., and Brent K. Harbaugh. "Evaluation of Marigold Cultivars as Bedding Plants in Central Florida." HortTechnology 12, no. 3 (January 2002): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.3.477.

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Annual bedding plants comprised 50% of the $4.6 billion wholesale value of United States floricultural crops in 2000. Florida is one of the top wholesale producers of bedding plants in this industry, and in 2000 was number one in the production of potted marigolds. Evaluation of marigold cultivars is vital for continued growth of the industry. We evaluated 84 cultivars of african marigold (Tagetes erecta) and french marigold (T. patula) in replicated class tests at the University of Florida's Gulf Coast Research and Education Center at Bradenton, Fla. (lat. 27°4' N, long. 82°5' W; AHS Heat Zone 10; USDA Cold Hardiness Zone 9b) in Fall 1999. In this report, we provide objective plant measurements of vegetative and floral characteristics as well as six weekly subjective ratings. Subjective ratings were on a 1 to 7 scale with the highest rating of 7 for excellent. In general, cultivars with vegetative and floral ratings ≥5 were considered outstanding, 4 to 4.9 as good performers, and ≤3.9 as fair to poor. These ratings permit readers to evaluate foliage and floral characteristics at different times during the season, and to evaluate performance over time. Cultivars were grouped into classes based on species, plant height, flower type, and flower color. Outstanding cultivars (those cultivars with an overall rating ≥5) and their class were: `Inca Gold' and `Royal Gold' [african marigold (African)—gold class]; `Mesa Orange' and `Royal Orange' (African— orange class); `Inca Yellow', `Mesa Yellow', and `Perfection Yellow' (African—yellow class); `Disco Granada' [french marigold (French) dwarf—single gold/red class], `Disco Flame' (French dwarf—single red/gold class); `Golden Boy' and `Hero Gold' (French dwarf—double gold class); `Bonanza Orange', `Orange Boy', `Girl Orange', `Jacket Orange' (French dwarf—double orange class); `Yellow Boy', `Girl Primrose', and `Jacket Yellow' (French dwarf—double yellow class); `Harmony Boy' (French dwarf— double orange/red class); `Hero Flame' (French dwarf—double red/orange class); `Bonanza Flame Improved' (French dwarf—double red/yellow class); `Legend Gold' (French double— gold class); `Legend Orange Improved' (French—double orange class); `Spry Boy' (French double—yellow/red class); `Durango Bee', `Durango Red', and `Hyper Red/Yellow' (French— double red/yellow class). We believe these cultivars would perform well in the southern U.S. or areas of the world with similar heat and cold hardiness zones.
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Blakqori-Salihu, Teutë, and Albana Gashi. "The hidden side of syntactic functions in the FFL class." XLinguae 16, no. 4 (October 2023): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2023.16.04.06.

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The essential objective of this study is to show the importance of creating a good, effective and common strategy to make familiar the syntactic structures of the most difficult expressions of French grammar while respecting its fundamental rules given for a long time. Studying French and its structure and functioning requires a lot of effort on the part of a foreigner. The structure of the French language is based on several fundamental components, without which we would completely lose any tool allowing us to ensure the coherence of the different parts of any sentence; for this reason, we absolutely must put in place a good learning strategy. Our goal is to offer an easy and attractive method to better learn syntactic functions in FFL (French as a Foreign Language) class. The learning of French as a foreign language is guided by a teacher during French language lessons. You learn everything there, starting with the words, learning their forms and meaning, their structures and functions. Finding a syntactic function is not an impossible task. What makes it difficult is that you have to learn to remember it, and this requires great effort for Kosovar students and especially for those whose level of French is not at the highest point, so they need a good strategy resulting from new pedagogies aimed at activating the learner by making him want to learn a syntactic function with a modular representation. To learn a syntactic function well, the learner must already be able to master French perfectly, and this is a key skill. The sole purpose of this article is to provide students with tips to facilitate learning by allowing them to better learn syntactic functions and to recognize, without particular difficulty, their different nuances. This work is mainly based on useful and productive activities that allow students to know exactly what it takes to learn well.
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Kedward, H. R. "Resiting French Resistance." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9 (December 1999): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679404.

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Exceptions, minorities, non-conformities, individual refusals and small group actions, these are words with which historians of the French Resistance learn to live. The words allow social detail to flourish, but they stand in the way of general social conclusions and question the kind of class representation which seems so convincing in René Clément's film of the resistance of railway workers, La Bataille du rail (1946), but which cannot be sustained for the working class as a whole. Is there a social history of the Resistance? Are all generalities suspect? The French nation as a category is far too large, so is the working class, and equally so the bourgeoisie and the peasantry: it has often been argued that social and political categorisation of the Resistance is nothing but a captivating mirage, tantalising every new interpreter who sets out to give much needed structure to empirical research.
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Hayes, Peter. "Marx's analysis of the French class structure." Theory and Society 22, no. 1 (February 1993): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00993449.

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Mariam SAHRAOUI and Abdelhamid IBN EL FAROUK. "The Arabic/French codic alternation in the explanations of teachers of French in Morocco." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 10, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2022.10.1.0022.

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The analysis focus on the use of Arabic and French by the teacher in a foreign language class in a Moroccan context. This activity, codic alternation or code-switching, is analyzed through an observation of three different teachers while keeping the same level (3rd year of college secondary). All three used code switching in their speech in class, although this manifestation differed from teacher to teacher. It is however imperative to underline that this research work is not intended to provide solutions for the use of code alternation in class, far from it, it is simply a qualitative study allowing understanding of this sociolinguistic phenomenon and the reflection on its use in a didactic situation.
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Hansen, Anita Berit. "Palatalized/affricated plosives in Paris French. A sociophonetic production-perception study of a dynamic working-class and/or language contact phenomenon among middle-class speakers." Globe: A Journal of Language, Culture and Communication 15 (October 18, 2023): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/ojs.globe.v15i.8042.

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A long tradition of attracting work forces to Paris from outside countries has produced a high proportion of inhabitants using other languages than French (Gadet 2008). Geographically, most of the immigrants and their descendants are housed in cheap residential areas in the northern and eastern parts of the capital and its surrounding suburbs - zones that were historically the home of working-class Parisians. Recently, sociolinguists have observed that a specific way of speaking French in these areas has emerged (Fagyal 2010; Gadet 2017), and might be spreading. There is agreement that part of the lexical phenomena in this “multiethnolectal French” is due to language contact between French and the immigrant languages, but as for phonetic features, diverging claims exist. Are the palatalized and affricated plosives (qui [kji]), voiture [vwatʃyr]), the strongly articulated /r/’s, and the frequent drops of phonetic material an effect of contact with Arabic or are they features of working-class Parisian French that have been boosted through an identity-based process of reallocation? Regardless of the answer to this complex question, we seek here to grasp the potential of the palatalized/affricated plosives to spread socially upwards to non-multicultural, middle-class speakers outside the area in question. On the basis of our recordings with upper- and lower-middle-class Parisians (Hansen ms.) and of the attitudinal data we have gathered from a listening experiment among 235 predominantly middle-class French speakers (Hansen 2015, Hansen ms.), we conclude that the phenomenon in question does show signs of active adoption and social spread upwards, while being intriguingly little salient for our participants according to the perception results, as compared to other phonetic phenomena. Only when occurring with other features (in casu strongly articulated /r/’s, with which it shares the ambiguity of being both a popular French and a possible French-Arabic language contact feature), a few listeners comment overtly on its presence and associate its users to Maghreb and/or poor suburban descent.
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Taylor, George V., and Lynn Hunt. "Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 16, no. 4 (1986): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204551.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "French class"

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Pooley, Timothy John. "Grammatical and phonological variation in the working-class French of Roubaix." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416088.

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Carel, Sheila Marie. "Performing virtual ethnographies of communication in the high school French class : a case study /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Wemp, Brian A. (Brian Alan). "The Paris Commune and the French right : the reaction of the bourgeoisie." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23857.

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The historiographic struggle over the representation of the Paris Commune, as begun by the daily press in 1871 and continued in the works of many subsequent scholars, is in fact part of a larger ideological battle. This thesis argues that in order to understand the significance of the Commune, it is necessary to return to contemporary writings. It studies the bourgeois reaction to the Paris Commune using as source material diaries, correspondence and monographs of upper class observers of the Commune. Through these writings, the Commune is seen as a socialist threat to bourgeois stability, and a sign of the disintegration of the ideals of the French Revolution.
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Garcia, Castillo Erin. "Making short films in French class : the role of collaborative short films projects in social cohesion and student engagement in the Core French classroom." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43456.

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Based on the principles of social constructivism, multiliteracies and Freire’s (1970) critical pedagogy concept of dialogue, I observed and reflected upon my current practices as a teacher of additional languages. The main purpose for this study was to examine the role of creating collaborative short films in social cohesion and student engagement in the Core French classroom. The study included one grade 10 Core French class who explored course content (television and film genres) by creating their own collaborative short films. The short film unit, including an optional show casing in the school theatre, took place over a span of 5 weeks. I collected data through a variety of forms: field notes, journal reflections, questionnaires, focus groups, and interviews. Once data were collected, I used an arts-based approach (screenplay writing) to both analyze and disseminate my findings. The research-based screenplay that I wrote is based on the data and I share this writing in the thesis along with an analysis of this artistic process which deconstructs the screenplay for the reader. I shared the screenplay with participants to seek further insights and feedback. My findings and discussions are largely based on understandings gleaned from the process of writing the screenplay.
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Levillain, Stève. "Naissance et évolution d’une mentalité populaire urbaine au XXe siècle: paysage urbain et litterature populaire." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5802.

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The literatures of Immigration from North Africa to France represent one of the constitutive fields of investigation for Postcolonial Francophone studies. As such, approaches to this are often locked in a postcolonial perspective. Through my courses in 20th century literature, I discovered several aspects of literature of immigration that relate to French popular literature. In light of this, my dissertation establishes a link between these two literary genres by analyzing the evolution of urban spaces in the Parisian periphery. The primary objective of this dissertation is to translate aspects of the contemporary issues of the French banlieues from a purely postcolonial perspective to questions of institutional choices in French city planning over the course of the past hundred and fifty years. The underlying assumption is that the spatial transformation that has taken place has affected the social interactions of the inhabitants and contributed to the evolution of a working class mentality. The expectation is that in-depth understanding of this interaction will allow me to explore the socio-cultural situation in France’s suburbs today. Beginning with the renovation of Paris, undertaken by Haussmann in the second half of the nineteenth century, each of the five chapters of my dissertation corresponds to a particular moment of this evolution. For every chapter, I analyze the characters’ relationships with their spatial surroundings, as well as the nature of their social interactions with other residents. The first novels are the only ones of my corpus set in the interior part of Paris. As more and more of the urban working class is driven outside of the city limits by the renovations and the rapidly developing industry in the periphery, the texts illustrate the increasing social isolation and loss of agency for the characters. In aligning popular literature and literature of immigration on the same axis, my focus lies primarily on the geographical space, the banlieue, and its transformation in time.
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Jurkowitz, Lisa Amy. "Interaction, Meaning-Making, and Accuracy in Synchronous CMC Discussion: The Experiences of a University-Level Intermediate French Class." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193602.

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A primary goal of foreign language instruction today is to increase opportunities for authentic communication among students. One way to accomplish this is through synchronous computer-mediated classroom discussion (CMCD). While this electronic medium is highly interactive and beneficial for second language acquisition (SLA) on many levels, studies have noted that learner output in CMCD is often inaccurate. In order to heighten students' attention to features of the target language (TL), SLA research suggests integrating a focus on form (FonF) within meaning-based activities. In the CMCD literature, however, FonF has not been widely treated. The current study addresses this gap by documenting the linguistic and interactional features present in intermediate, university-level French students' synchronous discussions. Furthermore, students' perceptions of their general experience with CMCD are qualitatively examined.In this study, students participated in CMCD once a week, for 16 weeks. Discussion prompts encouraged them to use their French meaningfully to communicate with each other while paying attention to accuracy. To make form salient, students set pre-chat language goals; their transcripts were graded on both content and accuracy; they received whole-class and personalized feedback on their transcripts; and they corrected a percentage of their errors. Results show that balancing the concurrent pressures of form and content was challenging for the students. Likely determined by their proficiency level as well as the medium of CMCD itself, students produced mainly short and simple messages in the present tense; used an average range of vocabulary; and wrote with variable grammatical accuracy. As for being accountable for their language usage, students responded very well. Most importantly, focusing on form was not found to be incompatible with students' ability to engage in rich, meaningful, and enjoyable communication. While focusing on accuracy, students shared their opinions and aspects of their personal lives while remaining in the TL. Moreover, they used French for a range of social, strategic and interactional functions. Students also reported the overall experience as highly motivating and rewarding. These findings point to CMCD as a valuable means of increasing authentic classroom communication and indicate that attention to form need not be sacrificed in the process.
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Williams, Carla Denise. "When the pen becomes a sword: Race and class consciousness in the literature of the West Indian writers Jacques Roumain, Etienne Lero, Gilbert Gratian." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1993. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/511.

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This thesis considers the influence of three West Indian writers who contributed to the development of Negritude as a literary, social and political phenomenon. The author shows that the racial awareness central to the Negritude movement was strongly affected by the experiences in Haiti and Martinique in particular. The thesis is comprised of three chapters and a conclusion. The first examines the awakening of racial consciousness in Paris in the 1930s and ‘40s, placing those developments in literary and historical perspective. This chapter also serves as an introduction to the milieu of West Indian and black American writers who were aggressively active in deriving a literary response to racial oppression. The second and third chapters analyze the roles of individual writers. The second chapter probes the writings of Jacques Roumain. He made an impression with his Marxist analysis of the Haitian situation, pushed for an “indigenous” Haitian literature, and developed the peasant novel. By using excerpts from essays, poems, and his novel, Gouverneurs de la Rosee, the writer details the influence of this Haitian author on Negritude writers. The third chapter considers two lesser—studied writers, the Martinicans Etienne Lero and Gilbert Gratiant. Gratiant embraced the mixed cultural heritage of Martinique, while Lero fought for an African outlook in initiating Legitime Defense, and through other contributions. An exploration of a small sampling of their work will help to clarify the context of color and caste in Martinique. The conclusion summarizes the authors’ social critique of French civilization and shows that the experiences of the West Indian authors discussed in the thesis influenced the principal leaders of Negritude--Leopold Sedar Senghor, Leon Damas and Aime Cesaire--and that this can be seen in the conceptions the Negritude movement embraced.
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Harrison, Carol Elizabeth. "The esprit d'association and the French bourgeoisie : voluntary societies in eastern France, 1830-1870." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670277.

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Hart, David Mercer. "Class, slavery and the industrialist theory of history in French liberal thought, 1814-1830 : the contribution of Charles Comte and Charles Dunoyer." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272655.

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Roe, Rebecca Suzanne. "Fashioning a utopian ideal : dress and undress in the work of Pierre-Auguste Renoir /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1426100.

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Books on the topic "French class"

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Blanning, T. C. W. The French Revolution: Class war or culture clash? 2nd ed. New York, N.Y: St. Martin's Press, 1998.

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A history of the French working class. Oxford, OX, UK: Blackwell, 1992.

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Wita, Béatrix Le. French bourgeois culture. Cambridge: New York, 1994.

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Hunt, L. A. Politics, culture, and class in the French Revolution. 2nd ed. Berkley: University of California Press, 2004.

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Hunt, Lynn. Politics, culture, and class in the French Revolution. London: Methuen, 1986.

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Hunt, L. A. Politics, culture and class in the French revolution. Ann Arbor: UMI Bell and Howell, 1999.

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Hunt, L. A. Politics, culture, and class in the French Revolution. London: Methuen, 1986.

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Bégaudeau, François. The class. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2009.

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Mark, Traugott, ed. The French worker: Autobiographies from the early industrial era. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

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Horrocks, Janet. Language games for the French class: Beginning through advanced. Lincolnwood, Ill: National Textbook Co., 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "French class"

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Lewis-Beck, Michael S., Richard Nadeau, and Éric Bélanger. "Class and Patrimony." In French Presidential Elections, 41–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230321687_3.

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Kubera, Jacek. "Class Identification." In Identifications of French People of Algerian Origin, 263–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35836-5_7.

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Lamont, Michele. "CHAPTER 6. The Meaning of Class and Race: French and American Workers Discuss Differences." In Reworking Class, edited by John R. Hall, 193–220. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501725449-010.

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Abeillé, Anne, and Danièle Godard. "A Class of "Lite" Adverbs in French." In Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 9. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.216.04abe.

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Rocard, Michel. "A New Push in French Excellence." In How World-Class Universities Affect Global Higher Education, 13–24. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-821-3_2.

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Sikes, Alan. "Tribades and Amazons: Playacting Women of the French Revolution." In Sex, Class, and the Theatrical Archive, 83–137. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23116-3_3.

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Ashby, William J. "The loss of the negative morpheme ne in Parisian French." In On Spoken French, 79–94. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.226.c7.

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Data from a corpus of upper-middle class Parisian French demonstrate that the omission of the negative morpheme ne in negative structures is most frequent among certain demographic segments of the population. This finding, together with historical evidence, suggests that the optional deletion of the negative morpheme ne represents a continuing linguistic change, presaging the eventual total loss of ne – or ‘old not’. This change is most advanced in certain syntactic and phonetic contexts and in informal style.
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Murray, Christopher Brent. "The Dukas composition class at the Paris Conservatoire." In Paul Dukas: Legacies of a French Musician, 110–30. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge research in music series: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203701621-7.

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Cautrès, Bruno. "“Old Wine in New Bottles? New Wine in Old Bottles?: Class, Religion and Vote in the French Electorate” — The 2002 Elections in Time Perspective." In The French Voter, 74–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230523791_5.

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Armstrong, Nigel, and Tim Pooley. "Social Factors: Bringing Together Class, Gender, Migration, Ideology and Language." In Social and Linguistic Change in European French, 249–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230281714_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "French class"

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David, B., F. Mercier, R. Chalon, O. Delotte, and J. P. Berthet. "Interactivity in large class." In the 1st French-speaking conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1050873.1050881.

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Aada, Khalid. "THE PLAY IN TEACHING FRENCH BETWEEN TECHNIQUES AND CLASS PRACTICE." In 15th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2023.1658.

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Nicolas, Principal. "The French Foudre-Class "Transport De Chalands De Debarquement De L'Arment" Program." In Warship 86 Coastal Defence and Assault. RINA, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.warship.1986.10.

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Faidy, Claude. "General Presentation of French Codified Flaw Evaluation Procedure: RSE-M." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2024.

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The RSE-M Code “Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components” defines the requirements for in-service inspection of French Pressurized Water Reactor’s. The scope covered by the RSE-M is all the surveillance and in-service inspection program for safety class components with a special attention to class 1 components. A large concern for this code is the flaw evaluation procedure for an in-service inspection defect. Generally the defect has to be repaired, but in order to postpone the repair or to accept some small defect a complete procedure is proposed for safety class components: fatigue crack initiation, fatigue crack growth, brittle and ductile rupture. All the details and the validation limits are included in non-mandatory appendices. The methods are usable for nuclear and non-nuclear pressure equipment. Partial safety factors and material properties are more PWR oriented. The paper presents the different parts of the procedure, their validations and major on-going developments.
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"Effective Application of Micro Course in College French Class under the Background of Mobile Media." In 2018 International Conference on Education, Psychology, and Management Science. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/icepms.2018.077.

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Faidy, Claude. "Comparison and Harmonization of French RCCM and ASME Code." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29773.

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The objectives of this paper is to discuss technical harmonization of Nuclear Codes and Standards, based on French long experience in Codes and Standards used for design-fabrication and operation of nuclear components (mainly pressure retaining components). After a long period of use of ASME Section III code, during the Westinghouse licensing process, AFCEN (AREVA, EDF and the major manufacturers) decided to develop their own AFCEN French Codes. The 1st version has been issued in 1980 and the last one in 2007, completed by annual addendum. During more than 20 years the 2 Codes, RCCM and ASME Section III, have leave separately, with different constraints like industrial history, localisation of fabrication, more new plants in France than in USA, different R&D programs to support Code improvement… Recently a detailed review of differences for class 1 vessel has showed under a “general global quality equivalence”, a lot of differences in the Code development process, in the Code organization, in the scopes, in the State of the Art fulfillment, in ageing consideration at the design stage, in relation with national or international regulations, in term of standards used or complementary specification needs… The harmonization of Codes and Standards is possible under an important effort to move toward new ideas, more international rules and with a strong support of national safety authorities.
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Arifani, Dinda Novia, Riswanda Setiadi, and Dante Darmawangsa. "Effect and Students’ Perception of the ESA (Engage, Study, Activate) Teaching Method Implementation in French Writing Class." In 3rd International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200325.083.

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Stevens, Howard, and Gerard Laurent. "Treatment of Irradiated Graphite From French Bugey Reactor." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96167.

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In 2008, following the general French plan for nuclear waste management, Électricité de France attempted to find for irradiated graphite an alternative solution to direct storage at the low-activity long-life storage center in France managed by the national agency for wastes (ANDRA). EDF management requested that its engineering arm, EDF CIDEN, study the graphite treatment alternatives to direct storage. In mid-2008, this study revealed the potential advantage for EDF to use a steam reforming process known as THermal Organic Reduction, “THOR” (owned by Studsvik, Inc., USA), to treat or destroy the graphite matrix and limit the quantity of secondary waste to be stored. In late 2009, EDF began a test program with Studsvik to determine if the THOR steam reforming process could be used to destroy the graphite. The program also sought to determine if the graphite could be treated to release the bulk of activity while minimizing the gasification of the bulk mass of the graphite. In October 2009, tests with non-irradiated graphite were completed and demonstrated destruction of a graphite matrix by the THOR process at satisfactory rates. After gasifying the graphite, focus shifted to the effect of roasting graphite at high temperatures in inert gases with low concentrations of oxidizing gases to preferentially remove volatile radionuclides while minimizing the graphite mass loss to 5%. A radioactive graphite sleeve was imported from France to the US for these tests. Completed in April 2010, ‘Phase I’ of testing showed that the process removed >99% of H-3 and 46% of C-14 with <6% mass loss. Completed in September 2011, ‘Phase II’ testing achieved increased removals as high as 80% C-14. During Phase II, it was also discovered that roasting in a reducing atmosphere helped to limit the oxidation of the graphite. Future work seeks to explore the effects of reducing gases to limit the bulk oxidation of graphite. If the graphite could be decontaminated of long-lived radionuclides up to 95% for C-14 while minimizing mass loss to <5%, this would minimize the volume of any secondary waste streams and potentially lower the waste class of the larger bulk of graphite. Alternatively, if up to 95% decontamination of C-14 is achieved, the graphite may be completely gasified which could result in lower disposal volumes.
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Zhang, Xueliang, Chunbing Shao, Ximing Tang, Cheng Yang, and Huixing Feng. "Application of RSE-M2010 on In-Service Inspection of Taishan EPR Project." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15842.

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The latest edition of French In-service Inspection Rules RSE-M2010, incorporating the up-to-date upstream French regulations, orders and requirements for pressure equipments, and taking into account both of the radioactive risk and industrial risk in nuclear power plant (NPP), has been adopted as the applicable rule for in-service inspection (ISI) of EPR units. In RSE-M2010, the previously used benchmark for classification Safety Class has been replaced by the Nuclear Pressure Equipments Class (ESPN Class), and the category of pressure equipments has been introduced to monitor the industry risks of NPP pressure equipments, making it much more precise and convenient to define the scope of equipments which subjected to ISI and corresponding ISI requirements on frequency and methods. This paper described the main differences of the ISI requirements in RSE-M2010 and previous edition of RSE-M, also introduced practices of applying RSE-M2010 when preparing the ISI program of Taishan EPR units. Based on the application practice of RSE-M2010 on Taishan EPR project, some proposals for future improvement of this code are presented. Preliminary thinking for future implementation of EPR ISI activities has also been described.
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Lejeune, Hubert, and Ce´dric Boulben. "Update of the Tabulated «M and Y» Values in the New Revisions of French Codes CODAP® and CODETI®: Development of a Testing Procedure to Determine «M and Y» Values for Several Tightness Classes." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77246.

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The existing tables giving “m and y” values, used in the Taylor Forge method for bolted flange connections calculation, have remained unchanged through years. Some gasket types do not appear in these tables and no reference is made to a Tightness Class associated to these values. The need for an update of the exiting tables has been raised by the supplier of French codes (CODAP® [1] and CODETI® [2]). A survey about the recommended values of “m and y” and their associated expected leakage rates for the gasket types available on the market has been performed. The wide discrepancy in the test procedures and the gasket parameter values showed the need for the development of a common test procedure. The new test procedure giving tables of “m and y” values depending on the tightness class is presented here. The application of this procedure on several gasket types, lead to the publication of new tables for “m and y” values, in the last French codes revision.
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Reports on the topic "French class"

1

Corum, James S. A Clash of Military Cultures: German and French Approaches to Technology Between the World Wars,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada323798.

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2

Castilleja-Vargas, Liliana. La clase media andina frente al shock del Covid-19. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002377.

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Delgado, Deborah. América Latina frente a la COP26. Posiciones y perspectivas. Fundación Carolina, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt58.

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¿Cómo se organizan las posiciones de los países latinoamericanos frente a la COP26 de la CMNUCC? En este documento se pretenden ofrecer algunas pistas para interpretar las posiciones de estos países, qué clase de compromisos llevan a la mesa de negociación y qué expectativas tienen sobre la acción climática en el contexto global. El trabajo empieza presentando el panorama de la coyuntura política que enfrenta la COP26 y las coaliciones de negociación de las que los países de América Latina forman parte. Se recoge información acerca de sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas y la arquitectura financiera que han diseñado para adoptar sus acciones. A continuación se analizan algunos de los puntos principales que se tratarán durante la COP26 desde el punto de vista de la agenda latinoamericana, que incluyen la finanza climática, los asuntos pendientes para cerrar la Guía de implementación del Acuerdo de París, y la adaptación al cambio climático. Concluimos reflexionando sobre el lugar de América Latina en el camino global hacia la descarbonización.
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Rice, J. M., M. Ross, H E Campbell, R. C. Paulen, and M. B. McClenaghan. Net evolution of subglacial sediment transport in the Quebec-Labrador Sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332151.

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The interior of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) had a dynamic polythermal base. However, the subglacial thermal organization of the LIS and its evolution throughout glaciation are poorly constrained. Specifically, the net effect of ice divide migration on subglacial processes and the resulting landforms and sediments remains poorly understood. The results of a regional-scale till sampling program within the interior of the Quebec-Labrador sector of the LIS were used to explore dispersal patterns across a region known to have experienced ice divide migration. Indicator mineral and clast lithology analysis, coupled with multivariate analysis of the till matrix geochemistry, were used collectively, and evaluated within the context of the relative ice flow chronology and subglacial thermal evolution to augment our understanding of how ice divide migration impacts subglacial erosion and sedimentary processes. Indicator minerals (e.g., goethite and orthopyroxene) and clasts (e.g., iron formation clasts from the Labrador Trough) form glacial dispersal patterns that are consistent with the earliest northeast-trending ice-flow phase identified in the region. This early ice-flow phase produced and transported till across the entire study area (&amp;gt; 175 km). However, till matrix geochemistry shows a strong relationship with the local underlying bedrock, especially the major oxides. This relationship is relatively common in areas of thin till cover and resistant bedrock lithologies. The results also indicate that following the northeast ice-flow phase, erosion and till production became more localized, without considerable transport in a single sustained direction. These results are consistent with a transition to more sporadic warm-based conditions and ice divide migration, as ice sheet reconstructions indicate, and are supported by targeted 10Be data from erratics and bedrock surfaces. There are also spatial relationships between the dispersal of fresh or re-entrained debris and paleo-ice streams identified in the landform record, as evidenced by the dispersal of indicator minerals. The reworking of previously dispersed material during subsequent ice-flow phases resulted in complex dispersal patterns across the study area. These results provide important insights for ice sheet modelling and future mineral exploration programs in inner ice sheet regions of the LIS and demonstrate the importance of a thorough understanding of ice-flow history.
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Urzola Mestra, Enrique Carlos. Vulnerabilidad del deudor en el cobro jurídico de un acreedor cooperativa. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.27.

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En esta nota de clase, se dan a conocer los conceptos básicos y la percepción del autor sobre el endoso a cooperativas de títulos valores, con el propósito de visualizar la problemática del estado de indefensión y vulnerabilidad del deudor frente a cooperativas financieras cuando el estado de necesidad por causas sobrevinientes impide el cumplimiento de la obligación de pagar un título valor que no nace en una cooperativa y es endosado a favor de esta por un tercero, de manera que da los beneficios para el cobro jurídico al nuevo acreedor (la cooperativa), el cual no tiene el acreedor anterior al endoso.
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Al-Chaar, Ghassan, Allison Brandvold, Andrij Kozych, and William Mendoza. 4D printing structures for extreme temperatures using metakaolin based geopolymers. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46750.

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Geopolymers (GPs) are a class of amorphous, aluminosilicate-based ceramics that cure at room temperature. GPs are formed by mixing an aluminosilicate source, which is metakaolin in this case, with an alkali activator solution, which can be either sodium or potassium water glass. GPs have attracted interest for use in structural applications over the past few decades because they have superior mechanical properties to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Additionally, they can tolerate much higher temperatures and produce a fraction of the CO₂ compared to OPC. This project aims to develop geopolymer composites for 4D printing (the fourth dimension being time) and test their mechanical properties. Rheology and the effects of curing in ambient conditions will be evaluated for fresh geopolymer. Freeze-thaw resistance will be evaluated on potentially printable composites for extreme temperature resistance, etc.
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Freeman, Stanley, Russell Rodriguez, Adel Al-Abed, Roni Cohen, David Ezra, and Regina Redman. Use of fungal endophytes to increase cucurbit plant performance by conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7613893.bard.

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Major threats to agricultural sustainability in the 21st century are drought, increasing temperatures, soil salinity and soilborne pathogens, all of which are being exacerbated by climate change and pesticide abolition and are burning issues related to agriculture in the Middle East. We have found that Class 2 fungal endophytes adapt native plants to environmental stresses (drought, heat and salt) in a habitat-specific manner, and that these endophytes can confer stress tolerance to genetically distant monocot and eudicot hosts. In the past, we generated a uv non-pathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna (path-1) that colonized cucurbits, induced drought tolerance and enhanced growth, and protected 85% - 100% against disease caused by certain pathogenic fungi. We propose: 1) utilizing path-1 and additional endophtyic microorganisms to be isolated from stress-tolerant local, wild cucurbit watermelon, Citrulluscolocynthis, growing in the Dead Sea and Arava desert areas, 2) generate abiotic and biotic tolerant melon crop plants, colonized by the isolated endophytes, to increase crop yields under extreme environmental conditions such as salinity, heat and drought stress, 3) manage soilborne fungal pathogens affecting curubit crop species growing in the desert areas. This is a unique and novel "systems" approach that has the potential to utilize natural plant adaptation for agricultural development. We envisage that endophyte-colonized melons will eventually be used to overcome damages caused by soilborne diseases and also for cultivation of this crop, under stress conditions, utilizing treated waste water, thus dealing with the limited resource of fresh water.
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Ortiz Nievas, Vilma Tamara. Acompañando el autocuidado adolescente. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.44.

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El ciclo reproductivo es un tema de mucho interés para el profesional de enfermería, el cual requiere de gran atención para su absoluta comprensión, a pesar de que su entendimiento pueda ser un poco complejo debido a la serie de eventos de gran importancia que se suceden simultáneamente en diferentes partes del cuerpo de la mujer y que intervienen en la reproducción del ser humano en general, entre otras funciones, En este sentido, se hace necesario prestarle una atención adecuada para comprender posteriormente por qué se presentan alteraciones en el ciclo menstrual y poder entender cómo se sucede el proceso de reproducción del ser humano, comprendiendo que hay hormonas básicas para que sucedan estos eventos en el cuerpo de una mujer, y como se interrelacionan para lograr determinados procesos fisiológicos. A su vez, es de gran relevancia como profesionales de enfermería participar en el cuidado de la salud durante este proceso y guiar frente a alteraciones que se puedan presentar. En la primera unidad, se tratará la problemática de una adolescente que sufre de amenorrea secundaria mediante una narrativa. En la segunda unidad, se hace la integración del problema con la teoría de Dorothea Orem, analizando el caso presentado a la luz de lo que dice la teoría y cuáles fueron las intervenciones a partir de su conocimiento epistemológico. Además, en esta nota de clase, se encontrarán ejercicios de refuerzo para que el estudiante pueda alcanzar las competencias relacionadas con el tema planteado. Por último, se introduce a la búsqueda de algunos artículos recomendados que tengan relación con la temática de los problemas encontrados en la narrativa expuesta.
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