Journal articles: 'French 20c'

1

Bouchaudy, Jean-François. "Genuine French WWII M-209 cryptograms." Cryptologia 43, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01611194.2019.1596180.

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SHIN, Dong-Kyu. "Changes and trends of the Korean Review of French history - Twenty years, Melting-pot of French History Researches -." HISTORY JOURNAL 41 (August 31, 2019): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51786/rchf.2019.08.41.5.

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Laska, Igor. "THE CREATIVE COMPONENT OF THE CONCEPT TRANSLATION IN FRENCH TRADUCTOLOGY OF THE 17 TH CENTURY." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (January 30, 2020): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-204-207.

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The present article highlights the problem of translation as creativity in the writings of French translators of the 17th century. The analysis of the traductologic texts of the classicism era allowed to establish two directions in conceptualization of the creative aspect of the translator’s work. Translators who grouped around the newly formed French Academy, in particular Perrot d’Ablancourt and supporters of translations of the genre les belles infidèles, equate the work of the translator with the work of the author and see his task in giving a new real creation of the receiving literature. However, due to the uncertainty of the limits of creative freedom of the translator, their translation practice rather compromised the very idea of creativity in translation. The second and more moderate direction, represented by translators from Port-Royal, is also oriented to the receiving language and culture. The translator is also considered a full-fledged author and must create a real work, but his freedom is limited by the text of the original, differences in language and culture, the rules of translation. The problems of translation creativity, which was discussed in the traduсtological texts of classicism, includes: role of translator and author, their rivalry, choice between literal and free translation, restriction of translator’s freedom, etc.

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Pérez Torres, Orlando. "El correo en Asturias durante la invasión francesa (1808-1813)." Cuadernos de Estudios del Siglo XVIII, no. 23 (October 20, 2013): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/cesxviii.23.2013.195-205.

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Este artículo se ocupa de las marcas postales utilizadas por los correos español y francés desde el inicio de las hostilidades en Asturias, en el año 1809, hasta el abandono definitivo del Principado por el ejército francés en 1812. El autor describe las marcas de campo de los ejércitos franceses, así como los cuños españoles utilizados durante la ocupación francesa.PALABRAS CLAVEMarcas postales, correo, Guerra de Independencia, Asturias, ejército. This article deals with the postmarks used by both the Spanish and French posts, since the beginning of the hostilities in Asturias in 1809 until final abandonment of the Principality by the French army in 1812. The author describes the field markings of the French armies as well as the Spanish postmarks used during the French occupationKEY WORDSPostmarks, posts, Independence War, Asturias, Army.

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Verneaux, V., and L. Aleya. "Bathymetric distributions of chironomid communities in ten French lakes: Implications on lake classification." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 142, no. 2 (May 26, 1998): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/142/1998/209.

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MA, A. F. DE. "PARENTAL CONTROL AND ANOMIE IN FRENCH-CANADIAN ADOLESCENTS." Psychological Reports 69, no. 5 (1991): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.69.5.199-200.

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Nazarbaeva, Elena. "Dynamics of Middle Classes: Between Expansion and Uncertainty Russian-French Scientific Conference, NRU HSE, Moscow, October 3rd, 2019." Journal of Economic Sociology 20, no. 5 (2019): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2019-5-202-209.

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JANSOHN, CHRISTA. "LAWRENCE'S ‘BOOK OF FRENCH VERSE’." Notes and Queries 36, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/36-2-201.

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Herubel, J. P. V. M. "Recent Articles on French History." French Historical Studies 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-23-1-201.

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Tanshina, Natalya. "Anniversary of the Anniversary: the Results of the 200th Anniversary of the French Revolution for Russian and French Historiography." Новая и новейшая история, no. 2 (2019): 100–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640004252-5.

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Lepetiuk, Lepetiuk. "The Functions of Speech Genres in the French Novel of XX c." Studia Linguistica, no. 13 (2018): 184–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2018.13.184-202.

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The research is based on the M. Bakhtin’s theory of the speech genres, according to which speech communication, including artistic communication, is realized through a variety of genres of speech. The artistic text is considered as a secondary speech genre, which arises in the conditions of cultural communication and in the process of its formation absorbs a variety of primary genres. The article presents the results of investigation of the plays and role of speech genres in the structure of French novel of XX c. It examines different forms of the presence of a great variety of speech genres in the novel as well as their functions. This article analyzes a semiotic character of a speech genre and interference of a speech genre and a context of a speech situation. It investigates the use by the French novelists of a speech genre for transfer implicit information.The dialogism is examined and analyzed in the text of French Novel. This phenomenon is associated with the intentional and synthetic aspects of the language: each language is associated with a certain form of the speaker, refers to a certain context and expresses the point of view and a certain world outlook. Consequently, the text of the novel may be presented as a system of different languages, as well as inserted speech genres, entering into various dialogical interactions, the functioning of which has been organized and directed by the author in accordance with their intentions.

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Rascle, Nicole, Marilou Bruchon-Schweitzer, and Irwin G. Sarason. "Short Form of Sarason's Social Support Questionnaire: French Adaptation and Validation." Psychological Reports 97, no. 1 (August 2005): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.1.195-202.

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The original short form of Sarason's Social Support Questionnaire measures two dimensions of social support, availability and satisfaction. The factorial structure of the social support was assessed in a French sample along with the association between the dimensions of social support and personality traits such as Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Depression. A 6-item French version was administered to 648 subjects: 348 university freshmen (228 females, 120 males) and 304 unemployed men. A principal component analysis followed by oblique rotations was undertaken on each sample. This yielded two factors, Availability and Satisfaction. These results sustained the stability of the factorial structure from one culture to another. Validity and reliability were satisfactory. Moreover, these two dimensions were correlated with two personality scales (high extraversion, low depression). Such results agree with previous results establishing relations between social support and salutogenic dimensions of personality.

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Celaya, Diego Gaspar. "«Premature Resisters». Spanish Contribution to the French National Defence Campaignin 1939/1940." Journal of Modern European History 16, no. 2 (May 2018): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2018-2-203.

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«Premature Resisters». Spanish Contribution to the French National Defence Campaign in 1939/1940 Thousands of Spaniards actively contributed to the defence of France in 1939/1940, whether as military contractors, legionnaires or soldiers of the Regiment de Marche de Volontaires Étrangers (RMVE). This paper focuses on three elements of their contributions. First, it investigates the importance of French internment camps for Spanish refugees’ that became key recruitment grounds for soldiers and labourers. Secondly, it will analyse the importance of the French General Staff's decision to veto the creation of Spanish autonomous units within the regular French armed forces, and how this compared to the situation of Polish and Czechoslovakian volunteers. Thirdly, the declaration of war on 3 September 1939 will be highlighted as a crucial turning point for French attitudes towards the recruitment of Spanish contractors and soldiers. Despite those changes in attitude, the Spanish contribution to France's defence in 1939/1940 – and to the French resistance – was never recognised by politicians in the post-war era. This is a fourth aspect of the entangled Franco-Spanish history of the Second World War that will be analysed in this paper, thereby highlighting how the memory battles between French Gaullists and Communists, reinforced by the context of the Cold War, left little space for the commemorative inclusion of «outsiders».

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14

Nikolaev, D. D. "France and the French in “Okayannye dni” by I. A. Bunin." Studies in Theory of Literary Plot and Narratology 15, no. 1 (2020): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2410-7883-2020-1-207-222.

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One of the main motives in “Odessa” part of I. A. Bunin’s “Okayannye dni” is connected with France. For the first time “Okayannye dni” was published in 1925 on the pages of Paris émigré newspaper “Vozrozhdenie”, and Bunin's text was addressed not only to Russian, but also to foreign audience, primarily French. The editorial circumstances of the first publication should be taken into account when explaining the significance of the “French” motives, but journalistic logic of 1925 follows the specific circumstances of life in Odessa and related author’s experience of 1919. “The French” appear in the first fragment of the “Okayannye dni”, published in the first issue of “Renaissance” on June 3, 1925. In the newspaper publication the starting point is the decision of the French troops to leave Odessa. Bunin does not directly accuse France of abandoning the city and its inhabitants, but then constantly returns to the motive of unfulfilled hopes associated with the French. The French navy destroyer becomes a symbol of the hopes and their collapse. Two other lines connecting Russia and France are also pointed in the first fragment of the “Okayannye dni”. Bunin writes about modern political events and about French history. Bunin constantly reminds the French of their historical responsibility for committing and canonizing their “great” revolution, thus setting an example of the Russian revolution. Among the semantic centers of the “Okayannye dni” in the newspaper publication are fragments about the leaders of the French revolution, in which Bunin refers to the book “Vielles maisons, vieux papiers” by G. Lenotre. References to Lenotr’s book help to avoid a negative assessment of the French revolution as a view of the Russian “from the outside”. Significant changes in the text of the “Okayannye dni” in the book edition in Berlin in 1935 also relate to French motives. Their significance is reduced both by removing fragments and by the restoration of the natural chronological structure, in which the “Okayannye dni” now begin in Moscow on January 1, 1918, not by departure of the French troops from Odessa in 1919.

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RASCLE, NICOLE. "SHORT FORM OF SARASON'S SOCIAL SUPPORT QUESTIONNAIRE: FRENCH ADAPTATION AND VALIDATION." Psychological Reports 97, no. 5 (2005): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.5.195-202.

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Kumari Jugnauth, Kobita. "English and Mauritian Creole: A Reflection on How the Vocabulary, Grammar and Syntax of the Two Languages Create Difficulties for Learners." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.2p.204.

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The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the various linguistic reasons that cause Mauritian students to experience difficulties while learning English. As Mauritius is a former British and French colony, most Mauritians are bilinguals. Both English and French are compulsory subjects up to Cambridge O’Level. English is the official language and also the language of instruction but French is much more widely used and spoken. Also Mauritian Creole is the mothertongue of the majority of Mauritians. This linguistic situation impacts heavily on the teaching and learning of English both at primary and secondary level. Often, students encounter a number of problems at the vocabulary and grammatical level ; these are due to the linguistic specificities of both English and Mauritian Creole. Today, the different types of ‘ Englishes’ emerging around the world, are making it increasingly confusing for teachers to teach this language and for learners to learn it.

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Baghana, Jerome, Svetlana V. Sleptsova, Oksana V. Kuzmina, Guennadi V. Svishchev, and Inna B. Akinshina. "Euphemization features of current french political articles headlines." Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-A (December 14, 2020): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-a580p.198-204.

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The article deals with the analyses of the headline linguistic constructions of French political articles, including euphemisms, presented in such modern mass media in France and Belgium as «Le Monde», «Le Monde diplomatique», «L'OBS», «L'Express», «La Libre», «Marianne», «L'Opinion». Currently, journalists consider euphemizing to be a common feature of the headlines of the articles concerning political issues. This technique effects readers’ emotions smoothly. Implementation of euphemisms in French articles of journalistic genre helps avoid mentioning unpleasant or even shocking reality. The enhancement technique is used in the case a lexeme of positive meaning replaces a negative phenomenon or fact. The examples, given in this article, highlight the manipulative nature of euphemisms, which is specific for the French political press style. Recipients should be informed about political issues, but occasionally the authorities and the media provide them with facts in a specific manner not to cause strong, sometimes premature confusion and discontent.

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정해연. "Pronunciation and Transliteration Issues in the Korean-French Dictionary of 1880." Language Facts and Perspectives 37, no. ll (February 2016): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20988/lfp.2016.37..203.

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Couderc, Christophe. "Lope de Vega and the French theatre of the XVIIth century." Anuario Lope de Vega Texto literatura cultura 23 (January 26, 2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/anuariolopedevega.202.

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Suppa, Francesca. "The last pre-romantic French translation of Lope's theatre: Linguet's «Théâtre Espagnol»." Anuario Lope de Vega Texto literatura cultura 23 (January 26, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/anuariolopedevega.200.

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한용택. "Some French and German Movies for the multi-culture education at schools." Cross-Cultural Studies 19, no. ll (April 2010): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21049/ccs.2010.19..205.

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Vershinina,, E. V., and J. A. Stakheeva. "CONDITIONS OF TRANSACTION VALIDITY UNDER RUSSIAN AND FRENCH LAW." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(32) (October 28, 2013): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-197-207.

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In the article the authors give the main characteristics of conditions of transaction validity according to the Russian and French law. In Russia, as well as in France, a transaction (agreement) which does not meet any of these conditions may be recognized as invalid in part or in full. The conditions of transaction validity are not specified directly in Russian laws, in contrast to the French legislation. Russian lawyers share the opinion that the conditions of transaction validity include the following: the content and the legal result of the transaction must not contradict to law; individuals and legal entities performing the transaction, must have capacity to be a party to the transaction; the expressed will of the transaction party must correspond to its actual will; the will of the transaction party must be expressed in due form. French legislation, in particular, the French Civil Code in the Article 1108 directly specifies the following conditions of transaction (agreement) validity: the party, which undertakes its obligations, must express its consent; the parties must have the capacity to make an agreement; certain subject, which represents the obligation's content; causa of the obligation. Article 1108 of the FCC does not contain direct provisions regarding the form of the transaction. However, in order to be valid, the transaction must be executed in certain legally established form. Also the article deals with the main common and different features in Russian and French legislation and doctrine.

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Javaud, Nicolas, Laurence Bouillet, Hasina Rabetrano, Alexandre Bitoun, David Launay, Frederic Lapostolle, Paul-Georges Reuter, et al. "Hereditary angioedema: Clinical presentation and socioeconomic cost of 200 French patients." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 7, no. 1 (January 2019): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.036.

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Demagny, Lise, Knut Holtedahl, Janine Bachimont, Tommy Thorsen, Alain Letourmy, and Martine Bungener. "General practitioners' role in cancer care: a French-Norwegian study." BMC Research Notes 2, no. 1 (2009): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-2-200.

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Ollion, Etienne, and Andrew Abbott. "French Connections: The Reception of French Sociologists in the USA (1970-2012)." European Journal of Sociology 57, no. 2 (August 2016): 331–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975616000126.

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AbstractThis paper examines the appropriation of French sociologists by US sociologists over the last four decades. Taking cues from scientometrics and from developments in the sociology of reception, it proposes a blueprint for the study of reception in times of mass digital data. Through this approach, the paper reveals two salient traits. First, out of the 200 authors of the sample, a small minority received considerable attention, while the others are virtually invisible. Second, when cited in the US, French authors are mobilized almost only as social theorists. The article then accounts for this peculiar reception by considering three levels: the intellectual structures of both fields, the local logics at play in the receiving field, and the “multiple lives” of a cited author.

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Stroev, Alexandre. "On the French perception of Ivan Bunin in 1933." Literary Fact, no. 16 (2020): 200–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-8297-2020-16-200-228.

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The receipt of the Nobel Prize in Literature by Ivan Bunin (the first of the Russian authors) in 1933 not only became an important event in the writer’s fate and Russian émigré life, but also was widely responded in the European (primarily French) press. This issue has long been the subject of research attention, but has not been fully studied yet due to the active discussion of the Nobel campaign, possible candidates for the prize and, finally, the figure of the winner in the contemporary press. In French literary circles, Bunin was not considered a favorite from major Russian writers, being inferior in popularity to M. Gorky and D.S. Merezhkovsky; reporters began to seek meetings and interviews with great interest. The article is supplied with the most revealing newspaper articles and Bunin’s interviews, and, by contrast, two Merezhkovsky’s interviews, previously not translated into Russian. They show the main paradox — the magical transformation of the author, unknown to French journalists and readers before, into an international celebrity and equally rapid psychological change of Bunin himself.

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Artizov, A. N., and S. V. Kudryashov. "French Documents on the Beginning of the World War II." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(66) (July 28, 2019): 202–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-3-66-202-246.

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The Federal archival agency, the Russian Ministry of foreign affairs and the Russian Historical Society organized in 2018 a large-scale historical documentary project (an exhibition and online publication) on the background and consequences of the Munich Agreement (November 1937 – March 1938)11 This year marked by the 80th anniversary of the beginning of Second World War the project is to be continued in the form of an exhibition and an online publication of archival documents. We offer our readers some French documents. They are stored at the Russian State Military Archive in the fund «The Ministry of War of France. Military districts, fortified areas, army, corps, divisions, regiments, brigades, military educational institutions and other military organizations» (RGVA. F. 198k).) The fund contains materials on the activities of the French highest military bodies and their units, as well as documents on the headquarters and garrisons of the French military fortresses. These documents were moved from Germany to Moscow after the end of World War II and subsequently were incorporated into the foreign funds of RGVA. In 1993–1994 on the basis of bilateral intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the field of state archives, identification and return of archival documents and on the basis of the Federal Law of April 15, 1998 No. 64-ФЗ «On Cultural Values Moved to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the territory of the Russian Federation» the documents of the 198k fund were transferred to France. The most valuable of the them were microfilmed; their copies are kept in the RGVA on the rights of originals. The two documents being published in this issue of MGIMO Review of International Relations are part of the 198k fund (second inventory), containing documents from French military attachés in European countries, which focus on their political and economic situation, armed forces, countries occupied by Germany, foreign and domestic USSR policy, the state of the Red Army, as well as intelligence reports of the 2nd bureau of the General Staff of the French army. Both documents: Note by the French military attaché in the USSR O.-A. Palace to the Minister of National Defense and the Minister of War of France E. Daladier about the strategic situation in Eastern Europe and its influence on the position of the USSR government on the conclusion of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet agreement on mutual assistance of July 13, 1939 (RGVA. F. 198. Op. 2. D. 466. L. 43–50) and the Report of the French Military Attaché in Poland F. Musse to the Minister of National Defense and the Minister of War of France E. Daladier on the influence of Poland on the course and results of the Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations of August 24, 1939 (RGVA. F. 198k. Op.2. D. 292. L. 148–166) are published in Russian translation for the first time.

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Wardley, T., J. Goacher, S. Neep, S. Fleet, R. White, A. Banks, R. Dale, et al. "Medical and logistics aspects of the Peninsular War, 1808-1814." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 103, no. 3 (2017): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-103-206.

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AbstractFollowing the failure of the French maritime force at the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon sought to dominate Europe through his ‘Continental System’, using large, conscripted, land forces to control nation states and close European ports to British trade. To counter this denial of economic opportunity Britain deployed a large force to the Iberian Peninsula in 1808. Thus ensued the Peninsular War of 1808–14. This article discusses some of the medical advances identified from the war, including force health protection measures, surgical techniques and medical evacuation.

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Delmas, C., V. Bourgeois, S. Haouzir, F. Bretel, D. Campion, and O. Guillin. "P01-200-Validation of the french version of the affective disorder evaluation (ADE)." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71911-3.

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ObjectiveDespite the number of rating scales for mood disorder and semi-structured interview in psychiatry, they are few evaluations focused on bipolar disorder. Here, we report the validation of the French version of the ADE used in STEP-BD (Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder) studies.MethodA total of 63 bipolar patients completed the ADE and French version of the DIGS (Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies). We compared the results between the two evaluations.ResultsThere was a very good concordance between the two interview for the diagnosis of the type of bipolar diagnosis (κ = 1) and non-significative difference between the age at onset. The concordance coefficient was weak for addictions: alcohol (κ = 0.22) and cannabis (κ = 0.16), for anxiety disorder: panic attacks (κ = 0.35), phobia (κ = 0.36), obsessive-compulsive disorder (κ = 0) and anorexia (κ = 0.04), but stronger for psychosis: delusion (κ = 0.78), hallucinations (κ = 0.69), suicidal attempts (κ = 0.97), violence (κ = 0.47) and bulimia (κ = 0.47).ConclusionsThe affective disorder evaluation seems to be a useful instrument in clinical practice and in psychopharmacological studies, but not when the diagnosis of comorbities is necessary.

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Thomas, Cyril, Pascal Charroin, and Bastien Soule. "Les relations franco-kényanes dans les courses de fond : Un processus postcolonial singulier (1960–2019)." STADION 44, no. 1 (2020): 204–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2020-1-204.

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At the Mexico City Olympics, Kenya won eight medals in athletics. This performance enabled this State, whose independence dated back just four years, to display its identity to the eyes of the world. Kenyan athletics, mainly in middle- and long-distance events, continued to assert itself until it dominated the medal ranking in the 2015 World Championships. However, even if it is a vehicle for emancipation and identity-building, Kenyan athletics is also dependent on external influences. Therefore, even though France and Kenya never had colonial links, they have built interdependent relationships in athletics during the post-colonial era. The purpose of this study is to understand the particular postcolonial process around which these relationships were built, in the absence of colonial ties. We have chosen to conduct this study based on the investigation of minutes of the French Athletics Federation (FFA) committees and the journal L’Athlétisme, the official FFA review. We conducted semi-structured interviews with Kenyan and French athletics actors (athletes, managers, race organizers, and federal officials). These data reveal a continuing domination of Kenya, by France, in athletics. This relationship of domination marks a survival of the colonial order. However, Kenyan athletes’ domination, especially in marathons, contributes to the vulnerability of French performances. The singularity of the postcolonial process studied lies as much in the absence of colonial ties between France and Kenya as in the transformation of a relationship of domination specific to the colonial period.

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Yatskiv, Nataliia, and Nataliia Venhrynovych. "Transformation of the French Pattern of a Naturalistic Character in Ivan Franko’s Literary Works." Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal, no. 5 (December 10, 2018): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/kmhj150401.2018-5.183-200.

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Bonin, Patrick, Helle Lukowski Duplessy, Jean-Pierre Thibaut, and Alain Méot. "Norms in French for 209 images of the “food-pics” image database." Food Quality and Preference 93 (October 2021): 104274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104274.

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Bensaid, Benaouda, and Tarek Ladjal. "The Struggle of Traditional Religious Education in West Africa: The Case of Mahdara in Mauritania." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 6, no. 1 (June 23, 2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/202.

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Mahdara educational institution continues to play significant role in the shaping of Mauritania’s religious and cultural identity. As nomadic entity, it could maintain key position over the course of hundreds of time, and develop a unique African Muslim model of education, culture and mass religious thinking. However, following independence from the French colonial, the rise of Mauritania as nation state, alongside other serious problems associated with climate, modernity, and globalization, the fate of deterioration was inevitable. Today, the intense debate of Mahdara reform continues to sharpen between those proponents of the traditional religious education, modernists, and seekers of middle ground. This paper explores the struggle of Mahdara with those problems to better understand the factors causing its slow decline. This study concludes that Mahdara may even be vulnerable to extinction in the near future should there not be rescuing approach of reform which would blend modernity with tradition system.

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Veress, Emőd. "Limited Liability Companies in Romania: De Lege Lata Clarifications and De Lege Ferenda Proposals in Regard to the Forced Execution of ‘Social Parts’ for the Personal Debts of an Associate." Central European Journal of Comparative Law 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.47078/2020.1.195-208.

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The limited liability company is the most prevalent form of company in Romania. It is similar to the French S.A.R.L. (société à responsabilité limitée) or the German GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung), but important differences can be identified in the context of this type as it exists in Romania. This article focuses on a single but very important problem: Can the creditors of associates of limited liability companies enforce their claims by selling or acquiring participation in the limited liability companies of their debtors? And, if so, under what conditions? The problem of de lege lata is controversial, and the author seeks to offer a plausible interpretation of the existing norms, which make the rule effective but, at the same time, preserve the essential and traditional features of the limited liability company. In addition, several alternatives to de lege ferenda proposals are suggested, making this study a valuable contribution to the future development of Romanian company law and offering insights for further comparative research.

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King, Wendy J., and Dominique Allainé. "Social, maternal, and environmental influences on reproductive success in female Alpine marmots (Marmota marmota)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 2137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-205.

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We examined the social, maternal, and environmental factors affecting the reproductive success of female Alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) during 8 years in the French Alps. Successful production of juveniles was almost entirely limited to dominant females. Production of juveniles increased with maternal body condition and experience. Female body condition was positively correlated with body mass and negatively correlated with dominant-male takeovers in spring, while experience increased with age. We found little evidence for a pregnancy block with takeover of dominant males because male replacement occurred mostly after mid-May, when juveniles were susceptible to infanticide. Production of yearlings depended on the number of juveniles produced, dominant-male takeovers in summer, and exposure of the site. We found no significant influence of group size or composition on production of yearlings. Climatic conditions varied little and had no measurable effect on reproduction. Social factors such as female dominance and dominant-male takeovers that could lead to infanticide have a strong effect on female reproductive success in Alpine marmots.

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Boyarskaya, T. Yu. "P. Merime’s Essay “Nikolai Gogol”." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-5-183-201.

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Merimee’s essay “Nikolai Gogol”, in which the author presented the Russian writer as an imitator of European models, a satirist who focused on portraying the flaws of Russian life, a writer who neglects the plausibility of the overall composition is considered in the article. The author of this article shows that such a superficial and biased approach to Gogol’s texts aroused indignation among Russian journalists in both 19th century capitals and continues to be criticized by Russian and French literary critics. The results of a comparative analysis of the essay “Nikolai Gogol” with reviews of French-speaking journalists who wrote about the author of “The Inspector General” and “Dead Souls” in Parisian magazines of the 1840s are presented in the article. The question is raised that the motives that prompted Merimee to turn to the work of Gogol, and the reasons for the bias in relation to his work are still unrevealed. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the essay by Mérimée is for the first time considered as a commentary on the stable aesthetic position of the French writer, discordant with the poetics of romanticism and realism. The author dwells on the study of a number of artistic devices of the works of Merimee in the 1820—1840s and his genre preferences in the 1850s.

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Zemtsov, Vladimir, and Alena Postnikova. "Trafalgar and Waterloo: metamorphoses of French historical memory." Annual of French Studies 53 (2020): 209–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/0235-4349-2020-1-53-209-235.

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Reader, K. "The French Fifties. Edited by Susan Weiner. (Yale French Studies, no. 98). New Haven -- London, Yale University Press, 2000. 203 pp." French Studies 56, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/56.1.124.

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Rane, Minakshi, S. P. Zambare S. P. Zambare, Bharati Kolhe, and Satish Shinde. "Alterations in Lipid Contents of Fresh Water Bivalve, Lamellidens Marginalis Exposed to Thiamethoxam." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 661–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2014/209.

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Cinotti, Elisa, Jean Luc Perrot, Bruno Labeille, Anne Catherine Biron, Andrea Vierkötter, Catherine Heusèle, Carine Nizard, Sylvianne Schnebert, Jean Claude Barthelemy, and Frédéric Cambazard. "Skin tumours and skin aging in 209 French elderly people: the PROOF study." European Journal of Dermatology 26, no. 5 (September 2016): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2016.2838.

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Souilamas, R., O. Scatton, P. Sogni, Y. Calmus, R. Kanaan, R. Guillemain, V. Boussaud, P. Chevalier, C. Amrein, and O. Soubrane. "203: Combined Lung Liver Transplantation in Cystic Fibrosis Population: A French Experience Update." Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 28, no. 2 (February 2009): S137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2008.11.833.

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Proust, Dominique, Daniel Abbou, and Nasro Chab. "A dictionary of Astronomy for the French Sign Language (LSF)." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S260 (January 2009): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311002717.

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AbstractSince a few years, the french deaf communauty have access to astronomy at Paris-Meudon observatory through a specific teaching adapted from the French Sign Language (Langue des Signes Françcaise, LSF) including direct observations with the observatory telescopes. From this experience, an encyclopedic dictionary of astronomy The Hands in the Stars is now available, containing more than 200 astronomical concepts. Many of them did not existed in Sign Language and can be now fully expressed and explained.

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Cohen, William B. "The Algerian War and French Memory." Contemporary European History 9, no. 3 (November 2000): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300003118.

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Benjamin Stora, Imaginaires de guerre: Algérie-Vietnam en France et aux Etats Unis (Paris: Decouverte, 1997), 252pp., FF 125, ISBN 2-707-12667-5. Benjamin Stora, Le transfert d'une mémoire – de ‘l'Algérie française’ au racisme anti-Arabe (Paris: Découverte, 1999), 148pp., FF 75, ISBN 2-707-12968-2. Martin Evans, The Memory of Resistance: French Opposition to the Algerian War (Oxford: Berg, 1997), 250pp., ISBN 1-859-73927-x. Charles-Robert Agéron, ed., La guerre d'Algérie et les Algériens, 1954–1962 (Paris: Armand Colin 1997), 346pp., ISBN 2-200-01895-9. Jean-Jacques Jordi and Mohand Hamoumou, Les harkis, une mémoire enfouie (Paris: Autrement, 1999), 139pp., FF 120, ISBN 2-282-60866-1.

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Lakstygal, Ilia. "The rivalry of the United States and France in the arms market in the Arab countries of the Middle East in the 1970s." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 179 (2019): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-179-198-204.

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We consider the US-French interaction in the arms markets of the Arab countries of the Middle East during the period of the Arab-Israeli war of the Doomsday (1973) on the Camp David agreements between Egypt and Israel (1978) and the beginning of the Iran-Iraq war (1980). The relevance of the work lies in the fact that the region since the rise in oil prices from the late 1960s to present day remains a key competition place for the largest military-industrial complexes of Western countries, which primarily include the US and French. It is at this time lays the founda-tions of their competition. The purpose of the study is to explore the extent to which the activity of Paris, which, as an ally of Washington in NATO, openly collaborated in the supply of weapons systems with Soviet partners in the region, was willingly or unwillingly subordinated to actions or signals from the United States. We came to the conclusion that the lack of fierce competition, as well as countering the close cooperation of France with Libya, Iraq and Egypt, where the French managed to take a strong position compared to the Americans, is due to the fact that Washington tried to tear off the consumers of the Soviet military industrial complex from the USSR or even would weaken their dependence on Moscow in arms procurement.

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Mansilla, Catalina, Ximena Ulibarri, and Renato Bernasconi. "Safe Niños y Fresh Eyes Cuba: Mariana Amatullo y el diseño de innovación social." Revista Diseña 11 (July 28, 2017): 180–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/disena.11.180-201.

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Bodé, Sylvie, Joyce Serres, and Sonja Ugen. "Similarities and differences of Luxembourgish and Romanophone 12 year olds’ spelling strategies in German and in French." Written Language and Literacy 12, no. 1 (August 18, 2009): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.12.1.04bod.

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The present article examines spelling strategies of children of two different linguistic backgrounds, namely Luxembourgish and Romanophone. In Luxembourg, German literacy skills are acquired from grade 1 on and written French classes begin in grade 3. Luxembourgish is the language of communication, although a high number of Romanophone foreigners speak French in their daily life. In the underlying investigation, Luxembourgish (n = 202) and Romanophone (n = 44) children performed a dictation in German and French. The aim was to see whether a child’s linguistic background influences spelling or whether the relative high transparency of the German writing system eliminates this linguistic difference. In French, both groups performed similarly which proposes no influence of linguistic background on spelling. In German, however, Luxembourgish children obtained higher scores than Romanophones and the latter were more affected by word frequency which suggests that they encounter more difficulties in applying more complex spelling strategies. The more transparent German writing system is not sufficient to erase the linguistic difference between the two groups.

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Prost, M. T. "Changes in coastal sedimentary environments and remote sensing data in French Guiana." Boletim IG-USP. Publicação Especial, no. 8 (June 1, 1991): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-8078.v0i8p189-200.

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Saillant, Marlier, Navacchia, and Baqué. "Ultrasonic Transducer for Non-Destructive Testing of Structures Immersed in Liquid Sodium at 200 °C." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 4156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194156.

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TUCSS transducer (French acronym standing for Transducteur Ultrasonore pour CND Sous Sodium) is designed for performing NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) under liquid sodium. Under sodium, the tests results obtained show that these transducers have sufficiently good acoustic properties to perform basic NDT of a structure immersed under liquid sodium at about 200 °C using conventional immersion ultrasonic technics. Artificial defects were made next to an X-shaped weld and could clearly be detected.

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Sheremetyeva, Z. V. "Russian Preposition v kachestve and its French Equivalent à titre de as a Means of Forming the Constructions of Identity in Russian and French Languages." Nauchnyy dialog, no. 11 (2017): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2017-11-206-213.

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Clément, O., D. Laroche, C. Mouton, and P. Dewachter. "CMR 2007: 10.03: Immediate allergic reactions to iodinated or gadolinated contrast media. Intermediate results of the CIRTACI study, a French prospective multicenter trial." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2, no. 6 (November 2007): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmmi.206.

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Journal articles on the topic 'French 20c'

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