Journal articles: 'Freezing injury'

1

Yin, Jian Min, Qi Long Miao, and Pin Kong. "Products Design of Weather-Based Index Insurance for Nanfeng Citrus Freezing Injury." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 5411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.5411.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract: Freezing injury in winter is the key meteorological disaster during Nafeng citrus cultivating. Based on the data of the Nanfeng citrus yield, planting area and freezing injury lost and the minimum air temperature in winter from 1961-2010, the meteorological yield was decomposed. By using the risk assessment methods, weather index and yield loss rate caused by freezing injury was determined, and weather-based index for Nanfeng citrus freezing injure insurance was designed. Occurrence probability of freezing injury was determined by extreme value theory, premium rate was counted and weather-based index insurance contact was designed. Insurance product based on weather index for Nanfeng citrus freezing injury is designed for the needs of policy-guided agricultural insurance. It can be used for avoidance of converse choice and moral hazard, and thus resolving the problems of high indemnity costs and low indemnity efficiency in agricultural insurance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Imray, Chris HE. "Non-freezing cold injury." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 165, no. 6 (January 13, 2019): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2018-001145.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Hödl, Stefan. "Treatment of freezing injury." Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 155, no. 7-8 (April 2005): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10354-005-0165-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Glennie, JS, and R. Milner. "Non-freezing cold injury." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 100, no. 3 (December 2014): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-100-268.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractNon-freezing cold injury can be a diagnostic challenge for clinicians in the United Kingdom Armed Forces. It is associated with operations in adverse climatic conditions, and may result in significant long-term morbidity. In this article we discuss the operational importance of this condition and the current best practice in its management and prevention.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

EL-KEST, SOUZAN E., and ELMER H. MARTH. "Freezing of Listeria monocytogenes and Other Microorganisms: A Review." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.8.639.

Full text

Abstract:

When the temperature of microbes is lowered rapidly, some are injured through thermal shock. Frozen cells can be injured mechanically by intra- and extracellular ice crystals. During freezing, as water is removed, there is a concentration of cell solutes which can lead to dissociation of cellular lipoprotein. Warming of frozen cells can be accompanied by growth of ice crystals which then can physically affect cells. Freeze-thaw injury of microbes is manifested by an increase in fastidiousness and by changes in cellular morphology, release of materials from the micro- and macrostructure of cells, and denaturation of macromolecules. Given the proper environmental conditions, cells can repair such injury. Cryoprotectants minimize damage to cells during freezing and frozen storage. Death and injury of Listeria monocytogenes were greater when cells were frozen and stored at −18°C rather than −198°C. Tryptose broth was more protective of cells than a phosphate buffer solution when freezing and storage were at −18°C; the reverse was true at −198°C. Repeated freezing (−18°C) and thawing (35°C) were more detrimental to cells of L. monocytogenes than were repeated freezing at -198°C and thawing at 35°C. Freezing cells at −198°C and storing them at −18°C caused more injury and death than did freezing and storage at −198°C. Glycerol was an effective cryoprotectant for L. monocytogenes. Less effective were milk fat, lactose, and casein. The extent of injury and death varied among strains of L. monocytogenes given the same treatment. Freezing and thawing increased susceptibility of L. monocytogenes to effects of lipase and lysozyme.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

QUAMME, HARVEY A. "LOW-TEMPERATURE STRESS IN CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION – AN OVERVIEW." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 1135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-153.

Full text

Abstract:

Crop losses from winter injury and spring frosts which involve freezing injury are of major importance to the Canadian horticultural industry, whereas chilling injury which is produced at temperatures just above freezing is of minor importance. The technology to prevent crop losses from freezing injury to horticultural crops is well developed and includes site selection; plant protection with covers, protected-environmental structures heaters, and wind machines; control of ice-nucleating bacteria; selection of management practices to maximize plant resistance; and breeding for resistance. Improvement of this technology can be expected with further research. Increased knowledge of the basic physiology of freezing injury and the genetics of freezing resistance will be especially important to achieving technological advances in the prevention of freezing injury to horticultural crops.Key words: Cold hardiness, freezing injury, chilling injury, acclimation, frost protection

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Levitt, J. "FREEZING INJURY OF PLANT TISSUE." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 85, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb49983.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Manter, Daniel K., and William H. Livingston. "Influence of thawing rate and fungal infection by Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii on freezing injury in red spruce (Picea rubens) needles." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 918–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-101.

Full text

Abstract:

Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) decline has been observed in northeastern North America for the last 30 years. A major inciting stress involved in this decline is freezing injury of foliage. The objectives of this study were the following: (i) to examine how photosynthesis, needle electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll loss, needle reddening, needle loss and bud break respond to single freezing events down to −45 °C on 3-year-old seedlings; (ii) to test if faster thawing rates increase the amount of freezing injury; and (iii) to measure how Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák inoculations interact with freeze-injured needles. Two trials, one of 60 seedlings and one of 80 seedlings, were conducted. The second trial had half the seedlings covered with plastic bags for doubling the thawing time. Photosynthesis, as measured by gas exchange, was consistently the most sensitive measure, detecting nonvisible injury on uncovered seedlings (p < 0.05) at −25 °C. Measurements detecting freezing damage on covered, slower thawing seedlings were photosynthesis, chlorophyll loss, and percent budbreak. Faster thawing rates increased the amount of injury ca. 2- to 3-fold after freezing to −35 or −45 °C for all measures. Infection by R. kalkhoffii increased 40–83% after freezing needles to −40 or −45 °C. Fungal inoculations caused ca. 40–60% reduction in photosynthesis on needles frozen to −40 or −45 °C. This study suggests that two new factors can increase freezing injury on red spruce needles: a faster thawing rate and fungal (R. kalkhoffii) infection. These results are consistent with the growing knowledge that freezing injury is a complex phenomenon in red spruce.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Guo, Jiahui, Xionghui Bai, Weiping Shi, Ruijie Li, Xingyu Hao, Hongfu Wang, Zhiqiang Gao, Jie Guo, and Wen Lin. "Risk assessment of freezing injury during overwintering of wheat in the northern boundary of the Winter Wheat Region in China." PeerJ 9 (September 9, 2021): e12154. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12154.

Full text

Abstract:

Freezing injury is one of the main restriction factors for winter wheat production, especially in the northern part of the Winter Wheat Region in China. It is very important to assess the risk of winter wheat-freezing injury. However, most of the existing climate models are complex and cannot be widely used. In this study, Zunhua which is located in the northern boundary of Winter Wheat Region in China is selected as research region, based on the winter meteorological data of Zunhua from 1956 to 2016, seven freezing disaster-causing factors related to freezing injury were extracted to formulated the freezing injury index (FII) of wheat. Referring to the historical wheat-freezing injury in Zunhua and combining with the cold resistance identification data of the National Winter Wheat Variety Regional Test (NWWVRT), consistency between the FII and the actual freezing injury situation was tested. Furthermore, the occurrence law of freezing injury in Zunhua during the past 60 years was analyzed by Morlet wavelet analyze, and the risk of freezing injury in the short term was evaluated. Results showed that the FII can reflect the occurrence of winter wheat-freezing injury in Zunhua to a certain extent and had a significant linear correlation with the dead tiller rate of wheat (P = 0.014). The interannual variation of the FII in Zunhua also showed a significant downward trend (R2 = 0.7412). There are two cycles of freezing injury in 60 years, and it showed that there’s still exist a high risk in the short term. This study provides reference information for the rational use of meteorological data for winter wheat-freezing injury risk assessment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Yu, Duk Jun, and Hee Jae Lee. "Evaluation of freezing injury in temperate fruit trees." Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 61, no. 5 (August 24, 2020): 787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13580-020-00264-4.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Freezing is a major environmental stress limiting the geographical distribution, growth, and productivity of temperate fruit trees. The extent of freezing injury in the trees depends on the rate at which the temperature decreases, the minimum temperature reached, and the duration of the freezing conditions. The ability to tolerate freezing temperatures under natural conditions varies greatly among fruit tree species, cultivars, and tissues. Freezing injury must be precisely evaluated to reliably predict the winter survival and productivity of the trees in specific regions, to screen for tolerant species and cultivars, and to develop cultural strategies that reduce freezing stress. Various methods are used to evaluate freezing injury in temperate fruit trees under field and artificial conditions, including visual evaluation of tissue discoloration, thermal analysis, determination of electrolyte leakage, and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction analysis. In this review, we describe the most frequently used experimental procedures for evaluating freezing injury.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Meryman, Harold T. "GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FREEZING AND FREEZING INJURY IN CELLULAR MATERIALS." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 85, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb49978.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Fennell, Anne. "Freezing Tolerance and Injury in Grapevines." Journal of Crop Improvement 10, no. 1-2 (May 24, 2004): 201–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j411v10n01_09.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Costanzo, J. P., R. E. Lee, and M. F. Wright. "Glucose loading prevents freezing injury in rapidly cooled wood frogs." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 261, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): R1549—R1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.6.r1549.

Full text

Abstract:

The wood frog (Rana sylvatica) is the most commonly studied of ten species of freeze-tolerant vertebrates. Under natural (i.e., slow) rates of cooling, freezing initiates the production of the cryoprotectant glucose, which is mobilized from the liver and distributed to tissues throughout the body. Rapid cooling during freezing is injurious to wood frogs, probably because cryoprotectant production and mobilization are inhibited. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether rapid-cooling injury is reduced if exogenous glucose is experimentally introduced to tissues before freezing. Glucose-loaded and control (saline-injected) wood frogs were rapidly cooled during freezing to -2.5 degrees C and subsequently assayed for injury at both cellular (erythrocyte) and neuromuscular (behavioral reflex) levels. Rapid cooling produced substantial hemolysis in control frogs, but erythrocyte injury was significantly reduced in glucose-loaded frogs. Similarly neuromuscular injury was significantly higher in control frogs than in glucose-loaded frogs. These findings suggest that rapid-cooling injury results from an inadequate production and distribution of endogenous glucose during freezing. Furthermore, the inverse relationship between the degree of freezing injury and the quantity of exogenous glucose present strongly implicates glucose as a cryoprotectant in R. sylvatica.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

McCamant, Thaddeus, and R. Alan Black. "Cold hardiness in coastal, montane, and inland populations of Populus trichocarpa." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-195.

Full text

Abstract:

Freezing tolerance was studied in laboratory and field tests using black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray, clones collected from eight populations within the coastal, montane, and inland regions of the Pacific Northwest. Freezing tolerance varied among different populations and was dependent on growing environment. Clones from coastal populations grown in a coastal common garden (Puyallup, Wash.) had 50% less injury in laboratory tests compared with the same clones grown in an inland common garden (Pullman, Wash.). In contrast, clones from inland populations grown in an inland common garden had 50% less injury in laboratory tests compared with the same clones grown in a coastal common garden. Freezing tolerance also varied between coastal populations. In field tests at the inland common garden, clones from inland and montane populations had less freezing injury compared with clones from coastal populations. Leaves on 50% of the clones with coastal origins were killed by the first fall frosts compared with 25% for clones with inland origins. Subsequently, 50% of the coastal clones exhibited winter injury following the winters of 1993-1994 and 1994-1995 at the inland common garden. Clones from inland populations exhibited little or no winter injury. The specific tissues injured during freezing tests varied among clones. Populus trichocarpa is a species offering considerable variation for selection to local environments, and therefore, the source of material should be an important consideration in hybrid poplar breeding programs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Štětina, T., L. E. Des Marteaux, and V. Koštál. "Insect mitochondria as targets of freezing-induced injury." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1931 (July 22, 2020): 20201273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1273.

Full text

Abstract:

Many insects survive internal freezing, but the great complexity of freezing stress hinders progress in understanding the ultimate nature of freezing-induced injury. Here, we use larvae of the drosophilid fly, Chymomyza costata to assess the role of mitochondrial responses to freezing stress. Respiration analysis revealed that fat body mitochondria of the freeze-sensitive (non-diapause) phenotype significantly decrease oxygen consumption upon lethal freezing stress, while mitochondria of the freeze-tolerant (diapausing, cold-acclimated) phenotype do not lose respiratory capacity upon the same stress. Using transmission electron microscopy, we show that fat body and hindgut mitochondria swell, and occasionally burst, upon exposure of the freeze-sensitive phenotype to lethal freezing stress. By contrast, mitochondrial swelling is not observed in the freeze-tolerant phenotype exposed to the same stress. We hypothesize that mitochondrial swelling results from permeability transition of the inner mitochondrial membrane and loss of its barrier function, which causes osmotic influx of cytosolic water into the matrix. We therefore suggest that the phenotypic transition to diapause and cold acclimation could be associated with adaptive changes that include the protection of the inner mitochondrial membrane against permeability transition and subsequent mitochondrial swelling. Accumulation of high concentrations of proline and other cryoprotective substances might be a part of such adaptive changes as we have shown that freezing-induced mitochondrial swelling was abolished by feeding the freeze-sensitive phenotype larvae on a proline-augmented diet.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Kuht, J., B. Smith, and A. Brown. "Field recognition and management of freezing and non-freezing cold injuries." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 104, no. 1 (2018): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-104-41.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractPeripheral cold injuries have disabled entire armies in the past and, as recently as the Falklands conflict of 1982, jeopardised the success of an entire military operation. They can be divided into those that involve freezing of the peripheral tissue and those that do not, termed Freezing Cold Injury (FCI) and Non-Freezing Cold Injury (NFCI) respectively.This article focuses on the recognition and management of cold injuries in the field. It draws from the current literature, briefly outlining the pathophysiological basis of the two injuries, then focuses on the challenges of field recognition of cold injuries, especially NFCI, which is characterised by a lack of overt physical signs. A framework for field management of these injuries is then outlined, with an emphasis on the contrasting re-warming strategies for FCI and NFCI, and the pharmacological therapies used in each condition.The article is pertinent to those who may train or deploy to an area with temperatures lower than 20° Celsius, the generally accepted temperature below which peripheral cold injuries may occur. It is hoped that improved awareness of the risks coupled with better field recognition and management may reduce the incidence of cold injury, especially in light of recent observations that re-exposure to cold in those with NFCI can cause more significant morbidity, highlighting the importance of getting the diagnosis and management right in the field.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Stegner, Matthias, Tanja Schäfernolte, and Gilbert Neuner. "New Insights in Potato Leaf Freezing by Infrared Thermography." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050819.

Full text

Abstract:

Infrared thermography has been widely used to study freezing processes in freezing resistant plants but hardly in freezing susceptible species. Solanum tuberosum leaves get frost killed at −3 °C and are unable to frost harden. The basic nature of frost injury to potato leaves is not clear. By employment of infrared differential thermal analysis (IDTA) in combination with viability assessment, we aimed to clarify the mechanistic relationship between ice formation and frost injury. During controlled freezing of potato leaves two distinct freezing events were detected by IDTA. During the first freezing event, the ice wave propagated via the xylem and spread out within 60 s throughout the whole leaf. When leaves were rewarmed after this freezing event, they did not show any frost injury symptoms. We suggest that this non-lethal first ice wave is restricted to the extracellular space. When leaves remained exposed after this exotherm, a second freezing event with a diffuse freezing pattern without a distinct starting point was recorded. When thawed after this second freezing event, leaves always showed frost damage suggesting intracellular freezing. The freezing behavior of potato leaves and its relation to frost damage corroborates that control of ice nucleation is a key for frost protection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Uemura, Matsuo, and Shizuo Yoshida. "Studies on Freezing Injury in Plant Cells." Plant Physiology 80, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.80.1.187.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

VanGelder, Carin M., and Robert L. Sheridan. "Freezing Soft Tissue Injury from Propane Gas." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 46, no. 2 (February 1999): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199902000-00029.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Mori, Yoki, Hiroko Suzuki, and Tokio Nei. "Freezing injury in the yeast respiratory system." Cryobiology 23, no. 1 (February 1986): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(86)90019-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Muldrew, Ken, Mark Hurtig, Kelli Novak, Norman Schachar, and Locksley E. McGann. "Localization of Freezing Injury in Articular Cartilage." Cryobiology 31, no. 1 (February 1994): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cryo.1994.1004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Zhang, M. I. N., and J. H. M. Willison. "Electrical impedance analysis in plant tissues: in vivo detection of freezing injury." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 2254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-279.

Full text

Abstract:

Freezing injury of potato tuber tissue was studied by measuring electrical impedance, in the range of 100 Hz to 800 KHz, while the tissue was subjected to a −3 °C environment. It was found that a greater proportion of total impedance was due to electrode polarization in frozen tissues than in nonfrozen tissues. In frozen tissue, electrode impedance could be so great that tissue impedance could not be measured reliably. Analysis of tissue impedance using complex nonlinear least squares revealed some dynamics of the process of tissue freezing. After 1 h of exposure to freezing conditions, extracellular resistance began a sustained decrease. This can be explained by electrolyte leakage to extracellular space, presumably as a result of membrane injury. The capacitances of both plasma membrane and tonoplast also decreased with freezing. Key words: potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber, electrical impedance, freezing injury, membrane capacitance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Equiza, María A., and David A. Francko. "Assessment of Freezing Injury in Palm Species by Chlorophyll Fluorescence." HortScience 45, no. 5 (May 2010): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.5.845.

Full text

Abstract:

Freezing temperatures present major constraints for palm cultivation in temperate regions. As a result of their landscape value, there is a constant need for appropriate species and cultivars for freeze-prone areas. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of the chlorophyll fluorescence technique for quantitative assessment of freezing injury in palms. Five palm species known to differ in their freezing tolerance were selected: Copernicia alba, Washingtonia filifera, Sabal palmetto, Trachycarpus fortunei, and Rhapidophyllum hystrix. Leaf segments were frozen at –5, –10, –15, and –20 °C for 1 h. Repeated freezing–thawing cycles were additionally performed in young and older leaves of R. hystrix. Depending on the species and temperature, significant differences in the ratio of variable-to-maximal fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were detected 3 h after the freezing treatment, whereas visual symptoms appeared after 24 h. A strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.94) was found between the injury index calculated from Fv/Fm values and the index of injury based on the electrolyte leakage technique. Although both indices provided similar information, the nondestructive chlorophyll fluorescence method allows monitoring the progression of damage as well as the eventual recovery taking place in the leaf tissue after freezing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

SEPPÄNEN, M. M., O. NISSINEN, and S. PERÄLÄ. "Freezing and low temperature photoinhibition tolerance in cultivated potato and potato hybrids." Agricultural and Food Science 10, no. 3 (January 3, 2001): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5690.

Full text

Abstract:

Four Solanum tuberosum L. cultivars (Nicola, Pito, Puikula, Timo) and somatic hybrids between freezing tolerant S. commersonii and freezing sensitive S. tuberosum were evaluated for their tolerance to freezing and low temperature photoinhibition. Cellular freezing tolerance was studied using ion leakage tests and the sensitivity of the photosynthetic apparatus to freezing and high light intensity stress by measuring changes in chlorophyll fluorescence (FV/FM) and oxygen evolution. Exposure to high light intensities after freezing stress increased frost injury significantly in all genotypes studied. Compared with S. tuberosum cultivars, the hybrids were more tolerant both of freezing and intense light stresses. In field experiments the mechanism of frost injury varied according to the severity of night frosts. During night frosts in 1999, the temperature inside the potato canopy was significantly higher than at ground level, and did not fall below the lethal temperature for potato cultivars (from -2.5 to -3.0°C). As a result, frost injury developed slowly, indicating that damage occurred to the photosynthetic apparatus. However, as the temperature at ground level and inside the canopy fell below -4°C, cellular freezing occurred and the canopy was rapidly destroyed. This suggests that in the field visual frost damage can follow from freezing or non-freezing temperatures accompanied with high light intensity. Therefore, in an attempt to improve low temperature tolerance in potato, it is important to increase tolerance to both freezing and chilling stresses.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Miralles-Crespo, Julián, Juan Antonio Martínez-López, José Antonio Franco-Leemhuis, and Sebastián Bañón-Arias. "Determining Freezing Injury from Changes in Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Potted Oleander Plants." HortScience 46, no. 6 (June 2011): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.6.895.

Full text

Abstract:

Physiological and biochemical indicators that reflect the responses of plants to chilling stress could be useful for identifying plant damage caused by freezing or other stresses. The objective of this study was to determine any relationship between changes in chlorophyll fluorescence and the appearance of visual symptoms resulting from freezing temperatures in two cultivars of oleander. In the least frost-sensitive cultivar (yellow oleander), freezing temperatures (–4 °C for 3 h) did not produce changes in the photochemical parameters. In the more frost-sensitive cultivar (pink oleander), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) decreased after the same freezing treatment. The first of these potential indicators remained low, whereas the second steadily recovered during the 4 months after freezing simulation. The results suggest that measuring chlorophyll fluorescence may provide a rapid method for assessing freezing injury in oleander.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Irwin, Michael S., Roy Sanders, Colin J. Green, and Giorgio Terenghi. "Neuropathy in Non-Freezing Cold Injury (Trench Foot)." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 90, no. 8 (August 1997): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689709000805.

Full text

Abstract:

Non-freezing cold injury (trench foot) is characterized, in severe cases, by peripheral nerve damage and tissue necrosis. Controversy exists regarding the susceptibility of nerve fibre populations to injury as well as the mechanism of injury. Clinical and histological studies (n=2) were conducted in a 40-year-old man with severe non-freezing cold injury in both feet. Clinical sensory tests, including two-point discrimination and pressure, vibration and thermal thresholds, indicated damage to large and small diameter nerves. On immunohistochemical assessment, terminal cutaneous nerve fibres within the plantar skin stained much less than in a normal control whereas staining to von Willebrand factor pointed to increased vascularity in all areas. The results indicate that all nerve populations (myelinated and unmyelinated) were damaged, possibly in a cycle of ischaemia and reperfusion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Tang, Ming, Yong Tian, Xiao Bo Mu, and Ming Jiang. "The Pore Fractal Characteristics of Concrete Materials under Salt Freezing Conditions in Cold Area." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2522.

Full text

Abstract:

For further research on durability of concrete material under salt frozen conditions in cold area, the non air-entraining concrete with water-binder ratio of 0.4 and 0.28, air-entraining concrete with water-binder ratio 0.28 and the air content 7.0% are studied respectively. The fractal dimension of three kinds of concrete pore at different pore diameter range were determined by MIP(mereury intrusion porosimetry) before and after salt freezing and were studied in a comparative way. The research shows that the fractal dimension of pore diameter at range of 50nm ~ 550nm after salt freezing changed remarkably, namely salt frozen process has greater influence on pore within this range. Objectively the pore within this range in concrete suffered supercooled water osmotic pressure is the greatest. In addition, the total porosity reduced after salt freezing injury while fractal dimension changed more obviously. The fractal dimension of concrete pore could be a good reflection of concrete structure after salt freezing injury, showing that the diameter at 50nm ~ 550nm after salt frozen injury coarsening is obvious. Thus the fractal dimension of diameter within this range can be used as a key parameters after salt freezing injury.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

OHNISHI, Shigehiko, Tomoyuki FUJII, and Osato MIYAWAKI. "Freezing Injury and Rheological Properties of Agricultural Products." Food Science and Technology Research 9, no. 4 (2003): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/fstr.9.367.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Muldrew, K., and L. E. McGann. "The osmotic rupture hypothesis of intracellular freezing injury." Biophysical Journal 66, no. 2 (February 1994): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80806-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Eglin, Clare M., Hugh Montgomery, and Michael J. Tipton. "Non-freezing cold injury: a multi-faceted syndrome." Brain 141, no. 2 (January 5, 2018): e9-e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx321.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Lund, A. E., and W. H. Livingston. "Freezing cycles enhance winter injury in Picea rubens." Tree Physiology 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.1.65.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Coleman, W. K. "Electrical impedance and freezing injury in apple shoots." Journal of Horticultural Science 64, no. 3 (January 1989): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1989.11515952.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Ujihira, Masanobu, Ryou Yamaguchi, Naoki Aizawa, and Kazuo Tanishita. "Injury of Larger Biological Tissue by Extracellular Freezing." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 61, no. 588 (1995): 3066–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.61.3066.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Boorse, G. C., T. L. Bosma, F. W. Ewers, and S. D. Davis. "Comparative Methods of Estimating Freezing Temperatures and Freezing Injury in Leaves of Chaparral Shrubs." International Journal of Plant Sciences 159, no. 3 (May 1998): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297568.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Zimmerman, E. M., L. G. Jull, and A. M. Shirazi. "Effects of Salinity and Freezing on Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, and Viburnum lantana." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-23.3.138.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of NaCl and freezing temperatures on dormant lateral buds of Acer platanoides L. (Norway maple), Tilia cordata Mill. (littleleaf linden), and Viburnum lantana L. (wayfaringtree viburnum). The role of bud morphology was also examined. Buds were exposed to three NaCl concentrations [0, 2000, or 16,000 mg/liter (0, 2000, 16,000 ppm)] and eleven freezing temperatures [4, −4, −8, −12, −16, −20, −24, −28, −32, −36, and −40C (39, 25, 18, 10, 3, −4, −11, −18, −26, −33, −40F)] in November 2001 and January and March 2002. Electrolyte leakage and visual ratings of outer and inner bud tissue browning were used to assess injury. Bud injury generally increased as NaCl concentrations increased and temperatures decreased. Buds exposed to NaCl and freezing temperatures had greater electrolyte leakage than buds exposed to freezing temperatures alone. Norway maple buds had the highest electrolyte leakage, followed by wayfaringtree viburnum, and littleleaf linden in response to freezing temperatures and NaCl. The naked buds of viburnum had significantly more inner tissue browning than the scaled buds of maple and linden in response to freezing temperatures and NaCl in January 2002. Wayfaringtree viburnum exhibited increased tissue injury in response to NaCl and low temperature treatments in March 2002.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Singh, J., and A. Laroche. "Freezing tolerance in plants: a biochemical overview." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o88-074.

Full text

Abstract:

Tolerance to extracellular freezing is an inducible and hereditable trait in many plants. Cellular membranes have been accepted as the sites of extracellular freezing injury, although not all cellular membranes exhibit similar degrees of sensitivity to freezing. Plasma membrane function and photosynthetic activity are among the first cellular activities to be affected after a freeze–thaw cycle. The structural nature of irreversible membrane alterations leading to cell injury during lethal freezing are well understood. However, although numerous biochemical changes have been observed during cold hardening, the exact changes that enable membranes of hardened plant cells to withstand the dehydrating and mechanical stresses of extracellular freezing have not been unequivocally elucidated. Similarly, the biochemical events subsequent to initial exposure of the plant cell to environmental or chemical triggers required for the induction of freezing tolerance are not known. The role of protein synthesis and altered gene expression during the induction of freeing tolerance is discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Tanino, Karen K., and Bryan D. McKersie. "Injury within the crown of winter wheat seedlings after freezing and icing stress." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-053.

Full text

Abstract:

The cells in the crown of winter wheat cv. Fredrick critical for the survival of freezing and icing stress were identified using tetrazolium staining as a viability test. In acclimated seedlings, a freezing stress which lowered regrowth (−12 °C) also lowered tetrazolium staining in the vascular transition zone in the basal portion of the crown but generally did not affect the staining of the apical meristem. The majority of cells in the crown, including the apical meristem, were able to reduce tetrazolium after a lethal freezing stress. Thus, survival was limited by the freezing tolerance of a relatively small number of cells in the basal region of the crown. These observations were confirmed using plasmolysis and mitotic figures as alternative indicies of viability. No significant variability was observed among winter wheat cultivars. However, in seedlings not acclimated to freezing stress, there was quite a different pattern of injury. In these seedlings, the sensitivity of the apical and basal regions to freezing was similar. Thus, these two regions appeared to differentially acclimate and the cells of the apical meristem developed greater cold hardiness than that of the basal area. After a lethal icing stress, all regions within the crown were able to reduce tetrazolium, but the crown was unable to regrow. The ability to reduce tetrazolium was gradually lost during the regrowth period. Unlike freezing stress, no differential sensitivity was observed within the crown, and there was no variability among the cultivars of winter wheat examined.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Lim, Chon C., Rajeev Arora, and Edwin C. Townsend. "Comparing Gompertz and Richards Functions to Estimate Freezing Injury in Rhododendron Using Electrolyte Leakage." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 2 (March 1998): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.2.246.

Full text

Abstract:

Seasonal patterns in freezing tolerance of five Rhododendron cultivars that vary in feezing tolerance were estimated. Electrolyte leakage was used, and raw leakage data were transformed to percent leakage, percent injury, and percent adjusted injury. These data were compared with visual estimates of injury. Percent adjusted injury was highly correlated (0.753) to visual estimates. Two asymmetric sigmoid functions—Richards and Gompertz—were fitted to the seasonal percent adjusted injury data for all cultivars. Two quantitative measures of leaf freezing tolerance—Lt50 and Tmax (temperature at maximum rate of injury)—were estimated from the fitted sigmoidal curves. When compared to the General Linear Model, the Gompertz function had a better fit (lower mean error sum of squares) than Richards function. Correlation analysis of all freezing tolerance estimates made by Gompertz and Richards functions with visual LT50 revealed similar closeness (0.77 to 0.79). However, the Gompertz function and Tmax were selected as the criteria for comparing relative freezing tolerance among cultivars due to the better data fitting of Gompertz function (than Richards) and more descriptive physiological representation of Tmax (than LT50). Based on the Tmax (°C) values at maximum cold acclimation of respective cultivars, we ranked `Autumn Gold' and `Grumpy Yellow' in the relatively tender group, `Vulcan's Flame' in intermediate group, and `Chionoides' and `Roseum Elegans' in the hardy group. These relative rankings are consistent with midwinter bud hardiness values reported by nurseries.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Forney, Charles F., Michael A. Jordan, Kumudini U. K. G. Nicholas, and Jennifer R. DeEll. "Volatile Emissions and Chlorophyll Fluorescence as Indicators of Freezing Injury in Apple Fruit." HortScience 35, no. 7 (December 2000): 1283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.7.1283.

Full text

Abstract:

Use of volatile emissions and chlorophyll fluorescence as indicators of freezing injury were investigated for apple fruit (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). `Northern Spy' and `Delicious' apples were kept at -8.5 °C for 0, 6, or 24 h, and then at 20 °C. After 1, 2, 5, and 7 d at 20 °C, fruit were analyzed for firmness, skin and flesh browning, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethylene, respiration rate, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Freezing caused skin and flesh browning and a loss of fruit firmness, which was greater in `Northern Spy' than in `Delicious'. In `Northern Spy' fruit subjected to the freezing treatments, ethanol and ethyl acetate concentrations were as much as 37- and 300-fold greater, respectively, than in control fruit. `Delicious' fruit showed similar patterns of ethanol and ethyl acetate increase, but of lower magnitude, as a result of freezing. Higher fruit respiratory quotients were associated with increased ethanol and ethyl acetate concentrations. Ethylene production and chlorophyll fluorescence of fruit were reduced by freezing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Schaberg, Paul G., Paul E. Hennon, David V. D'Amore, Gary J. Hawley, and Catherine H. Borer. "Seasonal differences in freezing tolerance of yellow-cedar and western hemlock trees at a site affected by yellow-cedar decline." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 2065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-131.

Full text

Abstract:

To assess whether inadequate cold hardiness could be a contributor to yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) decline, we measured the freezing tolerance of foliage from yellow-cedar trees in closed-canopy (nondeclining) and open-canopy (declining at elevations below 130 m) stands at three sites along an elevational gradient in the heart of the decline in southeastern Alaska. Foliar freezing tolerance was also assessed for sympatric nondeclining western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). Measurements were made in the fall, winter, and spring to evaluate if seasonal differences in cold hardiness help explain species-specific injury. Significant differences in freezing tolerance attributable to site, canopy closure, species, and the interaction of canopy closure and species were each detected for at least one sample period. However, only two results were consistent with field reports of yellow-cedar decline: (1) between winter and spring measurements, yellow-cedar trees dehardened almost 13 °C more than western hemlock trees, so that yellow-cedar trees were more vulnerable to foliar freezing injury in spring than western hemlock; and (2) stands below 130 m appeared more vulnerable to freezing injury than stands above 130 m.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Peart, David R., Matthew B. Jones, and Peter A. Palmiotto. "Winter injury to red spruce at Mount Moosilauke, New Hampshire." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 1380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-195.

Full text

Abstract:

We report the severity and detailed spatial patterns of winter injury to red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) in the winter of 1988–1989 and assess support for the desiccation and freezing hypotheses. Foliar injury was quantified at three elevations (840, 990, and 1140 m) and on east- and west-facing slopes in the spruce-fir zone at Mount Moosilauke, New Hampshire. Overall, 29% of current-year foliage on red spruce trees was killed by winter injury. Injury increased with elevation. There was a weak tendency for winter injury to be higher on the sun-exposed south sides of crowns, but substantial injury also occurred on shaded foliage. Injury increased markedly with height in crown at high elevation, but decreased with height at low elevation. The results appear inconsistent with desiccation as the main cause of winter injury. Elevational trends in foliar injury are consistent with the freezing hypothesis, but the strong trends in foliar injury by height within trees cannot be fully explained without further data on spatial variation in microclimate and freezing tolerance. Failure to break bud was assessed on the same spatial scales as foliar injury. Bud break was least in trees and crown sections with severe foliar injury. No evidence for winter injury was found on balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.). The results support the hypothesis that winter injury may contribute to the current decline of red spruce in the northern Appalachians.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Cleavitt, Natalie L., Timothy J. Fahey, Peter M. Groffman, Janet P. Hardy, Karen S. Henry, and Charles T. Driscoll. "Effects of soil freezing on fine roots in a northern hardwood forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 1 (January 2008): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-133.

Full text

Abstract:

We reduced early winter snowpack in four experimental plots at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hamphire for 2 years to examine the mechanisms of root injury associated with soil freezing. Three lines of evidence suggested that direct cellular damage, rather than physical damage associated with frost heaving, was the principal mechanism of root injury: (i) decreases in root vitality were not greater on sites with more frost heaving, (ii) in situ freezing damage was confined to first- and second-order roots in the organic horizons rather than entire root systems, and (iii) tensile strength of fine roots was not significantly compromised by experimental stretching to simulate ice lens formation. Although significant differences in the intensity of soil freezing (depth, rate, and minimum temperature) were observed across the plots, no clear effects of soil freezing intensity on root injury were observed. Snow manipulation had no effect on mycorrhizal colonization of sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) roots. A significant increase in root growth was observed in the second summer after treatments, coincident with a significant pulse of soil nitrate leaching. Through their effects on fine roots, soil freezing events could play an important role in forest ecosystem dynamics in a changing climate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Imray, C. H. E., and E. Oakley. "Cold Still Kills: Cold-Related Illnesses In Military Practice Freezing And Non-Freezing Cold Injury." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 151, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-151-04-02.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Ni, Tie Shan. "Experiments Study on Freezing Injury of Railway Subgrade Regulated Using Injecting Salt Method." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 834–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.834.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to study the causes of freezing injury of railway subgrade and find out the effective method to solve this problem, so that the safety and comfort can be guaranteed through traveling. The author analyzes the reasons that cause the freezing injury of railway subgrade and propose injecting salt method to solve this problem through the experiments study on the frozen soil of railway subgrade at Jilin section of Beijing-Harbin line.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

SAGE, JAY R., and STEVEN C. INGHAM. "Evaluating Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Frozen and Thawed Apple Cider: Potential Use of a Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter–SD-39 Agar Method." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.4.490.

Full text

Abstract:

To determine the susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to freezing and thawing in apple cider, methods that recover injured cells are needed for accurate enumeration. This study compared the ISO-GRID™ hydrophobic grid membrane filter (HGMF) SD-39 agar method to two other methods: a reference most probable number (MPN) method, and plating on sorbitol MacConkey agar (SMA). To determine numbers of injured cells, SMA spread plating was also compared to Trypticase soy agar (TSA) spread plating. Two strains of E. coli O157:H7, QA 326 and ATCC 43895, were inoculated into presterilized apple cider (10 ml) which was then frozen (−20°C for 24 h). Samples were thawed at 4°C for 4 h, or at 23°C for 1.5 h, or in a microwave oven (700 W for 10 s). Substantial cell death (0.69- to 6.33-log10 CFU/ml decreases) and injury (0.70- to 2.38-log10 CFU/ml decreases) occurred during freezing and thawing. The extern of death and injury varied with strain and thawing method. The TSA spread plating method recovered the most cells while the HGMF method always recovered more viable cells than the reference MPN method and also either recovered significantly more (P < 0.05) cells or a not significantly different number of cells than SMA spread plating. Some injured cells of both strains were not counted by the HGMF method. Significant numbers of cells injured by freezing and thawing at 4°C in apple cider were enumerated if the cider was diluted 1:2 in Trypticase soy broth immediately before plating. Two epifluorescent microscopic methods showed that injury was not associated with loss of cell membrane integrity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

McGrath, J. J., and G. J. Morris. "Cold shock injury is a significant factor in freezing injury: A position for." Cryobiology 22, no. 6 (December 1985): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(85)90110-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Fahy, Gregory M. "Cold shock injury is a significant factor in freezing injury: A position against." Cryobiology 22, no. 6 (December 1985): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(85)90111-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Zhu, X. B., R. M. Cox, C. PA Bourque, and P. A. Arp. "Thaw effects on cold-hardiness parameters in yellow birch." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-022.

Full text

Abstract:

One-year-old, cold-hardened, container-grown yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) seedlings were exposed to cold treatments after being pretreated with a simulated winter thaw. Freezing injury to roots and shoots was assessed by relative electrolyte leakage and triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduction. Growth characteristics were also determined after 60 days under greenhouse conditions. Relative electrolyte leakage and triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduction measurements showed that roots became increasingly damaged with decreasing cold-treatment temperatures. However, plants pretreated with thaws showed significantly lower stem increment, shoot length, and leaf area in response to the cold temperatures than did the unthawed plants. Variation in these growth parameters was also significantly correlated with both root and shoot freezing injury parameters. Cold hardiness under different thaw pretreatments was assessed using the highest freezing temperature that caused significant injury, referred to as the critical temperature. For seedlings without the thaw pretreatment, shoot and root critical temperatures were estimated as 52.5 and 23.8°C, respectively. Following 12 days of thaw, these temperatures increased to 24.08°C for shoots and 13°C for roots. Twelve days of thaw, or growing degree-day (>4°C) accumulations greater than 66 during a thaw, could sufficiently deharden roots and shoots such that they would be susceptible to freezing damage at ambient temperatures commonly encountered in the Canadian Maritimes. We also observed that root pressure declined significantly with increasing root freezing injury. Sufficient root pressure is required for springtime refilling of xylem embolisms caused by winter cavitation of the vessels in this species. Weak root pressure caused by freezing injury would represent a risk of shoot dieback and tree decline due to the remaining embolisms reducing water flow to the developing foliage. The rapid reduction of shoot cold hardiness may also indicate the threat of late-spring frosts to this species. These induced changes are especially important under climate change scenarios that suggest increases in winter temperatures and changes in seasonality in eastern Canada.Key words: climate change, cold hardiness, electrolyte leakage, growth, root pressure, TTC reduction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Costanzo, J. P., R. E. Lee, and P. H. Lortz. "Glucose concentration regulates freeze tolerance in the wood frog Rana sylvatica." Journal of Experimental Biology 181, no. 1 (August 1, 1993): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.181.1.245.

Full text

Abstract:

In spring, the lowest temperature during freezing that can be survived by wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) from southern Ohio is approximately −3 degrees C. We investigated whether the thermal limit of freeze tolerance in these frogs is regulated by tissue levels of glucose, a putative cryoprotectant that is distributed to tissues during freezing. Frogs receiving exogenous glucose injections prior to freezing showed dose-dependent increases in glucose within the heart, liver, skeletal muscle and blood. Tissue glucose concentrations were further elevated during freezing by the production of endogenous glucose. Most glucose-loaded frogs survived freezing to −5 degrees C, whereas all control (saline-injected) frogs succumbed. Further, we investigated some mechanisms by which glucose might function as a cryoprotectant in R. sylvatica. Organ dehydration, a normal, beneficial response that reduces freezing injury to tissues, occurred independently of tissue glucose concentrations. However, elevated glucose levels reduced both body ice content and in vivo erythrocyte injury. These results not only provided conclusive evidence for glucose's cryoprotective role in R. sylvatica, but also revealed that tissue glucose level is a critical determinant of freeze tolerance capacity in this species.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Workmaster, Beth Ann A., and Jiwan P. Palta. "Shifts in Bud and Leaf Hardiness during Spring Growth and Development of the Cranberry Upright: Regrowth Potential as an Indicator of Hardiness." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 131, no. 3 (May 2006): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.131.3.327.

Full text

Abstract:

`Stevens' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) terminal bud freezing stress resistance was assessed by nonlinear regression utilizing relative scoring of the post-thaw bud growth and development based on defined bud stages 2 weeks following controlled freezing tests. Bud stages tested were chosen based on a phenology profile from each sampling date throughout the spring season. Previous year (overwintering) leaf freezing stress resistance was evaluated after both 2 days (injury) and 2 weeks (survival). The Gompertz function with a bootstrapping method was used to estimate the tissues' relative freezing stress resistance as the LT50. Bud injury levels (LT50) were expressed as the temperatures at which the mean potential regrowth capability was impaired by 50%, as compared with the unfrozen controls. In leaves, the LT50 is the temperature at which 50% injury (2-day evaluation) or survival (2-week evaluation) was modeled to occur. Dramatic changes in terminal bud relative freezing stress resistance occurred both within and between the tight and swollen bud stages. These results clearly show that seasonal changes in freezing stress resistance do not necessarily parallel changes in crop phenology and bud development. These results indicate that some physiological, biochemical, or fine anatomical changes may explain the seasonal loss in hardiness within a visual bud stage. Previous year leaves may possess the ability to recover from freeze-induced injury, as leaf survival was found to be the most reliable indicator of cranberry leaf hardiness. Major shifts in phenology and bud and leaf hardiness coincided with the rise of minimum canopy-level air temperatures to above freezing. The nonlinear regression technique utilized made it possible to estimate LT50 with data points comprising half or more of the sigmoidal dose response curve. Our study provides precise and quantitative estimates of the cold hardiness changes in cranberry terminal buds and leaves in spring. From precise estimates we were able to define critical temperatures for the impairment of cranberry bud growth. This is the first systematic study of cranberry terminal bud cold hardiness and spring bud development in relation to changes in the soil and air temperatures under natural conditions. Our study shows that regrowth assessment of the cranberry upright inherently describes the composite effects of freezing stress on plant health.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Freezing injury'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles