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Academic literature on the topic 'Freedom riders'

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Published: 25 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Freedom riders"

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Raeburn, J. "Freedom Riders." Journal of American History 98, no. 3 (November 29, 2011): 931–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jar447.

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Nævestad, Tor-Olav, Alexandra Laiou, and George Yannis. "The role of values in road safety culture: Examining the relationship between valuation of freedom to take risk and accident risk among motorcycle riders and car drivers." Traffic Safety Research 3 (August 26, 2022): 000010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55329/ggnj7534.

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Focus on paternalistic values versus individual freedom is a fundamental theme, which defines the status of road safety in different settings. The present study examines the role of values related to freedom to take risk in traffic in road safety culture based on survey data from car drivers (n = 882) and motorcycle riders (n = 330) from two countries with distinctly different road safety records: Norway, which had the lowest road mortality rate in Europe with 20 road deaths per million inhabitants in 2017, and Greece, which had 69 road deaths per million inhabitants, which was well above the EU average of 50. Contrary to our first hypothesis, we do not find a statistically significant higher valuation of freedom to take risk in traffic among Greek drivers and riders than among drivers and riders from Norway. In line with our second hypothesis, we find that motorcycle riders in both countries value freedom to take risk in traffic significantly higher than car drivers in their country. Regression analyses indicate a relationship between higher valuation of freedom to take risk in traffic and risky rider behaviours, which are related to accident involvement. Our results indicate that values focusing on freedom to take risk have an important role in road safety culture, presumably legitimizing and motivating risky driving/riding. This is in line with previous research, where riders cite freedom as the main enjoyment factor for riding. Previous studies find six times higher accident risk among riders than drivers, which is explained partly by pointing to risky rider behaviours.
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Moye, Todd, and Raymond Arsenault. "Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice." Journal of Southern History 73, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27649549.

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Andrews, K. T. "Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice." Journal of American History 94, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25094940.

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Ke, Zhenxing. "Legal Judgements on the Employee Status of Platform Workers in China—A Combination of Legal Formalism and Pragmatism." China: An International Journal 21, no. 4 (November 2023): 118–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.56159/chn.2023.a913142.

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Abstract: In China, labour providers can be classified as employees or independent contractors. Using food delivery riders as an example, this article collects legal judgements to investigate how judges adjudicate lawsuits regarding riders' status as workers (whether employees or independents). Legal formalism is a basic approach to legal adjudication. As a derivative of this approach, judges make use of the employee status identification rule to analyse cases by considering various factors, including riders' freedom to decide when and where to work and details of the control exerted on them. Judges are more likely to grant employee status to injured riders since the latter need workers' compensation benefits—an indication of legal pragmatism.
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Tan, Shuman, Eun Sug Park, and Jinuk Hwang. "Impact of Fare Policy Changes on Paratransit Travel Options: METROLift Case Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 8 (April 17, 2019): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119842126.

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The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County’s METROLift program implemented several revised fare policies on travel options available to eligible riders at the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016. Fares changed on the METROLift paratransit single ticket and passes. A premium fare for the expanded service area and a smartcard—Freedom Q Card—that allows free ride on METRO’s fixed-route services were introduced. This paper documents analyses to determine the impact of the revised METROLift fare policies on travel patterns and travel frequency of METROLift riders. The authors used a linear segmented regression analysis to analyze data from an interrupted time series design. The results suggest that the revised fare policies controlled the growth of percentage of riders who use METROLift paratransit service in total ADA-eligible riders, while improved the awareness and willingness to use supplementary paratransit travel options, especially the fixed-route service in the base service area and the subsidy taxi service in the expanded service area.
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Ramírez, Jaime Eduardo Andrade, Yeison Andrey Gómez Rubio, and Diego Andrés Carranza Rivera. "Modelamiento Cinemático Aproximado de un Prototipo de Robot Equino de 6 Grados de Libertad Para un Simulador de Tiro." KnE Engineering 3, no. 1 (February 11, 2018): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i1.1457.

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This article shows the design, analysis and manufacturing of one equine robot prototype with six degrees of freedom along with the development and implementation of control software. This software has the purpose to drive and to calculate the robot kinematics. All of this allows studding the elements necessaries to make a simulator of shots for riders that can be used in education areas as a tool of didactic support in the courses in the police national of Colombia, ensuring that the riders do not suffer physical and psychological injuries during their formation and avoiding hurting the horses in the training of that courses. In addition, the riders can interact and experiment of safety way every situation that they could find in real practice. The system is based on the kinematic study according to the Denavit-Hartenberg algorithm, approximate simulation using Kinematic-ARM® and the mathematic medeling in the Matlab® programming environment. All tecniques give aproximate results of location of the manipulator tool. Finally, it is possible to validate and analising the results comparing the practical and theoric values to determine the TCP error estimated in each movement.Keywords: Direct kinematics, equine robot, Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H), Degrees of Freedom (DOF), Tool Center Point (TCP).
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Williams, Lee E. "Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice (review)." Alabama Review 60, no. 2 (2007): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ala.2007.0000.

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Gao, Yihan. "Research on employee engagement of delivery riders in the background of Gig Economy: study on the relationship between psychological contract, perceived organizational support and job performance." Advances in Economic Development and Management Research 1, no. 1 (November 2, 2023): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.61935/aedmr.1.1.2023.p9.

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The food-delivery industry has gained increasing attention for its high level of freedom and flexibility and highly rewarding employment. This study aims to explore the relationship between employee engagement and psychological contract, perceived organizational support, and job performance in the context of gig economy, which has some reference value to theory and practice. In this study, quantitative analysis was conducted with the help of the Credamo Big Data platform, and descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted on 105 sample data by SPSS27.0 and Stata 17.0. The study found a significant positive correlation between employee engagement and psychological contract, perceived organizational support, and job performance. Therefore, platform enterprises should pay attention to the psychological demands of delivery person, strengthen the perceived organizational support of platform enterprises to external selling riders, and optimize the performance appraisal system of takeout riders, so as to improve the employee engagement of takeout riders.
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Martin. "““Buses are a Comin'. Oh Yeah!””: Stanley Nelson on Freedom Riders." Black Camera 3, no. 1 (2011): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/blackcamera.3.1.96.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Freedom riders"

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Galway, Michael Campbell Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Mechanical. "Three degrees of freedom model for predicting the ride quality of off-road vehicles." Ottawa, 1991.

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Jimenez, Michael. "To The CORE: The Congress of Racial Equality, the Seattle Civil Rights Movement, and the Shift to Black Militancy." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5323.

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This thesis compares the history of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to that of its Seattle chapter. The study traces the entire history of CORE from 1942-1968 as well as the history of Seattle CORE from 1961-1968. The goal of this examination is to identify why Seattle CORE successfully fended off the movement for black militancy and consequently why national CORE failed to do so. Juxtaposing the two radically different histories shows an integrated organization, bureaucratic leadership, a plan of action based on nonviolent actions, and a strong attachment to the black community were the central reasons for the success of Seattle CORE, and conversely, these areas were why national CORE struggled. Moreover, this study shows the events and failures over the first two decades created a susceptible environment for the organization to abandon CORE's nonviolent ideology and the subsequent disintegration of the Congress of Racial Equality as the walls of Jim Crow broke down.
ID: 031001481; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed July 17, 2013).; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-105).
M.A.
Masters
History
Arts and Humanities
History; Public History
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Lee, Barry Everett. "The Nashville Civil Rights Movement: A Study of the Phenomenon of Intentional Leadership Development and its Consequences for Local Movements and the National Civil Rights Movement." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_diss/16.

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The Nashville Civil Rights Movement was one of the most dynamic local movements of the early 1960s, producing the most capable student leaders of the period 1960 to 1965. Despite such a feat, the historical record has largely overlooked this phenomenon. What circumstances allowed Nashville to produce such a dynamic movement whose youth leadership of John Lewis, Diane Nash, Bernard LaFayette, and James Bevel had no parallel? How was this small cadre able to influence movement developments on local and a national level? In order to address these critical research questions, standard historical methods of inquiry will be employed. These include the use of secondary sources, primarily Civil Rights Movement histories and memoirs, scholarly articles, and dissertations and theses. The primary sources used include public lectures, articles from various periodicals, extant interviews, numerous manuscript collections, and a variety of audio and video recordings. No original interviews were conducted because of the availability of extensive high quality interviews. This dissertation will demonstrate that the Nashville Movement evolved out of the formation of independent Black churches and college that over time became the primary sites of resistance to racial discrimination, starting in the Nineteenth Century. By the late 1950s, Nashville’s Black college attracted the students who became the driving force of a local movement that quickly established itself at the forefront of the Civil Rights Movement. Nashville’s forefront status was due to an intentional leadership training program based upon nonviolence. As a result of the training, leaders had a profound impact upon nearly every major movement development up to 1965, including the sit-ins, the Freedom Rides, the March on Washington, the birth of SNCC, the emergence of Black Power, the direction of the SCLC after 1962, the thinking of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the Birmingham campaign, and the Selma voting rights campaign. In addition, the Nashville activists helped eliminate fear as an obstacle to Black freedom. These activists also revealed new relationship dynamics between students and adults and merged nonviolent direct action with voter registration, a combination considered incompatible.
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Saunders, Jane E. "Between surfaces a psychodynamic approach to cultural identity, cultural difference and reconciliation in Australia /." 2006. http://wallaby.vu.edu.au/adt-VVUT/public/adt-VVUT20071129.092250/index.html.

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Books on the topic "Freedom riders"

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Etheridge, Eric. Breach of peace: Portraits of the 1961 Mississippi freedom riders. New York: Atlas & Co., 2008.

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Roger, Wilkins, and McWhorter Diane, eds. Breach of peace: Portraits of the 1961 Mississippi freedom riders. New York: Atlas & Co., 2008.

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Bausum, Ann. Freedom Riders: John Lewis and Jim Zwerg on the front lines of the civil rights movement. Washington, D.C: National Geographic, 2006.

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Curthoys, Ann. Freedom ride: A freedom rider remembers. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2002.

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Ashby, Ruth. Rosa Parks: Freedom rider. New York: Sterling Pub., 2007.

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Aretha, David. Sit-ins and freedom rides. Greensboro, N.C: Morgan Reynolds Pub., 2009.

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Haskins, James. Freedom Rides: Journey for justice. New York: Hyperion Books for Children, 1995.

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Anderson, Dale. Freedom rides: Campaign for equality. Minneapolis: Compass Point Books, 2007.

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Jakoubek, Robert E. James Farmer and the freedom rides. Brookfield, Conn: Millbrook Press, 1994.

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James, Haskins. The Freedom Rides: Journey for justice. New York: Hyperion Books for Children, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Freedom riders"

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Lüthi, Barbara. "Freedom of Movement and Its Limits." In The Freedom Riders Across Borders, 157–63. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003228189-5.

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Lüthi, Barbara. "Contentious Politics in Australia." In The Freedom Riders Across Borders, 68–110. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003228189-3.

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Lüthi, Barbara. "Freedom Ride in the Palestinian West Banks." In The Freedom Riders Across Borders, 111–56. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003228189-4.

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Lüthi, Barbara. "Introduction." In The Freedom Riders Across Borders, 1–25. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003228189-1.

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Lüthi, Barbara. "“You Don't Have to Ride Jim Crow”." In The Freedom Riders Across Borders, 26–67. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003228189-2.

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Niven, David. "From the North to the Deep South:The Civil Rights Journey of the Freedom Riders." In The Black Urban Community, 331–51. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-73572-3_19.

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Dierenfield, Bruce J. "Freedom riders." In The Civil Rights Movement, 74–83. 2nd ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315545578-11.

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Polletta, Francesca. "2. Free-Riders and Freedom Riders." In Inventing the Ties That Bind, 33–58. University of Chicago Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226734347.003.0002.

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"“Freedom Riders” Statement (20 May 1961)." In African American Studies Center. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33545.

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Bratchford, Gary. "Performing visibility: Representing the Palestinian Freedom Riders through non-violent protest and visual activism." In Mediated Interfaces. Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501356216.ch-005.

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Conference papers on the topic "Freedom riders"

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Kageyama, Ichiro, and Hajime Uchiyama. "On a Development of Two Wheeled Vehicle Riding Simulator." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/978501.

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<div class="htmlview paragraph"> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes a fundamental design for a riding simulator of two wheeled vehicle which is used to analyze the human factor of riders. At the first step of this research, the relationship between the movement of rider and behavior of a two wheeled vehicle is inquired with experiments on a proving ground. Based on the results, the degrees of freedom which is required by simulator and main input of rider are settled. This study goes along examination of the expression method of simulated movements, and production of the riding simulator.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> </div>
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Kiewiet, H., V. E. Bulsink, D. van de Belt, and H. F. J. M. Koopman. "A Novel Experimental Setup to Apply Controlled Disturbances to Bicycle Dynamics in a Safe Environment." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35086.

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The SOFIE project aims to improve the understanding of bicycle and rider stability in order to increase the safety of elderly cyclists. In the framework of this project, an advanced multi-body model of bicycle and rider dynamics, including the influences of the environment, is developed. The purpose of this model is to test, in the design phase, different concepts of so-called Intelligent Assist Devices (IADs) to enhance cycling safety. The model is validated in a novel experimental setup where under controlled and safe conditions the rider and bicycle can be perturbed to identify the properties of the control mechanisms. In the setup the rear wheel of the instrumented bicycle rotates freely on a roller bench. The front wheel rotates on a treadmill to preserve the tire-road contact[9]; steering can still be used to maintain balance. The roller bench is situated on a 6 degrees of freedom Stewart platform. The movement of the platform can be controlled in each direction. Therefore, it is possible to apply disturbances to the roll, pitch and yaw and to apply lateral, posterior and superior disturbances to the bicycle with a predetermined multisine disturbance signal. The bicycle is equipped with sufficient inertial sensors to accurately estimate the current orientations. Furthermore, the laboratory setup allows utilizing a marker-based video system to measure subject and bicycle movements in a global frame. The subject is secured in a safety harness. By analysing experiments in this setup in the mathematical model, the experiments may serve as validation data. Preliminary results showed that it is well possible to perform perturbation experiments; the actual modelling of the tyre-floor contact proves important in determining the response. Further experiments will be done to estimate the properties of the control system in different categories of riders using system identification, allowing differences between young and elderly subjects to be studied. Subsequently, with the novel experimental setup it is possible to evaluate IADs.
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Riley, Michael R., and Timothy W. Coats. "Development of a Method for Computing Wave-Impact Equivalent Static Accelerations for Use in Planing Craft Hull Design." In SNAME Chesapeake Power Boat Symposium. SNAME, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/cpbs-2012-009.

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Figure 1 illustrates the exhilarating experience of riding high-speed planing craft in waves. Riders experience motions in six degrees of freedom including heave, surge, and sway plus the rotations about the three principle axes. The challenge for the developers of current craft hull design methods was to analyze these complicated motions to understand the fundamental cause and effect relationships between wave impact loads and craft response motions. They then had to synthesize lessons learned with simplifying assumptions to make tractable an otherwise seemingly unsolvable problem: what pressure values to use in design calculations to minimize the risk of structural damage. This paper summarizes recent developments that are generally applicable to planing craft that weigh up to approximately 46,000 pounds with overall lengths 55 feet or less. Typical average planing speeds for these craft can vary from 25 knots to 40 knots or more in head seas characterized by significant wave heights typically in the range of 2.0 feet to 5.5 feet.
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Bevilacqua, Marco, Alberto Doria, and Mauro Tognazzo. "Interaction Forces Between the Rider and the 2-Wheeled Vehicle and Biomechanical Models." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12084.

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In two-wheeled vehicles the mass of the rider is a significant part of the total mass of the system and the rider influences the dynamic behavior both by means of the voluntary control actions and by means of the passive response of his body to the oscillations of the vehicle. The passive response of the rider’s body has a particular influence on roll motion, which is typical of two-wheeled vehicles. Roll oscillations generate inertia forces on the rider’s body, which moves with respect to the vehicle. Forces and torques generated by the rider on the handlebars, saddle and foot rests are different from the ones that would be generated if the body was rigidly fixed to the vehicle. Therefore, advanced simulation of two wheeled vehicles requires passive biomechanical models of the rider. This paper proposes a novel approach for the study of the passive response of the rider’s body that is based on measurements in the laboratory of the interaction forces between the rider and the vehicle. A special motorcycle mock-up is developed, it is driven by a hydraulic shaker that generates roll excitation with variable frequency. A system of load cells measures the lateral force and torque between the rider and the motorcycle mock-up. The study is carried out in the frequency domain, the passive response of rider’s body is represented by means of three frequency response functions (FRFs): lateral force FRF and torque FRF are the ratios between the lateral force/torque and the roll input; motion FRF is the ratio between the roll motion of the rider’s trunk and the roll input. The biomechanical models of the rider’s body that are developed in this work are able to simulate its response both in terms of interaction forces and motion. These models are composed by some rigid bodies with lumped stiffness and damping parameters in the articulations and in this way they represent a good compromise between accuracy and complexity. The biomechanical parameters of the models are identified by means of a genetic algorithm that aims to minimize a penalty function based on the difference between the three FRFs predicted by the model and the measured FRFs. Results show that a 5 degree of freedom model of the rider is able to represent the measured behavior both in terms of interaction forces and trunk motion.
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Hasan, Moh Abdul Kholiq. "FREEDOM OF RELIGION IN RASHID RIDA'S PERSPECTIVE." In International Conference on Qur'an and Hadith Studies (ICQHS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icqhs-17.2018.9.

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Winter, Amos G., Mario A. Bollini, Danielle H. DeLatte, Benjamin M. Judge, Harrison F. O’Hanley, Jonathan L. Pearlman, and Natasha K. Scolnik. "The Design, Fabrication, and Performance of the East African Trial Leveraged Freedom Chair." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-29096.

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The Leveraged Freedom Chair (LFC) is a lever-powered, wheelchair-based mobility aid designed specifically for use in the developing world. Its drivetrain optimally converts upper body power in a wide range of terrains, giving the LFC operational capabilities that extend beyond those of currently available mobility products. In this work we present the design and analysis process used to create an LFC for trial in East Africa. All of the moving parts in the LFC are made from bicycle components and the entire chair can be fabricated without any machining processes. This allows the LFC to be manufactured for the same price as existing mobility aids and repaired anywhere in the developing world. Eight prototypes were produced in Kenya during August 2009, with six distributed to mobility aid users throughout East Africa. After four months of testing, the subject-averaged propulsion efficiency using the LFC was 20% greater than that of existing mobility products. Performance results and feedback from the subjects indicate that the LFC is ideally suited for active wheelchair users who require the seating and postural support of a wheelchair, and who desire to travel on rough terrain under their own power. Test subjects’ input was also used to codify future improvements to the LFC design, including narrowing the stance of the chair and lowering the rider’s center of gravity.
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Moreno Giner, David, and Michal Manka. "Motorcycle Dynamic Models for Virtual Rider Design and Cornering Analysis." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86823.

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In this paper, three motorcycle models of increasing complexity are introduced. The first, and most simple, can be considered an extension of the model developed by Neil Getz in which the non-holonomic constraints have been removed to take into account the sideslip in tires. Also, this model can be viewed as an extension of the popular bicycle model, widely used in analyzing car dynamics. It has been extended with an additional degree of freedom essential to study motorcycle dynamics: the roll angle. Such a model, simple yet detailed enough, will be used as the basis in the development of a virtual rider. The second model is much more complex than the previous one. It includes the real geometry of the steering system and circular tire profiles which greatly increases the size of the equations. This is a multibody model of a complete rigid motorcycle (i.e. it has no suspensions) consisting of 4 bodies: rear wheel, main frame, fork and front wheel. The last model incorporates the front and rear suspensions together with all the features of its predecessor. It has 13 degrees of freedom, 11 of the mechanical system and 2 of the tire relaxation equations. It will be used as a full model for simulation and rider validation. The models presented in this article have been developed using Maple mathematical software which allows symbolic manipulation of equations. Thus, with this set of models, one can study in depth the phenomena that govern motorcycle dynamics since all the equations are available symbolically.
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Shannan, J. E., and M. J. Vanderploeg. "A Vehicle Handling Model With Active Suspensions." In ASME 1988 Design Technology Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1988-0068.

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Abstract This paper presents two different vehicle models used to investigate the effects of active suspensions. One is a linear seven degree of freedom ride model. The second is a nonlinear ten degree of freedom ride and handling model. Full state feedback optimal control algorithms are developed for both models. The seven degree of freedom model is used to study ride effects. The active suspension substantially reduced the motions of the sprung mass. The ten degree of freedom model is used to study the effects of the active suspension on the directional response characteristics of the vehicle. The handling characteristics exhibited by the active suspension are very similar to those of the passive suspension. However, the active suspension did significantly reduce sprung mass motions during the handling maneuvers. It is then illustrated that by altering various feedback gains, active suspensions can be made to change the handling characteristics in the nonlinear range.
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Jie, Li, Wang Wenzhu, and Gao Xiong. "Comparative Analysis of Truck Ride Comfort of 4 Degree of Freedom Rigid-Elastic Model with 2 Degree of Freedom Rigid Model." In SAE 2015 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0615.

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Williams, Trevor, Sudhir Kaul, and Anoop Dhingra. "Influence of Frame Stiffness and Rider Position on Bike Dynamics: Analytical Study." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50137.

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Dynamic characteristics of a bicycle such as handling and stability can be studied during the design phase to comprehend specific aspects associated with the overall layout as well as the frame architecture. Bicycles demonstrate unique properties such as static instability that is overcome by getting them into motion with a minimum velocity threshold. The structural stiffness of a frame plays a critical role in the handling behavior of a bike. However, the influence of structural stiffness has received limited attention in the existing literature. This paper attempts to fill the gap by presenting analytical results from a study that includes the influence of rider positions on three bicycle layouts. The analytical model consists of four rigid bodies: rear frame, front frame (front fork and handle bar assembly), front wheel and rear wheel. The overall model exhibits three degrees-of-freedom: the roll angle of the frame, the steering of the front frame, and the rotation of the rear wheel with respect to the frame. The rear frame is divided into two parts, the rider and the bicycle frame, that are assumed to be rigidly connected. This is done in order to allow the model to account for varying rider positions. The influence of frame flexibility is studied by coupling the structural stiffness of the frame to the governing equations of motion. Layouts from a benchmark bicycle, a commercially manufactured bicycle, and a cargo bicycle are used for this study in conjunction with rider positions ranging from a relaxed position to an extreme prone position. All the results are analyzed and compared with some proven analytical and experimental results in the existing literature. Results indicate that some of the rider positions can play a significant role in influencing the dynamic characteristics of the bike. Structural stiffness is seen to significantly affect the weave mode, only when the stiffness is reduced substantially.
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