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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Freedom of religion – Europe'
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1
Kiviorg, Merilin. "Freedom of religion or belief : the quest for religious autonomy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6c5916d8-d69d-4f2d-91e5-a5586f8abd4b.
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In this thesis it is argued that while the concept of freedom of religion or belief itself is opaque and difficult to define, the right to religious freedom must contain certain basic factors – most importantly the right to individual (religious) autonomy. The individual autonomy approach is seen here as providing the necessary rationale for the protection of freedom of religion or belief. This rationale is not cemented in stone in the practice of the Convention and this has caused the Court to lose its focus on individual freedom. It is a dangerous tendency. It allows the focus to be placed on the role of the State and leaves freedom of religion or belief to be heavily affected by politics and fluctuating social attitudes. In this regard, this thesis looks for the meaning and scope of individual and collective religious autonomy and how it is and ought to be represented in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. It is the aim of the author to contribute to a clearer and more principled understanding of Article 9 of the ECHR. The right to individual autonomy is thought to be able to provide the necessary focus for the European Court of Human Rights in creating a more robust framework for the protection of freedom of religion or belief different from current Court practice which shows inconsistency in its reasoning and theoretical chaos. This lack of clarity has also contributed to freedom of religion or belief being a relatively weak right. It is explored here as to how the principle of autonomy (as developed in this thesis) relates to other principles provided by the Court, namely the principle of State neutrality, pluralism and the effective protection of rights, but also the margin of appreciation and the autonomy of religious communities. The individual autonomy centred theoretical framework in the first part of the thesis will be engaged to analyse the conflict in the triangle of state-individual-community explored in the second part.
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Anagnostou, Emmanouil. "The Re-emergence of Religion in European Politics: The Greek Case of Church - State Relations and Religious Freedom in the Context of Education." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21701.
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Conducting research on the influence of religion on politics is nowadays a growing tendency as various authors seek to explore why and how the spiritual element affects the natural world of politics. The purpose of this study is to discuss the influence of the Christian religion on education in Europe. The exact research case is the Orthodox sphere and in particular the Greek state. The selection is not random. It has been observed that in the Orthodox part of Europe, the church - state relations are quite close to an extent that, especially in Greece, it makes many authors wonder whether such a relationship may be against the model of the liberal, European state. As an example of the church - state relationship, the study also extends to the human rights field where cases of religious freedom competence in the Greek, public school are reviewed. By applying a mix of case study and content analysis under the prism of liberalism, the thesis argues for a potential transition to a post-secular epoch in Europe
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Taylor, Paul M. "Freedom of religion : a critique of universal and European standards." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421493.
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Berry, Stephanie Eleanor. "The added-value of minority rights protection for Muslims in Western Europe : multiculturalist approaches and international law." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13871.
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Against the backdrop that multiculturalism has failed in Western Europe, this thesis argues that minority rights standards should be applied to Western European Muslims. Western European States have consistently excluded Muslims from minority rights protection under international law on the basis that they constitute 'new minorities'. However, this thesis asserts that the justifications given by States for the exclusion of Western European Muslims from minority rights protection no longer hold true and have the potential to undermine the object and purpose of the minority rights regime – security and justice. Furthermore, by considering the content of both generally applicable human rights standards and minority rights standards in the light of the situation and specific claims made by Muslim minorities in Western Europe, in relation to the preservation of their identity, this thesis proves that there is an added-value to minority rights protection for these communities. Minority rights standards and multiculturalist policies adopt a similar approach to the accommodation of societal diversity. Thus, given the exclusion of Western European Muslims from the additional protection offered by minority rights standards, this thesis submits that multiculturalist approaches to the accommodation of European Muslims have not failed; insufficient measures have been adopted to ensure their success. If a multiculturalist approach to the accommodation of diversity is to be pursued in Western Europe, States must allow Muslim minorities to benefit from the protection available under minority rights standards.
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Maher, Julie. "Manifesting religious belief : a matter of religious freedom, religious discrimination, or freedom of expression?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eaf72dbe-ca5e-4767-97a6-b28c928be742.
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This thesis asks how manifestation of religious belief by religious individuals can best be protected in English law. It is particularly concerned with the protection available to religious individuals in the public sphere. This thesis assesses the current state of protection under religious freedom and religious discrimination models, before considering the potential for increasing protection by reconceptualising the right to manifest religious belief as an aspect of freedom of expression. This thesis asks whether the practical and conceptual limitations of a religious freedom model, and Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in particular, can be overcome by reliance on alternative modes of protection, namely religious discrimination protections in domestic, Convention, and EU law, or through litigating religious manifestation claims as freedom of expression cases under Article 10 of the ECHR. The difficulty of communicating the harm in being denied the ability to manifest religious beliefs publicly is a key limitation of both religious freedom and religious discrimination models. Similarly, this thesis highlights the difficulty in assessing what weight should be attributed to such religious harm within a proportionality exercise balancing the rights of religious individuals with the rights and interests of other parties. The analysis in this thesis draws primarily upon the sources of law which shape domestic English law in this area, namely the ECHR and European Union law. However, this thesis also considers foreign precedent and case law from the United States in particular. This thesis contends that no one model can address the range of cases where manifestation of religious beliefs arise, and that litigants should be able to draw from religious freedom, religious discrimination, and freedom of expression protections depending on the nature of their case.
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Evans, Carolyn. "Freedom of religion or belief under the European Convention of Human Rights." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313453.
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Ghazi, Ghasem Z. "Critical analysis of the freedom to manifest religious belief under Article 9 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2018. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34744/.
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One of the key causes of disharmony on a global scale, throughout human history, has been the disregard for the protection of religious expression. This goes some way to explaining why the international community in the post-war era, particularly after World War II, have enacted legal instruments and implemented policies aimed at promoting religious freedoms at global and regional levels. Regionally, the ECHR with implementation mechanisms has led the way in terms of upholding the protection of religious rights and freedoms. Having progressive and effective mechanisms to protect human rights does not mean that decisions of the ECtHR as a judicial body are free of criticism. For example, the ECtHR has ruled in the number of cases against the practice of religious expression, particularly in cases relating to the wearing of the headscarf. These decisions, the ECtHR argues, were taken on the grounds of secularism and prevention of fundamentalism and intolerance. This research, unlike others written on the subject, examines the concepts of fundamentalism and tolerance through a historical and philosophical approach, which will be used to argue that a restriction on the headscarf cannot legally or logically be justified as the bases used by the court to provide a rationale for the rulings are undefined, ambiguous and often in conflict with the principle of religious expression. The ECtHR often prioritises national policies and political considerations such as secularism over the personal right to freedom of religious expression. Notably, recent polices in Turkey which now allow and encourage the wearing of headscarf in public places call into question the validity of previous judgments of the ECtHR supporting the ban on wearing of the headscarf. As a part of the qualitative methodology the researcher has chosen three methods to conduct this research including black-letter, historical and comparative themes. This thesis is critically analysis ECtHR cases relating to freedom of religious expression in the context of the wearing of the headscarf. In doing this thesis further explores the relationship between Article 9 ECHR, the wearing of the headscarf, and the concepts of fundamentalism and intolerance. The researcher argues that the link between the wearing of the headscarf and intolerant or fundamentalist behaviour is a difficult one to prove, and that by supporting the ban on wearing of the headscarf on grounds including intolerance, the ECtHR’s decisions are in effect validating intolerance of religious expression.
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Markoviti, Margarita. "Education and the Europeanization of religious freedoms : France and Greece in comparative perspective." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/813/.
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A European consensus on the centrality of education for the guarantee and promotion of religious freedoms has emerged over the last two decades. Initially articulated in the human rights discourse of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and subsequently elaborated through the Council of Europe’s Recommendations, Declarations, Research Projects and Reference Books, this frame of reference forms a normative and legislative basis for states in Europe. Long national traditions of particular approaches to the ‘protected spaces’ of religion and education, however, render the development of common policies and practices amongst states problematic. This thesis examines the impact of the European framework of freedoms of religion and education on states’ education systems. An important contribution to the scholarship of social constructivism and interpretivist studies, the thesis contextualizes the research question within the conceptual framework of Europeanization. The nature and extent of the Europeanization process are approached through the structured comparative study of two cases: France and Greece. The respective educational provisions towards religion classify these countries as two of the hardest critical cases in this area of Europeanization in seemingly opposing ways. The thesis utilizes discourse analysis of the key documents of national education, including an analysis of the crucial findings of field research that investigates the social reality of religious freedoms in the educational settings of the selected cases. The conclusions denote a discrepancy between a degree of ideational convergence in the national discourse and the discernible divergence that characterizes the practical approaches to religious freedoms in the education systems of France and Greece. The limited and differential impact of the European norms reveals the particular national factors that prove resilient to external forces of normative and policy change in the fields of religion and education. By challenging the views on the transformative impact of the European recommendations, the thesis critically raises the question on the reconsideration of the origins, the objectives and the limitations of the complex of religious rights norms in Europe.
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Harms, Lisa. "Fragmented universalism : the making of the right to freedom of religion at the European Court of Human Rights." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0038.
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La thèse analyse la négociation du droit à la liberté religieuse dans les litiges à la Cour Européenne de Droits de l’Homme (CEDH) des années 1990 jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Une double observation constitue le point de départ de cette recherche : le constat d’une judiciarisation croissante de la régulation politique du religieux d’un côté, et celui d’une mobilisation stratégique croissante d’acteurs religieux et séculiers dans les arènes judiciaires transnationales de l’autre. La thèse pose la question de comment les acteurs religieux et séculiers influent sur le processus de construction de la norme juridique. Elle analyse l’activisme juridique déployé par des acteurs religieux, y compris les témoins de Jéhovah, des acteurs musulmans, sikhs, et chrétiens, et des activistes séculiers, dans des litiges concernant la liberté religieuse. Partant d’une approche par les champs, la thèse postule que l’inégalité en ressources et en pouvoir entre les acteurs structurent leurs approches et leurs interprétations du droit à la liberté religieuse. La Cour ne constitue une structure d’opportunité également accessible pour tous les acteurs. Tandis que certains des acteurs impliqués dans les litiges ont tendance à adapter leurs revendications religieuses de manière à correspondre aux paradigmes juridiques dominants, d’autres contestent et négocient les interprétations des fondements mêmes du droit. L’asymétrie entre les acteurs du droit se conjugue à des oppositions et tensions idéologiques qui sont inscrites dans la construction de la norme juridique<br>The thesis examines the litigious negotiation and contestation of the right to freedom of religion at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) from the early 1990s until today. A twofold observation constitutes the starting point for this investigation. First, the trend of the judicialization of politics increasingly extends to the domain of the politics of religious regulation. Second, an increasing number of strategic religious and secular litigators has intervened in transnational judicial struggles. Against this backdrop, the thesis asks how religious and secular actors influence the construction of the judicial norm. It analyzes the judicial activism of a variety of religious actors, including Jehovah’s Witnesses, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and secular actors. The main argument is that the unequal distribution of power and resources among religious minorities and majorities translates into diverging strategies of religious freedom litigation, and, thereby, into the interpretation of the right to freedom of religion. The power asymmetry leads to inequality regarding the degree of openness of the legal opportunity structure of the ECtHR and hence the participation in the judicial norm building. In particular, it shows that while some actors tend to adapt their religious claims in order to fit dominant interpretations of the law, other actors contest the interpretation of the foundations of the law itself. Furthermore, different means of litigation fuel an intensified ideological opposition and tension within liberal religious freedom interpretations
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BERTINI, ILARIA MARIAROSA. "Freedom of religion and state neutrality in the educational environment: a path through the jurisprudence of the european court of human rights." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/55002.
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The aim of this work is to evaluate the debate surrounding the neutrality of public spaces in relation to religious freedom in light of the new liberalism advocated by John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin and the objections raised byMichael Sandel and Charles Taylor. In particular, I intend to point out why and how this theoretical debate is reflected in current case law, and will address the most important judgments delivered in recent years by the European Court of Human Rights regarding the protection of freedom of religion in the school environment. My analysis focuses in particular on uniform policies, religious sexual and ethics education and related opt-out policies, and, finally, towards the issues that may arise when a teacher’s religious duties conflict with a school’s ethos. The findings of this study suggest the importance of the concept of neutrality in assessing the place of religion in the public sphere. In addition, analysis of case law reflects the urgent need to give a true meaning to that notion, both from a theoretical and legal point of view.
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Ghebrehiwot, Arsema, and Rania Ouertani. "Bärandet av religiös klädsel och symboler i Sverige och Frankrike : en komparativrättslig studie." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Juridik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-46127.
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The bachelor thesis examines the protection of religious freedom in Sweden and France, with a main point on the right to wear religious symbols and clothing. The subject is processed in relation to the Member States obligations in accordance with the freedom of religion, provided for in Article 9 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights. The right to wear religious symbols and attire has a broad meaning, and in this thesis special focus is placed on the right to wear a religious veil, as the Swedish legal situation is in stark contrast to the French law's restrictive view on the subject. In order to answer the thesis main question, a legal-judicial and comparative law approach is applied. Legislation that has been dealt with in its entirety, is the second chapter in the Swedish regeringsformen (1974:152), the European Convention, the French principle of laïcité, the French Education Act (Article L141-5-1 du Code de l’éducation), the French law on the prohibition of veils in public environments (Loi n° 2010-1192 du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public) and the French Constitution (Constitution of October 4, 1958). Finally, the authors orientation in the research questions of the essay has been emphasized, and a remark about the French legislation has been made.
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Schouppe, Jean-Pierre. "Les aspects collectifs et institutionnels de la liberté de religion dans la jurisprudence européenne de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020029.
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La liberté de religion prend de plus en plus d’importance dans la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme. Bien que le centre de gravité historique de ce droit fondamental réside dans sa dimension individuelle, les juges sont fréquemment confrontés à des aspects « institutionnels » ou communautaires de la liberté de religion : des droits revenant aux groupements religieux comme tels. En quête des prémisses de cette liberté, le chapitre 1er retrace les apports spécifiques du christianisme, du judaïsme et de l’islam en la matière. Les principaux instruments de droit international, universels et européens, ainsi que la jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice de l’Union européenne, sont abordés au chapitre 2 du point de vue de la liberté de religion collective et institutionnelle comme la toile de fond nécessaire à l’activité de la Cour de Strasbourg. Le chapitre 3 examine l’article 9 de la CEDH ainsi que d’autres articles protégeant des droits connexes à la liberté de religion avant de se pencher sur la notion de groupement religieux, dont la distinction d’avec les sectes (dangereuses) s’avère souvent problématique. Les deux derniers chapitres sont consacrés à une étude systématique de la jurisprudence de Strasbourg depuis l’admission, en 1979, de la première requête d’une « église requérante ». Le versant procédural, puis les droits substantiels sont successivement abordés. Leurs contenus seront analysés selon un double axe : d’abord, la liberté d’ « existence » du groupement, puis les plus nombreuses facettes de sa liberté d’ « action » ou de son « autonomie »<br>Freedom of religion is becoming increasingly important in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Although the historical centre of gravity of this fundamental right lies in its individual dimension, judges are frequently confronted with “institutional” or communal aspects of freedom of religion: the rights of religious groups as such. Within the scope of the search for the premises of this freedom, chapter 1 explains the specific contributions of Christianity, Judaism and Islam in this respect. The principal instruments of international law, both universal and European, as well as the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union are discussed in chapter 2 in terms of collective and institutional religious freedom as the background necessary to the Strasbourg Court’s activities. Chapter 3 examines article 9 of the ECHR as well as other articles protecting any rights related to freedom of religion and subsequently addresses the notion of religious groups, whose distinction from (dangerous) sects is often problematic. The two final chapters are dedicated to a systematic examination of the case law of the Strasbourg Court since the admission in 1979 of the first application by an “applicant church”. The procedural aspect and the substantive rights are discussed successively. Their contents will be analysed on the basis of a double axis: firstly a group’s freedom to “exist”, secondly the more numerous aspects of its freedom to “act” or its “autonomy”
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Hussein, Bozang. "Article 9 - The Right to Freedom of Thought, Consience and Religion : A study on whether banning of religious symbols in order to preserve the principle of secularism can be justified under article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-32673.
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The tension between the banning of religious symbols and the principle of secularism is the subject of this study. The presence and visibility of religious symbols in the public sphere has given raise to a debate around Europe. Within the member states of the Council of Europe the role of religion differs and the principle of secularism is interpreted differently. The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion is provided for in article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights under which the right to manifest religion or belief is protected. This right is of fundamental character and cannot be derogated from. The right to manifest religion or belief however can be subject to limitations under given conditions. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights indicates that member states has been left with a wide margin of appreciation in dealing with the freedom of religion and regulations falling under this right. The Strasbourg Court has accepted that the protection of secularism can be a justified ground for banning religious symbols. However, this is an interference with the right to express and worship one’s religion or belief and there is a need to strike a balance between the public interest and the interest of the individuals and determine whether such interference is necessary in a democratic society. This thesis discusses two values of fundamental character, on the one hand the right to freedom of religion and on the other hand the principle of secularism as a constitutional value. With regard to this, the application of the margin of appreciation is of relevance to consider. The author of this thesis argues that the role of the Court is to ensure that domestic laws are not in conflict with the Convention rights and thus that it shall not take any position on whether or not symbols shall be prohibited. The role of it shall be to secure that interference with article 9 by state authorities does not extend the conditions provided for in the Convention.
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Neff, Pamela S. "Freedom of Religion or Freedom from Religion? The New Laicite in France." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1351638370.
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Krzeminska-Vamvaka, Joanna. "Freedom of commercial speech in Europe." Hamburg Kovač, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989433943/04.
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Jahnke, Fredrik. "En ny diskussion kring religionsfriheten : Alternativ till religionsfrihetsbegreppet under Europakonventionen och Europeiska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tros- och livsåskådningsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-158812.
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Freedom of religion or belief is indisputable in Human rights discourse, more discussed is exactly what it is that is included in the concept of freedom of religion or belief (in Swedish: religionsfrihet). This thesis focuses on the freedom of religion or belief in a European context, in particular on the European court of human rights and article 9 in the European convention for human rights. Some criticism has been directed against the Court to the effect that its practice and verdicts don't answer to the pronounced desire to develop a pluralistic and inclusive form of freedom of religion or belief. My aim is to examine, analyse and test three different theories, which all try to develop alternatives to the expression freedom of religion or belief, in relation to six verdicts from article 9 in Europe convention. My basic purpose is to try to find new ways of talking about freedom of religion or belief that might lead to a more inclusive, pluralistic and equal interpretation of that concept. The three theories wich I use are elaborated by Richard Amesbury (associate professor at Claremont school of Theology); Hugo Strandberg (TD at Åbo Akademi) and Eberhard Herrmann (professor in philosophy of religion at Uppsala University); and Martha Nussbaum (professor of law and ethics at the University of Chicago). The six cases from the European court are: X v. Federal Republic of Germany, X v. United Kingdom, Chappell v. United Kingdom, Dahlab v. Switzerland, Leyla Sahin v. Turkey, Dogru v. France. The results of this thesis suggest that the use of alternative expression to the Swedish term religionsfrihet might to a great extent lead to a more inclusive, pluralistic and equal form of freedom of religion or belief – for example in such areas as: individuality, minorities and frames of reference in society as such.
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Triebel, Matthias. "Das europäische Religionsrecht am Beispiel der arbeitsrechtlichen Anti-Diskriminierungsrichtlinie 2000/78/EG /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.]: Lang, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/47851431X.pdf.
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Burlando, Giannina L. "Suarez on soul, will, and freedom /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148784889151255.
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Lee, Yu-Jung. "Human rights in China : freedom of religion and freedom of movement compared." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423447.
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Geurts, Anna Paulina Helena. "Makeshift freedom seekers : Dutch travellers in Europe, 1815-1914." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2cfa072e-a9c4-42c9-a6b0-1e815d93b05c.
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This thesis questions a series of assumptions concerning the nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century modernization of European spaces. Current scholarship tends to concur with essayistic texts and images by contemporary intellectuals that technological and organizational developments increased the freedom of movement of those living in western-European societies, while at the same time alienating them from each other and from their environment. I assess this claim with the help of Dutch travel egodocuments such as travel diaries and letters. After a prosopographical investigation of all available northern-Netherlandish travel egodocuments created between 1500 and 1915, a selection of these documents is examined in greater detail. In these documents, travellers regarded the possession of identity documents, a correct appearance, and a fitting social identity along with their personal contacts, physical capabilities, and the weather as the most important factors influencing whether they managed to gain access to places. A discussion of these factors demonstrates that no linear increase, nor a decrease, occurred in the spatial power felt by travellers. The exclusion many travellers continued to experience was often overdetermined. The largest groups affected by this were women and less educated families. Yet travellers could also play out different access factors against each other. By paying attention to how practices matched hopes and expectations, it is possible to discover how gravely social inequities were really felt by travellers. Perhaps surprisingly, all social groups desired to visit the same types of places. Their main difference concerned the atmosphere of the places where the different groups felt at home. To a large degree this matched travellers' unequal opportunities. Therefore, although opportunities remained strongly unequal throughout the period, this was not always experienced as a problem. Also, in cases where it was, many travellers knew strategies to work around the obstacles created for them.
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Petty, John A. "Securing soul freedom as a Baptist distinctive cultivating appreciation and preservation of soul freedom in the local church /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Comte, Emmanuel. "La question de la libre circulation des personnes en Europe, 1943-1957 /." Cergy-Pontoise : Universite de Cergy-Pontoise, 2008. http://halley.ens.fr/record=b1510061.
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Jurgens, Hishaam. "Investigating the conflict between freedom of religion and Freedom of expression under the South African constitution." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4099.
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Magister Legum - LLM<br>This mini-thesis is based on the presumption that the Danish cartoons and the anti-Muslim clip
posted on YouTube as forms of expression, ridiculed the religious beliefs and practices of
Muslims which in turn affected the exercise of religious freedom as it violated the dignity of the
bearers of the right to freedom of religion and therefore a conflict between the right to freedom of
religion and freedom of expression exists.
The above incidence of conflict between the right to
freedom of religion and freedom of expression involves infringing the freedom of religion of the
Islamic community.
Blasphemy in Islam is speech that is insulting to God, but during the
course of Muslim history it has become increasingly linked with insult to the Prophet
Muhammad.
In Islam the depiction of the Prophet Muhammad in any way is strictly forbidden
and is considered blasphemous.
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Cunningham, Heather. "The Great Awakening and religious freedom." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2606.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2002.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iii, 100 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-100).
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Neoh, Weng Fei Joshua. "Law, love and freedom." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285411.
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How does one lead a life of law, love and freedom? This inquiry has very deep roots in the Judeo-Christian tradition. Indeed, the divergent answers to this inquiry mark the transition from Judeo to Christian. This dissertation returns to those roots to trace the routes that these ideas have taken as they move from the sacred to the secular. The argument of this dissertation is threefold. First, it argues that the concepts of law, love and freedom are each internally polarized. Each concept contains, within itself, conflicting values. Paul's equivocation in his letters is a striking manifestation of this internal polarization. Second, it argues that, while values are many, my life is one. Hence, one needs to combine the plurality of values within a singular life. Values find their coherence within a form of life. There are, at least, two ways of leading a life of law, love and freedom: monastic versus antinomian. Third, it argues that the Reformation transformed these religious ideals into political ideologies. The monastic ideal is politically manifested as constitutionalism, and the antinomian ideal is politically manifested as anarchism. There are, at least, two ways of creating a polity of law, love and freedom: constitutional versus anarchic. To mount the threefold argument, the dissertation deploys a whole range of disciplinary tools. The dissertation draws on analytic jurisprudence in its analysis of law; ethics and aesthetics in its analysis of love; political philosophy in its analysis of freedom; biblical scholarship in its interpretation of Paul; the history of ideas in its study of the formation and transformation of these ideas; and moral philosophy in concluding how one could lead a life of law, love and freedom.
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Gunn, Torri Kenneth. "Defining Religion with Chinese Characters: Interrogating the Criticism of the Freedom of Religion in China." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19878.
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This thesis seeks to explore the points of dissonance and resonance around the understanding and deployment of the term 'religion' between Human Rights Watch, and the government of the People's Republic of China. In doing this, it is highlighted that a fundamental disjunction exists in the meaning of, and the boundaries of, the word 'religion' between these two groups. The space that this difference creates makes discussions on religion and religious freedom between these two groups extremely problematic, primarily because Human Rights Watch seeks to protect the right to religious freedom of groups and individuals that the Chinese government does not consider ‘religion’, but that Human Rights Watch demands they should.
This thesis addresses the question of the role of social and cultural relativism in the defining, and the subsequent role in defending, of the term and contents of 'religion'.
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Christie, David Osborne. "Bible and sword : the Cameronian contribution to freedom of religion." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1077.
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Scolnicov, Anat. "Freedom of religion or belief : group right or individual right?" Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1925/.
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Freedom of religious and belief is a recognized right in international law. In order to understand, interpret, develop and implement this right, it is important to go back and analyse the fundamental reasoning behind this right. Freedom of religion and belief is a contradictory right: a freedom for self-constraint. It is a double-sided right, a right of expression and a right of identity, two aspects related to individual and group perceptions of this right. Therefore, this right must be understood through a conflict between competing conceptions of individual and group rights. International law should protect the religious freedoms of individuals, and should protect groups only as derivative from the rights of individuals, and never in contravention of them, and generally does so. Current tendencies towards recognising group rights raise concerns, highlighting the importance of this determination. The conceptual analysis of the right serves as a critical tool for discussion of specific conflicts of rights regarding religious freedom, in different area of legal regulation. Different state constitutional structures concerning religion have important implications for analysis of the group/individual conflict. A categorization of constitutional arrangements shows that each presents problems for guaranteeing religious freedom. The constitutional analysis shows religions have public characteristics, and so must abide by human rights norms. The recognition of group rights compromises state neutrality, central to liberal theory. Whatever their constitutional arrangement, states must allow participation in religious communities while protecting individual rights. Particular conflicts are analysed: A conflict between group and individual rights exists between community religious autonomy and women's rights. While international law has been decisive in mandating supremacy of individual rights in this conflict, it has not addressed some of the root causes undermining women's individual rights. Children's religious freedom, in conflict between state, religious group, family, and child, has not always been amply protected in international law, due to absence of differentiation between group and individual interests. Lastly, use of speech by individuals directed against, or in conflict with, religious groups, such as blasphemy, proselytism or hate speech, is addressed. Discussion of these conflicts examines difficulties created, and shows that although some states, based on their respective histories, religions, and cultures, protect the group over the individual, ultimately only an individualistic approach of international law is a coherent way of protecting religious freedom as a human right.
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Kenning, Douglas W. "A failed religion : necessity and freedom in the Romantic poets." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19007.
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Morieson, Nicholas George. "Religion and the populist radical right in western Europe." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2019. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/48f5b47c364a35b05b34377138212b09aba392f44ba0f4a39b6cdba9b59ab1da/1464675/Morieson_2019_Religion_and_the_populist_radical_right.pdf.
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To test this hypothesis, the thesis analyses the discourse of two populist radical right parties in Western Europe: The National Front (now known as National Rally) of France, and the Party for Freedom of the Netherlands. This analysis has two parts: The first tests part of my hypothesis: that Europeans’ encounter with Islam in Europe has (1) revealed the non-universal nature of European secularism to Europeans, and (2) demonstrated the secularisation of Christianity into ‘culture.’ The second consists of Critical Discourse This thesis seeks to understand the role of religion in the discourse of Western Europe’s populist radical right parties. Populist radical right parties have made extraordinary electoral gains in a number of Western European nations. Many of these parties call for a return to Christian and/or Judeo-Christian values, and for the Christian and/or Judeo-Christian identity of their respective nations to be respected and preserved. Muslims, in particular, are singled out by the populist radical right as a threat to Western Christian values and identity. Yet these populist radical right parties do not appear to be advocates of a religious doctrine or way of life; rather, they most often frame themselves as defenders of secularism. This is curious: if populist radical right parties in Western Europe are secular, when then has Christian or Judeo-Christian identity become such an important aspect of their discourse? Building on sociologist Rogers Brubaker’s observation that populist radical right parties in Western Europe are not genuinely religious, but rather Christian identitarian in orientation, this thesis contends that populist radical right parties use religion in their discourse in order to exclude Muslims from European society, and to protect their respective secular nationalisms. Therefore the primary question asked in this thesis is: why is religion used as a tool to differentiate ‘the people’ from ‘the other’ in the discourse of the populist radical right in Western Europe? The thesis proposes a hypothesis: Western Europeans’ encounter with Islam in Europe has (1) revealed the non-universal nature of Western European secularism to Europeans, and (2) demonstrated the secularisation of Christianity into Western European ‘culture.’ This recognition that Christianity has been secularised into ‘culture’ has allowed secular Europeans to identify themselves – and their nation and ultimately Western civilisation – as Christian or Judeo-Christian. These effects have precipitated the formation of Christianist secularism, a type of Christian identitarian politics which perceives contemporary European culture to be ‘Christianity secularised.’ A group of populist radical right parties in Western Europe, then, have embraced Christianist secularism, which they use to define their respective national identities in religio-civilisational terms, i.e. as (Judeo-)Christian. In doing so, they are able to exclude Muslims from their society, on the grounds that Islam is an alien religion which – unlike Christianity and possibly Judaism – has not and cannot be secularised into ‘culture'. Analysis of three selected texts produced by the respective leaders of the National Front and Party for Freedom, Marine Le Pen and Geert Wilders, produced during the 2012-2017 period. The Critical Discourse Analysis seeks answers in the selected to the following questions: (1) does the discourse display the key elements of Christianist secularism? (2) How is Islam constructed in the discourse? (3) How is Christian identity used to exclude Muslims from European society?
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Gilbert, Howard J. "The right to freedom of belief : a conceptual framework." Thesis, University of Essex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327069.
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Desmarais, Gabrielle. "Religion Drag: The Relevance of “Critical Religion” and Queer Theory to Canadian Law and Religious Freedom." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30438.
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This dissertation analyses the use of the word “religion” in Canadian law and theorises the consequences of its use for the legal protection of religious movements in Canada. Chapter One establishes the problems of the word “religion” in academic discourse by providing an overview of work in the field of critical religion. This dissertation considers whether the critiques of the term “religion” by scholars working within critical religion are equally relevant when considering the role of religion in human rights law. Chapter Two turns an investigative eye toward Canadian case law using the word “religion”, from Chaput v Romain (1959) to Alberta v Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony (2009). The analysis highlights how the use of “religion” in Canadian law does indeed reflect academic concerns. Chapter Three uses queer theory to speculate the consequences of an unstable concept of religion for the protection of religious freedom, especially as it pertains to new religious movements. Judith Butler’s notions of performativity and drag are applied to theorise the performance of “religion” and its outcomes. Some suggestions for how to proceed conclude the dissertation.
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Varon, Ari David. "Islam and Europe : reflections on religion state relations by European Muslim intellectuals." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://spire.sciences-po.fr/hdl:/2441/7o52iohb7k6srk09o02c1ck3i.
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Comment les intellectuels musulmans en Europe interprètent-ils les relations entre l’Etat et la religion ? Cette thèse propose une analyse comparative des discours de quatre intellectuels musulmans européens traitant de cette question. Nous étudions conjointement les nombreuses interprétations de l’Islam avec l’essor des relations religion-Etat depuis la paix de Westphalie (1648), ainsi que la coordination entre les communautés musulmanes d’Europe et les institutions étatiques, à travers les réseaux de politiques publiques islamiques relatives à l’Islam dans la sphère publique européenne. Cette recherche compare les discours d’intellectuels musulmans ayant une grande écoute dans la sphère publique Européenne, à savoir Bassam Tibi, Tariq Ramadan, Amr Khaled et Yusuf Qaradawi. Notre analyse compare les discours de ces quatre intellectuels dans un cadre d’analyse multidimensionnel qui comprend quatre catégories. La première est conceptuelle ; la deuxième est institutionnelle; la troisième, l’agenda social; enfin l’action politique et la mobilisation politique prescrite pour les musulmans en Europe. Cette recherche éclaire également l’étude des relations entre Etat et religion à la lumière de l’influence de l’immigration musulmane vers l’Europe et l’installation de Musulmans en tant qu’Européens durant les dernières décennies. Comprendre les perceptions de l’Islam en Europe comme étant influencées par le discours religieux européen tout en influençant celui-ci en retour permettrait de préciser le développement futur des relations entre les religions européennes et les Etats à la fois pour les chercheurs, les acteurs sociaux et les décideurs politiques<br>How do Muslims intellectuals in Europe interpret religion state relations? The Ph. D. Dissertation performs a comparative discourse analysis (CDA) of four European Muslim intellectuals as each reflects upon religion state relations. The dissertation studies the multiple interpretations of Islam juxtaposed with the developing religion state relations since the Peace of Westphalia (1648) as well as the coordination between European Muslim communities and state institutions through Islamic policy networks relating to issues of Islam in Europe’s public sphere. The research compares the discourses of for Muslim intellectuals that are prominent in Europe’s public sphere: Bassam Tibi, Tariq Ramadan, Amr Khaled and Yusuf Qaradawi. The CDA compares the four intellectuals in a multi-dimensional framework comprising four categories. First is conceptual; second, institutional surrounding; third, social agenda; fourth, political action and political mobilization prescribed for Muslims in Europe. Studying the discursive presentations of Tibi, Ramadan, Khaled and Qaradawi the research reorganizes the principles of analyzing Islam and Europe opening the possibility of bridging potential obstacles and rigid interpretations of Islam and European identity. The research enlightens the study of religion state relations and the social establishment of Muslim as Europeans over the previous decades. Understanding the perceptions of Islam in Europe as simultaneously influenced by and influencing Europe’s religious discourse could elaborate the future development of European religions state relations for researchers, social organizers and policy makers
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Wan, William Kok-Tang. "The impact of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms on religious freedom." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5720.
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MOLTENI, FRANCESCO BENVENUTO. "IN NEED OF RELIGION,INSECURITY AND RELIGIOSITY IN CONTEMPORARY EUROPE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/505212.
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Religious change in Europe continues to be a controversial topic. The main disputes regard if and how Europe is experiencing processes of secularization and how these processes can be explained. On the one hand, there are basically three different theories which strongly compete. Secularization theorists declare that religiosity in Europe is declining in all its dimensions. Individualization theorists declare that religion is changing instead from institutionalized forms to more individualized and intimate ones. Finally, adherents of the economic market approach prompt that religiosity is all about the ability of the churches to stimulate and attract believers. On the other hand, the link between modernization and secularization is often presented as the causal mechanism underneath religious change. Among this literature, Norris and Inglehart’s insecurity theory poses that processes of modernization and human development have increased the human security thus reducing the need for religion. This theory is based on the idea that religion can work as reassurance for conditions of insecurity or for life-threatening events. The present work tests this claim. After giving a comprehensive overview of the three main theoretical approaches to religious change (chapter 2), of the use of religion as coping strategy (chapter 3) and of the main methodological issues that need to be faced (chapter 4), I describe European religiosity and analyze possible processes of religious change. To do so, I focus on different dimensions of religiosity and I consider cohort replacement as the main mechanism to assess this change (chapter 5). It emerges that Practice is declining in all European countries, but religious self-definition and especially belief show a U-shaped trend for Orthodox countries. Given this peculiarity, I devote an entire chapter (chapter 6) to its exploration. After doing that, I explicitly deal with insecurity theory. To do so, I propose a multiple response multilevel model (EVS data) on European Christian countries (chapter 7) which tackles the association between individual as well as contextual insecurity and individual religiosity. Results show that personal religiosity is weakly associated only with widowhood at the individual level but more strongly associated with economic inequalities and welfare spending at the country level. Chapter 8 goes deeper in the investigation of the relation between individual insecurity and religiosity. By mean of two fixed-effect panel models for Germany (SOEP data) and UK (BHPS + Understanding society data) I am able to explicitly test the hypothesis that a worsening of individual condition can foster an increase of religiosity. Results clearly show that such hypothesis applies only and little for widowhood. Hence, the case of Europe suggests that individual insecurity alone does not suit for a comprehensive sociological theory of religious change. It should be better integrated with other theories, e.g. the increase of education and the failure of religious transmission, to “place” countries on a hypothetical path to modernization.
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Taliaferro, B. Dale. "A study of Christian liberty including a suggested curriculum for teaching the study in a local church." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
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Dalzell, Victoria Marie. "Freedom, Margins and Music| Musical Discourses of Tharu Ethnicity in Nepal." Thesis, University of California, Riverside, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3731835.
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<p> The Tharu are reportedly the fourth largest minority group in Nepal. Yet despite their numerical strength, their social experience in modern Nepal largely consists of marginalization. A culturally and linguistically diverse people indigenous to the flat, southern Terai region of Nepal, the Tharu have claimed an ethnic group identity in the past sixty years in light of their shared geographic location and state exploitation, as well as the rise of ethnic politics in Nepal. I examine how performance practices and musical experiences are central to the Tharu’s group identity formation. First, I examine how the Tharu combat their social exploitation largely through musical means. I focus on the role of sociomusical practices in community ritual, its transformation through folkloricization, and extension as tools for activism. The cultural significance of these practices shift as the Tharu come into contact not only with Nepal’s changing political, social and economic scenes, but also paradigms of global indigenism and human rights. However, even as a marginalized people, the Tharu have their own internal politics. Second, I examine how musical practices are locations for productive friction within Tharu communities. Musical performances constitute intense community negotiation and contestation concerning Tharu womanhood and religious identity, and are places where the Tharu produce situated knowledge about development and modernity. While not ignoring political, historical, and global frameworks, my focus on sociomusical practices brings attention to how an ethnic identity is generated and embodied on a local level.</p>
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Johnson, James Benson II. "Academic freedom and the Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary experience, 1979-1989." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539618388.
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As fundamentalist-conservatives pressed their agenda in Southern Baptist Convention life, and, in particular, as they assumed a majority on the board of trustees of Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Wake Forest, North Carolina, the academic freedom of the Southeastern faculty became an issue. Concerns enunciated by Robert M. MacIver (1955) provide reference points in responding to the inquiry: "Was the academic freedom of the faculty violated at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary?" While a prologue and epilogue are offered, the study parameters of the Southeastern Seminary experience are 1979 to 1989. The study concludes that academic freedom was compromised in this case. The following areas were identified: the ability of the faculty to investigate in their fields, draw conclusions, and share their knowledge and skills with freedom; the censorship of the faculty as a collect, as well as some individual members; indirect curbs to faculty mobility; the manipulation of tenure and status conditions of the faculty to insure conformity to religious principles; and, institutional policies and procedures which impinged on academic freedom.
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Aelion, David Maurice. "Freedom of religion : a case study of the Church of Lukumí Babalú Ayé v. City of Hialeah." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1105.
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This thesis attempted to explain society's worldview of Santeria and its practice of animal sacrifice, and the breakdown between the federal and local government after a 1993 Supreme Court ruling affirming their right to engage in this sacred ritual. Santeria practitioners are harassed and prosecuted for exercising their right to practice animal sacrifice. The research was intended to present the cosmology of the Lukumi tradition, the intellectual framework explored, a review of Freedom of Religion and the case of Lukumi v. Hialeah, and finally the media's role in shaping the worldview of Santeria that have perpetuated this breakdown. The thesis consisted of 87 research items, a community survey, interviews, a Santeria divination, and review of case law, books,newspaper and online journals. These findings demonstrated that freedom of religion is not so free in the U.S., and exists only to the extent the media and municipal laws choose to allow.
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Lenaghan, Patricia Michelle. "The right to freedom of religion in the public domain in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9062_1363775015.
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<p>Within the context of South Africa&lsquo<br>s diverging religious, cultural and social backgrounds, new questions on the nature of a multicultural society are raised from the perspective of human rights. <br>The universality and indivisibility of human rights are challenged by this diversity and consequently implies that standards, concepts and structures for implementation have to be reconsidered. <br>International and national standards are being (re)interpreted and attention is not only focused on the contents of the norms but on the limitations imposed thereupon. The debate on whether limits should be set in permitting or accommodating cultural or religious pluralism is becoming extremely relevant. The manner in which these questions are responded to <br>is even more prominent in the light of our history of apartheid which has disregarded respect for religious and cultural diversity. In the scope of this research emphasis will be placed on the <br>right to freedom of religion and in particular the limitation of the right to religion in an attempt to balance conflicting rights and accommodates religious diversity. The right to freedom of religion <br>albeit constitutionally entrenched is subject to reasonable and justifiable limitations. However, no clear guidelines have been formulated on the criteria for limiting the right to freedom of <br>religion. The main aim of this research is to find guiding criteria to facilitate the imposition of limitations on the right to freedom of religion. The limitations of the right to freedom of religion are <br>interrelated with the following research questions: Firstly, the definition afforded to the right to freedom of religion in accordance with national and international standards<br>secondly, the relationship between culture and religion and any interconnection that exists between these rights. This is followed by the influence of the particular value framework or normative commitments <br>f the judiciary on the interpretation of the right to religion, as well as the relationship between the state and religion. The above issues will be researched both on a national and <br>an international level. The aim is to conduct research that will build on an appreciation of the guidelines that should be employed in ensuring the protection of the right to freedom of religion. To this end comparisons will be drawn with other legal <br>systems, which on the one hand acknowledge the protection of the right to freedom of religion and on the other hand have to find ways in which the right can be balanced in the event of conflict. It is envisaged that the research of the criteria imposed on the limitation of the right to religion both on a national and an international level will assist in suggesting criteria that will influence <br>scholarly debate on the topic. In addition that this debate will allow for the formulation of a transformative approach within the South African context that sanctions the celebration of diversity in all <br>its aspects and in particular the right to freedom of religion.<br />
 <br></p>
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Bundzen, Anna, and Maria Jakobsson. "Religion at Work : The freedom to practice and manifest your religion at a workplace according to article 9 ECHR." Thesis, Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-9093.
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Wilcox, Graham James. "Freedom and authority in Church and society : Maude Dominica Petre 1863-1942." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/805/.
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Maude Petre is a somewhat neglected figure mentioned today chiefly in regard to her association with the Catholic Modernist, George Tyrrell. The aim of the thesis will be to strive to retrieve her from this neglect by showing that she was a significant figure in her own right with a substantial body of published work. Attention will be given in particular to her writings in the later years of her life in which little interest has hitherto been shown. The thesis will endeavour to trace her main ideas as expressed in her published works and see how they developed over the course of her long life. The issue of authority and liberty in Church and society will be highlighted as one of the dominant themes of her writing. Her life and thought will be placed in the context of her age and its many changes both in Church and society and her writings will be related to the events of her own life as recorded in her own diaries. An attempt will be made in conclusion to evaluate the wider significance of her life and thought.
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Fine, Agnès. "L'inceste spirituel : fonctions symboliques de la parenté spirituelle en Europe." Paris École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992EHES0319.
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Guy, Robert L. Holsinger M. Paul. "Religious expression in public education." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p3006619.
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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 2001.<br>Title from title page screen, viewed April 25, 2006. Dissertation Committee: M. Paul Holsinger (chair), Moody Simms, John Freed. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-167) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Costello, Cathryn. "Destination Europe : human rights & admissions to the EU's area of freedom, security and justice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543697.
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Stoycheff, Elizabeth L. "Free media consolidation in Eastern Europe: Citizen attitudes about political, legal, and economic media freedom." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1373925072.
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Malcolm-Woods, Rachel Matthews Donald Henry Dunbar Burton L. "Igbo talking signs in antebellum Virginia religion, ancestors, and the aesthetics of freedom /." Diss., UMK access, 2005.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Art and Art History and Dept. of History. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005.<br>"A dissertation in art history and history." Advisors: Donald Matthews and Burton Dunbar. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed June 26, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 263-283). Online version of the print edition.
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Ramsay, Zara. "The politics of emptiness : religion, nonviolence and sacrifice in the Tibetan Freedom Movement." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-politics-of-emptiness(058910d1-e389-455a-8015-96b2260d0b22).html.
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This thesis has two categories of contribution, the first of which is theoretical, while the latter may be considered practical or applied. The thesis makes theoretical contributions both to nonviolence theory and to the field of Girardian studies. With regard to the former, the thesis challenges entrenched categorisation methods within nonviolence research that risk homogenising the movements under study. In demonstrating how Girardian theory can provide one additional analytical angle from which to view and understand nonviolent movements, it is argued that our analyses of these movements needs to be broadened still further. The thesis also contributes to Girardian theory directly by challenging its most problematic element: Girard’s insistence on the primacy of Christianity. By bringing Girard’s ideas into conversation with Tibetan Buddhist philosophy, this particular aspect of his thought is challenged, thereby making the rest of his corpus more accessible (and more acceptable) to a multicultural audience. Additionally, while Girard himself has very little to say about how his own style of nonviolent ideals might actually be pursued in the contemporary world, this thesis offers an original example of how his goals have been realised in a real-life political (and non-Christian) situation: the Tibetan freedom movement. Thus, the thesis aims to expand the range of Girard’s applicability by thinking about how his ideas could inform our understandings of contemporary political activity for Tibet. Further to this, the applied aim of this thesis is to illuminate the internal dynamics of the Tibetan freedom movement. Although this movement has a strong collective identity, I seek to reveal internal disparities that may be preventing it from achieving positive results. My research in McLeod Ganj, a Tibetan refugee settlement in northern India, shows that members of the refugee population generally have strong opinions about what constitute acceptable nonviolent methods in their freedom movement, and believe that these are in confluence with the philosophy of the Dalai Lama, their traditional temporal and spiritual leader. However, through the application of Rene Girard’s analytical perspective, this thesis reveals a fundamental (and generally unrecognised) variation between the understandings of the public and the Dalai Lama with regard to nonviolence as practiced.
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Bailess, Shelley Dawn. ""An asylum to the persecuted and oppressed of every nation and religion" dissenters and liberals in the drive for religious freedom in Virginia /." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2010. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.
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Sherstoboeva, Elena. "Regulation of Media in Russia in the context of the council of Europe standars." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/406076.
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Aquesta tesi examina les polítiques de mitjans a Rússia amb l’objectiu d’identificar, principalment des d’un punt de vista jurídic, fins a quin punt han estat objecte d’influència per part del estàndards legals establerts per part del Consell d’Europa (CoE). En el primer capítol, la tesi explora les caracteríqtiques, principis, i estàndards de la llibertat des d’una perspectiva russa, sobre la base de l’estudi de les concepcions que de l’esmentada noció es poden identificar en el marc dels sistemes rus i soviètic, la legislació de mitjans russa, així com la pràctica judicial i regulatòria. També s’analitza el punt de vista de les principals institucions del CoE com ara el Tribunal Europeu de Drets Humans o l’Assemblea Parlamentària, en relació amb la forma amb què Rússia ha implementat els estàndards internacionals i europeus en matèria de llibertat de mitjans. El segon cpaítol compara els paràmetres legals russos amb els estàndards del CoE sobre difamació, extremisme en els mitjans, aíxí com en matèria de mitjans audiovisuals i Internet.
La tesi conclou que un cop transcorreguts vint anys des de l’ingrés de Rússia com a membre, els estàndards del CoE han tingut només un impacte superficial en la política de mitjans a Rússia, i que aquesta política segueix tenint reminiscències de la pràctica soviètica en matèria de regulació de mitjans. Les autoritats russes han evolucionat des del refús dels estàndards del CoE fins a la seva interpretació en benefici del establishment polític rus, sota el pretext de la protecció dels “interessos nacionals”. Se sosté a més que els intents governamentals de des-universalitzar la noció del dret a la llibertat d’expressió es convertiran en cada cop més freqüents al llarg del món. Aquests intents no poden ser justificats, atès que amenacen el sistema internacional de drets humans i els valors que protegeix, així com s’orienten a mantenir el control governamental sobre la informació en una era en què l’esmentat control es troba seriosament qüestionat a causa del desenvolupament d’Internet i les noves modalitats tecnològiques en el terreny dels mitjans. Es conclou que les organitzacions internacionals disposen del potencial per a esdevenir les principals plataformes de resistència front a la des-universalització del dret a la llibertat d’expressió, així com la necessitat que s’estableixin noves mesures per a donar suport a la seva tasca,
Paraules clau: llibertat de mitjans llibertat d’expressió, dret de mitjans, polítiques de mitjans, polítiques de mitjans a Rússia, regulació d’Internet a Rússia, dret de mitjans a Rússia, Consell d’Europa, Tribunal Europeu de Drets Humans, estándards internacionals.<br>Esta tesis examina las políticas de medios en Rusia con el objetivo de identificar, principalmente desde un punto de vista jurídico, hasta qué punto se han visto influidas por los estándares legales establecidos por el Consejo de Europa (CoE). En el primer capítulo, la tesis explora las características, principios y estándares de la libertad de expresión desde una perspectiva rusa sobre la base del estudio de las concepciones de dicha noción que se pueden identificar en el marco de los sistemas ruso y soviético, la legislación de medios rusa, así como la práctica judicial y regulatoria. También se analiza el punto de vista de las principales instituciones dentro del CoE, como el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos o la Asambles Parlamentaria, con relación al modo en el que Rusia ha implementado los estándares universales y europeos en materia de libertad de medios. El segundo capítulo compara los parámetros legales rusos con los estándares del CoE sobre difamación, extremismo en los medios, así como sobre medios audiovisuales e Internet.
La tesis concluye que más de veinte años después del ingreso de Rusia como miembro, los estándares del CoE han tenido solamente un impacto superficial en la política de medios de Rusia, y que esta política sigue teniendo reminiscencias con relación a la práctica soviética en materia de regulación de medios. Las autoridades rusas han evolucionado desde el rechazo hacia los estándares del CoE hasta su interpretación a favor del establishment político ruso, bajo el pretexto de la protección de los “intereses nacionales”. Se sostiene además que los intentos gubernamentales de des-universalizar la noción del derecho a la libertad de expresión se convertirán en frecuentes a lo largo del mundo. Estos intentos no pueden ser justificados, dado que amenazan el sistema internacional de derechos humanos y los valores que éste protege, así como se orientan a mantener el control gubernamental sobre la información en una era en la que dicho control se encuentra seriamente en entredicho a causa del desarrollo de Internet y nuevas modalidades de tecnologías de medios. Se concluye que las organizaciones internacionales disponen del potencial para devenir las principales plataformas para resistir frente a la des-unviversalización del derecho a la libertad de expresión, así como la necesidad de que se establezcan nuevas medidas para apoyar su trabajo.
Palabras clave: libertad de medios, libertad de expresión, derecho de medios, políticas de medios, políticas de medios en Rusia, regulación de Internet en Rusia, derecho de medios en Rusia, Consejo de Europa, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, estándares internacionales.<br>This dissertation examines Russian media policies with the purpose to identify, mainly from a legal viewpoint, the extent to which they have been influenced by the legal standards of the Council of Europe (CoE). In the first chapter, the dissertation traces the characteristics, principles, and standards of the Russian perspective on freedom of expression by studying the Russian and Soviet constitutional concepts on this right, the Russian national mass media legislation as well as judicial and regulatory media policies. It also assesses the perspectives of the main CoE institutions, such as the European Court of Human Rights and the Parliamentary Assembly, on Russia’s progress in the implementation of the universal and European standards on media freedom. The second chapter compares the Russian legal standards and those of the CoE on defamation and extremism in the media as well as on online and audiovisual media.
The dissertation concludes that, during more than twenty years of Russia’s membership, the CoE’s standards have had only a superficial impact on Russian media policy, and that such policy is becoming increasingly reminiscent of Soviet practices of media regulation. Russian authorities have mostly moved from disregarding the CoE standards to interpreting them in favour of the Russian political establishment, under the pretext of protecting “national” interests. It is argued that governmental attempts to achieve a de-universalisation of the right of freedom of expression may become more frequent around the globe. Such attempts should not be justified because they considerably threaten the international system of human rights and the values it protects and seek to maintain governmental control over information in an era when such control is strongly challenged by the development of the Internet and new media technologies. It is suggested that international organisations have the potential to become the main social platforms for resisting the de-universalisation of the right of freedom of expression, and that new effective measures should be elaborated to support their work.
Keywords: media freedom, freedom of expression, freedom of speech, media law, media policies, Russian media policies, Internet regulation in Russia, Russian media law, Council of Europe, European Court on Human Rights, international standards.