Journal articles: 'Freedom of Information Requests'

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Goldwater;, W. H. "Freedom of Information Requests." Science 282, no. 5395 (December 4, 1998): 1823b—1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5395.1823b.

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Singleton, P. D. "Using/abusing freedom of information requests." BMJ 343, oct26 3 (October 26, 2011): d6690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d6690.

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Walby, Kevin, and Mike Larsen. "Access to Information and Freedom of Information Requests." Qualitative Inquiry 18, no. 1 (December 16, 2011): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800411427844.

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Savage, Ashley, and Richard Hyde. "Using freedom of information requests to facilitate research." International Journal of Social Research Methodology 17, no. 3 (November 28, 2012): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2012.742280.

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Anderson, Jonathan, and Sarah K. Wiley. "Freedom of the Database." Journal of Civic Information 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 30–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/joci.v3i1.129181.

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As government operations at all levels have become increasingly computerized, records of those activities have moved from paper to databases. Yet there has been little empirical research about the public’s ability to access such records in practice. This study uses field research to assess how 44 public universities respond to records requests of varying complexity for structured data. Sampled universities produced responsive structured data without a fee in slightly more than a quarter of requests, meaning the vast majority of requests failed to yield the information sought in a structured format and for free.

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Dyer, C. "Freedom of information requests could suffer in government cuts." BMJ 341, jul16 2 (July 16, 2010): c3877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c3877.

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Walby, Kevin, and Alex Luscombe. "Ethics review and freedom of information requests in qualitative research." Research Ethics 14, no. 4 (January 1, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747016117750208.

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Freedom of information (FOI) requests are increasingly used in sociology, criminology and other social science disciplines to examine government practices and processes. University ethical review boards (ERBs) in Canada have not typically subjected researchers’ FOI requests to independent review, although this may be changing in the United Kingdom and Australia, reflective of what Haggerty calls ‘ethics creep’. Here we present four arguments for why FOI requests in the social sciences should not be subject to formal ethical review by ERBs. These four arguments are: existing, rigorous bureaucratic vetting; double jeopardy; infringement of citizenship rights; and unsuitable ethics paradigm. In the discussion, we reflect on the implications of our analysis for literature on ethical review and qualitative research, and for literature on FOI and government transparency.

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Walby, Kevin, and Alex Luscombe. "Freedom of Information Research and Cultural Studies: A Subterranean Affinity." Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 21, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532708620917421.

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Introducing the idea of subterranean affinity, this article explores how methodological use of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests can contribute to the field of cultural studies. Contributing to literatures on transparency and secrecy, we consider six ways that FOI requests can contribute to and extend the field of cultural studies. These six intersections entail a productive engagement with secrecy, which dissolves the typical opposition of transparency and secrecy germane to most FOI discourse. We argue it is methodologically crucial to operate in terms of a subterranean affinity to evade the visibility traps of state agencies while preventing dogmas from emerging.

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Wyer, Michelle. "Implementing the Freedom Of Information Act in the Inland Revenue." Legal Information Management 5, no. 2 (June 2005): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669605000551.

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Michelle Wyer, who works in the Information Resources team of the Inland Revenue, describes the current and future structure of the Department and explains how the system for complying with requests for information under the new Act has been set up and how staff have been educated in its use.

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Lidberg, Johan. "The International Freedom of Information Index." Nordicom Review 30, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0145.

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Abstract During the past two decades, the number of countries that have enacted Freedom of Information (FOI) laws has increased dramatically. In many respects, FOI laws have become a democratic ‘right of passage’. No FOI, no ‘proper’ democracy. The promises of FOI regimes are far-reaching: extensive independent access to government-held information will lead to increased transparency, prevention of corruption and maladministration and greater public participation in the political process. But are these promises borne out by the practice of FOI? This article describes a study that tracked a number of real-life FOI requests in five countries. The project puts forward a prototype for the first International Freedom of Information Index, ranking the five countries of study on how their FOI regimes function in practice. In conclusion, the paper suggest that the FOI Index should be expanded to cover all 65 plus countries that have implemented FOI laws. It is argued that such an index could play an important role in furthering some of the core properties of liberal democracy: transparency, political accountability and good governance.

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Johnson, Derek, and Edward Hampson. "Utilising the UK Freedom of Information Act 2000 for crime record data." Records Management Journal 25, no. 3 (November 16, 2015): 248–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rmj-05-2015-0020.

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Purpose – This research paper aims to consider the use of the UK Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA) as a resource providing access to otherwise unavailable data from the UK Police forces. Not seeking to be a critical examination of Police practice, it offers insight to many aspects of records management appertaining to the police service provision of recorded crime. Authors consider whether record management is sufficiently integrated into police practice, given the transparency called for by the FOIA, contemporary societal needs and the growing requirement to provide high value evidence led assessments of activity both within and external to the service. Design/methodology/approach – FOIA was utilised to collect data from all police forces in England and Wales through multiple requests. Carried out over a 15-month period, three requests were collated and responses compared, allowing for examination of compliance with the legislation and reflections on the manner in which records were sought and ultimately disseminated. Findings – Generally, responding to FOIA requests was well managed by English Police Forces. Methods of data management and collection practice were exposed which the authors suggest pose questions on the strength of records management consideration that may be worthy of further work. Configuration management of records is highlighted as an essential function given the disparity of data releases experienced. Research limitations/implications – This research highlights the FOIA as a valuable methodological tool for academic researchers, but it is limited in respect of seeking firm contextual explanation of the Police internal procedures to answer requests. By making common requests over a long time period to the same Police forces, it provides a clear study of FOIA processes and raises potentially significant questions for records management consideration. Practical implications – Findings provide advice on developing use of the FOIA as an academic methodological resource and reflect on the findings impact on internal police use of data and information records. Originality/value – This paper allows for reflection on the importance of high-value records management in the day-to-day business of the police service and questions whether such knowledge areas are suitably considered. Covering an area of little previous academic enquiry, the research informs criminal justice practitioners of areas for potential further discussion and academic researchers on the validity of using the FOIA as a valuable information source.

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Koch, Pernille Boye. "Promise and Practice of the Principle of Equal Access to Information in the Danish Local Administration." Central European Public Administration Review 17, no. 2 (November 7, 2019): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2019.2.02.

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This article presents an empirical based study of the implementation and effectiveness of freedom of information acts (FOIAs) in Danish municipalities. Even though the Nordic Countries are known for transparent public institutions, empirically based studies of access to information are rare. With the help of 33 students of public administration, 146 simple requests were sent covering 74.5% of all Danish municipalities. The primary purpose of the field experiment was to test the legal principle of identity-neutrality and equal treatment, as the profile of the applicants was varied: the first set of requesters represented “simple” identities, while the second set of requesters represented “qualified” identities. Besides, the requesters asked for two different types of information, one more controversial to reveal than the other. Hence, the study looked into variations in casework time, likelihood of rejection, communication form, etc. The results of the study showed that, in general, the municipalities handled the requests for access to information without difficulties and within the set deadlines, and no differential treatment of applicants based on their status and qualifications could be observed. In addition, the data indicates a significantly higher processing time in the requests for potentially controversial information. The study opened up grounds for future field experiments on FOIA(s). In the final part of the article, the general benefits of student involvement in research processes are discussed.

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Cherry, Morag, and David McMenemy. "Freedom of information and ‘vexatious’ requests — The case of Scottish local government." Government Information Quarterly 30, no. 3 (July 2013): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.02.004.

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Folkard, Samuel S., Arun Ray, David Ricketts, and Benedict A. Rogers. "The use of freedom of information requests in medical audit and research." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 77, no. 7 (July 2, 2016): 382–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2016.77.7.382.

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Lamoureux, Patrick. "Access to Information, Higher Education, and Reputational Risk: Insights from a Case Study." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 34, no. 3 (December 2019): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2019.36.

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AbstractAccess to information and freedom of information (ATI/FOI) requests are an increasingly utilized means of generating data in the social sciences. An impressive multi-disciplinary and international literature has emerged which mobilizes ATI/FOI requests in research on policing, national security, and imprisonment. Absent from this growing literature is work which deploys ATI/FOI requests in research on higher education institutions (HEIs). In this article I examine the use of ATI/FOI requests as a methodological tool for producing data on HEIs. I highlight the data-generating opportunities that this tool offers higher education researchers and provide a first-hand account of how ATI/FOI requests can be mobilized in higher education research. I argue that despite the value of ATI/FOI requests for producing data on academic institutions, the information management practices of HEIs limit the effectiveness of ATI/FOI in ways that I detail drawing on my experience using information requests to scrutinize the quality assurance of undergraduate degree programs in Ontario. I suggest that in an age of rankings and league tables HEIs are likely to prioritize the protection of their reputation over the right of access. In conclusion I consider the implications of the article’s findings for higher education researchers and ATI/FOI users.

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Gray, Joanna. "High Court considers whether FSA disclosures are exempt from freedom of information requests." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 18, no. 1 (February 23, 2010): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13581981011022198.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report and comment on the High Court ruling on whether Financial Services Authority (FSA) disclosures are exempt from freedom of information requests.Design/methodology/approachThe paper outlines the facts surrounding the case and comments on the decision.FindingsThe High Court allowed the FSA's appeal in respect of the Owen appeal and the second part of the Lewis appeal (that the names of the seven firms investigated by the FSA as a result of the mystery shopping should not be disclosed) but agreed with the Tribunal on the first part of the Lewis appeal, that the names of the firms subject to the mystery shopping exercise could be disclosed.Originality/valueThis appeal shows how two very differently motivated, yet equally well‐intentioned, regulatory regimes can come into conflict.

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Jubb, Michael. "Freedom of Information in the UK and its Implications for Research in the Higher Education Sector." International Journal of Digital Curation 7, no. 1 (March 9, 2012): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v7i1.214.

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Freedom of information legislation came into effect in the UK in 2005. All universities that receive block grants from the Higher Education Funding Councils in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are subject to the legislation. Recent cases where universities have received requests for data and other information generated by researchers, working in areas such as climate, have given rise to controversy and widespread concern in the research community. This paper examines some of those concerns, relating to responsibilities for the ownership and holding of information, for data and records management, and for the handling of requests under the legislation. It also considers the implications relating to personal data, and to information that may affect the commercial interests of universities operating in a competitive environment, or the interests of the many other organisations which may be involved in research partnerships with universities; and it outlines concerns about the possible impact on quality assurance, peer review, and scholarly discourse. Finally, the paper emphasises the need for support and training for researchers so that they become more aware of the legislation and its implications, and how to deal with requests when they arise.

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Ashmore, Russell, and Neil Carver. "Informal mental health patients: what are they told of their legal rights?" Mental Health Review Journal 22, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mhrj-09-2016-0019.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine what written information is given to informally admitted patients in England and Wales regarding their legal rights in relation to freedom of movement and treatment. Design/methodology/approach Information leaflets were obtained by a search of all National Health Service mental health trust websites in England and health boards in Wales and via a Freedom of Information Act 2000 request. Data were analysed using content analysis. Findings Of the 61 organisations providing inpatient care, 27 provided written information in the form of a leaflet. Six provided public access to the information leaflets via their website prior to admission. Although the majority of leaflets were accurate the breadth and depth of the information varied considerably. Despite a common legal background there was confusion and inconsistency in the use of the terms informal and voluntary as well as inconsistency regarding freedom of movement, the right to refuse treatment and discharge against medical advice. Research limitations/implications The research has demonstrated the value of Freedom of Information Act 2000 requests in obtaining data. Further research should explore the effectiveness of informing patients of their rights from their perspective. Practical implications Work should be undertaken to establish a consensus of good practice in this area. Information should be consistent, accurate and understandable. Originality/value This is the only research reporting on the availability and content of written information given to informal patients about their legal rights.

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Klein, April, Tao Li, and Bobo Zhang. "Seeking Out Non-Public Information: Sell-Side Analysts and the Freedom of Information Act." Accounting Review 95, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 233–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-52442.

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ABSTRACTA number of sell-side healthcare analysts gain access to information outside the purview of management through Freedom of Information Act requests to the Food and Drug Administration for records on factory inspections, complaints, and drug and medical device applications. Using a difference-in-differences methodology, we find that buy (sell) recommendations and upgrades (downgrades) earn higher (lower) stock returns over the year following the receipt of FDA records. We also examine the type of information revealed in FDA factory inspection reports, and find that analysts are less likely to downgrade and are less pessimistic in their recommendations than the consensus recommendation when the information contained in the FDA report is not particularly severe. Our findings are consistent with a subset of analysts utilizing non-public information channels independent of management to gain value-relevant information about their covered firms.

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Hancock, Dave. "How has Covid-19 affected health visiting teams?" Journal of Health Visiting 9, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 460–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/johv.2021.9.11.460.

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Based on data collected through Freedom of Information requests, researchers at University College London generated a detailed picture of the effects of the pandemic on health visiting services in England. Dave Hancock reveals some highlights

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Savage, Ashley, and Richard Hyde. "The response to whistleblowing by regulators: a practical perspective." Legal Studies 35, no. 3 (September 2015): 408–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12066.

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The Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 provides protection for whistleblowers; it does not place statutory obligations on regulators to act in response to whistleblowing concerns. Using Freedom of Information requests as a research methodology, this paper seeks to examine how whistleblowing is approached by regulators and what happens when a whistleblowing disclosure is made. Forty-eight national regulators in a variety of fields and 408 county, district and unitary local authorities with responsibility for the regulation of food were contacted. The paper begins by considering the importance of whistleblowing disclosures and how they are protected in PIDA. The examination of the law reveals that several organisations with important regulatory functions are not prescribed, and this has the potential to create inconsistencies in the protection of whistleblowers. The bulk of the paper examines the results of the Freedom of Information requests. By examining the results of these requests, it was possible to show that there are a number of inconsistencies in the way in which regulatory agencies handle concerns. Several changes to practice are suggested in order to ensure that the whistleblowers receive appropriate treatment and that the concerns that they express can be properly addressed.

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Sare, Laura. "Editor’s Corner." DttP: Documents to the People 47, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v47i2.7028.

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Howdy everyone,I have been rewatching the X-Files series (my favorite episodes are the ones by Darin Morgan) and this reminded me of a display I did on government information about UFOs. Many are available due to Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. I like to use these sources as a good way to introduce students to FOIA.

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Kerzel, Sami. "FOIA: Then and Now." DttP: Documents to the People 44, no. 4 (January 31, 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v44i4.6226.

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Enacted in 1966 and effective July 4, 1967, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) gives people, both citizens and non-citizens, the right to request access to federal executive branch agency records. According to FOIA’s website, provided by the United States Department of Justice, FOIA “is a law that gives you the right to access information from the federal government. It is often described as the law that keeps citizens in the know about their government.” However, agencies may at their own discretion provide access to records that fall under these exemptions and exclusions when allowed by law. Due to amendments that have occurred overtime, FOIA remains relevant in today’s technological world. Some information, called proactive disclosures, are made freely available online by agencies, which do not require a request, and when requests are needed they can be made electronically. To truly understand FOIA an understanding of its general workings, amendment history and recent legislation is beneficial.

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Walby, Kevin, and Mike Larsen. "Getting at the Live Archive: On Access to Information Research in Canada." Canadian journal of law and society 26, no. 3 (December 2011): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjls.26.3.623.

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Most of the draft documents, memoranda, communications, and other textual materials amassed by government agencies do not become public record unless efforts are taken to obtain their release. One mechanism for doing so is “access to information” (ATI) or “freedom of information” (FOI) law. Individuals and organizations in Canada have a quasi-constitutional right to request information from federal, provincial, and municipal levels of government. A layer of bureaucracy has been created to handle these requests and manage the disclosure of information, with many organizations having special divisions, coordinators, and associated personnel for this purpose. The vast majority of public organizations are subject to the federal Access to Information Act (ATIA) or the provincial and municipal equivalents.We have been using ATI requests to get at spectrum of internal government texts. At one end of the spectrum, we are seeking what Gary Marx calls “dirty data” produced by policing, national security, and intelligence agencies. Dirty data represent “information which [are] kept secret and whose revelation would be discrediting or costly in terms of various types of sanctioning.” This material can take the form of the quintessential “smoking gun” document, or, more often, a seemingly innocuous trail of records that, upon analysis, can be illuminating. Dirty data are often kept from the public record. At the other end of the disclosure spectrum are those front-stage texts that represent “official discourse,” which are carefully crafted and released to the public according to government messaging campaigns.

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Mejabi, Omenogo Veronica, Adesina Lukuman Azeez, Adeyinka Adedoyin, and Muhtahir Oluseyi Oloyede. "Intersection of Open Data and Freedom of Information practice in Nigeria." JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government 9, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v9i1.448.

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The Freedom of Information (FOI) Act was enacted in Nigeria in 2011. However, Nigeria has been publishing its national budget online since 2007. This paper presents results from a survey in which several stakeholder groups connected to the online national budget of Nigeria were asked to respond to questions of awareness and use of open data and the Freedom of Information (FOI) Act. The results show that respondents who were aware of Nigeria’s 2011 FOI Act made the link with open data practice but indicated that citizens were not taking enough advantage of the Act. Also, custodians of data or information were likely to seek ways to avoid meeting such requests. Nevertheless, Nigerians need to be more educated on the key elements of the Act for its proper and adequate utilization or invocation that could impact more positively on open data initiatives in Nigeria.

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Grigg, Sam E., Jack William O’Sullivan, Ben Goldacre, and Carl Heneghan. "Transparency of the UK medicines regulator: auditing freedom of information requests and reasons for refusal." BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 24, no. 1 (October 30, 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2018-111018.

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Whitmore, Andrew. "Extracting knowledge from U.S. department of defense freedom of information act requests with social media." Government Information Quarterly 29, no. 2 (April 2012): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.08.015.

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MURPHY, CHRISTOPHER J., and DANIEL W. B. LOMAS. "RETURN TO NEVERLAND? FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND THE HISTORY OF BRITISH INTELLIGENCE." Historical Journal 57, no. 1 (January 29, 2014): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x13000423.

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ABSTRACTThis article considers the use of the UK Freedom of Information (FOI) Act in order to explore the history of British intelligence. While the intelligence and security agencies are themselves exempt from the Act, releasing only such archival material into the public domain as they see fit, the article will argue that this does not mean that FOI cannot be used productively in this area. Rather, by adopting a wider definition of ‘intelligence’, as advocated by Wesley K. Wark in this journal in 1992, FOI can be used as part of a broader research strategy to secure the release of information that allows the archival study of intelligence to move beyond the material released by the agencies themselves. The article will illustrate this point by drawing on relevant examples of successful FOI requests, while also highlighting some of the related practical challenges and limitations that its use has revealed.

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Lopez, Janifer. "Emergency Conversation Expertise In Participate Freedom With Civilian Society." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 04 (April 30, 2021): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue04-63.

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The point of this article is to investigate relational correspondence capability required by crisis correspondence and the board specialists when co-working with resident gatherings accordingly to emergencies. Also, the object is to see how reaction associations can advance develop this emergency correspondence ability thus add to the working of reaction networks .The research task is drawn nearer subjectively by evoking emergency correspondence and management experts impression of the relational correspondence skill reaction organizations needs when co-working with resident gatherings. The information were assembled through a worldwide online questionnaire utilizing a technique alluded to as "topical composition" and comprise of composed reactions to open-finished inquiries on what establishes the center of emergency correspondence fitness and what aspects of it need more consideration. The exploration discoveries demonstrate that co-delivering wellbeing with citizen society requests emergency correspondence ability identified with message creation, message reception ,and connection among specialists and resident gatherings. Furthermore, the discoveries explain what zones of crisis correspondence skill should be additionally evolved to work with co-activity between experts and resident gatherings. Nonetheless, the creators propose that emergency correspondence competence should not be seen exclusively as an attribute of individual emergency communicators however drew closer as a networked and co-made space of fitness

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Walby, Kevin, and Alex Luscombe. "Criteria for quality in qualitative research and use of freedom of information requests in the social sciences." Qualitative Research 17, no. 5 (December 9, 2016): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468794116679726.

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Access to information (ATI) and freedom of information (FOI) requests are an under-used means of producing data in the social sciences, especially across Canada and the United States. We use literature on criteria for quality in qualitative inquiry to enhance ongoing debates and developments in ATI/FOI research, and to extend literature on quality in qualitative inquiry. We do this by building on Tracy’s (2010) article on criteria for quality in qualitative inquiry, which advances meaningful terms of reference for qualitative researchers to use in improving the quality of their work; and illustrating these criteria using examples of ATI/FOI research from our own work and from others’ in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. We argue that, when systematically designed and conducted, ATI/FOI research can prove extraordinary in all eight of Tracy’s criteria.

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Heslop, Pauline, Stuart Read, and Fred Dunwoodie Stirton. "The hospital provision of reasonable adjustments for people with learning disabilities: Findings from Freedom of Information requests." British Journal of Learning Disabilities 46, no. 4 (August 16, 2018): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bld.12244.

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Atkin, Philip A., and Benjamin A. Jones. "NHS funding for dental undergraduate human disease teaching in the UK: a 20-year review." British Dental Journal 233, no. 8 (October 28, 2022): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41415-022-5099-4.

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AbstractIntroduction This study identifies funding of NHS services supporting dental students' teaching over the last 20 years, focusing on human disease (HD) teaching.Aims To identify NHS funding for education in UK dental schools following publication of the 1997 General Dental Council curriculum introducing specific funding for HD teaching and the years 2015/16 to 2019/20.Material and methods Searches of the medical literature, grey literature (government and regulatory authority reports, legislative articles) and freedom of information requests to hospitals helping to deliver teaching.Results There are few publications describing current funding of dental undergraduate teaching. Freedom of information requests gave data for NHS hospital allocations for teaching both clinical dentistry and HD. HD funding has dropped by £2 million in five years.Conclusions NHS Trusts linked to dental schools receive monies to deliver teaching and offset costs of accommodating students. Tracking these funds over 20 years has seen some schools lose up to £1 million of HD funding and some lose it all. Greater transparency regarding funding for HD delivery would help improve teaching. Increasing numbers of older patients, with a greater chronic disease burden who are retaining teeth into later life, need graduating dentists with good medical knowledge to deliver safe care.

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Voevodin, V. A., D. S. Burenok, and V. S. Cherniaev. "Monte Carlo method for solving the problem of predicting the computer network resistance against DoS attacks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2099, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2099/1/012069.

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Abstract The application of the Monte Carlo method to solving the problem of identifying and assessing the protection against DDoS attacks of weak nodes is considered. The field of research is of practical and theoretical interest, since the methods developed by the classical theory of reliability are focused on simple, stationary flows. Under the conditions of DDoS attacks, the flow of attacking requests is not stationary, so the known analytical models give an unacceptable error. For the reliability of the results, the freedom to choose the distribution function, the moments of arrival of the attacking requests, their duration and the response of the attacked node is required. The method is applicable for modelling a computer network when organizing an information security audit.

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Barnhart, DO, Stephanie, Patrick M. Cody, DO, and David E. Hogan, DO, MPH, FACEP. "Multiple information sources in the analysis of a disaster." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2009.0006.

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Objective: Disasters are complex events making epidemiologic studies and determination of accurate denominators difficult due to the poor nature of available records. However, these data are essential to perform useful calculations and accurate descriptions of disaster medical impacts. This study was undertaken to identify the availability and utility of various information sources in the analysis of a mass casualty disaster. In addition, characteristics of cases presenting for care are described.Design: This is a retrospective cohort study abstracting medical records and other documents relating to an explosion and fire. Public domain documents are obtained by written request or by filing a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request.Setting: A rural EMS and tertiary hospital.Cases: Individuals directly exposed to the forces of the explosion.Outcome Measures: The number of cases detected by various information sources. In addition, the demographics, dispositions, and nature of the physical injuries of the cases are reported.Results: Seven sources of case information were identified. The most cases were identified by investigative agencies (33) and the fewest by medical records (18). Rates include; injury 0.68, admission 0.20, and operative 0.14, with no deaths. Case locations during the explosion were determined for all cases. No association was noted between admission and location in the building.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the availability and usefulness of data in the public domain. Using FOIA requests or partnerships with public or private agencies may more clearly define denominator data in epidemiologic evaluations of disasters.

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McMaster, David, and Charlotte Tucker. "Litigation in ophthalmology: An overview." Medico-Legal Journal 87, no. 4 (October 23, 2019): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025817219875315.

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Through a series of Freedom of Information requests to NHS Resolution on claims made from 2005/2006 to 2017/2018 we have analysed trends of UK litigation in ophthalmology, identifying the most common causes and primary injuries for closed (settled) claims resulting in payment of damages during this 13-year period. We assess the most common causes of litigation in ophthalmology with respect to previous rulings in clinical negligence and provide a case example for discussion.

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Egawhary, Elena M. "The Surveillance Dimensions of the Use of Social Media by UK Police Forces." Surveillance & Society 17, no. 1/2 (March 31, 2019): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v17i1/2.12916.

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This paper explores the various surveillance practices involved in the use of social media for communication and investigation purposes by UK police forces. In doing so, it analyses internal policy documents and official guidance obtained through freedom of information (FOI) requests sent to 46 police forces in the United Kingdom. This analysis finds that UK police forces advise their staff to simultaneously engage in both surveillance and counter-surveillance strategies in their use of social media as a policing tool.

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Christie, B. "Tobacco company makes freedom of information request for university's research." BMJ 343, sep05 2 (September 5, 2011): d5655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5655.

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DeLuca, Lisa. "Where do FOIA responses live? Electronic Reading Rooms and web sources." College & Research Libraries News 80, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.80.1.42.

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The Freedom of Information Act, FOIA (5 U.S.C. 552), generally provides any person with the statutory right, enforceable in court, to obtain access to government information in executive branch agency records. FOIA does not apply to the judicial or legislative branches of the U.S. government. This right to access is limited when information is protected from disclosure by one of FOIA’s nine statutory exemptions and exclusions.The “Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996” required that agencies needed to make eligible records available electronically. As a result, there are dozens of FOIA Libraries and Electronic Reading Rooms that are repositories for responses to agency FOIA requests. These documents are also known as responsive documents. Documents are often posted by agencies with redactions to protect personal privacy, national security, and other FOIA exemptions and exclusions. It is important for researchers, journalists, and citizens to use the terms “FOIA Libraries” and “Electronic Reading Rooms” as part of their search terminology. This will ensure they can find documents that might not be findable through a regular Google search.

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McGill, Gill, Gemma Wilson, Michael Hill, and Matthew D. Kiernan. "Utilisation of the principles of the Armed Forces Covenant in NHS Trusts and Clinical Commissioning Groups across England: a freedom of information investigation." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e022053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022053.

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ObjectivesTo determine the extent to which National Health Service (NHS) service providers appoint a named Armed Forces veteran lead or champion, and to explore the commissioning of veteran-specific services by Clinical Commissioning Groups.DesignA convergent mixed method design was used to improve understanding obtained from the information provided by respondents on their practice. The study comprised two parts: phase 1 involved NHS Trusts, and phase 2 involved Clinical Commissioning Groups.SettingAll NHS Trusts and Clinical Commissioning Groups in England were contacted using a freedom of information request.ParticipantsAll NHS trusts and Clinical Commissioning Groups across England.InterventionsInitially, existing national websites were searched to gather information within the public domain. An audit was carried out, using the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) 2000 to gather further information.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe FOIA 2000 applies to UK Government departments and public authorities, including NHS Trusts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.ResultsResponses from the freedom of information requests illustrate inconsistencies in relation to adopting the principles of the Armed Forces Covenant. The inconsistencies extend to the practice of appointing an Armed Forces Veteran Lead or an Armed Forces Veteran Champion. There is also evidence to suggest a lack of commitment to and understanding of policy guidance in relation to Clinical Commissioning Group responsibility for commissioning veteran-specific services.ConclusionsFindings from this study support the case for making improvements to, and improving the consistency of, commissioning practices for veterans.

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Ritchie, Cristina Sacco. "A Summary of MSc Research on School Libraries in the UK." Library and Information Research 34, no. 106 (May 15, 2010): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/lirg222.

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This paper summarises the author's MSc dissertation which was a co-winner of the 2009 LIRG student prize. It comprises two parts. The first part, a survey of school library salaries, was published in the May 2009 issue of Library and Information Update. This survey used Freedom of Information Act requests to obtain the pay grades and salaries of school librarians and public librarians across local authorities in Scotland. The second part of the dissertation discusses the findings of research conducted on the self-perceived status of secondary school librarians in the UK, with a focus on Scotland. This research will be published in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Librarianship and Information Science.

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Dinkel, Charlotte, and Khalil Hassanally. "Examining the Levels of Violence in Mental Health Trusts." BJPsych Open 8, S1 (June 2022): S49—S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2022.188.

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AimsA recent NICE report stated that there were 68,683 assaults reported by NHS staff between 2013 and 2014. 69% of these were in the mental health or learning disability setting. We sought to explore the number of violent incidents within mental health trusts across England and to understand whether the levels of violence against staff have increased, decreased, or remained the same between the years 2014 to 2019. We also looked at whether a change in bed numbers correlated with the levels of violence experienced.MethodsMental Health Trusts in England were identified, and Freedom of Information requests were sent to them. We asked for the numbers of sexual and physical violence between the years 2014 and 2020, broken down by outpatient and inpatient setting. Using bed data from NHS England we looked at whether there was a correlation with violence.ResultsOut of the 53 trusts we approached with freedom of information requests, 43 returned responses with data that could be used for analysis. Data sets were often incomplete, especially for the earlier years requested. The total number of violent incidents from the 43 trusts was 24,393, in the year 2014. There was an increase to 37,907 by the year 2019, which may, in part, be explained by more complete data. Over the same time period, there was a decrease in bed numbers. Average number of episodes of violence per bed increased over 2014 to 2019 from 2 to 2.5, but the increase was not statistically significant. From our data, a correlation between the decrease in bed numbers and increase in rates of violence cannot be drawn.ConclusionThe high number of violent incidents within the mental health setting remain troubling, particularly when taking into account that this analysis represented only a partial data set. This limitation, together other data robustness issues, including the probability of under reporting by staff mean that firm conclusions cannot be drawn. This remains an area where urgent further research is needed, both to identify the extent of the problem, and to probe the impact violence has on staff and patients.

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Lehane, David, Philip Oliver, Caroline Mitchell, and Christopher Burton. "Interpreter costs across clinical commissioning groups in England 2017–2018: a cross sectional survey using ‘freedom of information’ requests." British Journal of General Practice 70, suppl 1 (June 2020): bjgp20X711377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20x711377.

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BackgroundProfessional interpreters are considered to be the gold standard when meeting the needs of patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) in primary care. The models by which CCGs supply interpreting services (IS) vary. Many CCGs use external commercial IS, while other CCGs commission ‘not for profit’ services such as the Advocacy and Interpreting Service in Tower Hamlets, the Sussex Interpreting Service, and the decommissioned Sheffield Community Access and Interpreting Service. Research on comparative costs and needs of the LEP population is lacking.AimTo compare the costs of interpreting services between CCG’s in England.MethodA cross-sectional study involving CCGs in England. A standardised request was sent to 195 CCGs inviting comment on how much the CCG spent (2017–2018) on IS. The data were plotted against a number of demographic variables (https://fingertips.phe.org.uk) and analysed using regression analysis.ResultsSurvey response rate: 86% of CCGs (n = 169). Of those CCGs who responded, 39% (n = 66) did not hold IS cost data. NHS England spent £2 951 348.16 for IS services for the year 2017–2018. A positive correlation was noted with increased cost of interpreting services when plotted against increasing percentage BME or percentage birth to non-UK parents. However, there were wide variations around correlation of best fit indicating variation in spending between CCGs for similar populations.ConclusionInter CCG variation in correlations between demographic variables and expenditure suggests further research is needed to determine how to optimise and resource safe and equitable IS across the UK population.

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Murray, C. "Sport in Care: Using Freedom of Information Requests to Elicit Data about Looked After Children's Involvement in Physical Activity." British Journal of Social Work 43, no. 7 (April 25, 2012): 1347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcs054.

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Bows, Hannah. "researching sexual violence against older people: reflecting on the use of Freedom of Information requests in a feminist study." Feminist Review 115, no. 1 (March 2017): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41305-017-0029-z.

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Treadwell, Greg. "Freedom of information. What were they thinking?" Back Story Journal of New Zealand Art, Media & Design History, no. 8 (December 1, 2020): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/backstory.vi8.55.

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“The right to know is the right to live.”Aruna Roy (1946— ), Indian social activist Ongoing dissatisfaction among information requesters, including journalists, has discredited the early and partially heroic narratives of the Aotearoa New Zealand freedom-of-information (FOI) regime. The revolutionary and celebrated Official Information Act 1982 (OIA 1982) has remained virtually unchanged since its inception, despite ongoing calls for reform. This article examines why the OIA 1982 was so transformative, calling on the literature and two thematic analyses of historic parliamentary debates as it explores the thinking of the time and historicises the moment lawmakers cemented in statute notions of an open society. All media rely on this law, and the idea of FOI behind it, to be able to flourish, even if some are more acutely aware of that than others. All media practitioners, from journalists to filmmakers, benefit from the informed social discourse that results from FOI. To explore its failings in Aotearoa New Zealand today and, indeed, to start to imagine remedies, this research argues an important first step is to better understand the thinking of the time.

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Farrukh, Affifa, and John Francis Mayberry. "Does the failure to provide equitable access to treatment lead to action by NHS organisations: the case of biologics for South Asians with inflammatory bowel disease?" Denning Law Journal 31, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v31i1.1708.

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Aims: The purpose of this study was to identify whether NHS Trusts where discrimination in the delivery of care to patients from the South Asian community had been demonstrated had taken any actions to address the issue over the subsequent year.Methods: Freedom of information requests were sent to three trusts which had provided evidence of disparate provision of biologic therapy to patients with Crohn’s disease, their associated Clinical Commissioning Groups and Healthwatch organisations to seek evidence they had remedied the situation. Requests were also sent to the Care Quality Commission, NHS Improvement and the Equality and Human Rights Commission seeking examples where they had responded to inequitable delivery of care related to ethnicity.Results: No organisation had any evidence of responses to the situation, many unable to accept its existence.Conclusion: Legal duties are discussed and the only remedy appears to be through the tort of negligence.

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Warburton-Wynn, Amanda. "Sexual assault of older people by hospital staff in England." Journal of Adult Protection 24, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-11-2021-0040.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the findings of this research. A research paper was published in October 2021 highlighting results of freedom of information (FOI) requests sent to National Health Service (NHS) Trusts in England. The FOI requests asked for the number of incidents of sexual assault reported by hospitals where the victim was aged over 60 and the alleged perpetrator was a member of staff. Design/methodology/approach The methodology involved sending FOI requests to all 206 NHS hospital Trusts in England requesting information on reported incidents of sexual assault against patients over 60 years old from 2016/17 to 20/21, where the alleged perpetrator was a member of staff (including agency staff). Along with the number of reports, the FOI request also asked for the sex of the victim and alleged perpetrator, whether the incident was reported to police, the outcome of the police investigation and whether any internal disciplinary processes were followed. Findings Of the hospitals that responded with some data (others were nil return), 56 individual reports meeting the criteria of the FOI were identified. A further 19 hospitals advised that they held reports of such incidents but, under general data protection regulations, they were unable to disclose exact numbers, but they were less than 5, some hospitals said less than 10, so the research can only count one for each of these. The resulting findings are that there were at least 75 reports of sexual assault on patients over 60 by hospital staff in the past five years. The findings also show that whilst the majority of victims were female, 30% were male and that a disappointing number were reported to police – only 16. Of these, 14 were closed as “No Further Action” by the police. Originality/value Whilst there has been some research into sexual violence against older people, most notably by Dr Hannah Bows, the issue of sexual assault happening whilst in hospital perpetrated by hospital staff has not been studied.

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Graham, Roderick, and Brian Pitman. "Freedom in the wilderness: A study of a Darknet space." Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 26, no. 3 (October 18, 2018): 593–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354856518806636.

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Mass media and journalistic accounts of Darknets have focused disproportionately on their criminogenic aspects. Moreover, research has focused mainly on the Darknet technology Tor. We wish to expand scholars’ knowledge of Darknets by exploring a different Darknet technology, Freenet. Using a combination of content analysis and grounded theory, this research asked three progressively complex questions. First, we asked: What are the types of content and the distribution of content on Freenet? Our findings show that Freenet fosters a singular distribution of content, with a high ratio of blogs (or flogs), child pornography, empty links, and Web 1.0 websites that archive information. We assumed that this content is not discrete points of data but instead produce sociologically interesting phenomena. Therefore, we ask: What are the content patterns on Freenet? Four patterns were identified. Freenet is (1) an archive of deviant data resistant to censorship, (2) a space dominated by content associated with masculinity, (3) a nonmarket space where commercial exchange is nonexistent, and (4) an empty space with many requests not returning information, and many flogs abandoned. We asked a third question: How does the analysis of Freenet inform current understandings of hacker culture? Freenet, we suggest, can be understood as a type of digital ‘wilderness’. It is a singular Darknet space, supporting a distinct set of hacker practices.

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Gertz, Renate. "Freedom of Information and Healthcare Data — The First UK Appeal: Common Services Agency v the Scottish Information Commissioner." European Journal of Health Law 14, no. 2 (2007): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092902707x199096.

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AbstractOn the 1st of December 2006, the Court of Session in Edinburgh issued the first decision on Freedom of Information and health data regarding a request for information on incidences of childhood leukemia, in the range of 0 - 14 years, by year and census ward from 1990 to 2003 for the Dumfries and Galloway postal areas. The case, which provides an example for the collision course between the Freedom of Information and Data Protection regime, had been anticipated as a landmark decision, however, due to several problems and inconsistencies it sadly failed to meet those expectations.

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AbouAssi, Khaldoun, and Tina Nabatchi. "A Snapshot of FOIA Administration: Examining Recent Trends to Inform Future Research." American Review of Public Administration 49, no. 1 (May 13, 2018): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074018771683.

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This article provides a snapshot of the administration of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in the U.S. federal government. Specifically, using data from all federal government agencies from 2008 to 2016, the article examines indicators of FOIA caseloads, including requests, exemptions, denials, appeals, and backlogs, and FOIA management capacity, including staff, financial issues, and processing times. The snapshot not only highlights recent trends in the administration of FOIA but also informs future research by identifying areas that deserve additional attention, revealing potential sampling or case identification strategies for empirical work, and shedding light on variables that may have implications for theory building.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Freedom of Information Requests'

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