Journal articles on the topic 'Freedom of information – China'
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Xiao, Weibing. "Freedom of information reform in China: information flow analysis." International Review of Administrative Sciences 79, no. 4 (December 2013): 790–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852313500598.
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Shen, Fei. "Book review: Freedom of Information Reform in China: Information Flow Analysis." China Information 26, no. 3 (October 21, 2012): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x12456264i.
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Xiao, Weibing. "The improved information environment as a key rationale for freedom of information reform in China." Information Polity 15, no. 3 (November 19, 2010): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ip-2010-0214.
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Rydholm, Lena. "China and the World’s First Freedom of Information Act: The Swedish Freedom of the Press Act of 1766." Javnost - The Public 20, no. 4 (January 2013): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2013.11009127.
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Chen, Y. "Privacy and Freedom of Information in China: Review through the Lens of Government Accountability." European Data Protection Law Review 1, no. 4 (2015): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/edpl/2015/4/5.
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Robie, David. "Key Melanesian media freedom challenges: Climate crisis, internet freedoms, fake news and West Papua." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 26, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v26i1.1072.
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Melanesia, and the microstates of the Pacific generally, face the growing influence of authoritarian and secretive values in the region—projected by both China and Indonesia and with behind-the-scenes manipulation. There is also a growing tendency for Pacific governments to use unconstitutional, bureaucratic or legal tools to silence media and questioning journalists. Frequent threats of closing Facebook and other social media platforms and curbs on online freedom of information are another issue. While Pacific news media face these challenges, their support networks are being shaken by the decline of Australia as a so-called ‘liberal democracy’ and through the undermining of its traditional region-wide public interest media values with the axing of Radio Australia and Australia Network television. Reporting climate change is the Pacific’s most critical challenge while Australian intransigence over the issue is subverting the region’s media. This article engages with and examines these challenges and also concludes that the case of West Papua is a vitally important self-determination issue that left unresolved threatens the security of the region.
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HUANG, Jie (Jeanne). "Internet (Un)Immunity: Where Does China Stand?" Asian Journal of Law and Society 7, no. 2 (June 2020): 345–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2019.27.
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AbstractThis paper focuses on Internet intermediaries’ civil liabilities for contents produced by third parties. By comparing Chinese law with the laws of the US and EU, it argues that the US law grants broad civil immunity to Internet intermediaries, and the EU and China restrict civil immunity to intermediaries but in different ways. This is on account of how, in the US, Internet intermediaries enjoy civil immunity as long as they do not become content providers. In the EU, aside from mere conduit intermediaries, all other intermediaries are subject to the notice-and-take-down mechanism before enjoying civil immunity. In contrast, in China, even after an intermediary properly follows the notice-and-take-down mechanism, it may still be subject to civil liability under the Chinese Consumer Law. Further, this paper argues that the policy priority for the law for Internet intermediaries varies fundamentally in the three jurisdictions. The US law for intermediaries’ liability focuses on protecting freedom of speech. The EU emphasizes the protection of personal information as a fundamental human right. Contrastingly, Chinese policy priority is unclear. Consumer protection has boomed in public popularity and increasingly attracted the attentions of the legislature and judiciary in China. However, it is doubtable that the protection of consumers can provide a prevailing policy support for Chinese law in the same way as freedom of speech and the protection of personal information do under the laws of the US and the EU, respectively.
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Wang, Chunhui, Le Cheng, and Jiamin Pei. "Exploring the cyber governance discourse: A perspective from China." International Journal of Legal Discourse 5, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijld-2020-2025.
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AbstractThis study aims to examine China's approach to the cyber governance, especially the discourse of Internet information, through a detailed investigation of the Provision on Ecological Governance of Internet Information Content. The findings in this study indicate that China's approach to the governance of Internet information possesses the following essential features: the clarification of the dialectical relationship between Internet freedom and order, the unification of carrying forward positive energy and restraining negative information, the people-oriented and bottom-up participatory approach to the ecological governance of Internet information, as well as the strictly prohibitive conducts of three key administrative counterparts. The underlying reasons for choosing such an ecological path to regulate the Internet information can be attributed to China's national configuration, including its political system, cultural tradition, status quo of the Internet development, and the pervasive cybersecurity challenges facing its society. It is thus argued that the governance of Internet information, characteristic of spatiality, can merely be construed within specific socio-political and cultural contexts. Albeit the spatiality of the governance of the Internet information, China's approach can serve as a model for other nations to develop their own governance discourses pertaining to the Internet information. This study aims not only to unpack the Chinese discourse of the ecological governance of Internet information but also to provide useful insights into the discourse and practices of global cyber governance.
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LIU, JUN. "Mobile Communication, Popular Protests and Citizenship in China." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 3 (May 22, 2012): 995–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000340.
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AbstractDigital telecommunication technology has expanded the potential of the mobile phone to be used increasingly as a weapon against authoritarian rule and censorship. Since the content of mobile communication is unpredictable and unregulated, mobile phones have the capability to breach state-sponsored blockage of information. This in turn helps the Chinese people to maintain contact with each other, receive information from outside the country, and make political waves in an aggressive battle for control over information. This paper examines spontaneous mobilization via mobile phones, with a focus on two concrete popular protests in rural and urban areas, demonstrating how Chinese citizens have expanded the political uses of mobile phones in their struggle for freedom of information flow, social justice, and the rule of law, while seeking to build an inexpensive counter-public sphere. These processes destabilize China's conventional national public sphere by shaping political identities on an individual level as well as the notion of citizenship within the evolving counter-public sphere. The political significance of mobile phones in the context of contemporary China's political environment can be observed by various social forces that communicate their struggles with the aid of this technology, pose challenges in governance, and force the authorities to engage in new kinds of media practices.
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DUAN, RUODI. "Solidarity in Three Acts: Narrating US black freedom movements in China, 1961–66." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 05 (May 14, 2019): 1351–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1700052x.
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AbstractThe political campaigns and events that comprised the US civil rights movement, as well as the urban race riots that coloured the 1960s, garnered widespread public attention and press coverage within the People's Republic of China (PRC). In the years between the Sino-Soviet Split in 1961 and the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, China strove to substantiate its commitment to US black liberation in three key respects: consistent news reporting, sentimental receptions of visiting black activists, and local gatherings that publicized up-to-date information on US anti-racist struggles and featured ordinary citizens sharing notes of empathy. This multidimensional Chinese engagement of US black freedom struggles helped to cement both intra-national and international solidarities. The party state, its mouthpieces, and everyday students and workers echoed Mao Zedong's dictum that racial discrimination was a matter of class struggle. Embedded within their observations was a critical analysis of African American history and social movements in relationship to US capitalism. Their narrations of black resistance and Afro-Asian solidarity, while intimately bound up with nation-state interests, shed light on the intricate nexus of race, revolution, and international class struggle that defined the global Cold War.
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Rodrigues, Usha M., and Jian Xu. "Regulation of COVID-19 fake news infodemic in China and India." Media International Australia 177, no. 1 (August 17, 2020): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x20948202.
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During the recent outbreak of coronavirus, the concern about proliferation of misleading information, rumours and myths has caused governments across the world to institute various interventionist steps to stem their flow. Each government has had to balance the dichotomy between freedom of expression and people’s right to be safe from the adverse impact of inaccurate information. Governments across the world have implemented a number of strategies to manage COVID-19 including issuing public advisories, advertising campaigns, holding press conferences and instituting punitive regulations to combat the distribution of false and misleading information. We examine the two most populous countries’ governments’ response to the scourge of fake news during COVID-19. China and India are the most challenging nations to govern in terms of their sheer size and diversity of their population. Each country’s government has taken several steps to minimise the impact of fake news during COVID, within its own political system.
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Palmer, Neal A., and Douglas D. Perkins. "Technological Democratization: The Potential Role of ICT in Social and Political Transformation in China and Beyond." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 11, no. 4 (2012): 456–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341236.
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AbstractThis paper seeks to understand the role of the Internet and information and communications technology (ICT) in potential democratic movements. We propose an ecological model of technological development and democratization which recognizes that change can occur (1) at individual as well as social levels; (2) on a continuum from oppression to freedom; and (3) in multiple social spheres. Using case studies from China, we suggest that ICT might facilitate democracy on account of its potential transformations and efficiencies in terms of individuals’ relationships to knowledge and information; governments; persons, groups, and nongovernmental organizations; and work and traditional social roles.
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Yu, Xu. "Professionalization without guarantees: Changes of the Chinese press in post-1989 years." Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 53, no. 1-2 (February 1994): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001654929405300103.
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Intended to stimulate interest in probing the interrelationship between the press and social change in China, this paper investigates some salient aspects of the changes of the Chinese press in post-1989 years and their implications for journalistic professionalization. It is argued that under the hybrid system of economic freedom and political repression, journalism as a profession, while benefiting from the changing information environment, suffers from persistence in the Maoist press theory and the nation-wide commercialization. It is further argued that press professionalization can hardly be guaranteed unless a more democratic and freer political climate emerges in China.
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Tanzim, Zerine, and Fatema Tuj-Juhra. "SOFT POWER STRATEGY OF CHINA IN 21ST CENTURY:STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12860.
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Generally speaking, hard power refers to the coercion and payment through military and economic means, while soft power refers to attraction through cultural diplomacy. This paper aims to analyze how Chinese state policies are being influenced by soft power strategy of government. Further the paper focuses on four areas such as health, culture, Human Rights and Information and technology to analyze Chinese governments soft power strategy globally.The paper confines the concept of the soft powerwhich has followed four consecutive sections analyzing Chinese soft power strategies in 21st century based on government initiative during the spread of COVID 19, usage and policiesregarding television shows and movies, consideration of Human Rights and last of all strategies in controlling of Information and communication technology. The paper concludes discussing some strengths and shortcomings of Chinas soft power and suggests measures that can be taken to improve Chinas soft power practice while West has disclosed the idea of sharp power contesting Chinas authoritarian attitude towards freedom of expression and human rights as well.
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Chao, Hung-Chieh, Alastair M. Morrison, and Bihu Wu. "All work and no play? Antecedents of the leisure involvement of Taiwan expatriate managers in Mainland China." International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 7 (October 7, 2019): 1215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-12-2017-0347.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to construct and test an antecedent relationship path model for the leisure involvement of Taiwan expatriate managers working in Mainland China. A leisure temporal-spatial involvement (LTSI) was developed. Design/methodology/approach Burnout, perceived freedom in leisure and leisure coping strategies were proposed in the conceptual model as antecedents of leisure involvement. A questionnaire survey gathered information on the characteristics of respondents, including demographic/socio-economic details, expatriate profile and leisure activity participation. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used in this research to measure the relationships among the four scale variables (job burnout, perceived freedom in leisure, leisure coping strategies and leisure involvement). Findings The expatriate managers experienced high burnout levels, particularly in the form of exhaustion. Their leisure involvement was mainly influenced by perceived freedom in leisure. Research limitations/implications This work contributes to the research on leisure and expatriation in several ways. It is one of the first empirical studies to examine prominent leisure concepts (freedom, coping and involvement) within the milieu of expatriation. The findings provide further support to the notion of the “presumed cultural similarity paradox,” in that expatriates of Chinese ethnicity still had significant adjustment difficulties in Mainland China. The research again confirms the challenges of Mainland China as an expatriation destination. Practical implications The research results have significant practical value and may assist Taiwan-capital enterprises in improving expatriates’ leisure life management. The section on Managerial and policy implications outlines the implications for the actors involved. Social implications This work has social implications since the Taiwan expatriate managers are not effectively adjusting to their work–life environments in Guangzhou. Greater social contact between locals and these managers is recommended in the future. Originality/value A new scale for leisure involvement (LTSI), expressed in temporal and spatial dimensions, is developed to fit the particular situations faced by expatriates. This is also one of only a few empirical research studies to consider leisure involvement within an expatriation framework.
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Shen, Simon. "A constructed (un)reality on China's re-entry into Africa: the Chinese online community perception of Africa (2006–2008)." Journal of Modern African Studies 47, no. 3 (July 28, 2009): 425–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x09003991.
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ABSTRACTChina's 21st-century re-entry into Africa has been made with considerable new fanfare and in a manner that contrasts sharply with the Maoist ideologist policy of the 1960s. However, how the Chinese perceive Africa, as expressed by the online community, has been little studied. In a country where full democracy and complete freedom of expression are still lacking, online communication arguably plays a particularly significant role. When it comes to topics in China which are not frequently addressed in the public domain, the flow of information among the online community is paramount in shaping public perceptions. The result of systematic qualitative research on the online community in China, this paper aims to bridge the gap between formal studies of Sino-African relations and online perceptions. Reconstructing the online image of Africa is essential in understanding not only contemporary Sino-African relations from the popular perspective but also the distorted nature of information that circulates in Chinese cyberspace.
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Włodarczyk, Jarosław. "„Macchiato” do ostatniej kropki." Literatura i Kultura Popularna 26 (September 17, 2021): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0867-7441.26.30.
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Todayʼs societies, democracies, media and journalism are undergoing a transformation hitherto unheard of in history. The key element of these changes is information and access to it, as well as processing possibilities and skills. Without understanding the process, without the ability to select information, and without critical analysis, individuals and entire societies become vulnerable to stupidity, information wars, disinformation and interference with elections.
Politicians, especially populists but not exclusively so, saw a great opportunity in the existence of a “cloudy information space”, in the confusion of citizens deprived of their independent thinking and poorly educated. That is why politicians fight with free media and independent journalists, because this is the first line of defence against disinformation and ignorance. Freedom of media is also a barrier to the authoritarian aspirations of politicians, because of its unique attribute — the only freedom showing the state of other freedom and rights.
The book by professor Jacek Dąbała, Media phenomena and paradoxes, published in 2020, diagnoses these problems and challenges and shows the key to media and information thinking. It is written in a minimalistic form of 200 texts, each of about 2000 characters. The short form is balanced by the multitude of topics covered, including science, politics, history, medicine, media, technologies, customs, law, religion, faith, emotions, intellect and stupidity. Dąbała scans issues in Russia, China, the United States, Germany, Poland and many others. The topics and analyses are universal and you can even risk a thesis that many of them will be timeless. It is therefore a global and universal reading which, when translated into other languages, should be recommended as essential content for journalists, politicians, students, and even more broadly — for all of us, that is, media recipients.
The book is a subjective view of all the 200 topics through the prism of pro-democracy views and freedom — freedom understood in the broadest sense, freedom of science and speech.
Dąbała certainly poses important questions, questioning our way of seeing the world and its presentation in the media. However, he often leaves the questions unanswered, apparently because the answer is in the method — analysis, critical thinking and seeking quality.
The book Media phenomena and paradoxes is excellent material for conducting workshops for journalism students. Analysing problems in the book can also improve journalistic thinking. For journalists who have not lost their instincts, humility and willingness to keep going, such an exercise can be very valuable.
This is important knowledge for anyone who wants to better understand the world, and for media people it is a must-read.
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Effendi, Tonny Dian, and Mohd Zaini Abubakar. "China Town Magazine and Indonesian-Chinese Identity." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n2p97.
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The new democratic political system in Indonesia recognizes Indonesian-Chinese as part of the national building. In the post-Suharto era, they are enjoying their cultural identity including freedom of press and freely to use their mother language. In fact, they were still develop their identity inside Indonesia as the multi-cultural country. The magazine called China Town is one of the Indonesian-Chinese Community Magazine. The magazine is not merely as the media which periodically reporting Indonesian-Chinese activities and opinions, but also as the representation of their existence and also identity. This article attempts to measure the role of the magazine particularly concerning on the identity issues. Specifically, this research will examine to what extent the China Town magazine achieve the objectives in terms of media coverage in order to develop and strengthen their identity? This is a qualitative study with content analysis. The empirical data found that, the China Town magazine have attempted tries to convince that Indonesian-Chinese is part of the Indonesian nation, as the Indonesian identity, and they are not exclusive as well as homogenous community. However, the magazine have also expressed and emphasized that Indonesian-Chinese were part of Chinese diaspora. It portrays that the magazine gave a balance information between Indonesian mainstream media and Chinese news.
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Sargana, Tauqeer Hussain, Mujahid Hussain Sargana, and Muhammad Anns. "Approaches to international information security and the discourse of cyberspace." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 33, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v33i42020.331-338.
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This paper investigates the notion of sovereignty and territorial integrity of states in cyberspace by carefully examining the information security debate. Nowadays, issues related to infosec are posing fundamental challenges to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of nation-states. Our analysis has attempted to answer the critical question, which aspect makes infosec the most pressing issue of the 21st century? The United States, The Russian Federation, and China are the three technologically superior nations and are included in the study to compare their understanding of infosec issues. The authors have typically relied on their expertise to interpret primary and secondary data because of descriptive discourse. Moreover, the study is efficiently conducted through a deductive approach and has applied non-kineticism as a theoretical model. The results showed that due to the compelling non-kinetic application of infosec, the debate at international forums had become a victim of geopolitical considerations. Results also revealed that the discourse of infosec needs to be disassociated from social freedom as it has been adopted for military application and requires a national security perspective to confine the course of security implications. In abstract, the notion of infosec has given birth to new contestation in the domain of cyberspace that altogether would lead the competition into the ‘digital battlefield.’
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Han, Jinghe. "Information literacy challenges for Chinese PhD students in Australia: A biographical study." Journal of Information Literacy 6, no. 1 (April 20, 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.11645/6.1.1603.
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This study explored the information literacy (IL) development of international higher degree research (HDR) students from China as they undertook their research studies in an Australian university.
International HDR students need advanced IL skills to complete their research degree. However, IL research and training in western countries has tended to regard international HDR students no differently from their undergraduate counterparts. That is, there has been a focus on basic information skills rather than considering the more complicated and advanced IL needs within a research context. The project presented in this paper aimed to explore this gap.
Three international PhD students from China participated in this research. A biographical approach was used to collect the data, and a total of 222 reflective accounts were collected from the participants over a period of fifteen months. In these reflections, they recorded significant life and study experiences at the University of Western Sydney. This approach allowed the participants freedom to express their thoughts and feelings without interruption and enabled them to speak frankly and freely without prejudice. The approach to data analysis underpinning this study was based on Bruce’s (1997) relational model of IL.
The findings indicate that these international HDR students experience significant difficulties in developing their IL skills during their research studies in their western university. The complex nature of research study, which demands high levels of IL, significantly contributes to these difficulties, as do the different language and culture of international students which pose additional challenges to their information use. This article concludes with recommendations for research supervisors and librarians to consider in the provision of IL education for international students.
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Bo, L. Maria. "Freedom Over Seas: Eileen Chang, Ernest Hemingway, and the Translation of Truth in the Cold War." Comparative Literature 71, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 252–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-7546276.
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Abstract This article examines Eileen Chang’s 1953 translation of Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea into Chinese as Cold War propaganda for the United States Information Service (USIS). It argues that this translation, meant to show the truth of democracy through its high modernist form, directly influenced the writing and translating of The Rice-Sprout Song (1955), the novel Chang wrote next for the USIS to expose the truth of famine in Communist China. I show that Chang’s translation practices connect US and Chinese literary modernisms in a showdown of literary forms and their disparate claims to the truth. Chang navigates political ideologies by eschewing linguistic equivalence to favor equivocation instead, ultimately transforming Hemingway’s modernist form via her own. It thus adds to transpacific studies and Cold War historiography by revealing the intimate relationship between political ideology and literary form, and their cross-fertilization in the process of translation.
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YEH, CHIOU-LING. "Images of Equality and Freedom: the Representation of Chinese American Men, America Today Magazine, and the Cultural Cold War in Asia." Journal of American Studies 53, no. 2 (January 23, 2018): 507–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875817001840.
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This article analyzesAmerica Today, a United States Information Service publication circulated to Southeast Asian Chinese between 1949 and 1952. Although the federal government had no intention of lifting immigration restrictions, the magazine promoted the idea that the United States provided humanitarian assistance and abundant opportunities to Chinese immigrants as well as their American-born Chinese counterparts to achieve upward mobility, form a conjugal family, and enjoy patriarchal authority. The stories demonstrated an attempt to inspire Chinese male readers in Southeast Asia to support the United States and the “free world,” rather than Communism and the People's Republic of China.
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Zhang, Mengying, and John Wang. "Exploring the Process of Adaption of Employee Creativity." International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems 12, no. 3 (July 2016): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeis.2016070102.
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NK model describes a system of N elements. The complexity of the system is modeled as the interdependency among its elements. Such interdependency is represented by parameter K, which denotes the number of elements that affect the function of a particular element. NK model can be used to simulate the adaptive behavior through the fitness landscape. The authors collected data from 217 employees in five organizations from different industries in China. They empirically examine the role of six factors, namely, proactive personality, creative process engagement, coworker support, supervisor support, freedom or autonomy and resource supply, in developing employee creativity. Based on empirical findings, the authors then use the NK model to simulate the process of adaption of employee creativity. Their simulation results show the different adaptive processes of employee creativity in the five organizations from different industries. The theoretical and practical implications of their study are discussed in the final part of this paper.
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Mishra, Bikash Ranjan, and Pabitra Kumar Jena. "Bilateral FDI flows in four major Asian economies: a gravity model analysis." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-07-2017-0169.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows from some leading developed countries (the USA, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and France) into major four Asian economies (China, Korea, India and Singapore).Design/methodology/approachUsing one basic and four augmented versions of gravity model technique, the authors tried to examine the determinants of bilateral FDI flows in four major Asian economies. The study used World Development Indicators, CEPII, KOF and Heritage Foundation data for period 2001–2012.FindingsThe results revealed that besides the market size for host and source country, other criteria such as distance, common language and common border also influence foreign investors. Other macroeconomic factors such as inflation rate and real interest rate are among the key factors that attract more FDI. In addition to economic factors, institutional and infrastructural factors such as telecommunication, degree of openness, index of globalisation and index of economic freedom also stimulate the international investors from the developed world to the major Asian countries.Research limitations/implicationsIt is altogether possible that only a set of home country specific characteristics or host country specific characteristics does not matter when determining FDI. Most empirical studies using indices such as the index of globalisation and economic freedom are subject to certain methodological limitations such as model selection, parameter heterogeneity, outliers and moral hazard.Practical implicationsMore distance between the host and source country would result in less FDI flows due to more managerial and raw material supply chain cost. Similarly, more gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita income (PCI) are leading to more FDI flows into Asian economics. Therefore, major Asian economies should frame their economic policies in such a manner where these counties can strengthen their GDP as well as PCI. Furthermore, above countries should open its economy more and more for better FDI flows as it seems that economic globalisation and economic freedom are major determinants of bilateral FDI flows. The negative impact of inflation and interest rate should be controlled.Social implicationsFrom policy perspective, higher scores of economic, social and political globalisation also attract high FDI to the host country. On the same line higher scores in economic freedom mean that less restrictions in terms of economic policies and the policy environment are conducive for free trade and resource transfers. Higher scores in trade freedom, investment freedom and freedom from corruptions also show more developed and conducive policy environment. In the same reasoning higher scores in the composite index of economic freedom which takes information from trade freedom, investment freedom and freedom from corruption and others also encourage flow of FDI in to the host country.Originality/valueThis is the first paper which combines the globalisation index, economic freedom index and distance along with some major macroeconomic variables.
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Liu, Chao, and Natalya M. Kuzmishcheva. "Cubo-futuristic poetics in the poem “Night” by V. Mayakovsky in the interpretation of Chinese translators." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 27, no. 3 (October 12, 2022): 488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2022-27-3-488-496.
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The futuristic poetics of V. Mayakovsky's work received the attention of researchers in China only at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The Chinese reader owes the discovery of Mayakovsky as a lyrical poet of a futuristic persuasion to the skill of translators. A characteristic feature of cubo-futuristic poetics, which focuses on the principles of abstract painting, is fragmentation, instability, elusiveness of meaning, which, on the one hand, presents a great difficulty for adequate translation of such information by means of another language, on the other hand, gives the translator freedom in interpreting the suggestive content of the text. The authors provide a comparative analysis of the translations of Wang Feibai and Zheng Zheng of V. Mayakovsky's poem “Night” into Chinese in order to identify the subjective image of the perceived text, which is formed during the relaying of artistic information into translation. The study of translations helps to identify previously unspoken meanings in the pretext, which enriches the perception of the original.
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Tuluș, Arthur. "Trends in Communist Propaganda. A CIA Investigation from 1970." Eminak, no. 4(36) (December 31, 2021): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2021.4(36).564.
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Our study analyses a detailed report, issued on November 18th, 1970, by The Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), which was subordinated to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Cold War. The role of the FBIS was to collect, translate into English, and make extensive summaries of information in foreign media, especially those within the Communist Bloc, summaries which would later be made available to U.S. decision-makers. The FBIS was an important branch of the CIA, seeing that the United States sought to identify any vulnerability to the adversary, and that the communist media did not enjoy freedom of expression, but instead precisely reflected the official position of the regime. The late 1970s are all the more interesting as the Communist Bloc`s monolithic unity breaks down and distinct positions emerge (e.g., the Soviet Union versus China, or Romania versus the Soviet Union), while the United States find themselves in a difficult situation in Indochina, the Middle East, or Latin America.
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Gregorczuk, Karol. "Prawne aspekty badań genomicznych i biobankowania w regionie Azji Wschodniej." Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, no. 22 (December 21, 2022): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538724gs.22.037.17009.
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Legal aspects of genomics research and biobanking in the East Asia region The contemporary development of science and technology in the field of biomedicine has influenced the development of innovative research tools in modern diagnostics and therapies. Many Asian countries are currently interested in genetic research and biobanks, in response to increasing competitiveness on the global biotechnology market. Establishing of a modern research infrastructure in China, Japan, and South Korea is essential for future research on the etiology of genetic diseases and the development of effective methods of their treatment. Undertaking concerted legislative work is a response to numerous challenges related to the collection, processing, and sharing of biological material and related genetic information. The main problems in the field of genetic research and biobanks are the concept of informed consent, the protection of genetic data, and the commercialization of genetic material. Bio-law in China, Japan, and South Korea is the result of the search for consensus between protecting the fundamental rights of individuals and the freedom of research.
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Wang, Chao, Jieyu Zhang, Nicholas Lassi, and Xiaohan Zhang. "Privacy Protection in Using Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare: Chinese Regulation in Comparative Perspective." Healthcare 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101878.
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Advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are now widely employed in China’s medical and healthcare fields. Enormous amounts of personal data are collected from various sources and inserted into AI algorithms for medical purposes, producing challenges to patient’s privacy. This is a comparative study of Chinese, United States, and European Union operational rules for healthcare data that is collected and then used in AI functions, particularly focusing on legal differences and deficiencies. The conceptual boundaries of privacy and personal information, the influence of technological development on the informed consent model, and conflicts between freedom and security in rules of cross-border data flow were found to be key issues requiring consideration when regulating healthcare data used for AI purposes. Furthermore, the results indicate that the appropriate balance between privacy protections and technological development, between individual and group interests, and between corporate profits and the public interest should be identified and observed. In terms of specific rule-making, it was found that China should establish special regulations protecting healthcare information, provide clear definitions and classification schemas for different types of healthcare information, and enact stricter accountability mechanisms. Examining and contrasting operational rules for AI in health care promotes informed privacy governance and improved privacy legislation.
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Tang, Yong. "For Whose Eyes Only?: China's Journalistic Internal Reference and Its Legal and Political Implications." Journal of Information Policy 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.7.1.0001.
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Abstract Journalistic internal reference is a highly secretive system that allows reporters in China to submit investigative journalism exclusively to party and government leaders. The article explores how the system was established and how it operates in today's communication, legal, and political environments. In particular, the article investigates the method's legal and political implications, with a special focus on examining the conflicts the concept and practice of journalistic internal reports may have with China's first freedom of information law, and the unfairness secretive journalism may bring to enforcement of libel law. Furthermore, the article identifies news media internal reports' failure to hold party and government accountable and its inappropriate role as think tank for senior party and government leaders. Despite recent party and government efforts to revitalize the system, the article proposes an eventual elimination of the century-long practice of sealing newsworthy information. The article argues that phasing out journalistic internal reference would create a better international image for the Chinese state, ensure more transparent and accountable governance, facilitate freer flow of information, guarantee better exercise of people's right to know, and help to establish more credible media institutions.
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Qu, Xingfu, and Fanqi Zhu. "Construction of Rural Cultural Service System Based on Mobile Information System." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (September 3, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7030656.
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At present, the development of rural culture is gradually rising. Under the promotion of the sense of freedom and democracy, mobile information system also plays an important role in rural cultural services. This paper uses edge algorithm to build mobile information system, combined with rural cultural service elements, to carry out information construction for the people’s needs of tourism, information, and belief culture in the development of rural China. In this paper, with the county or township service projects as the research content and 200 residents of a community as the research object, using the way of questionnaire to survey the respondents, online questionnaire feedback results received 186, the effective rate of 93%. This paper investigates the project support of mobile information system for rural cultural services and the satisfaction degree of residents’ demand for various cultural resources. Research shows that the rural cultural service system based on mobile information system can improve the scope of cultural services. From the survey results, 65.53% of the people think that the cultural service system can reduce people's dependence on special cultural services, so as to obtain resources from the diversified information service system. 35.63% of the people said that the efficiency of cultural service system could be improved by more than 50% compared to that of offline cultural service. Others said that the rural cultural service system could basically meet their living needs. Therefore, whether from the perspective of cultural service or information system, the current rural cultural service mode and service process need to be constructed from the perspective of cultural service supply system reform.
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Lim, S., S. K. Park, and M. Zupanski. "Ensemble data assimilation of total column ozone using a coupled meteorology–chemistry model and its impact on the structure of Typhoon Nabi (2005)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 17 (September 8, 2015): 10019–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10019-2015.
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Abstract. Ozone (O3) plays an important role in chemical reactions and is usually incorporated in chemical data assimilation (DA). In tropical cyclones (TCs), O3 usually shows a lower concentration inside the eyewall and an elevated concentration around the eye, impacting meteorological as well as chemical variables. To identify the impact of O3 observations on TC structure, including meteorological and chemical information, we developed a coupled meteorology–chemistry DA system by employing the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) and an ensemble-based DA algorithm – the maximum likelihood ensemble filter (MLEF). For a TC case that occurred over East Asia, Typhoon Nabi (2005), our results indicate that the ensemble forecast is reasonable, accompanied with larger background state uncertainty over the TC, and also over eastern China. Similarly, the assimilation of O3 observations impacts meteorological and chemical variables near the TC and over eastern China. The strongest impact on air quality in the lower troposphere was over China, likely due to the pollution advection. In the vicinity of the TC, however, the strongest impact on chemical variables adjustment was at higher levels. The impact on meteorological variables was similar in both over China and near the TC. The analysis results are verified using several measures that include the cost function, root mean square (RMS) error with respect to observations, and degrees of freedom for signal (DFS). All measures indicate a positive impact of DA on the analysis – the cost function and RMS error have decreased by 16.9 and 8.87 %, respectively. In particular, the DFS indicates a strong positive impact of observations in the TC area, with a weaker maximum over northeastern China.
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Varakina, Margarita Igorevna, Elizaveta Sergeevna Trofimova, and Yaroslava Aleksandrovna Levchenko. "Cybercrime and legal support of information security of China in the XX century." Вопросы безопасности, no. 1 (January 2022): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2022.1.37333.
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The legal protection of computer and information systems, prevention and counteraction to cybercrimes becomes a relevant problem for society and the state. In one or another way, the computer-related crimes, infringement of the interests of users, and intentional distribution of false or harmful information, pose a serious threat to the information system security, as well as interests of the state, rights and freedoms of citizens. The dependence of people and society as a whole on computer and information systems is higher with each year. Generation Y cannot imagine their life without digital technologies. Cybercrime (intellectual crime) implies the unauthorized access to computer systems and databases, infliction of damage, and commission of criminal offense via computer. Such crimes are characterized by being difficult to detect, intellectualism, wide variety, duration and serious threat to the society. The scholars distinguish two types of cybercrimes: in the first instance, computer is viewed as the object of crime, while in the second — the instrument of crime. The first case suggest theft of the computer and its parts, hacker attacks and various types of sabotage, spread of computer viruses, etc.; the second case suggests the distribution of pornography and pirated software, Internet fraud for the purpose of embezzlement, as well as money laundering.
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Arrese, Ángel. "The role of economic journalism in political transitions." Journalism 18, no. 3 (July 8, 2016): 368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884915623172.
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Due to its peculiar nature, the economic and financial press, throughout history, has had a particular liberty of action in times of tight media controls imposed by the authorities. Both the type of content that it spreads – technical information useful for markets and businesses – and its limited public visibility – with tiny, but influential, audiences – have facilitated this media’s carte blanche to influence elite public opinion in moments of profound political and economic change. This phenomenon can be analysed in some detail around the processes of the political transitions experienced in many authoritarian and totalitarian regimes in the last third of the 20th century. As discussed in this article, economic publications played an important role in changing the mindset of the ruling classes in Argentina, Spain, Russia, China and South Africa, before and after political changes, during times when freedom of the press was restricted for other media.
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Shao, Zhen. "Impact mechanism of direct supervisor’s leadership behaviors on employees’ extended use of information technologies." Journal of Enterprise Information Management 32, no. 4 (July 3, 2019): 626–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeim-07-2018-0160.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating effect of job autonomy on the relationship between direct supervisor’s transformational leadership behaviors and employees’ extended use of information technologies (IT). In addition, this study considers IT innovativeness as a significant moderator in the research model, in order to examine if the relative influences of leadership behaviors on IT extended use are contingent upon employees’ IT innovativeness. Design/methodology/approach A field survey was conducted in China and empirical data were collected from 299 employees who use IT in support of daily work. Structural equation modeling technique was used to examine the research model and corresponding hypotheses. Findings The empirical results indicate that: three dimensions of transformational leadership, specifically interpersonal consideration, intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation, are significant antecedents of employees’ IT extended use; perceived job autonomy partially mediates the relationships between transformational leadership behaviors and IT extended use; and employees’ IT innovativeness positively moderates the effects of transformational leadership behaviors on IT extended use. Practical implications This study can provide first-line managers with a better understanding of how to stimulate employees to make an extended use of IT by granting them more freedom in job assignments. Furthermore, the managers also need attend to subordinates’ personal IT innovativeness when exhibiting transformational leadership behaviors. Originality/value This study contributes to the extant literature of IT extended use through the lens of transformational leadership and job characteristics theory. In particular, this study identifies the boundary condition of the proposed research model by uncovering the moderating effect of IT innovativeness between transformational leadership behaviors and IT extended use.
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Kaiyrken, Tursynkhan Zakonuly, and Danagul Akhmetkarimkyzy Makhat. "HISTORICAL REASONS OF THE CHINESE KAZAKHS' MIGRATION TO TURKEY AND EUROPE (BASED ON THE SU BEIHAI'S MANUSCRIPT GENERAL HISTORY OF THE KAZAKHS)." EurasianUnionScientists 6, no. 7(76) (August 20, 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.6.76.941.
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The article presents the reasons for the mass migration of the Kazakhs living in the People's Republic of China to foreign countries in 30`s of twentieth century, including India, Pakistan, Turkey and Europe. The study compares, examines, and correlates different data and the facts in Part IV of the comprehensive study by Chinese scholar Su Beihai General History of the Kazakhs, and the reasons, motivation, circumstances, and fate of the relocation were systematically recorded. Su Beihai saw the nomadic Kazakhs passing through Gansu and Qinghai provinces of China and collected a lot of material about them. Previously, due to strict censorship of the history of minorities in the People's Republic of China, the aforementioned four-volume book by Su Beihai, General History of Kazakhs, was banned for publication in China. In this work, the author, as a historian and representative of the ruling nation in the country, gives an objective assessment of the history of Kazakhs who moved from Kumil (Hami) and Barkol regions of Eastern Xinjiang. Unable to bear the national oppression of local Chinese rulers and the violence of communist authorities, people migrated to Eastern Anatolia in search of freedom. This is one of the greatest tragedies in human history, of which little is known until now. Therefore, the data of this period and the role of research on them in revealing historical truth are special. Much of the information we use in this article to uncover the facts of this history is taken from previously unpublished original data from Su Beihai's manuscript. Even today, the problem of minorities in China is not completely solved. Thousands of indigenous people born and raised in Xinjiang still live abroad.
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Lim, S., S. K. Park, and M. Zupanski. "Impact of ozone observations on the structure of a tropical cyclone using coupled atmosphere–chemistry data assimilation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 8 (April 21, 2015): 11573–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-11573-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Since the air quality forecast is related to both chemistry and meteorology, the coupled atmosphere–chemistry data assimilation (DA) system is essential to air quality forecasting. Ozone (O3) plays an important role in chemical reactions and is usually assimilated in chemical DA. In tropical cyclones (TCs), O3 usually shows a lower concentration inside the eyewall and an elevated concentration around the eye, impacting atmospheric as well as chemical variables. To identify the impact of O3 observations on TC structure, including atmospheric and chemical information, we employed the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) with an ensemble-based DA algorithm – the maximum likelihood ensemble filter (MLEF). For a TC case that occurred over the East Asia, our results indicate that the ensemble forecast is reasonable, accompanied with larger background state uncertainty over the TC, and also over eastern China. Similarly, the assimilation of O3 observations impacts atmospheric and chemical variables near the TC and over eastern China. The strongest impact on air quality in the lower troposphere was over China, likely due to the pollution advection. In the vicinity of the TC, however, the strongest impact on chemical variables adjustment was at higher levels. The impact on atmospheric variables was similar in both over China and near the TC. The analysis results are validated using several measures that include the cost function, root-mean-squared error with respect to observations, and degrees of freedom for signal (DFS). All measures indicate a positive impact of DA on the analysis – the cost function and root mean square error have decreased by 16.9 and 8.87%, respectively. In particular, the DFS indicates a strong positive impact of observations in the TC area, with a weaker maximum over northeast China.
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Han, Yangyang, Reidar K. Lie, and Rui Guo. "The Internet Hospital as a Telehealth Model in China: Systematic Search and Content Analysis." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 7 (July 29, 2020): e17995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17995.
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Background The internet hospital is an innovative organizational form and service mode under the tide of internet plus in the Chinese medical industry. It is the product of the interaction between consumer health needs and supply-side reform. However, there has still been no systematic summary of its establishment and definition, nor has there been an analysis of its service content. Objective The primary purpose of this study was to understand the definition, establishment, and development status of internet hospitals. Methods Data on internet hospitals were obtained via the Baidu search engine for results up until January 1, 2019. Based on the results of the search, we obtained more detailed information from the official websites and apps of 130 online hospitals and formed a database for descriptive analysis. Results By January 2019, the number of registered internet hospitals had expanded to approximately 130 in 25 provinces, accounting for 73.5% of all provinces or province-level municipalities in China. Internet hospitals, as a new telehealth model, are distinct but overlap with online health, telemedicine, and mobile medical. They offer four kinds of services—convenience services, online medical services, telemedicine, and related industries. In general, there is an underlying common treatment flowchart of care in ordinary and internet hospitals. There are three different sponsors—government-led integration, hospital-led, and enterprise-led internet hospitals—for which stakeholders have different supporting content and responsibilities. Conclusions Internet hospitals are booming in China, and it is the joint effort of the government and the market to alleviate the coexistence of shortages of medical resources and wasted medical supplies. The origin of internet hospitals in the eastern and western regions, the purpose of the establishment initiator, and the content of online and offline services are different. Only further standardized management and reasonable industry freedom can realize the original intention of the internet hospital of meeting various health needs.
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Guan, David, Ubaldo Comite, Muhammad Safdar Sial, Asma Salman, Boyao Zhang, Stefan B. Gunnlaugsson, Urszula Mentel, and Grzegorz Mentel. "The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources on Financial Development, and Economic Growth: The Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 8033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238033.
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Developing energy from renewable sources and modernizing the energy system are critical components of China’s efforts to combat climate change. Policymakers and authorities have made significant attempts to bring them. However, one of the major impediments to China’s energy revolution is financial limitations, which are inextricably linked to the country’s economic growth. The present research paper intends to investigate the relationship between economic growth and sustainable financial development on the use of energy from renewable sources in both the short and long run in the context of China. To achieve this, the researchers have utilized the panel data consisting of 10 years from 2011 to 2020. When compared to cross-sectional and time-series data samples, the panel data model offers many benefits. For starters, the panel data includes information on the passage of time and the cross-sectional area. Another benefit of using panel-data models with a larger degree of freedom is that they provide more stable and reliable estimates across short periods across cross-sections. In the case of the short run, there is a positive relationship between economic and financial development and the use of energy from renewable sources in the context of all of China. While in the case of long-term effects, the results indicate the adverse impact of financial development on the use of energy from renewable sources in the western regions of China. These results were deduced using the causality test Granger proposed to determine the path of the causal relationship and the direction of the relationship between the variables. These results indicated that the relationship between economic and financial development in east China was unidirectional, and the nature of the underlying relationship was causal. Meanwhile, in east and west China, economic development in China as a whole has been unidirectionally increasing energy from renewable sources. Our empirical findings suggest many strategies for promoting the growth of energy from renewable sources.
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Ruvinskiy, Roman. "The social credit system in China: a model of constitutionalism for the era of crises." Sravnitel noe konstitucionnoe obozrenie 30, no. 3 (2021): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21128/1812-7126-2021-3-63-85.
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This paper focuses on the probable transformative effects of the application of the Chinese Social Credit System and similar projects in the realm of public administration on constitutional rights and freedoms, balances in citizen-state relations, and the model of statehood. The starting point of the research is the assumption that the Social Credit System, despite its specifically national Chinese peculiarities, can be seen as a reflection of a broader tendency towards the use of reputational information, techniques of ranking (grading) and risk management in the process of exercising the state power. To test this hypothesis, the author analyzes the actual experience of the Social Credit System’s introduction in the People’s Republic of China, compares this project with e-government projects, and proposes the umbrella-term of “social-credit mechanisms” to describe procedures and means of social control, based on the permanent collection and analysis of reputation data relating to persons. It is argued in this paper that the introduction of social-credit mechanisms to the practice of public administration ultimately leads to the emergence of a gap between formally enshrined rights and the actual ability to exercise them, between the legal capacity of a person and the ability to realise this capacity in certain legal relations. Examining the prospects of introduction of reputation-based social-credit mechanisms to the public administration, the author notices the probability of discrimination against persons who took a false step. As is demonstrated in the paper, the use of reputation data and social ratings by state authorities may result in the gradual differentiation in quality and scope of public services depending on social ratings (grades) of their addressees. This state of affairs may signify the birth of a new caste society and the end of the principle of equality before the law. According to the conclusions made in the paper, projects akin the Chinese Social Credit System reflect the global tendency towards the formation of a new type of constitutionalism. In the framework of this new constitutionalism the main emphasis will be shifted from citizens’ democratic participation in the execution of state power and the citizenry’s political subjectivity to ensure public safety and social stability. The issue of social-credit mechanisms’ introduction to the process of public administration is de facto an issue between the values of freedom and the values of security — the issue of choosing between political subjectivity and guaranteed biological existence.
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YOU, Xilin, and Paulos HUANG. "The Contemporary Transformation of Educational Mechanism for Knowledge Innovation-Dialogue on Finland's Education and China's General Education." International Journal of Sino-Western Studies 20 (July 13, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.20.106.
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In Finland» the knowledge-in fusing education has been transforming toward the practical-contextual education. The practical-contextual education is the combination of knowledge innovation and education genesis» which motivates the education of specialized knowledge and endows it the energy of knowledge innovation and education genesis» cxpccially while it is facing the chanllcngcs from the electronic information age. The key conditions for the success of Finland system of education arc the two, the pedagogial ideas of holistic development of humanity» and the rcpcscts for teachers in the whole society. On the basis of this, the practical-contextual education with freedom is different from any other pragmatistic education which always view education as some sorts of tools. In comtcmporary China, the construction of innovation system is the crucial direction for modernization» however» it can not be confined in instrumental rationality and the research of specialized fields» it should be expanded as the refomation of social instution and the building of eluture on which the innovation system can rely. General education that provides the cultuaral cultivation and the cognitive structure of liberal creativity for the education of specialized areas» is the crucial considcrarion for the transformation from instrumental rationality to holistic development of people. At the same time»it contains the fundamental motivation for the innovation in the future China.
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Kozyreva, Anna, Galina Rustikova, Tatiana Pirozhkova, Valentin Shelmenkov, and Alexey Belyavskiy. "Legal support of information security of the individual in the conditions of digital transformation of society." SHS Web of Conferences 134 (2022): 00043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400043.
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The article considers a comprehensive legal approach to ensuring the information security of the individual in the context of the digital transformation of public relations affecting the spheres of education, obtaining public services, including in the administration of justice, as well as the digitalization of the legal profession. The process of creating the Concept of ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the digital space of the Russian Federation, as well as the need for the objective use of personal data in the identification of a person in the information and communication environment, is investigated. An actual international problem is to ensure the information security of the individual in the implementation of rights and freedoms that allow using information and communication technologies to communicate, to obtain relevant and reliable information that affects almost all aspects of life. The experience of various countries, such as China, England, France, in determining approaches to the legal support of information security of the individual, is considered.
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Huang, Haifeng, Serra Boranbay-Akan, and Ling Huang. "Media, Protest Diffusion, and Authoritarian Resilience." Political Science Research and Methods 7, no. 1 (June 13, 2016): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2016.25.
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Do authoritarian governments always censor news about protests to prevent unrest from spreading? Existing research on authoritarian politics stresses the danger that information spread within the society poses for a regime. In particular, media and Internet reports of social unrest are deemed to threaten authoritarian rule, as such reports may incite more protests and thus spread instability. We show that such reasoning is incomplete if social protests are targeted at local officials. Allowing media the freedom to report local protests may indeed lead to protest diffusion, but the increased probability of citizen protest also has two potential benefits for the regime: (1) identifying and addressing more social grievances, thus releasing potential revolutionary pressure on the regime; (2) forcing local officials to reduce misbehavior, thus reducing underlying social grievances. For authoritarian governments whose survival is vulnerable to citizen grievances, allowing the media to report social protests aimed at local governments can therefore enhance regime stability and protect its interests under many circumstances. We construct a game-theoretic model to analyze the problem and illustrate the argument with examples from China.
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Ozerova, A. S. "Criminal Law Protection of Personal Information in China in the context of Social Credit System Formation." Actual Problems of Russian Law 17, no. 5 (April 19, 2022): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.138.5.196-206.
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The paper analyzes the norms of criminal law, which enshrined the protection of personal information in the PRC. The tendencies of law enforcement practice in criminal cases, the subject of which are personal data, are being studied. Increased criminal law protection of personal information of Chinese citizens is due to the emergence of a social credit system. The paper discusses the features of the functioning of the social credit system, as well as the impact of this system on the rights and freedoms of the individual in the context of digitalization. Interest in the system under consideration is due to the significant influence exerted by the PRC on the formation of the legal culture of other countries. The author concludes that a significant degree of state intrusion into the private space of citizens correlates with effective measures to protect personal information. The Chinese case shows the desire of the state to protect the personal data of citizens, including through criminal law means. At the same time, cases of law enforcement are becoming more common, especially in criminal law.
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Wang, Jian, Xu Liu, Wen Li, Fei Liu, and Craig Hancock. "Time–Frequency Extraction Model Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Hilbert–Huang Transform for Offshore Oil Platforms Using MIMU Data." Symmetry 13, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 1443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081443.
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Time–frequency extraction is a key issue to understand structural symmetry of dynamic responses of offshore oil platforms for early warning during drilling operations. Current popular methods for signal characteristics extraction can only obtain the attributes with a single dimension or poor precision. To solve this, a combined Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) and variational mode decomposition (VMD) method is proposed to extract multidimensional dynamic response characteristics of time, frequency, and energy of offshore oil platforms. Based on the extracted time–frequency–energy information, the frequency-domain integration approach (FDIA) can be applied to calculate the displacement using accelerometer in the micro inertial measurement unit (MIMU). A complementary filtering algorithm was designed to measure the torsion angle of platforms using six degrees of freedom data from the MIMU to obtain the torsion angle information. The performance of the proposed method was validated using a series of simulation shaking-table tests and a field test conducted on an offshore oil platform at Dongying City, Shandong Province, China. During the field test, seven out of eight collisions were detected in the frequency range 5 Hz to 12 Hz. The intensity of the fifth collision was the highest, and the maximum displacement obtained by the accelerometer was 6 mm. In addition, the results show a correlation between the axes of the accelerometer and gyroscope, and their combination can measure a torsion angle up to 1.1°.
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Suryandari, Ratih. "Impact of Stigma and Community Behavior on Covid-19 Survivors: Literature Review." Muhammadiyah International Public Health and Medicine Proceeding 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53947/miphmp.v1i1.134.
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Coronavirus disease or Covid-19 is a viral infection that was first discovered in Wuhan City, China at the end of 2019. The rapid spread of the disease, the absence of a cure, accompanied by a flood of information through social media, not all of which can be trusted have caused a stigma for people related to Covid-19. The study aims to determine the impact of stigma and community behavior on Covid-19 survivors. The research method uses a literature review, searching for data sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, Proquest, and Ebsco from March-May 2021. Data analysis was carried out descriptively. The results show that there is an increasing number of reports of public stigmatization of survivors from various environments such as family and work. Stigma arises in social behavior such as ostracizing survivors, refusing and ostracizing people who move from one area to another, ostracizing medical personnel who work in hospitals, refusing corpses because they are considered to have a virus that can be transmitted. Based on these observations, the authors conclude that the freedom of the media in presenting news to give different opinions to everyone, the lack of health educators, the number of hoax news that spread, and the different policies of the central and regional governments that make it difficult to control disease and have an impact on Covid-19 survivors in Indonesia. . rejected the corpse because it was considered that there was still a virus that could be transmitted. Based on these observations, the authors conclude that the freedom of the media in presenting news to give different opinions to everyone, the lack of health educators, the number of hoax news that spread, and the different policies of the central and regional governments that make it difficult to control disease and have an impact on Covid-19 survivors in Indonesia. . rejected the corpse because it was considered that there was still a virus that could be transmitted. Based on these observations, the authors conclude that the freedom of the media in presenting news to give different opinions to everyone, the lack of health educators, the number of hoax news that spread, and the different policies of the central and regional governments that make it difficult to control disease and have an impact on Covid-19 survivors in Indonesia.
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Gu, Haoran, Yuhuan Zhang, Cheng Fan, Zhengqiang Li, Weizhen Hou, Zhenhai Liu, Yisong Xie, Hua Xu, Luo Zhang, and Jinji Ma. "A Comprehensive Analysis of Ultraviolet Remote Sensing for Aerosol Layer Height Retrieval from Multi-Angle Polarization Satellite Measurements." Remote Sensing 14, no. 24 (December 10, 2022): 6258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246258.
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Based on the optimal estimation (OE) theory and information content analysis method, we discuss the ability to include the multi-angle satellite ultraviolet polarization channel to retrieve the aerosol layer height (ALH) for ten typical aerosol types in the China region. We also quantitatively evaluate the effects of polarization measurements and the number of viewing angles on ALH retrieval under different conditions (aerosol model, aerosol optical depth, etc.). By comparing the different degree of freedom for signal (DFS) results of ALH caused by the theoretical retrieval error changes in different microphysical parameters in the aerosol and surface model, we identify the key factors affecting ALH retrieval. The results show that the extended ultraviolet band provides important information for ALH retrieval and is closely related to the scattering and absorption characteristics of aerosol models. The polarization measurements in fine mode reduce the posterior error of ALH retrieval by 6%–39%; however, this is relatively small for coarse mode. In particular, when it is applied to the transported dust and background dust aerosol types, the posterior error is only reduced by 1%–8% after adding polarization measurements. For these two aerosol types with weak absorption at the ultraviolet band, increasing the number of angles observed in addition to increasing the polarization channel will more effectively improve ALH inversion. Compared with other aerosol and surface model parameters, the retrieval errors for the total volume column, effective variance, real part of the complex refractive index, and surface reflectance are the main factors affecting ALH retrieval. Therefore, reducing the theoretical retrieval error of these parameters will be helpful.
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Jiang, Wenbin. "3-D joint inversion of seismic waveform and airborne gravity gradiometry data." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 2 (June 17, 2020): 746–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa296.
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SUMMARY Seismic full waveform inversion (FWI) is a robust velocity model building technique for hydrocarbon exploration. However, the density reconstruction within the framework of multiparameter FWI leads to more degrees of freedom in the parametrization, and the sensitivity of the inversion change significantly from velocity to density, thereby increasing the ill-posedness of the inverse problem. Gravity gradiometry data inversion is an effective method for resolving density distribution. Combining gravity gradiometry data in FWI could alleviate the non-linearity of the inversion by contributing additional density information for the velocity model building. I develop a 3-D joint seismic waveform and gravity gradiometry inversion method for estimating the velocity and density distribution in the subsurface. The method alternatingly minimizes the waveform and gravity gradiometry misfit. The cross-gradient constraint is applied to enhance the structural similarity between the density and velocity models. The effectiveness of the joint inversion algorithm is demonstrated by a 3-D checkerboard model and 3-D SEAM model. Synthetic examples demonstrate that the joint inversion can improve the image quality in geologically complex areas. A case study from the South China Sea shows that the joint inversion improves the velocity and density solutions compared to a standalone seismic FWI. The joint inversion results are consistent with the pre-stack depth migration section and the shape of the salt body is well resolved.
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Kassenov, Farkhad. "About the specificity of the impact of communicative technological innovations on political processes in the Republic of Kazakhstan." Adam alemi 88, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2021.2/1999-5849.10.
Full textAbstract:
A complex of various technological innovations, which, first of all, have information and communication content, among which it is necessary to mention news and analytical Internet portals, messengers like Whatsapp, hybrid and convergent media tools such as Telegram and Facebook, video hosting and editing services (Youtube and TikTok), streaming platforms, and numerous other technological solutions have a great impact on political processes in Central Asia, transforming them and reformatting them. Their influence is most pronounced in Kazakhstan, for a number of reasons, among which a higher standard of living of the population and, accordingly, the paying capacity of the audience, the depth of Internet penetration, the development of the communication sphere, etc. In this regard, the situation in Kazakhstan presented to be largely as a model for the entire region of Central Asia. The impact of communicative technological innovations in the Republic of Kazakhstan is manifested through the intensification of socio-political processes, the restructuring of society, through the emergence of new groups of influence, as well as the creation of dialogue and discussion platforms, often of an informal plan, which contribute both to the unification and differentiation of the social organism. This gives rise to various dilemmas in the choice of state approaches to the use of communicative technological innovations, which is expressed both in encouraging the development of the information and communication sphere, and in attempts to limit civic activity if it goes through the channels of new means of communication. The author suggests that in the coming years, the impact of communicative technological innovations on political processes in Kazakhstan will be under the sign of the two indicated contradictory tendencies (striving for freedom and control), especially considering the neighborhood with the two powers, China and the Russian Federation, with their predominantly repressive logic of interaction state with society.
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Lobach, Dmitry V., and Evgenia A. Smirnova. "ПОЛИТИКО-ПРАВОВЫЕ МЕРЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ КИБЕРБЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В КИТАЙСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ." Азиатско-Тихоокеанский регион: экономика, политика, право 54, no. 1 (2020): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1813-3274/2020-1/118-130.
Full textAbstract:
В статье анализируется китайский опыт обеспечения кибербезопасности за последние 20 лет. Отмечается, что за два прошедших десятилетия Китайская Народная Республика предприняла ряд последовательных шагов политико-правового характера в направлении обеспечения кибербезопасности в условиях новых и нарождающихся угроз. Особое внимание в контексте изучения правового механизма обеспечения кибербезопасности уделено изучению специальных нормативных положений Закона КНР о борьбе с терроризмом от 1 января 2016 г. и Закона о кибербезопасности КНР от 7 ноября 2016 г. Закон КНР о борьбе с терроризмом регламентирует ряд специальных мер, направленных на ограничение прав и свобод, связанных с получением и распространением информации определённого содержания. В частности, это проявляется в установлении запрета на распространение взглядов и идей, которые противоречат официальной позиции властей во время чрезвычайной ситуации, и контроля над интернетом, радио и телекоммуникациями в условиях ликвидации последствий совершённого террористического акта. Закон о кибербезопасности КНР регламентирует общие обязательства для трёх категорий субъектов, к которым предъявляются особые требования по обеспечению информационной безопасности. К таковым субъектам относятся сетевые операторы (network operators), операторы критически важной информационной инфраструктуры (critical information infrastructure operators, CII Operators) и поставщики сетевых продуктов и услуг. В статье отмечается, что КНР проводит также политику в установлении и совершенствовании стандартов сетевой безопасности, которые представляют собой минимальные требования к качеству защищённости шифрования, персональных данных, важной информации, безопасных и контролируемых продуктов и услуг, многоуровневых схем безопасности, объектов критически важной информационной инфраструктуры и трансграничной передачи данных. Обосновывается вывод о том, что, хотя КНР и предприняла последовательные шаги в политико-правовом обеспечении кибербезопасности, однако в законе имеются положения, вызывающие нарекания с позиции несовершенства юридической техники и вероятного ущемления интересов третьих лиц. The article analyzed the Chinese experience in ensuring cybersecurity over the past 20 years. Over the past two decades, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has taken a number of successive political and legal steps towards ensuring cybersecurity in the face of new and emerging threats. Particular attention has been focused on the study of special regulations of the Suppression of Terrorism Law of the PRC of January 1, 2016 and the Cybersecurity Law of the PRC of November 7, 2016. The Suppression of Terrorism Law of the PRC regulates a number of special measures aimed at restriction of rights and freedoms associated with the receipt and dissemination of information of a certain content. In particular, this is manifested in the establishment of a ban on the dissemination of views and ideas that contradict the official position of the authorities during an emergency, and control over the Internet, radio and telecommunications in the context of eliminating the consequences of a terrorist act. The Cybersecurity Law of the PRC regulates general obligations for three categories of entities, which are required to meet special requirements for ensuring information security. These entities include network operators, critical information infrastructure operators (CII Operators), and network product and service providers. The article has noted that the PRC is also pursuing a policy of establishing and improving network security standards, which are the minimum requirements for the quality of encryption security, personal data, important information, safe and controlled products and services, multi-level security schemes, objects of critical information infrastructure and cross-border data transfer. The conclusion is substantiated that, although the PRC has taken successive steps in providing political and legal support for cybersecurity, the law contains provisions that cause criticism from the point of view of imperfection of legal technology and the possible infringement of the interests of third parties.
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Hildebrand, Maciej, and Łukasz Nowak. "Measurement of Temperature Distribution Within Steel Box Girder of Vistula River Bridge in Central Europe." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 15, no. 4 (September 28, 2020): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2020-15.495.
Full textAbstract:
Uneven temperature distribution in a structural element constitutes one of its load factors. Temperature fields occurring in structural elements lead to stresses and strains. The values of internal stresses are directly related to temperature distribution and degree of freedom for element deformation. The best way to get information about temperature distribution in an element is to take measurements on a real object. Such measurements have been run or are still taken over decades in various parts of the world, e.g. in Western Europe, USA, China, South America. In a number of cases, such examinations were carried out for objects constructed in warm or hot climate. It is a lot harder to find the results of measurements made in the countries with moderate and transitional climate, like in the Central or East-Central Europe. This paper presents measurement methodology and results gained for a large steel bridge located in the East European Plain, about 52.5° N northern latitude. Permanently installed contact sensors, temporary sensors, as well as pyrometry and thermography were used. An attempt was made to determine temperature distribution in a steel box girder of a bridge using thermovision technique. Approximate temperature distribution patterns in the main span girder were determined from thermal photographs taken. The most important results of examinations are the images of temperature fields in the main span girder related to solar radiation that first and foremost directly affects the bridge deck.