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1

Treadwell, Greg. "Freedom of information. What were they thinking?" Back Story Journal of New Zealand Art, Media & Design History, no. 8 (December 1, 2020): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/backstory.vi8.55.

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“The right to know is the right to live.”Aruna Roy (1946— ), Indian social activist Ongoing dissatisfaction among information requesters, including journalists, has discredited the early and partially heroic narratives of the Aotearoa New Zealand freedom-of-information (FOI) regime. The revolutionary and celebrated Official Information Act 1982 (OIA 1982) has remained virtually unchanged since its inception, despite ongoing calls for reform. This article examines why the OIA 1982 was so transformative, calling on the literature and two thematic analyses of historic parliamentary debates as it explores the thinking of the time and historicises the moment lawmakers cemented in statute notions of an open society. All media rely on this law, and the idea of FOI behind it, to be able to flourish, even if some are more acutely aware of that than others. All media practitioners, from journalists to filmmakers, benefit from the informed social discourse that results from FOI. To explore its failings in Aotearoa New Zealand today and, indeed, to start to imagine remedies, this research argues an important first step is to better understand the thinking of the time.
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Moon, Danielle. "Freedom of information: User pays (and still faces delays)." Alternative Law Journal 43, no. 3 (August 16, 2018): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x18787297.

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This article considers freedom of information in Australia and examines some of the practical barriers to access that persist following the 2009–2010 changes to the Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth). It considers, by way of case study, the issues of practical refusal, charges and delays, and draws a brief comparison with UK law and practice. It concludes that the current model in Australia must change if greater transparency is to result.
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Goode, Lawrence J., and Douglas R. Williams. "Developments under the Freedom of Information Act: 1985." Duke Law Journal 1986, no. 2 (April 1986): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1372356.

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4

Krupicka, Lisa A., and Mary E. LaFrance. "Developments under the Freedom of Information Act: 1984." Duke Law Journal 1985, no. 3/4 (June 1985): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1372377.

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Ikhsan, Muhammad Izwan, and Lenny James Matah. "Enacting Freedom of Information Act in Malaysia: A Cost-Benefit Analysis." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): e001297. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i2.1297.

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Freedom of information (FOI) refers to the right given to the public to seek information from government bodies. In Malaysia, to date, there is no federal legislation on the right to information. The system of official secrecy under the Official Secrets Act 1972 is the default system of information access. This paper aims to discuss the current constitutional setup, information disclosure system in Malaysia and the cost-benefit analysis of enacting the Freedom of Information Act at the Federal level. This article uses content analysis methods of previous literature, courts’ judgements, and statutory interpretation. This article also studies the international paradigm of FOI in various human rights instruments. This article concludes that the arguments favouring enacting the FOI law outweigh the contentions against such regulation.
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6

Ardalich, Nadia. "Information: a valuable resource in managing health, safety, and the environment in the offshore petroleum industry." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12104.

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The National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA) is charged with promoting occupational health and safety and responsible environmental management in the offshore petroleum industry and ensuring industry compliance with the relevant commonwealth legislation. For NOPSEMA to exercise these functions effectively and transparently, sharing information through industry experience is integral. Although NOPSEMA already publishes widely–including guidance material, industry performance data, and safety alerts–it is working towards increasing publication of more detailed and specific industry information, such as enforcement notices. Government regulators publishing industry information of this kind is not new in Australia or overseas and is often used by regulators as a tool for promoting industry compliance. Communicating and sharing information with industry and the public are important activities of governments. Information sharing can expand knowledge, enable innovation, enhance government accountability and transparency, and even save lives by learning from others' experiences. Recently, the Australian Government has shown a deeper commitment through changes to the Freedom of Information Act 1982, making government information more accessible and open to the public. This extended abstract discusses the benefits of increasing publication of industry information to promote NOPSEMA's functions and objectives for delivering a safe and environmentally responsible offshore petroleum industry.
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7

Thuraisingam, Shanthi, Lynn Riddell, Kay Cook, and Mark Lawrence. "The politics of developing reference standards for nutrient intakes: the case of Australia and New Zealand." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 9 (September 2009): 1531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898000800459x.

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AbstractObjectiveNutrient Reference Values (NRV) are evidence-based benchmarks for assessing the dietary adequacy of individuals and population groups as well as informing public health nutrition policies and programmes. The present paper presents the findings of an analysis of the views of submitters to a draft document associated with the development of the 2006 NRV for Australia and New Zealand. The aim of the study was to explore how these views were reflected in the policy-making process and final policy document.DesignThe information necessary to fulfil this aim required access to stakeholder submissions to the NRV development process and this necessitated exploiting the provisions of the Commonwealth of Australia’s Freedom of Information (FOI) Act 1982. We understand that the present research represents the first time that an FOI request seeking information about a National Health and Medical Research Council food and nutrition policy process has been made and therefore is novel in its approach to public health nutrition policy analysis.ResultsThe analysis of stakeholder submissions identified that stakeholders had particular concerns about the conduct of the review process and the future application of the nutrient values to policy and programmes. There is a lack of evidence that the majority of stakeholder comments were addressed in the final NRV document.ConclusionAlthough these findings cannot be interpreted to assess the validity or otherwise of the set nutrient values, they do raise questions about the process for their development and the adequacy of the final document to reflect the views of key stakeholders.
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8

Brown, Archie. "The Change to Engagement in Britain's Cold War Policy: The Origins of the Thatcher-Gorbachev Relationship." Journal of Cold War Studies 10, no. 3 (July 2008): 3–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2008.10.3.3.

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Using previously unseen British Cabinet Office and Foreign Office papers obtained through the UK Freedom of Information Act, this article shows how a change in Britain's stance in the Cold War was initiated in 1983. As a result of this process, the British government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher decided to move to greater engagement with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Distrusting the Foreign Office as an institution, Thatcher asked for papers from eight outside academic specialists, on whose analyses she placed considerable weight. The desire for East-West dialogue was strongly favored by Foreign Office ministers and officials, whose advice, paradoxically, was more readily accepted by Thatcher when similar policy recommendations (though with some differences in analysis) were made by the academics. The invitation to Mikhail Gorbachev to visit Britain in 1984, prior to his becoming leader of the Soviet Union, had its origins in a Chequers seminar involving both academics and officials on 8–9 September 1983. This was the beginning of an important, and surprising, political relationship that transformed Britain's militantly anti-socialist prime minister into the strongest supporter—certainly among conservative politicians worldwide—of the new leader of the Soviet Communist Party.
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Sribreindranis, S., and P. Govinduraju. "Freedom of the Media in Sri Lanka: A Study." Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.1.1540.

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Media freedom has never been consistent in Sri Lanka. Different regimes used legal and constitutional means to control the media from public debates and criticisms. The Constitution of Sri Lanka does not specifically mention the freedom of the media. Freedom of the Media is implied from the Article 14(1) (a) of the Constitution. However this right is subject to restrictions under sub-clause, whereby this freedom can be restricted for reasons of sovereignty and integrity of Sri Lanka, the security of the Country, Parliamentary privileges, public order, Emergency Regulations, relation to contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to an offense and Official Secrets Acts. As per the Press Council, the freedom of the journalist is an ordinary part of the freedom of the subjects and to whatever length, the subject in general may go, so also may the journalist, but apart from statute this privilege is no other and no higher. The range of his assertions, his criticisms or his comments is as wide as and no wider than that of any other subject. The Preamble of the Sri Lankan Constitution ensures to all its citizens the liberty of expression. Freedom of the media has been included as part of freedom of speech and expression under the Article 14 of the UDHR. The heart of the Article14 says that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. In view of the above, Right of Information Act 2016 is a milestone in the guest for building an informed and prosperous society .As this overview of Sri Lankan media Laws show, their social media enjoy a wide range of legal rights. This study focuses on Judgments of the cases on Joseph Perera v Attorney General, Visuvalingam v Liyanage and Fernando v Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation were delivered under the 1972 Republican Constitution, they continued to remain valid precedents even under the Current Constitution of 1978. It was an Important and far – reaching Judgment. This paper is a critical analysis of the Sri Lankan concept of Freedom of the media and how it is related to the concept of expression in Constitution of Sri Lanka. The judicial view in this context has also been studied.
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Hashim, Noreha. "Government Secrecy and Security Classifications in the Context of Integrity Management in Malaysia." Journal of Governance and Development (JGD) 16, Number 1 (June 30, 2020): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jgd2020.16.1.6.

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Secrecy in government is almost always perceived as being antithetical to accountability and transparency in the conduct of democratic government. However, it is undisputable that government secrecy is practiced the world over because it is indispensable to state security, international relations, public and personal interests. Hence, democratic governments must perform a delicate balancing act between openness and confidentiality in the handling of official information. Indeed, effective governance requires various legal regimes that control government information through security classifications and impose punishments on offenders. This paper aims to address the dearth of research on government secrecy and security classifications in the context of integrity management in Malaysia. Integrity management encompasses not only the exercise of moral values by public institutions and officials but also the integrity of processes and procedures that uphold the integrity of governance. This exploratory research uses qualitative content analysis of data gathered from official government publications and websites, relevant documents and course notes, as well as interviews and correspondence with field experts. The inferences derived from themes and categories generated have resulted in several important findings. First, the 1972 Official Secrets Act (OSA) plays a significant role as part of a plethora of statutes and ethical codes that are indispensable to upholding government integrity. Second, weaknesses in balancing between openness and confidentiality when handling official information are attributed to organizational failure, public officials’ lack of ethical values, comprehension and training. The challenge is to ensure that the OSA is not used for cover-ups of corruption, ethical misconducts and administrative transgressions while the proposed Freedom of Information Act does not lead to a culture of blaming and mistrust that could lead to the paralysis of government and governance.
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11

Esselstrom, Erik. "From Wartime Friend to Cold War Fiend: The Abduction of Kaji Wataru and U.S.-Japan Relations at Occupation's End." Journal of Cold War Studies 17, no. 3 (July 2015): 159–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00564.

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This article examines archival evidence related to the abduction and interrogation of the leftwing Japanese writer Kaji Wataru by U.S. military intelligence operatives in Tokyo in the early 1950s. The detention of Kaji became a cause célèbre in December 1952 when he publicly claimed that he had been seized in November 1951 and held against his will until late 1952, some seven months beyond the formal end of the U.S. occupation. Kaji said that U.S. officials had accused him of being a Soviet spy, but he denied those charges vehemently. As both sides presented vastly different versions of what had transpired during Kaji's captivity, the truth of the case became enshrouded within the politics of the early Cold War in East Asia. By exploring the Kaji affair through available archival sources, including two important documents released in 2013 in response to a Freedom of Information Act petition, this article casts new light on the incident and connects it to broader interpretive themes in early postwar U.S-Japan relations.
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12

Ashmore, Russell, and Neil Carver. "Section 5(4) of the Mental Health Act 1983: a review of local policy and guidance in England and Wales." Mental Health Review Journal 21, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mhrj-05-2015-0017.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review policy or guidance on the implementation of Section 5(4) written by NHS mental health trusts in England and health boards in Wales. Design/methodology/approach – A Freedom of Information request was submitted to all trusts in England (n=57) and health boards in Wales (n=7) asking them to provide a copy of any policy or guidance on the implementation of Section 5(4). Documents were analysed using content analysis. Specific attention was given to any deviations from the national Mental Health Act Codes of Practice. Findings – In total, 41 (67.2 per cent) organisations had a policy on the implementation of Section 5(4). There was a high level of consistency between local guidance and the Mental Health Act Codes of Practice. There were however; different interpretations of the guidance and errors that could lead to misuse of the section. Some policies contained useful guidance that could be adopted by future versions of the national Codes of Practice. Research limitations/implications – The research has demonstrated the value of examining the relationship between national and local guidance. Further research should be undertaken on the frequency and reasons for any reuse of the section. Practical implications – Greater attention should be given to considering the necessity of local policy, given the existence of national Codes of Practice. Originality/value – This is the only research examining the policy framework for the implementation of Section 5(4).
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13

Hagen Sataslaatten, Olav. "The Norwegian Noark Model requirements for EDRMS in the context of open government and access to governmental information." Records Management Journal 24, no. 3 (November 11, 2014): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rmj-09-2014-0041.

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Purpose – This article aims to analyze the relationship between the Norwegian Noark Standard and the concepts of Open Government and Freedom of Information (FOI). Noark is the Norwegian model requirements for Electronic Documents and Records Management Systems (EDRMS). It was introduced in 1984, making it not only the world’s first model requirement for EDRMS but also, through the introduction of versions from Noark 1 to the present Noark 5, internationally the model requirement with the longest continuation of implementation. Design/methodology/approach – To better understand the technical outline and functionality of the Noark Model requirements, it is necessary to see the connection to the wider framework of the Norwegian governance legislation and its FOI Act (Norway, Freedom of Information Act, 2006) on the right of access to documents held by the public administration and public undertakings. FOI is the foundation on which the Norwegian Open Government platform (OEP) rests, as it aims to increase openness and transparency in the Norwegian society. Being one of the first national initiatives to incorporate in a single platform an up-to-date nationwide registry of metadata deriving from the EDRMS of the governmental sector, OEP is a model which could have relevance in open government settings also outside of Norway. Findings – Non-fixity and randomness in the registering of metadata decrease the possibility of systematic search and systematic retrieval, since search within records presumably requires a combination of two or more sets of metadata. Context is a crucial component in information retrieval from records, and no records contain only one metadata element. With few exceptions, a record relates to another record, and the relation between the two of them is in itself a set of metadata. If the metadata relating the two records does not follow a standardized format, retrieval possibilities will remain random. The unpredictability following inadequate search results will decrease the credibility and the trust factor which should lie imminent within the information system. The absence of adequate search results will lead to an immediate decrease in the public’s perception of the system being valid or relevant as a trusted source of information. If metadata within a governmental agency is known to be subject to non-authorised alterations, deletion on changes, trust in the authenticity and integrity of the information provided from the agency will decrease significantly. This subsequently decreases predictability in the retrieval of information within the EDRMS. The parameters securing non-alteration of metadata once locked in the Noark-compliant EDRMS, may be measured against the absence of the same in any system being compared. Originality/value – An adequate analysis describing the principles of trust embedded in the weekly or daily dissemination of metadata from the Noark databases to the OEP somehow has to explain certain parameters. These parameters within the Noark requirements eliminate the possibility of unauthorised deletion, alteration or manipulation of metadata and documents in the databases of the governmental organisations. The combination of parameters also creates context. The metadata transferred from the Noark systems to the OEP platform may never have been stored within a trusted digital repository. Transfer to the OEP happens weekly, whilst transfer to the repository of The National Archives is performed far less seldom – perhaps every tenth year. The contents of the Noark-based systems are not stored in trusted digital repositories in the governmental agencies, but remain part of the ordinary grid of servers and databases.
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Frankel, Maurice. "Freedom of Information Act." International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 12, no. 1 (March 1998): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869855595.

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Schmidt, Richard M., and Robert Clifton Burns. "The Freedom of Information Act." Journal of Library Administration 7, no. 4 (June 11, 1987): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j111v07n04_02.

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Dow, John. "The Freedom of Information Act." Journal of Integrated Care 13, no. 2 (April 2005): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14769018200500015.

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17

Londman, Ruth H. "The US Freedom of Information Act." Anthropology News 32, no. 7 (October 1991): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.1991.32.7.25.

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Turle, Marcus, and Vicky Hordern. "Introduction to freedom of Information Act." Computer Law & Security Review 21, no. 5 (January 2005): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2005.08.007.

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19

Feinberg, Lotte E., Harold C. Relyea, John E. Moss, John N. Erlenborn, Orrin G. Hatch, Glenn English, Charles W. Hinkle, Scott Armstrong, and Tonda Rush. "The Freedom of Information Act: A Collage." Public Administration Review 46, no. 6 (November 1986): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/976226.

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Williams, Jerry R. "Misuse of the Freedom of Information Act." Science 235, no. 4785 (January 9, 1987): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4785.144-a.

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WILLIAMS, J. R. "Misuse of the Freedom of Information Act." Science 235, no. 4785 (January 9, 1987): 144a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4785.144a.

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Mossa, Alexandra Florecita Adja. "Criminal Liability Policy Of Persons With Mental Disorders In Case Spreading Racial Issues." Ius Poenale 3, no. 2 (November 8, 2022): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/ip.v3i2.2727.

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Freedom of expression is stated in Article 28E of the 1945 Constitution. However, in law enforcement, it obeys laws and norms that do not use law as a source of law in its enforcement. The normative legal research method uses a case approach and a statutory approach. Sources of data used are primary data obtained from interviews and secondary data obtained by collecting data contained in books, papers, journals, print or electronic media and laws and regulations relating to the existing problems are studied and analyzed which is then called as legal material. The data that has been obtained is then analyzed. The data analysis used is qualitative analysis. Based on the results of research and discussion in the case decision Number: 8/Pid.Sus/2019/PN.Srg, the judge decided that the defendant was legally and convincingly proven guilty and was threatened with a criminal sentence in Article 28 paragraph (2) in conjunction with Article 45A paragraph (2) Act. Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code and other relevant laws and regulations. Criminal liability for defendants with mental disorders in Article 44 of the Criminal Code which stipulates if the criminal acts committed by the perpetrator cannot be held accountable, due to a mental disability during growth or mental disorders, so that his mind or soul is disturbed due to diseases such as mental disorders, psychosis, and mental disorders. etc. The condition of the defendant is said that the defendant is not legally competent as referred to in Article 32 of Law no. 8 of 2016 regarding disability and there is no sense of justice for the perpetrators.
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23

Cameron*, Jamie. "Compelling Freedom on Campus: A Free Speech Paradox." Constitutional Forum / Forum constitutionnel 29, no. 2 (April 3, 2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21991/cf29395.

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In 1985, it was largely unknown how the Supreme Court of Canada would respond to the Charter.1 At first glance, a drugstore’s right to be open for business on Sunday, selling groceries, plastic cups, and a bicycle lock, seemed an unlikely source of inspiration for the Court’s first pronouncement on the essence of freedom. Perhaps unexpectedly, the justices enforced the entitlement, finding that a Sunday closing law compelling a corporation to comply with the Christian Sabbath infringed section 2(a)’s guarantee of religious freedom.2 In doing so, R v Big M Drug Mart defined freedom as “the absence of coercion or constraint,” stating without equivocation that no one who is compelled “to a course of action or inaction” is “truly free”.3 In Justice Dickson’s considered view, coercion includes “blatant forms of compulsion”, such as “direct commands to act or refrain from acting on pain of sanctions”, as well as forms of indirect control.4 In plain and unmistakeable terms, Big M promised that, under the Charter, “no one is to be forced to act in a way contrary to his beliefs or conscience”.5 * Professor Emeritus, Osgoode Hall Law School. I thank Kate Bezanson and Alison Braley-Rattai for includingme in this special issue of Constitutional Forum, and am grateful to Kate Bezanson for her comments onan earlier draft. I also thank Ryan Ng (JD 2021) for his valuable research assistance in the preparation ofthis paper. Finally, I note that I was a member of York University’s Free Speech Working Group in fall 2018.This paper does not in any way express the views of York University or the Working Group, which has longsince disbanded. 1Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s 2(a), Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11 [Charter].2R v Big M Drug Mart, [1985] 1 SCR 295, 18 DLR (4th) 321 [Big M].3Ibid at 336.4Ibid.5 Ibid at 337.
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Condliffe, Anna. "Freedom of Information: Exemptions for Confidential Information." Business Law Review 28, Issue 7 (July 1, 2007): 206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2007034.

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The Information Tribunal has ruled in Derry City Council v The Information Commissioner that contracts are not protected by Freedom of Information Act exemption for confidential information. The case and this article provide important guidance on the scope of the exemptions for con.dential and commercially sensitive information.
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Feinberg, Lotte E. "Managing the Freedom of Information Act and Federal Information Policy." Public Administration Review 46, no. 6 (November 1986): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/976227.

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26

Svärd, Proscovia. "Freedom of information laws and information access." Information Development 33, no. 2 (July 9, 2016): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666916642829.

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Sierra Leone was engulfed in a destructive civil war between 1991 and 2002. The civil war was partly caused by the non-accountability of the government, endemic corruption, misrule and the mismanagement of the country’s resources. Efforts have been made by the country, with the help of the international community, to embrace a democratic dispensation. To demonstrate its commitment to the democratization agenda, Sierra Leone passed the Right to Access Information (RAI) Act in 2013. The Act guarantees access to government information and also imposes a penalty on failure to make information available. However, Sierra Leone’s state institutions are still weak due to mismanagement and lack of transparency and accountability. Freedom of expression and access to information are cornerstones of modern democracies. Public information/records are a means of power that governments and other political institutions use to exercise control over citizens, but are also a means of citizens’ empowerment. Through access to government information/records, media can play their watchdog role and people can assess the performance of governments and hold them accountable. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the fact that it is not enough to enact freedom of information laws (FOIs) if there is no political will to make government information accessible, an information management infrastructure to facilitate the creation, capture, management, dissemination, preservation and re-use of government information and investments in civil education to promote an information culture that appreciates information as a resource that underpins accountability and transparency.
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Beesley, Susan L., and Theresa A. Newman Glover. "Developments under the Freedom of Information Act: 1986." Duke Law Journal 1987, no. 3 (June 1987): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1372566.

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Waldron, Gerard J., and Jeff A. Israel. "Developments under the Freedom of Information Act: 1988." Duke Law Journal 1989, no. 3 (June 1989): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1372582.

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Benecki, Maria H. "Developments under the Freedom of Information Act: 1987." Duke Law Journal 1988, no. 2/3 (April 1988): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1372687.

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Wilborn, S. Elizabeth. "Developments under the Freedom of Information Act: 1989." Duke Law Journal 1990, no. 5 (November 1990): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1372740.

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Lowe, Michael M. "The Freedom of Information Act in 1993-1994." Duke Law Journal 43, no. 6 (April 1994): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1372858.

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Miller, Page Putnam. "Status Report on the Freedom of Information Act." PS: Political Science and Politics 21, no. 1 (1988): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/419967.

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Miller, Page Putnam. "Status Report on the Freedom of Information Act." PS: Political Science & Politics 21, no. 01 (December 1988): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104909650001948x.

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Price, David H. "Anthropological Research and the Freedom of Information Act." CAM Journal 9, no. 1 (February 1997): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x970090010301.

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Keen, Mike Forrest. "The freedom of information act and sociological research." American Sociologist 23, no. 2 (June 1992): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02691907.

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La Noue, George R. "Two Cheers for the Freedom of Information Act." Academic Questions 29, no. 1 (February 4, 2016): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-016-9545-0.

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Tarafdar, Suhail Amin, and Michael Fay. "Freedom of Information and Data Protection Acts." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 11, no. 1 (November 28, 2017): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738017735139.

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Data is frequently handled by GPs during their day-to-day work. This includes not only clinical data where patient information is handled, but also organisational data. Clinicians must be aware of the regulations that govern information handling. This article will discuss the Data Protection Act 1998, which governs personal information held on patient records. It will clarify the eight data protection principles and how they apply in practice. Thereafter, the article will discuss the Freedom of Information Act 2000, which gives the public rights to access certain data held by surgeries. The article will highlight important exemptions and grounds for refusing access to data.
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Gargano, Antonio, Alberto G. Rossi, and Russ Wermers. "The Freedom of Information Act and the Race Toward Information Acquisition." Review of Financial Studies 30, no. 6 (June 3, 2016): 2179–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhw035.

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Gray, Jackie. "Freedom of Information, Environmental Information and the Local Authority Perspective." Legal Information Management 5, no. 2 (June 2005): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669605000575.

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Anne Jones, Assistant Commissioner for Wales, reports on how the Act has been implemented in Wales, discusses some of the issues that have arisen as a result, and outlines the Information Commissioner's approach to its regulation.
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Lee, Raymond M. "Research Uses of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act." Field Methods 13, no. 4 (November 2001): 370–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x0101300404.

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Björgvinsson, Kjartan Bjarni. "The Scope of the Icelandic Freedom of Information Act." Icelandic Review of Politics & Administration 6, no. 1 (June 15, 2010): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2010.6.1.1.

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42

Lee, Raymond M. "The UK Freedom of Information Act and social research." International Journal of Social Research Methodology 8, no. 1 (February 2005): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645570500046624.

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43

Worsfold, Denise. "The Freedom of Information Act and hygiene inspection reports." British Food Journal 108, no. 11 (December 2006): 904–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070700610709959.

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44

Osen, Janet. "The freedom of information act and the 2600 Club." Network Security 1996, no. 3 (March 1996): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(96)90131-2.

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Osen, Janet. "The Freedom of Information Act and the 2600 Club." Network Security 1996, no. 6 (June 1996): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1353-4858(96)88454-6.

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46

Rydholm, Lena. "China and the World’s First Freedom of Information Act: The Swedish Freedom of the Press Act of 1766." Javnost - The Public 20, no. 4 (January 2013): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2013.11009127.

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47

Aquilina, Kevin. "Archives and Maltese Legislation on Data Protection and Freedom of Information: Square Pegs in Round Holes?" Global Journal of Comparative Law 4, no. 2 (July 28, 2015): 212–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00402003.

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This paper studies the Maltese National Archives Act and asks to what extent this law conflicts with the Maltese Data Protection Act and the Maltese Freedom of Information Act. It discusses whether the National Archives Act can be considered to be a natural extension of the Freedom of Information Act and whether there are any inconsistencies between the National Archives Act and the Freedom of Information Act and the Data Protection Act. It addresses the questions whether the Data Protection Act should be used to deny access at the National Archives to records which disclose private information on a particular person, and which of these three laws has the upper hand at the National Archives of Malta. The aim is to clarify the inter-relationship between the three laws under study and the law related to access to documents held at the National Archives.
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Andrussier, Sean E. "The Freedom of Information Act in 1990: More Freedom for the Government; Less Information for the Public." Duke Law Journal 1991, no. 3 (June 1991): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1372712.

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Miller, Diane M. "Freedom of Speech and Truthful Information in Health Care." Alternative and Complementary Therapies 13, no. 6 (December 2007): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/act.2007.13608.

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50

Bobka, Marlene S. "Acquiring Food and Drug Administration Information Under the Freedom of Information Act." Medical Reference Services Quarterly 7, no. 4 (February 22, 1989): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j115v07n04_02.

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