Academic literature on the topic 'Freedom of expression'

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Journal articles on the topic "Freedom of expression"

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Suryavanshi, Surbhi. "Article 19A Freedom of Speech and Expression." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (August 31, 2018): 1430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd17131.

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Arribas, Santiago Cañamares. "Religious Freedom and Freedom of Expression in Spain." Religion and Human Rights 9, no. 2-3 (August 1, 2014): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18710328-12341268.

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This article deals with the conflicts produced in the Spanish legal system between the exercise of religious freedom and freedom of expression, focusing on those cases in which certain expressions have been considered offensive to religious feelings and on those where the religious discourse has been considered contrary to public order. The Spanish case-law shows the difficulties in protecting the religious feelings by means of criminal law.
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Morgan, Sir Declan. "Freedom of Expression." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 73, no. 1 (May 12, 2022): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v73iad1.995.

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McCormick, Douglas. "Freedom of Expression?" BioTechniques 43, no. 3 (September 2007): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/000112539.

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Human Rights Law in Africa, Editors. "FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION." Human Rights Law in Africa Online 1, no. 1 (2004): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160604x00350.

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Canela, Guilherme. "Freedom of Expression." Brazilian Journalism Research 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/bjr.v3n1.2007.102.

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Verghese, B. G. "Freedom of Expression." Media Asia 23, no. 3 (January 1996): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01296612.1996.11726503.

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Toula, Christopher M. "Freedom of Expression." Southern Communication Journal 85, no. 3 (February 23, 2020): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1041794x.2020.1731846.

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Riddihough, G., B. A. Purnell, and J. Travis. "Freedom of Expression." Science 319, no. 5871 (March 28, 2008): 1781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.319.5871.1781.

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Sutherland, Sue. "Freedom of expression." Practical Pre-School 2011, no. 123 (April 2011): ix—x. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prps.2011.1.123.ix.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Freedom of expression"

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Gaiba, Chiara. "Blackface and Freedom of Expression." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13795/.

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With this work I would like to present the reader with a personal consideration about freedom of speech, its limits, and the controversies it has aroused, particularly in relation to the practice of blackface. The question I am trying to answer in this thesis is: should free speech be denied to those who want to use it for overt expressions of racism, such as blackface? In regard to the structure of this thesis, I start by briefly presenting the history of free speech, from Ancient Greece, up through the French and American Enlightenment, which respectively produced the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the American Constitution. Both of these documents placed cardinal importance on freedom of speech. I then move on to argue that freedom of speech protects those who express opinions that offend, shock or disturb the state or a great part of the population. And, even most importantly, it is my belief that such opinions and expressions should not be banned nor punished. To show this, I present the case study of blackface, which is the practice of applying dark make up on a white person in order to make that person look like a black. Then, I briefly explain the history of such practice. In light of its history, black communities see blackface as extremely insulting and racist, on the one hand because it is a form of cultural appropriation, and on the other hand because it reinforces the unequal relation between Blacks and Whites, where Whites are the most powerful and decide that they have the right to mock black people. Nowadays blackface is still persistent, and it is possible to find examples of it all over the world: in the Netherlands, with the long-standing tradition of Black Pete, in the UK, with the traditional folk dancers called The Coconutters, and finally in Japan, with many singers singing American songs in Blackface, and especially in the case of the girl band Momoiro Clover Z and the Rats and Stars’ photo in blackface before a show.
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Bouhot, Perrine. "Freedom of expression under apartheid." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6820_1298631852.

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Over the past decades, transitions from repressive rule to democracy have increased all over the world, aiming at establishing disclosure and accountability for the crimes perpetrated. One way of assessing the &ldquo
solidity&rdquo
of these new democracies is to look at their provisions on freedom of expression, one of the most precious and fragile rights of man. The right to freedom of expression was recognised by classical traditional liberal theory as from the eighteenth century. It considered it as a useful tool to enhance true statements within the &ldquo
marketplace of ideas&rdquo
. Liberals also believed that such right was a prerequisite for individual autonomy and selffulfillment. They claimed that it strengthened democracy, by allowing individuals to receive all information on issues of public concern which they needed to vote intelligently. Lastly, they argued that it promoted the ideal of tolerance. Since then, the right to freedom of expression has been considered a cornerstone of democracy and protected as such by international instruments among which the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, the African Charter for Human and Peoples&rsquo
Rights of 1981 and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950.

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Musa, Abdul Samat. "Freedom of expression in English law." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237410.

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Embling, Geoffrey. "Political correctness and freedom of expression." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/40873.

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A brief history of political correctness is discussed along with various definitions of it, ranging from political correctness being a benign attempt to prevent offense and avert discrimination to stronger views equating it with Communist censorship or branding it as "cultural Marxism". The aim of the research is to discover what political correctness is, how it relates to freedom of expression and what wider implications and effects it has on society. The moral foundations of rights and free speech in particular are introduced in order to set a framework to determine what authority people and governments have to censor others' expression. Different philosophical views on the limits of free speech are discussed, and arguments for and against hate speech are analysed and related to political correctness. The thesis looks at political correctness on university campuses, which involves speech codes, antidiscrimination legislation and changing the Western canon to a more multicultural syllabus. The recent South African university protests involving issues such as white privilege, university fees and rape are discussed and related to political correctness. The thesis examines the role of political correctness in the censorship of humour, it discusses the historical role of satire in challenging dogmatism and it looks at the psychology behind intolerance. Political correctness appeals to tolerance, which is sometimes elevated at the expense of truth. Truth and tolerance are therefore weighed up, along with their altered definitions in today's relativistic society. The last part of the thesis looks at South Africa's unique brand of political correctness, along with Black Economic Empowerment, colonialism and white guilt, and the research concludes that political correctness is a distinct form of censorship which has developed in modern democracies. The new forms of justice and morality seen in political correctness are distortions of left-wing liberalism, which appeal to different values to those of traditional liberalism.
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O'Rourke, Kevin Charles. "John Stuart Mill and freedom of expression." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311962.

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Laughlin, Cindy. "Freedom of Expression and the College Press." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292229.

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Maher, Julie. "Manifesting religious belief : a matter of religious freedom, religious discrimination, or freedom of expression?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eaf72dbe-ca5e-4767-97a6-b28c928be742.

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This thesis asks how manifestation of religious belief by religious individuals can best be protected in English law. It is particularly concerned with the protection available to religious individuals in the public sphere. This thesis assesses the current state of protection under religious freedom and religious discrimination models, before considering the potential for increasing protection by reconceptualising the right to manifest religious belief as an aspect of freedom of expression. This thesis asks whether the practical and conceptual limitations of a religious freedom model, and Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in particular, can be overcome by reliance on alternative modes of protection, namely religious discrimination protections in domestic, Convention, and EU law, or through litigating religious manifestation claims as freedom of expression cases under Article 10 of the ECHR. The difficulty of communicating the harm in being denied the ability to manifest religious beliefs publicly is a key limitation of both religious freedom and religious discrimination models. Similarly, this thesis highlights the difficulty in assessing what weight should be attributed to such religious harm within a proportionality exercise balancing the rights of religious individuals with the rights and interests of other parties. The analysis in this thesis draws primarily upon the sources of law which shape domestic English law in this area, namely the ECHR and European Union law. However, this thesis also considers foreign precedent and case law from the United States in particular. This thesis contends that no one model can address the range of cases where manifestation of religious beliefs arise, and that litigants should be able to draw from religious freedom, religious discrimination, and freedom of expression protections depending on the nature of their case.
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Abanazir, Suat Cem. "Freedom of expression and its limits in sport." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667926.

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As a social and economic force, sport is an integral part of globalised society. Sport is organised and followed globally. Therefore, the organisation of sport at the hands of sport governing bodies and the use of the idea of politics-free sport bring about specific concerns for freedom of expression, in that, these bodies tend to restrict expressions that are deemed political. This work aims to provide a coherent framework for a defence of freedom of expression in the context of sport. Pursuing that goal, it analyses the particularities of the sport industry as well as the philosophical foundations for freedom of expression. This work argues that a defence of freedom of expression in a globalised sport industry can be made on moral grounds. It also argues that the idea of politics-free sport and the restrictions for everyone involved are the reflections of the interdependence of the market, the state and the sport industry.
Deporte, como una fuerza social y económica es una parte integral de la sociedad globalizada. El deporte está organizado y seguido globalmente. Por este motivo, la organización del deporte por las organizaciones gubernamentales del deporte y el uso de la idea del ‘deporte sin política’, causan preocupaciones específicas relacionadas con la libertad de expresión; en tanto en cuanto estas organizaciones tienen una tendencia de restringir las frases que las asumen políticas. Esta investigación tiene un objetivo de constituir una marca consistente sobre la libertad de expresión en el contexto de deportes. La investigación analiza los soportes filosóficos de libertad de expresión con las particularidades específicas de la industria deportiva cuando intenta a obtener este objetivo. En la investigación se está defendiendo que la libertad de expresión se podrá basar sobre los fundamentos morales ante la industria deportiva globalizada. La investigación también propone que la idea de ‘deporte sin política’ y las restricciones aplicadas para todas las personas son las reflexiones de la interdependencia del mercado, estado y deporte.
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Nkounga, Francois Joseph. "Flag-burning in the USA - freedom of expression ?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-39741.

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This study is focused on whether flag-burning in the USA is protected by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution or not? The background of the study is the 1984 Dallas flag-burning. The theoretical framework consists of the Liberty theory with Freedom of Expression and the Harm Principle as main concepts. Methodologically, a theory-consuming case study has been used with a qualitative approach to understand the trials of Johnson versus Texas. The purpose is to gain better understanding of the 1984 Dallas flag-burning. The main findings of the thesis show that despite the government’s pressure and the public opinion, the U.S. Supreme Court followed the Law in lieu of feelings by arguing that flag-burning is protected by the First Amendment. Furthermore, this thesis also reveals the ambiguity of Freedom of Expression. On the one hand, its only limit is actually the harm that it can cause to others and on the other hand Freedom of Expression would be useless if it has no ability to cause harm. A debate of Freedom of Expression may arise when individuals consider that harm has been done to them and need recognition for this harm with evidence of existence of the violence and its amplitude.The main questions may be what are the legitimate and the illegitimate harms.
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Fakhrtdinov, Renat. "Freedom of Expression Online : Ban of Political Expression on the Internet in Russia." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161971.

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Books on the topic "Freedom of expression"

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Sajó, András. Freedom of expression. Warszawa: Instytut Spraw Publicznych, 2004.

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Cafferty, Lerner Alicia, and Lerner Adrienne Wilmoth, eds. Freedom of expression. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009.

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Moon, Richard. Freedom of expression. Toronto, Ont.]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1989.

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Serageldin, Ismail. Freedom of expression. Alexandria, Egypt: Bibliotheca Alexandrina, 2007.

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Moon, Richard. Freedom of expression. [Toronto, Ont.]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1989.

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Kituo cha Sheria na Haki za Binadamu (Tanzania), ed. Freedom of expression. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Legal and Human Rights Centre, 2001.

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A, Shiner Roger, ed. Freedom of commercial expression. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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A, Bosmajian Haig, ed. The Freedom of expression. New York: Neal-Schuman, 1988.

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Nicaragua, National Lawyers Guild Central America Task Force Delegation to. Freedom of Expression in Nicaragua. New York: National Lawyers Guild, 1986.

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Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Freedom of expression in Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Ilmiah Publishers, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Freedom of expression"

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Spitzer, Matthew L. "Freedom of Expression." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, 825–30. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_155.

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Scriven, Michael. "Freedom of Expression." In Sartre and the Media, 116–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23081-5_7.

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Herrenberg, Tom. "Freedom of Expression." In Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, 1–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6730-0_691-1.

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Herrenberg, Tom. "Freedom of Expression." In Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, 1–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6730-0_691-2.

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Smartt, Ursula, and Baroness Helena Kennedy. "Freedom of expression." In Media & Entertainment Law, 1–45. 4th edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351066549-1.

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Smartt, Ursula. "Freedom of expression." In Media & Entertainment Law, 1–38. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003250715-1.

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Herrenberg, Tom. "Freedom of Expression." In Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, 1031–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6519-1_691.

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Fenwick, Helen, Gavin Phillipson, and Alexander Williams. "Freedom of Expression." In Text, Cases and Materials on Public Law and Human Rights, 887–952. Fourth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203593950-18.

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Domino, John C. "Freedom of Expression." In Civil Rights and Liberties in the 21st Century, 27–95. Fourth edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315623627-2.

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Mason, Alpheus Thomas, and Donald Grier Stephenson. "Freedom of Expression." In American Constitutional Law, 503–65. 18th ed. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003164340-12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Freedom of expression"

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Janosi, Dalma. "LIMITING THE FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION." In 2nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2015/b11/s2.084.

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Yosifova, Petya. "HOOLIGANISM AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION." In 15 YEARS OF ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE IN BULGARIA - PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ppdd2022.291.

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The report presents various forms of indecent acts, which according to the Bulgarian legislation can be qualified in some cases as the crime of hooliganism, and in others - as an administrative violation. Attention is drawn to the frequent cases of abusive treatment of monuments of cultural and/or historical value. In this regard, the case law of the ECtHR with regard to the right to freedom of expression, which raises the question of the limits of state interference in its exercise, is examined.
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Nemţoi, Gabriela. "Interference with Freedom of Expression." In World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/50.

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Established as a personal right, the right to free speech implies obligations and duties, which may generate possible restrictions. Freedom of expression works correctly in a legal framework when it comes to a legitimate aim in a state law. Article 10, paragraph 2, of the Convention explains the conditions under which the right to freedom of expression is justified by the need to protect certain public interests (such as those relating to national security, the territorial space of the state, public order, the prevention of crimes, the protection of health and social morals, the guarantee of authority and the impartiality of the judiciary) but also to protect certain private interests, such as reputation and the rights of others. persons or the need to prevent the publication of secret information. This paragraph basically authorizes states to take certain measures to protect those interests, which materialize through rules and normative rules of the right to conscience, opinion and freedom of expression States enjoy a margin of appreciation for establishing the need for such reactions in a state governed by the rule of law, but in the end it is also up to the European Court of Human Rights to rule on the compatibility of interference with the provisions of the Convention, assessing on a case-by-case basis if the interference arises as a result of the urgent social issues and whether it is fair.
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Barasheva, Elena V., Alexey S. Stepanenko, Elena L. Vlasova, and Irina I. Zedgenizova. "Realization of Citizens' Constitutional Rights to Freedom of Expression and Artistic Freedom." In Proceedings of the International Conference "Topical Problems of Philology and Didactics: Interdisciplinary Approach in Humanities and Social Sciences" (TPHD 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/tphd-18.2019.10.

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Kozhukhova, Irina V. "Freedom Of Expression: The Case Of Mitigating And Aggravating Imposition." In International Forum «Freedom and responsibility in pivotal times». European Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.03.3.

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Dupate, Kristine. "Freedom of Expression versus Hate Speech: Limits and Their Changeability." In The 9th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia, 33–41. University of Latvia Press,, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.9.2.03.

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The main issue discussed in the present article is, as follows: whether the freedom of expression may be restricted, and whether it has actually been restricted in order to avoid hate speech in the situation of threat? The answer to this question is both ‘yes’ and ‘no’. ‘No’, because the criteria for distinction between freedom of expression and hate speech remains unchanged, and ‘yes’, because, firstly, the criterion of ‘the context’ becomes more ‘intense’ and ‘sensitive’, and, secondly, the ‘intensity’ and ‘sensitivity’ of the context may be reflected in national legal regulation by recognizing additional situations as hate speech. Meanwhile, ‘the context’ is always changing, therefore the borders between the freedom of expression and hate speech likewise vary perpetually.
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Isokaite-Valuze, Indre. "Freedom of Expression in Time of War: Expanded, Restricted, Modified?" In The 9th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia, 42–53. University of Latvia Press,, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.9.2.04.

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The current article offers the analysis of the permitted extent of the freedom of expression in time of war and concerning war-related issues. The research addresses the freedom of expression in the framework of the derogation clause and jurisdiction under the European Convention on Human Rights, reveals the assessment of public comments on military operations, international crimes, terrorism and other forms of violence, as well as hate speech by the European Court of Human Rights, and emphasizes a crucial role of the mass media in times of conflict. The author concludes that the freedom of expression should be neither a weapon, nor a casualty of war and, in certain sense, it could become both, – expanded and restricted in time of war, however, hardly modified, as the task remains the same: balancing freedom and order.
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Mistrik, Milos. "The Regulation of Freedom of Expression in TV Broadcasting." In Annual International Conference on Journalism & Mass Communications (JMComm 2016). Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-3710_jmcomm16.54.

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Alsarsour, Israa, Qutaibah Malluhi, and Yongge Wang. "Free Chain: Enabling Freedom of Expression through Public Blockchains." In 2020 IEEE 6th International Conference on Dependability in Sensor, Cloud and Big Data Systems and Application (DependSys). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dependsys51298.2020.00014.

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Anantho, Siriwan. "THAI STYLE FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION DURING THE MILITARY REGIME." In Arts & Humanities Conference, Venice. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/ahc.2016.001.001.

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Reports on the topic "Freedom of expression"

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Wiesand, Andreas Joh. Silencing Dissent? On Barriers to Freedom of Artistic Expression. Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69813/pjen3393.

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Audrine, Pingkan, and Indra Setiawan. Impact of Indonesia's Content Moderation Regulation on Freedom of Expression. Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for Indonesian Policy Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35497/347642.

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Sandoval-Martín, T., and L. Nachawati-Rego. Journalists honored by the Index on Censorship: the fight for freedom of expression in the post-Arab Spring era. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2018-1294en.

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Iffat, Idris. Trends in Conflict and Stability in the Indo-Pacific. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.009.

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This report looks at trends in conflict and instability in the Indo-Pacific region, focusing on climate change effects and a number of civil liberties. The Indo-Pacific region is both highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and already facing significant security risks and challenges, many of which will be exacerbated by the impact of climate change. There are notable increases in resource-based conflicts, migration-induced violence, and armed insurgencies. The countries reviewed all show worrying trends in terms of erosion of freedom of expression, media freedom, freedom of belief, and civil society freedom. The situation in Bangladesh and India is particularly serious and is already fuelling violence and conflict. The two themes on which the Emerging Issues Report (EIR) focuses are (i) climate change and (ii) guarding civil space and including all voices. The EIR examines these two themes in five Indo-Pacific countries: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand. These were chosen to give a broad range of situations and challenges/risks from the region. Note that this EIR is confined to an assessment of conflict risks and does not examine measures being taken by the government or others to address these.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.

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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
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6

Melnyk, Andriy. «Ареопагітика» Джона Мілтона і теорія вільного ринку ідей. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11732.

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The article is dedicated to one of the most famous rationales for the right to free expression of views and opinions, the marketplace of ideas theory, as well as John Milton’s pamphlet “Areopagitica” which is considered the first example of systematic protection of freedom of speech and the primary source for the theory. The combination of the author of the 17th century and the thinking that was finally formed in the 20th century should not be surprising, because Milton is considered the forerunner of marketplace arguments. Given the fact that freedom of speech is threatened today by authoritarianism amplified by modern technologies, as well as identity politics and political correctness, the actualization of arguments in its favor seems more relevant than ever. When covering the main topics of “Areopagitica”, emphasis is placed on the historical conditioning of Milton’s arguments. His position on freedom is based on ancient Greek models and seems rather elitist today, and his perception of heresy is pagan rather than Christian. It’s also worth remembering that Milton opposed pre-publication censorship but did not object to the persecution of dangerous ideas and books after publication, and also definitely excluded Roman Catholicism from the free circulation of ideas. Today, this kind of restriction is considered unacceptable. A fundamentalist interpretation of the free market of ideas which excludes any regulation is obviously not conducive to such a discussion. Utopian ideas about absolute freedom of speech rather harm it, give rise to inflated expectations and, as a result, disappointment in its capabilities or demonization. In this context, reading John Milton’s “Areopagitica” can be extremely instructive today. Key words: freedom of speech; marketplace of ideas; “Areopagitica”; censorship; identity politics; political correctness.
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7

Cunha e Melo, Mariana, and Jonas de Abreu Castro. Section 230 and the future of the internet. Center for Technology and Public Interest, SL, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59262/ejp3ba.

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The US Supreme Court is considering the fate of Section 230, a law that protects content platforms from liability for user-generated content. The case, Gonzalez v. Google, challenges the intermediary liability protection of Section 230. If the challenge succeeds, it could undermine the foundation of Web 2.0 and the internet's future. The case focuses on whether platforms like Google, Twitter, and TikTok should be held liable for third-party content from their recommendation engines. Challenging Section 230 could have severe consequences for freedom of expression and lead to restrictions on recommendation engines or higher restrictions on publishing or sharing. Section 230 has been settled law for over two decades and protects content platforms, even if they encourage users to post content.
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8

Beard, George. New Mobility - Alternative transport for better outcomes. TRL, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/ykrl1775.

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Freedom of movement is enshrined in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The expression of this right relies on there being accessible and safe transport available for people to use. Furthermore, transport underpins the fundamental needs of society to move goods and people around. Transport is not performing as well as it could. In many ways the freedom of movement for people and goods that transport supports is now more damaging than it needs to be to the environment, to the economy, and to people. TRL’s vision for new mobility is a transport system that provides better choice and access for everyone, serving as an enabler for better outcomes across these areas. In practice new mobility refers to a range of existing and emerging transport modes, services and technologies that have potential to provide a compelling alternative to the motor vehicle. At its core, new mobility is about rebalancing the movement of both people and goods away from single occupancy, inefficient, fossil-fuel powered vehicles. But achieving these goals is not straightforward; there is no ‘silver bullet’ that can entirely replace the need for internal combustion engine vehicles and solve all of our societal challenges. Instead the answer lies in understanding, developing and implementing the right mix of new mobility solutions.
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Lenhardt, Amanda. Defining Characteristics of Democracy in the 21st Century. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.064.

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This report offers a brief overview of the literature on the defining characteristics of democracy in the 21st century. This report seeks to map out a range of conceptual approaches to understanding democracy, evidence on emerging trends in democratisation, and challenges to realising democracy in its varied forms. The report begins with a discussion on definitions of democracy that have emerged in recent decades (Section 2), highlighting a range of qualifiers that are widely used to differentiate and analyse different democratic regime types. Section 3 summarises trends in key indicators of democracy from widely cited observers – The Economist Intelligence Unit and the V-Dem Institute - and recent trends in public opinion towards democracy, according to World Values and Pew Centre surveys. Section 4 gives a very brief overview of three leading challenges to democracy discussed widely in the literature – gender inequality; the role of media and social media; and declining quality of elections, freedom of expression and civic space.
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TÜBA REPORT ON THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI WAR. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-82-5.

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"This report, compiled with the initiatives of TÜBA International Relations Working Group, analyses the historical, current and future dimensions of the Israeli-Palestinian War in the light of theoretical literature and recent data. On 7 October 2023, the armed attacks by the military wing of Hamas targeting Israeli settlers and the ‘Operation Iron Swords’ launched by Israel in response to the attacks caused serious concerns in the international com- munity in the context of humanitarian crisis and global chaos. The multi-a- ctor nature, impact and historical origins of the Palestinian-Israeli War have made it necessary to examine this issue once again by focusing on historical ruptures. Israel’s disproportionate reprisals, violations of established inter- national norms and laws of war/conflict, and attacks on civilians, including hospitals, have had/are having serious repercussions on international rela- tions and the Middle East region in particular. The report’s findings indicate that the events in the region have led to an awareness of the humanitarian crises in the Palestinian territories. This has resulted in a shift away from the traditional power-oriented pro-Israel stance, following domestic protests by countries that rejected the humanitarian tragedy in the Gaza Strip. However, due to the unfair structural and institutional bias of national and internati- onal policy, individual, academic and freedom of expression are still under extreme pressure to protect Israel."
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