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1
Santuari, Alceste. "Freedom of association and limited liability versus state interference : business associations in England, France and Italy during the period 1800-1920; historical evolution and comparative outlines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308354.
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Gatti, Luca. "The art of freedom : meaning, civic identity and devotion in Early Renaissance Florence." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283367.
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Thirkell, Adrian Marcus. "Freedom and Association in the Poetry of Robert Frost." W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625678.
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Dlamini, Dumsani. "The right to freedom of association in Swaziland : a critique." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8007.
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This study argues that the right to form political parties remains elusive in Swaziland in spite of the country’s claim that it is democratic.
Discusses the following issues: (1) Whether political pluralism is the only means of actualising the right to freedom of
association, and (2) whether the limitation imposed on the right to freedom of association by section 79 of the
Constitution of Swaziland is justifiableThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Henry Ojambo, Faculty of Law, Makarere University, Uganda
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Meade, Emma, and Stina Ahnlid. "Social Sustainability in South Africa's Wine Industry : A Study of Freedom of Association." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189572.
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Even today freedom of association in the South African wine industry is a sensitive topic. The wine farm owners often claim their workers can associate freely but the workers could paint a different picture. This study investigates how the right to freedom of association can be provided in the South African wine industry through looking at the barriers to freedom of association, how stakeholders could align and how globalisation has affected the sector. The study explores the opinions of the key stakeholders involved in this complex and dynamic industry by conducting semi-structured interviews focusing on freedom of association rights. The thesis illustrates how the specific barriers to union formation are the intimidation factor, the nature of the topic as it is a psychological and subjective choice, the fact that farms are private property, a bad perception of trade unions, and the difficulty in auditing. The barriers could be diminished through stakeholder alignment, which would be emphasized through relationship building and a clearer definition of the industry players’ roles. Last, the thesis argues that too many codes of conduct could negatively affect the industry’s development with regards to ethical trade and that the domestic market could take more responsibility and push the market in a more ethical direction. The thesis gives important insights to international retailers that focus on ethical trade and might be useful for future policy improvements in South Africa.
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SOLEYMANPOOR, HOSSEIN. "Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis and association with intestinal parasites among patients in Negrar hospital, Italy." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/257076.
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Epidemiologia molecolare della blastocisti e associazione con parassiti intestinali tra i pazienti dell'ospedale di Negrar, Italia
La Blastocisti è un protozoo intestinale comune, ma il suo significato clinico e il suo ruolo nel microbioma intestinale umano non sono ancora completamente compresi . Le manifestazioni cliniche tra i soggetti sintomatici sono principalmente sintomi gastrointestinali (GI) o cutanei, ma sono stati descritti anche diversi casi asintomatici . Lo scopo del presente studio era di caratterizzare la presenza di Blastocisti in campioni fecali da pazienti che frequentano il nostro centro per malattie tropicali, al fine di esplorare la prevalenza e la diversità delle infezioni da Blastocisti nella nostra popolazione di studio. Abbiamo caratterizzato la presenza dei 4 sottotipi più comuni nella coorte selezionata, composta da soggetti con diverse origini geografiche (principalmente italiani e africani). E 'stata anche eseguita un'analisi delle coinfezioni con altri parassiti e sono stati riportati i sintomi trovati in diversi sottotipi o combinazioni di coinfezioni. La Blastocisti è risultata essere il parassita più diffuso nella nostra popolazione e abbiamo scoperto che il 48,1% dei soggetti positivi a Blastocisti presentava sintomi GI. ST3 era il sottotipo più diffuso negli italiani, mentre in Africani ST1 e ST3 erano stati trovati con la stessa frequenza. È interessante notare che, in tutte le aree geografiche analizzate, il gruppo più prevalente era composto da soggetti infettati da più di un Blastocisti ST. Non è stata rilevata alcuna associazione tra un sottotipo particolare o una combinazione ST con sintomi. Abbiamo osservato la presenza di parassiti co-infettanti nel 48,5% dei nostri casi. È stata evidenziata un'associazione tra nazionalità e sintomi gastrointestinali (P = 0,031). Il nostro studio conferma che la sintomatologia dell'infezione da Blastocisti non può essere completamente spiegata né dalla diversa presenza di sottotipi né da altre parassiti parassitarie, supportando quindi l'ipotesi che la condizione ospite sia l'aspetto chiave che può influenzare la patogenicità della colonizzazione di Blastocisti spp. Studi futuri sull'associazione tra l'infezione da blastocisti e il microbiota intestinale dei pazienti e / o condizioni immunologiche potrebbero chiarire la causa della penetranza patogena variabile osservata di questo parassita.Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis and association with intestinal parasites among patients in Negrar hospital, Italy Blastocystis is a common intestinal protozoan, but its clinical significance and its role in the human gut microbiome is still not completely understood. Clinical manifestations among symptomatic subjects are mainly gastrointestinal (GI) or cutaneous symptoms, but also several asymptomatic cases have been described. The aim of the present study was to characterize the presence of Blastocystis in fecal specimens from patients attending to our center for tropical diseases, in order to explore the prevalence and the diversity of Blastocystis infections in our study population. We characterized the presence of the 4 most common subtypes in the selected cohort, composed by subjects with different geographical origins (mainly Italians and Africans). Analysis of co-infections with other parasites has been also performed and description of symptoms found in different subtypes or co-infections combinations has been reported. Blastocystis resulted to be the most prevalent parasite in our population and we found that 48.1 % of Blastocystis positive subjects presented GI symptoms. ST3 was the most prevalent subtype in Italians, while in Africans ST1 and ST3 were found with the same frequency. Interestingly, in all the analyzed geographical areas, the most prevalent group was composed by subjects infected by more than one Blastocystis ST. No association between a particular subtype or STs-combination with symptoms has been detected. We observed the presence of co-infecting parasites in the 48.5 % of our cases. An association between Nationality and GI symptoms has been highlighted (P=0.031). Our study confirms that Blastocystis infection symptomatology cannot be completely explained neither by the different subtypes presence nor by other parasite co-infections, thus supporting the hypothesis that the host condition is the key aspect that can influence the pathogenicity of Blastocystis spp colonization. Future studies on the association between Blastocystis infection and patients’ gut microbiota and/or immunological conditions, could elucidate the cause of the observed variable pathogenic penetrance of this parasite.
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Hudson, Stephanie Lee. "Freedom of association in Canada : the dilemma for trade unions in a liberal society." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28239.
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Trade unions in a liberal society are caught on the horns of a dilemma over freedom of association. In respect to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, unions are faced with relying on the positive freedom to associate as a defence for union security clauses, and, at the same time, denying freedom from association claims of those who do not wish to participate in union membership and/or union activities. The aim of this thesis is to explore that dilemma, and to assess some of the possible strategies union leaders could employ to come to terms with it.
The dilemma that trade unions face consists of several elements. The source of the dilemma is found in the conflict over negative and positive liberty and the nature of freedom, and more specifically over competing visions of freedom of association in the trade union context. This conflict has found its way into the courts; in particular, the Lavigne case, which challenges political expenditures by unions (in certain circumstances), has generated much controversy and resulted in two opposing judicial decisions. However, the courts are not the only arena in which an attempt is being made to balance the competing claims of liberty; the political realm offers another avenue through which trade unions could attempt to influence labour legislation. However, unlike other intervenors such as women's or aboriginal groups, the trade union movement was largely absent from pre-Charter Joint Committee hearings. In hindsight it is quite clear that labour's non-participation represented a missed opportunity to influence the wording of freedom of association in a way that would make challenges from a negative liberty standpoint more difficult. In addition, the post-Charter prospects of lobbying government to implement legislation which would prevent negative liberty claims from succeeding (possibly through the "notwithstanding" clause in the Charter) appear quite dismal. Thus, a trade union strategy which would look for a political avenue out of its dilemma was not implemented pre-Charter and looks doubtful post-Charter.
Nonetheless, in terms of the individual and his freedom (of association) in a liberal society, a fair balance between negative and positive liberty claims should be struck; one which allows limited coerion of the individual in the form of union security (the agency shop), but also restricts trade unions in the form of limits on political expenditures. This balance may, however, seriously threaten the political role of the trade union community. But, while individuals retain their right to exercise negative liberty claims, whether or not they exercise them depends upon their moral beliefs. And an individual convinced of the importance of the trade union community and the threat to that community posed by negative liberty claims, will be much less likely to exercise his right to invoke freedom from association. Unions might be able to meet this difficulty, however, by working towards a consensus about the importance of the trade union community and, more particularly, its political objectives. Such a strategy may be the most suitable alternative that trade unions can adopt in a liberal society.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Van, der Merwe Johannes Jacobus. "Conscientious objectors, closed shop agreements and freedom of association / by J.J. van der Merwe." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1131.
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Section 26 of the Labour Relations Act 95 of 1996 makes provision for the
introduction of closed shop agreements at the workplace between majority
unions and employers. All employees covered by such agreements are
required to be members of such unions or otherwise face the possibility of
dismissal. "Conscientious objector" employees are an exception to this
rule. The purpose of this submission is to investigate the constitutional
validity of s26 in the light of the fundamental right to freedom of association
in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1 996 whilst investigating
the position of "conscientious objectors" in certain foreign jurisdictions.Thesis (LL.M. (Labour Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Seay, Sean V. "Association Between Adaptive Sports Programs and Quality of Life Among Amputee Veterans." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4755.
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Adaptive sports programs (ASPs) are important for enhancing the physical, psychological, and social aspects of life for amputee combat veterans while reducing the risk of depression and anger. Although the role of ASPs in improving quality of life (QoL) has been researched in relation to amputee combat veterans of World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, there has been limited examination of the role of ASPs in improving QoL among veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation Noble Eagle (OND). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of ASPs on the QoL of amputee veterans of OEF, OIF, and OND using logistic regression as well as 3 surveys assessing QoL and life satisfaction in combat veterans who suffered traumatic amputations between 2003 and 2013. The dependent and independent variables included psychosocial and behavioral factors for those amputees who participated in an ASP versus those amputees who did not. There was a statistically significant association (ï?£2(4) = 13.44, p < 0.003) between gender and perception of overall health. Likewise, there was a statistically significant association (ï?£2(2) = 15.63, p < 0.000) between enjoying life and having a meaningful life and participation in an ASP. The findings indicate that participation in ASPs may help improve QoL and overall health for amputee veterans. Public health programs and policies aimed at improving the overall health and wellbeing of amputee veterans should consider ASPs as essential therapeutic interventions for promoting health in amputee veteran populations.
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Emudainohwo, Emuobo Theresa. "An appraisal of the implementation of freedom of association as a labour right : Nigerian perspective." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7442/.
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Cannon, Catriona Morag MacRae. "Freedom of religious association : the case for a principled approach to the employment equality exceptions." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30589/.
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This thesis addresses the question how best to interpret the exceptions to the equality in employment principle afforded in Great Britain to religious employers. There is significant ambiguity surrounding the application of these exceptions, aggravated by a paucity of case law and a divergence in understanding as to the relative significance of job function, context and organisational ethos. The exceptions lack any clear foundational principle and therefore norms to guide their interpretation are urgently needed. The thesis begins by seeking a modern justification for safeguarding the autonomy of religious groups in an era that may be characterised by a decline in the ‘religiosity’ of the British public and an increase in the influence of human rights and equality narratives. Such a justification is located in the human dignity and autonomy rationale for religious freedom. Against this background, I argue that, by applying a particular understanding of freedom of association to their interpretation, the exceptions could helpfully be regarded as permitting discrimination to preserve an employer’s ethos for the benefit of members of a religious group. At present, the significance of employer ethos is underdeveloped in the jurisprudence on the exceptions. A purposive approach which treats the exceptions as derogations from the equality principle, justified by freedom of religious association, could encourage a deeper insight of employers’ needs and an assessment of claims on the exceptions in the context of the interests protected by rights of association. Fuller engagement with balancing religious association and equality rights could be achieved through recognising that the exceptions derive from qualified rights and through requiring employers to act proportionately. Including the concept of ‘accommodation’ in the proportionality analysis could, moreover, assist with fostering an environment in which due regard is given to the dignity interests affected by discrimination. My argument is informed by comparative study of the equivalent law in Canada and the USA. Attention is drawn to the ambiguity in the British employment exceptions by consideration of the equivalent US and Canadian models. Whereas in these models, church and state relations and freedom of association, respectively, have been recognised as significant, the introduction of the British employment exceptions has been influenced by a patchwork of factors. My argument is further informed by a series of interviews with religious employers, which revealed mixed opinions on the exceptions and offered a valuable insight into the importance of ethos to employment practices and relationships.
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Berg, Manfred. "The ticket to freedom : die NAACP und das Wahlrecht der Afro-Amerikaner /." Frankfurt/Main [u.a.] : Campus-Verl, 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/312077319.pdf.
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Budeli, Mpfariseni. "Freedom of association and trade unionism in South Africa : from apartheid to the democratic constitutional order." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10253.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 297-330).This doctoral thesis deals with freedom of association and trade unionism in South Africa. Freedom of association is one of the fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in a number of legal instruments both at the international and municipal levels. Progress and democracy require respect for human rights, including the right to freedom of association at the workplace. Trade unionism is the expression of this right. The development of trade unionism in South Africa is closely related to that of freedom of association and was instrumental to the demise of apartheid. This work provides a theoretical, historical and legal background to freedom of association and trade unionism, both from a comparative and international law perspective. It then investigates the legal and jurisprudential protection of freedom of association and trade unionism under apartheid before dealing with their protection under the post-apartheid legal order. The thesis argues that international law in general and international labour law in particular contributed a lot to the development of freedom of association and trade unionism in South Africa. It concludes that South Africa has gone a long way in protecting freedom of association at the workplace and trade unions played a critical role in the consolidation of democracy in the country. The prospects for the protection of freedom of association and trade unions are good. However, there are also a number of challenges, political, social, economic, and intellectual. These challenges need to be overcome to consolidate democracy and a culture of human rights. The thesis ends with some recommendations for further research to ensure the best protection of freedom of association and trade unions in South Africa and the rest of our continent.
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Testaî, Patrizia. "From metaphor of slavery to metaphor of freedom : Article 18 and the incorporation of migrant prostitutes into Italian society." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11868/.
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This thesis is concerned with the debate on 'trafficking in persons' as a new form of slavery. It will explore the concept of slavery both historically and in its links with contemporary migration and connected issues of gender, sexuality, and labour exploitation. Within the contemporary debate on 'trafficking', attention has focused in fact predominantly on migrant women and girls involved in sex work and described as 'victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation'. This thesis will explore the meaning of slavery in such debate. For this purpose, a research study will be carried out in three Italian cities, focusing on the ways in which such terms as 'slavery', 'trafficking in persons', and 'sexual slavery' are understood and applied within social protection programmes for victims of trafficking which, under Article 18 of the immigration law, grant a special residence permit and opportunities for such victims to work and stay permanently in Italy. The study is based on interviews with key actors working in social protection programmes such as judges, NGO workers, social workers, psychologists, lawyers, and police officers, on interviews with migrant women working in the sex industry and women using protection programmes, and on the analysis of parliamentary speeches and press articles. It will seek to critically assess the validity of 'new slavery' - as 'trafficking' is usually understood - as an expression to understand problems related to contemporary exploitative labour practices within the context of global poverty, dislocation of capital and labour, and restrictive immigration regimes. It will focus on the gender, 'racial', and sexuality aspects of anti-trafficking policies in Italy and how they get linked to citizenship within the socio-legal process enacted by Article 18 of the Italian immigration law. It will finally ask what kind of citizenship is granted to subjects who have been Otherised as 'slaves' on the basis of their gender and sexuality and who, through a postcolonial process of discipline and social control, are incorporated into the Italian society via their 'domestication' within 'proper' sexual, gender, and labour roles (i.e. as domestic workers in Italian families or as wives).
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Mitchell, Vernon Calvin. "Forgotten struggle : the quest for freedom in East St. Louis /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1422944.
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PAGOTTO, TANIA. "Un accomodamento sostenibile: l'interruzione di gravidanza in Italia, Spagna e Messico." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari, Venezia, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10281/397182.
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The doctoral thesis deepens, through comparative law, the topic of conscientious objection to interruption of pregnancy in Italy, Spain and Mexico (Mexico City). The legal theoretical framework lies at the crossroad between the need to maintain pluralism and
conscientious objection and the need to guarantee access to a public service. The dissertation is divided into three main sections. The first section provides definitions and contextualizes freedom of conscience and conscientious objection within the constitutional traditions and the regional systems of protection of human rights (the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights). The second section faces conscientious objections in the field of interruption of pregnancy, describing the evolution of national laws, the jurisprudence and the most recent reforms.
Therefore, it identifies the main problems related to the application of these laws, trying to explain the reasons of the social resistance and the still controversial nature. The third and last part describes the fragilities of the current accommodation system and proposes
some corrections, in order to build a sustainable model of conscientious objection.
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NAPOLIONI, VALERIO. "Genetic determinants of Human Survival and Longevity: A cross-sectional association study in a population of Central Italy." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/401872.
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Aim of the present thesis is to test the association of functional common variants located within possible candidate genes with human survival and longevity. Furthermore, we attempt to replicate and extend previous findings obtained on APOE, TNF-alpha and TP53 functional polymorphisms. The study has been conducted according to a cross-sectional approach and the polymorphisms have been determined for 1072 unrelated healthy individuals from Central Italy (18-106 years old) divided into three gender-specific age classes defined according to demographic information and accounting for the different survivals between sexes. Since the search for longevity-determining genes in human has largely neglected the operation of genetic interactions, we also performed gene-gene interaction analysis to assess the contribute of epistatic phenomena to the definition of genetic architecture underlying the complex trait of human longevity.
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Nemeth, Julian Tzara. "A central issue of our time academic freedom in postwar American thought /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1187214780.
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Schulz, John. "The Window Through Which We View the World: The Association of Religion and the Meaning of Leisure in Contemporary Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367111.
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One assumption that underlies much of the contemporary discussion of the meaning of leisure is the association of leisure with freedom. To some people, leisure has a quality that divorces it from society and places it above, and free from, the everyday demands and pressures of life. In contrast, discussions concerning religion suggest that religion pervades into all aspects of day-to-day living including leisure. Whether the focus is on religious institutions or personal expressions of religion, religion is generally considered an influential force on life. On the surface, perceptions of leisure and religion appear to be quite distinct and unrelated concepts. However, there are many occasions when leisure and religion deal with essentially similar elements of life. For example, many people participate in religious activities during their leisure time or alternatively, many people seek religious/spiritual experiences through their leisure activities. While there has been substantial research into both leisure and religion, few studies have focused on the interrelationships or the similarity and consequently, there is a gap in the understanding of these concepts. The purpose of this study is to help fill this void by exploring the relationships between religion and leisure in contemporary Australia.
In order to explore this problem, two interlinking research processes were incorporated into the research design. The first phase involved developing the Leisure Meaning Inventory from the four categories of leisure meanings identified by Watkins (1999). This phase also involved the trialing of the various scales used to measure religion namely: religiosity; Christian belief/orthodoxy; denomination; frequency of attendance and prayer; intrinsic religiosity, extrinsic religiosity; and, quest. Each of these measures were administered to several focus groups, and a pilot study. The second phase of the research involved administering the refined instruments to a sample of 475 residents of Brisbane, Australia. The responses to the questionnaires were subsequently studied and analysed using the SPSS data analysis software program. Four important findings concerning leisure and religion were identified. These were: The meaning of leisure in contemporary society appeared to be largely unaffected by religion; however, Religion was associated with the meaning of leisure, when leisure was perceived to be an opportunity for achieving fulfilment in life; The meaning of leisure was affected by gender; and, The Leisure Meaning Inventory was demonstrated to be an effective and useful measure of leisure meaning. It was concluded that leisure was perceived as an aspect of life that did not require a religious response and consequently, the meanings that religious people associated with leisure were no different from those of non-religious members of the population. This finding provided general support for current theories of leisure, which associate leisure with perceptions of freedom. It was also concluded, that when leisure and religion were both focused towards self-fulfilment and actualisation, then religion did have a significant effect. Some people may use leisure experiences as opportunities to gain religious benefits. This approach to leisure may be expressed through: participation in religious duties; seeking out alternative non-traditional religious experiences; or, aspects of religion becoming the leisure experience itself.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Leisure Studies
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Tatulashvili, Niko. "Freedom of association as a foundation for trade union rights : a comparison of EU and ECHR Standards." Thesis, University of Essex, 2015. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/16974/.
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The title of this thesis is Freedom of Association and Trade Union Rights in Europe, Comparative Analysis of the ECJ and ECtHR Case Law. There are several issues that the thesis will try to shed light on. Firstly, it will identify what level of freedom of association as a trade union right is deemed acceptable at the international and European levels. At the international level the ILO and ESC standards will be looked at, while at the regional level I will research the case law of the two European Courts – CJEU and ECtHR. Secondly, the standards of the CJEU and ECtHR will be compared to each other. This way, we will know which of the two protects trade union rights better and where there might be flaws. Thirdly, after comparing the CJEU and ECtHR standards with each other, they will be compared to the international standards of the ILO and ESC. This way I will check how the regional standards are in concert with the international standards that are respected worldwide. Finally, the prospects of EU accession to the ECHR will be looked at. Here I will investigate whether the accession might affect the protection of trade union freedoms in Europe, and if so, in what way.
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Nghia, Pham Trong. "Incorporating the core international labour standards on freedom of association and collective bargaining into Vietnam's legal system." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4600.
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This Dissertation evaluates the potential opportunities, challenges and outcomes attendant on Vietnam’s modernisation effort through the incorporation of International Labour Organisation (ILO) Core International Labour Standards (CILS) on freedom of association and collective bargaining into Vietnam law. The Dissertation shows that although Vietnam is likely to benefit from incorporating the CILS on freedom of association and collective bargaining into its legal system, its constitutional value system is not currently consistent with those of particular ILO CILS. It offers recommendations on pre- substantive and procedural measures necessary to ensure the successful reception of ILO CILS on freedom of association and collective bargaining into Vietnam legal practice.
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Madima, Takalani Samuel. "Freedom of association and the right to trade union activity : international labour standard in South African industrial laws." Thesis, University of Essex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333412.
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Arditi, David Michael. "Freedom, Music and the RIAA: How the Recording Industry Association of America Shapes Culture by De-politicizing Music." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33760.
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Since the development of widespread sound recording and distribution, the music industry has become increasingly consolidated among fewer companies. Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno described how the commodifying forces of the music industry lead to a predictable formulaic music that lacks any critical approach to society in their groundbreaking book, first published in 1944, Dialectic of Enlightenment (1972). Today, the patterns have not changed as there are now four major record labels known as the â Big Fourâ that produce commodified music with a business model that optimizes their profits at the expense of art, creativity and original style. Using the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) as its lobbying group and appointed vigilantly, the â Big Fourâ attempt to limit the access of independent artists and labels to music consumers.
This thesis argues that in the process through which the music industry works to co-opt and commodify genres of music, the music is (de)politicized to appeal to a larger audience. While technological advances in digital media and the internet would seem to bring a decentralized (even democratized) structure that diverts the costly music distribution system allowing for more artists and labels to compete, the RIAA has acted to prevent these technologies from developing their greatest potential. First, I demonstrate how music is commodified and marketed towards consumers. The second part of this thesis uses hip hop as an example to demonstrate how the music industry co-opts a genre of music to sell to the largest number of consumers and in the process changes the political significance of that genre. Finally, I argue that the RIAAâ s attack on file-sharers in the name of copyright protection is a technique for the â Big Fourâ to stop competition from independent artists and labels.
Master of Arts
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Nemeth, Julian T. "‘A Central Issue of Our Time’: Academic Freedom in Postwar American Thought." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1187214780.
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CYLLENO, TACIELA CORDEIRO. "FROM DEBATE TO LAW: STATUE OF LIMITATIONS AND FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION IN THE MAKING OF THE BRAZILIAN 1988 CONSTITUTION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19654@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRONesta dissertação, busca-se investigar todo o processo decisório – sugestões, considerações, imposições e concessões – relativo à implementação dos direitos sociais dos trabalhadores na Constituição Federal, especificamente no que tange ao prazo prescricional qüinqüenal, previsto no inciso XXIX do art. sétimo e à estrutura sindical, como disposta no artigo oitavo. Pretende-se, assim, oferecer uma contribuição que sirva para futuras perspectivas histórico-políticas de interpretação da letra fria do texto constitucional no que tange aos seus artigos sétimo e oitavo. A partir do estudo documental que permite apreender o processo dialético que levou à promulgação do texto final da constituição brasileira, analisar-se-ão as propostas iniciais, os debates que demonstram o embate de forças progressistas e conservadoras e, finalmente, a crítica à concepção final resultante deste longo e rico processo jurídico, histórico e social. Na maior parte dos debates sobre interpretação constitucional, parte-se do texto constitucional. O escopo do presente trabalho é buscar a gênese do direito positivado na CF/88, tomando-se o processo constituinte como marco inicial da pesquisa sobre a sistematização e efetividade dos direitos sociais no Brasil.
In this thesis, we seek to investigate all decision-making process - suggestions, considerations and concessions - on the implementation of worker’s social rights in the Federal Constitution, specifically with respect to the five-year limitation period provided for in Article XXIX of the. 7 and the union structure, as laid out in Article 8. The aim is thus to offer a contribution that will serve for future historical and political perspectives of interpretation of the cold letter of the Constitution in relation to Articles 7 and 8. From the documental study that allows to understand the dialectical process that led to the promulgation of the final text of the Brazilian constitution, shall review the initial proposals, the discussions that demonstrate the clash of forces progressive and conservative and finally, the criticism of the final design that resulted from this long and rich legal, social and historical process. In most debates about constitutional interpretation, we start from the constitutional text. The scope of this paper is to seek the genesis of positive law in CF/88, taking the constitutional process as a landmark for the systematic research on the effectiveness of the social rights in Brazil.
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Von, der Wense Olrik. "Freedom of association and union security arrangements in the republic of South Africa and the Federal Republic of Germany." University of the Western Cape, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7906.
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Magister Legum - LLMIn the history of labour relations, trade unions have played a major role in protecting the rights of employees and improving their working conditions. They have defended their members against exploitation by employers. They have promoted the establishment of labour legislation, which in some countries is quite comprehensive. They represent the interests of employees in the collective bargaining process. Albertyn describes trade unions as"institutions which advance democracy, co-operation, peaceful resolution of disputes and nonviolent negotiation (and which) are intrinsically worth preserving and protecting".' It is selfevident that a trade union needs strength to achieve these purposes. However, trade unions areweakened by the fact that it is not only union members who enjoy the benefits of their achievements, since non-members do the same and some employees thus try to avoid the burdens of trade union membership. It is therefore understandable that trade unions attempt to decrease the numbers of these so-called "free riders". Besides the pressure that can be brought to bear by fellow employees in the workplace, union security arrangements, such as the closed shop or the agency shop, represent another traditional method of strengthening trade unions. The free rider problem, however, is only one of many arguments used in the debate by those who support the establishment of closed shops.
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Alsalmi, Hussain Sulaiman. "Oman's basic statute and human rights : protections and restrictions with a focus on nationality, Shura and Freedom of Association." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/omans-basic-statute-and-human-rights-protections-and-restrictions-with-a-focus-on-nationality-shura-and-freedom-of-association(9c411873-6252-4ee1-b574-40ff59e94867).html.
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Over the last three decades, Oman has emerged as a center of political and economic stability in the Arab world, a stability which is an essential ingredient for any country to develop and flourish. Whereas democracy and public freedoms are at the core of stability in other parts of the world, the case in Oman is different. It is not a democratic state and it did not adopt the modern concepts of human rights and public freedoms into its legal-political system until 1996 when the Basic Statute of the State was promulgated. The purpose of this study is to provide a general view of the current status of Human Rights under the Omani Basic Statute of the State with a specific focus on some civil and political rights. It illustrates the situation of human rights by assessing the implementation of the constitutional and legal safeguards into practice and finding out what hinders them. It aims to evaluate the importance of the constitution in Oman, and the extent to which it has succeeded in incorporating international human rights’ standards while walking the tightrope of reconciling this with core traditional social customs and Islamic values. It analyses the compatibility of constitutional and national laws and practice with international human rights standards and assesses current trends and policies. Three case studies for different rights and freedoms are conducted to explore the guarantees and weaknesses of different rights in practice. These are the areas of nationality 'as individual right' which is very important under the Oman system as it is the direct link to enjoyment of other rights and freedoms. The Shura is the second case study as a political right or a collective right which represents public participation in Oman. Finally, the Freedom of Association, as an example for the freedom of expression and opinion, which represents individual and group rights together. This research evaluation analyses in detail the developments since the promulgation of the Basic Statute in December 1996 but stretches to encompass developments till the developments to the end of July 2011.
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Lemire, Louis. "Protection of trade union freedom of association under the International Labour Organisation and under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6018.
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Choko, Maude. "La liberté d'association au Canada et la liberté syndicale à l'OIT : synonymes?" Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111565.
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On June 8, 2007, the Supreme Court of Canada [SCC] overruled its jurisprudence of the past twenty years on freedom of association. The majority of the judges agreed that section 2d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the right to the process to collective bargaining. In doing so, the SCC rejected the ratio of the majority enunciated in the 1987 trilogy and, at last, gave place to international labour law, in particular to freedom of association principles elaborated by the International Labour Organization's supervisory bodies. The analysis of these principles, focused on three related rights, i.e. the right to collective bargaining, the right to strike and the right not to associate, allows the author to conclude that for the first time, Canada is showing greater respect for its international obligations. What the SCC will decide for the right to strike remains to be seen.
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Gagliano, Stefano. "Egualmente liberi? Libertà religiosa e chiese evangeliche in Italia, 1945-1955." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86035.
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McConville, James P. "The Companions of Christ a canonical analysis of the approved and proposed statutes (Canon 304) /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p029-0676.
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Acevedo, Andres. "Transparens i svensk valkampanjfinansiering." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-29416.
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Despite the fact that the issue has been discussed for several decades, there are still no rules in Sweden mandating political parties and candidates to disclose received donations. Because of this lack of transparency, Sweden is not fulfilling some of its international obligations and has fallen behind in the international trend to increase the transparency of election campaign finance. The lack of disclosure rules in Sweden has led to extensive criticism, most notably from the Council of Europe´s group of states against corruption, Greco, who criticized Sweden in light of the guidelines on the subject from the Council of Europe. At this writing, a new proposal for disclosure rules is being prepared at the Department of Justice, DoJ. The proposal is to be presented in spring 2013. For the time being, the only thing that exists regarding transparency of election finance in Sweden is an agreement from 2000, struck between some of the parties in parliament, to voluntarily disclose some of their received donations. In 2004 a government report proposed implementing disclosure rules. The proposal received extensive criticism from the reviewing bodies regarding its compliance with the rights protection in the Swedish Instrument of Government, RF. RF provides absolute protection against the government forcing individuals to disclose their opinions in political matters and absolute protection against the government keeping records of individuals' political opinions. Since these rights are absolute, they can be restricted only by constitutional amendment. It is uncertain if disclosure rules can be considered infringements under these absolute provisions, but even if they are considered infringements, it is likely that the disclosure provisions can be designed so as not to violate the RF absolute protections. Furthermore, RF provides relative protection of the freedom of expression and association. Disclosure rules would probably not infringe the freedom of expression but are likely to be considered infringements of the freedom of association. Restrictions of the freedom of association can only be implemented in the order specified in RF and since the order for restricting the freedom of association is very rigid, it is unlikely that such a restriction would be allowed under the current RF. The DoJ has expressed that the pending proposal will not include a proposal for a constitutional amendment. For Sweden to fulfill its international obligations in regards of transparency in campaign finance, more extensive disclosure rules must be implemented than those included in the agreement between some parties in parliament and those included in the 2004 proposal. The DoJ has expressed, however, that the pending proposal will be modeled upon both the voluntary agreement and the 2004 proposal. It is therefore not entirely unlikely that the pending proposal will be either illegal under the constitution or not far reaching enough, or both.I Sverige saknas regler som kräver av politiska partier och kandidater att redovisa mottagna donationer (redovisningskrav). Detta trots att frågan diskuterats under flera decennier. Frånvaron av redovisningskrav innebär att Sverige inte uppfyller vissa av sina internationella åtaganden och att Sverige halkat efter i den mycket tydliga internationella trenden att öka transparensen kring valkampanjernas finansiering. Frånvaron har även lett till omfattande kritik, framförallt från Europarådets grupp mot korruption, Greco, som kritiserat bristen utifrån Europarådets riktlinjer i ämnet. I skrivande stund bereds vid Justitiedepartementet ett förslag till redovisningskrav som kommer att presenteras under våren 2013. Tills vidare är det enda som finns avseende transparens i valkampanjfinansieringen en överenskommelse från 2000, mellan några av partierna i Riksdagen om att frivilligt redovisa vissa mottagna bidrag. År 2004 föreslog en offentlig utredning införandet av redovisningskrav. Förslaget mötte omfattande kritik från remissinstanserna gällande dess förenlighet med regeringsformens, RF:s, rättighetsskydd. RF innehåller ett absolut skydd mot att det allmänna tvingar en enskild att tillkännage sin politiska åskådning och ett absolut skydd mot att det allmänna registrerar en enskilds politiska åskådning. Eftersom dessa skydd är absoluta kan de endast inskränkas genom grundlags-ändring. Det är osäkert om redovisningskrav kan anses vara inskränkningar av dessa absoluta skydd. Om redovisningskrav är inskränkningar av dessa absoluta rättigheter torde det ändock vara möjligt att utforma kraven så att de är förenliga med skydden. RF innehåller även relativa skydd för yttrandefrihet och föreningsfrihet. Redovisningskrav skulle förmodligen inte vara en inskränkning av RF:s skydd för yttrandefriheten men troligtvis vara en inskränkning av RF:s skydd för föreningsfrihet. Detta innebär att inskränkningen endast får göras enligt i RF stadgad ordning. Eftersom möjligheterna att inskränka föreningsfriheten enligt RF är mycket små är det tveksamt om en sådan inskränkning är möjlig att införa utan grundlagsändring. Justitiedepartementet har dock uttryckt att det nya förslaget inte kommer att inkludera något förslag till grundlagsändring. För att Sverige ska uppfylla sina internationella åtaganden avseende öppenhet i valfinansieringen måste mer långtgående redovisningskrav införas än de som ingår i den frivilliga överenskommelsen och som föreslogs av utredningen 2004. Justitiedepartementet har dock uttryckt att just utredningen från 2004 och den frivilliga överenskommelsen ska ligga till grund för de nya redovisningskraven. Det är alltså inte helt osannolikt att det kommande förslaget till redovisningskrav kommer att vara antingen oförenlig med regeringsformen eller inte tillräckligt långtgående, eller både och
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Runesson, Sophie. "A Global Governance Shift in Development : A study on how transnational corporation´s CSR initiative can address Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining and how that can facilitate development." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-39201.
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Through globalization non-state actors including transnational corporations (TNC), have taken on a more important global governance role from the nation state, where they through their CSR initiatives, impact social issues surrounding development. There are however conflicting views whether CSR could contribute to development in the society. TNCs CSR engagement mainly concerns social issues at the workplace such as complying with labour rights. But workers right to organize and bargain collectively (FoA), which is a universally adopted labour right, is not emphasized on despite being vital for a democratic and sound labour market that ensures decent working and living conditions and even facilitates poverty reduction and development. Respecting FoA is particularly important in the context of a low-skilled and labor-intensive workforce with a low rule law and bad working conditions, which is often the case in developing countries where many of the apparel and telecom sector produces. Based on the importance of FoA and the critical views whether TNCs CSR initiatives really can improve FoA and thus development, this thesis will explore whether and how three TNCs, that produces in the above described context, address FoA by analyzing their strict policy and practical measures taken. Through using and applying theory and empirics of CSR and FoA, this thesis is conducted as a comparative case study of H&M, IKEA and Ericsson through a qualitative text analysis. The result shows that two out of three TNCs do not emphasize on addressing FoA since they disregard it as well as do not enforce practical measures directed toward FoA, but takes a more overall human rights approach. Whereas H&M highly address FoA by enforcing many projects that physically involves thousands of workers and enables them to organize and bargain collectively, which facilitates improved working and living conditions. The conclusion is that when TNCs, through their CSR initiatives, takes on a global governance role, they should address FoA by enforcing practical measures that physically involves and enable workers to organize and bargain collectively, since this can facilitate poverty reduction and development.
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Boudou, Guillaume. "L’émergence de la liberté d’association en droit français (1810-1848)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100133.
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Cette thèse interroge l’affirmation de l’historiographie dominante selon laquelle la liberté d’association consacrée par la loi du 1er juillet 1901 résulte d’un compromis politique ayant mis fin à une évolution débutée avec la Seconde République et poursuivie au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Elle montre : 1o – que le processus d’émergence de la liberté d’association en droit français s’est déployé au cours de la première moitié du XIXe siècle (1810-1848) ; 2o – que ce processus a emprunté les vecteurs d’émergence formés par les prescriptions législatives (Code pénal napoléonien, ordonnance royale du 5 juillet 1820, loi du 10 avril 1834) et la pratique judiciaire (poursuite, instruction, jugement, recours) ; 3o – que ce processus a été le produit de facteurs négatifs (abstention des pouvoirs publics consécutive aux limites posées par la loi à leur action liberticide, et tempérance de la répression judiciaire) et de facteurs positifs (conceptualisation juridique de l’association autour du contrat, de la permanence et du rejet du lucre). Ce faisant, elle met en évidence les insuffisances du régime de personnalité et de capacité juridiques des associations, fondement de la liberté de l’association, et nécessaire à l’affirmation durable de la liberté d’associationThis thesis questions the affirmation of dominant historiography according to which the freedom of association enshrined in the law of 1st July 1901 is the result of a political compromise that put an end to an evolution which started with the Second Republic and continued during the second half of the 19th century. It proves that: 1o – the process of the emergence of freedom of association under French law took place during the first half of the 19th century (1810-1848); 2o – this process used the vectors of emergence formed by legislative provisions (Napoleonic Criminal Code, Royal Decree of 5 July 1820, Law of 10 April 1834) and judicial practice (prosecution, investigation, judgment, appeal); 3o – this process was the result of negative factors (abstention of the public authorities following the limits set by law to their liberticidal action, and temperance of judicial repression) and positive factors (legal conceptualisation of the association around the contract, permanence and rejection of profit). In so doing, it highlights the shortcomings of the regime of legal personality and capacity of associations, which is the foundation of the freedom of association and necessary for the sustainable affirmation of the freedom of association
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Gaubytė, Milda. "Ar teritorinis ribojimas tapti kredito unijos nariu nepažeidžia asociacijos laisvės principo?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140614_150847-41634.
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Asociacijos laisvės principas pripažįstamas ne tik daugumos valstybių nacionalinės teisės, bet ir priskiriamas prie pagrindinių žmogaus teisių ir laisvių, kurios garantuojamos valstybių įsipareigojimais. Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 35 straipsnyje, laiduojama teisė piliečiams laisvai vienytis į bendrijas. 2009 metais įsigaliojusi Kredito unijų įstatymo redakcija įtvirtino teisinio reguliavimo principą, pagal kurį kredito unijų veikla galima tik toje savivaldybėje, kurioje kredito unija turi registruotą buveinę, bei su ja besiribojančių savivaldybių teritorijoje. Analizuojant Kredito unijos įstatymą ir Konstitucijoje nustatytas normas susiduriama su dilema – ar įstatyme įtvirtintas ribojimas gali būti taikomas. Ar valstybė užtikrina laisvą asmenų jungimasi į asociacijas. Atsižvelgiant į sparčią kreditų unijų plėtrą ir siekiant teigiamos veiklos teikiami įstatymų projektai, kurie neigiamai vertina įsigaliojusį ribojimą.
Taip pat darbe aptariama kokiais principais remiamasi sprendžiant nacionalinės bei tarptautinės teisės normų taikymo susikirtimą. Kaip sprendžiamas klausimas dėl asociacijos laisvės principo užtiktinimo nacionalinėje teisėje.
Magistrinio darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai yra išanalizuoti teritorinio ribojimo svarbą valstybėje ir kokį poveikį pasikeitęs reglamentavimas atlieka kredito unijoms. Apibendrinus asociacijos laisvės principo turinį įvertinti principo taikymą sąveikaujant nacionalinės bei tarptautinės teisės normoms. Ar asociacijų laisvės principo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The principle of freedom of association is recognized not only just for the majority of national legal systems, but it is also attributed to the fundamental human rights and freedoms as guaranteed by states. In the article 35 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, states the right of citizens freely to unite to ensure communities. In 2009, the credit unions Act entered into force which laid the legal version of the regulatory principle that credit unions can be only in the municipality in which the Credit Union has its registered office, and with the municipalities which territory is bordering. When we are analysing Credit Unions Act and Constitution established norms together there we face with a dilemma – whether entrenched norm for restriction may be applied. In this case do state ensures freedom of association mergers? The main problem of the credit unions are establishment of new more complicated procedures to found a credit union. For example establishing more restrictive common bond criteria. In general credit unions may unite members upon the following criteria: professional, geographical, work in one company or membership in one organization. Before 2009 credit unions had an ability to chose 2 of these 4 criteria. Now there are not such a possibility. There we have a clash between established restrictive common bonds for credit unions and fundamental principle - the principle of freedom of association In international law the right of everyone to join a... [to full text]
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LARA, REYES Ruth Leticia. "Asociacionismo migrante: entre prácticas identitarias y participación mediada. El caso de los ecuatorianos en Milán." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/28969.
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This research explores the self-organization, modes of participation and the transnational nexus of Ecuadorian migrant associations in Milan. Through this analysis association’s activities in the host society are observed, as well as the links with local institutions and Ecuadorian government focused on empowering the migrant groups and associations.
Furthermore, it has been analyzed how Ecuadorian community has adapted own religious habit and rebuilt religious practices of the origin country. It has been reviewed the modifications within Italian catholic institution and its changes since the massive immigration in this country.
Present research also reviews conflicts, tensions and asymmetric relationship modes between migrants organizing a religious ceremony, as well as negotiations with the host society in order to gain social recognition and legitimate its practices.
Fieldwork research shows the weakness of Ecuadorian migrants in grouping and self- representation. Rather, self-organization could be related to the social capital of associations’ leaders. The principal modes of organization and participation are related to the need of reconstructing customs and traditions of Ecuador. Moreover, Ecuadorian migrant’s organization is linked to a specific geographical origin region rather than the whole Ecuadorian nationality. Finally, a possible way to reinforce the Ecuadorian associations in Milan might be based on common elements in which migrants identify themselves and show strong ties with the place of origin.
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Rody, Christine. "Three associate member groups of congregations of women religious as associations of the Christian faithful." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 1994. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p029-0324.
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Silva, Elizabet Leal da. "O sindicato profissional e sua atua??o em tempos de crise : um estudo comparado dos direitos brasileiro e espanhol." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2018. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/8303.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The purpose of this thesis is to study freedom of union based on the foundations of the International Labor Organization (ILO), through Convention n? 87 and its effects in Brazil, where it has not been ratified and in Spain, which internalized it. From the analysis of freedom of union, we can see the study of the union systems in both countries studied: Brazil and Spain. The characteristics of each of the systems are addressed, since in Brazil, union unity remains in force, which is in conflict with the principle of freedom of association defended by the ILO. The analysis proceeds on the system in force in Spain: union plurality. In this way, full freedom of association is allowed by allowing workers to create as many trade unions as they seem necessary, but they can unite of their own volition and form a true union unity. On the basis of these elements, the institute of collective bargaining is analyzed, which is one of the greatest attitudes of freedom existing in labor relations, because it enables, through dialogue, to the interested parties, the establishment of norms for the satisfaction of their desires, and that the rights of workers and entrepreneurs are respected. In the aspect of collective bargaining, the role of trade unions is discussed as to their function of protecting the interests of workers, which even in collective bargaining are the hyposufficient part. It is also questioned the trade union action in the negotiations, especially in times of crisis, regarding the performance against situations that aim to prevent workers from losing their rights conquered throughout history. This paper then gives a brief analysis of the influences of the economic crisis experienced both by Brazil and Spain in the period from 2010 to 2017. As conclusion, an analysis is presented indicating the difference between the systems - unicity and plurality - in the field of collective bargaining, emphasizing whether or not they present a difference in relation to union action in the search for protection of the labor relation. For the development of this thesis, the method of deductive approach will be adopted. As an investigative procedure, historical and comparative methods should be used, based on bibliographic and documentary theoretical research.
La presente tesis tiene como objetivo estudiar la libertad sindical a partir de los fundamentos de la Organizaci?n Internacional del Trabajo - OIT, por medio de la Convenci?n n? 87 y de sus efectos en Brasil, donde no fue ratificada y, en Espa?a, que la internaliz?. A partir del an?lisis de la libertad sindical, se evidencia el estudio sobre los sistemas sindicales existentes en los dos pa?ses objetos de estudio: Brasil y Espa?a. Se abordan las caracter?sticas de cada uno de los sistemas, ya que en Brasil figura y permanece en vigor la unicidad sindical, la cual se enfrenta al principio de la libertad sindical defendido por la OIT. El an?lisis prosigue sobre el sistema vigente en Espa?a: la pluralidad sindical. En ese marco, se permite el ejercicio pleno de la libertad sindical al consentir a los trabajadores a crear sindicatos tantos que los consideren necesarios, pudiendo, sin embargo, unirse por voluntad propia y formar una verdadera unidad sindical. A partir de esos elementos, se analiza el instituto de la negociaci?n colectiva, que es una de las mayores actitudes de libertad existentes en las relaciones de trabajo, por posibilitar por medio del di?logo, a los interesados, el establecimiento de normas de satisfacci?n de sus anhelos, y de que se respeten los derechos de los trabajadores y los empresarios. En el aspecto de la negociaci?n colectiva, se discute el papel de los sindicatos en cuanto a su funci?n de protecci?n de los intereses de los trabajadores, que incluso, en la negociaci?n colectiva, son la parte hiposuficiente. Se cuestiona tambi?n la actuaci?n sindical en las negociaciones, especialmente, en momentos de crisis, en cuanto al desempe?o frente a situaciones que visan evitar que los trabajadores pierdan sus derechos conquistados a lo largo de la historia. A continuaci?n, el presente trabajo hace un breve an?lisis de las influencias de la crisis econ?mica vivenciada tanto por Brasil como por Espa?a, en el per?odo de 2010 a 2017. Como conclusi?n, se presenta un an?lisis indicativo de la diferencia entre los sistemas - unicidad y pluralidad - el campo de la negociaci?n colectiva, resaltando si presentan o no diferencia en relaci?n a la actuaci?n sindical en la b?squeda de protecci?n de la relaci?n de trabajo. Para el desarrollo de esta tesis, se adoptara el m?todo de enfoque deductivo. Como procedimiento investigativo se echaron mano de los m?todos hist?rico y comparativo, teniendo como base la investigaci?n te?rica bibliogr?fica y documental.
A presente tese tem como objetivo estudar a liberdade sindical a partir dos fundamentos da Organiza??o Internacional do Trabalho ? OIT, por meio da Conven??o n? 87 e de seus efeitos no Brasil, onde ela n?o foi ratificada e, na Espanha, que a internalizou. A partir da an?lise da liberdade sindical, evidencia-se o estudo sobre os sistemas sindicais existentes nos dois pa?ses objetos de estudo: Brasil e Espanha. S?o abordadas as caracter?sticas de cada um dos sistemas, uma vez que no Brasil figura e permanece em vigor a unicidade sindical, a qual se confronta com o princ?pio da liberdade sindical defendido pela OIT. A an?lise prossegue a respeito do sistema vigente na Espanha: a pluralidade sindical. Nesse molde, permite-se o exerc?cio pleno da liberdade sindical ao consentir aos trabalhadores e criarem sindicatos tantos quantos entenderem necess?rios, podendo, por?m, unir-se por vontade pr?pria e formar uma verdadeira unidade sindical. A partir desses elementos, analisase o instituto da negocia??o coletiva, que ? uma das maiores atitudes de liberdade existentes nas rela??es de trabalho, por possibilitar por meio do di?logo, dos interessados, o estabelecimento de normas de satisfa??o de seus anseios, e de que sejam respeitados os direitos de trabalhadores e empres?rios. No aspecto da negocia??o coletiva, discute-se o papel dos sindicatos quanto a sua fun??o de prote??o dos interesses dos trabalhadores, que mesmo, na negocia??o coletiva, s?o a parte hipossuficiente. Questiona-se ainda a atua??o sindical nas negocia??es, especialmente, em momentos de crise, quanto ao desempenho frente a situa??es as quais visem evitar que os trabalhadores percam seus direitos conquistados ao longo da hist?ria. Em seguida, o presente trabalho faz uma breve an?lise das influ?ncias da crise econ?mica vivenciada tanto pelo Brasil como pela Espanha, no per?odo de 2010 a 2017. Como conclus?o, apresenta-se uma an?lise indicativa da diferen?a entre os sistemas - unicidade e pluralidade ? no campo da negocia??o coletiva, ressaltando se apresentam ou n?o diferen?a em rela??o ? atua??o sindical na busca de prote??o da rela??o de trabalho. Para o desenvolvimento desta tese, ser? adotado o m?todo de abordagem dedutivo. Como procedimento investigativo lan?ar-se m?o dos m?todos hist?rico e comparativo, tendo como base a pesquisa te?rica bibliogr?fica e documental.
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Petersson, Oscar. "Populism Versus the Populist Parties : An Analysis of the Relationship Between Ideology and Populism on the Cases of Fidesz and Syriza." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-90978.
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This is a case study aiming to clarify the potentially outdated focus on the populist features in modern populist parties. By analyzing the right-wing populist party of Fidesz and the left-wing populist party of Syriza the aim is to clarify whether populism as a feature is descriptive enough to illustrate these parties, regardless their ideological stance, or whether ideology should be taken more into account than it tends to do today. To do this, the policies of each party are mapped to distinguish populist similarities, despite their ideological disparity and their differences. The analysis is delimited by the three pillars of civil society: Freedom of Associations, Freedom of Peaceful Assemblies and Freedom of Expression, referred to as the three pillars of civil society. The study shows that the descriptiveness of Fidesz as a right-wing populist party is conformed. However, the policies of Syriza demonstrate a variation of partially right-wing and left-wing populism, but also tendencies of no populism at all in their foreign policies. The descriptiveness of contemporary left-wing populist parties in the case of Syriza is thereby questionable.
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Kreiling, Simone. "Die Erstreckung betrieblicher und betriebsverfassungsrechtlicher Tarifnormen auf Außenseiter /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/373363087.pdf.
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Fioravante, Tamira Maira. "Desafios e possibilidades de realização da concentração social no Brasil à luz das experiências italiana e espanhola." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2138/tde-10092012-164233/.
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A presente tese visa demonstrar que, à luz da experiência vivida pela Itália pela Espanha, a concertação social pode ser um instrumento bastante útil para o enfrentamento de diversos temas de política social e econômica. Todavia o pleno reconhecimento da liberdade sindical é imprescindível para que a concertação social seja realizada de maneira legítima, pois somente mediante a existência de interlocutores verdadeiramente representativos, governo e atores sociais consiguirão manter entendimentos socialmente vinculantes e que sejam capazes de espelhar a realidade social. O Brasil não reconhece plenamente a liberdade sindical e por tal motivo, as tentativas de concertação social realizadas a partir da segunda metade da década de 1980 não contaram com o efetivo envolvimento das partes sociais. Mesmo assim, o país progrediu desde então, e atualmente gera grande interesse por parte da comunidade internacional. Não obstante, para que o Brasil aprofunde o processo da integração regional, bem como conquiste uma posição de efetivo destaque e influência no contexto internacional, é fundamental o reconhecimento pleno da liberdade sindical, o que permitirá finalizar a transição democrática, bem como a celebração de pactos sociais legítimos, sempre que eles se demonstrarem necessários.The present thesis intends to evidence that, in light of the experience lived by Italy and Spain, social concertation can be a very useful instrument in order to face many issues with regard to social and economic policy. Notwithstanding, the complete acknowledgement of freedom of association is necessary in order to social concertation be made trough legitimate means, because only upon the existence of truly representative interlocutors, government and social partners will keep socially binding understandings, capable of reflecting the social reality. Brazil does not fully acknowledge freedom of association and, as a consequence, the social partners were not concretely involved with the attempts of social concertation that took place as from the late 1980s. Even though, the country has developed since then, and currently it generates a great interest within the international community. Notwithstanding, if Brazil wishes to deepen the regional integration process, as well as to conquer a key role within the international context, it is crucial to fully acknowledge freedom of association, what will allow the country to conclude the democratic transition, as well as to execute legitimate social pacts, whenever they become necessary.
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Gorelli, Hernández Juan. "Delimiters of the right of vacations." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107245.
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Among the different rights that workers are entitled to, the right to vacations has currently become one of the most relevant. However, many questions could be made regarding thesaid entitlement: What do we mean when we refer to vacations? Which are its mainelements? What is its purpose?In the present article, the author answers those questions in the light of several doctrinal studies, international legislation and constitutional jurisprudence. He also stresses the role the International Labor Organization Convention 132 plays on the matter, as well as the importance of the respect of freedom of association.Entre los distintos derechos que el Derecho del Trabajo reconoce al trabajador, el derecho de vacaciones se ha constituido en uno de losmás relevantes actualmente. Ahora bien, al respecto pueden surgir ciertas interrogantes: ¿A qué nos referimos cuando hablamos de vacaciones?; ¿Cuáles son los elementos que la componen?; ¿Cuál es su finalidad?En el presente artículo, el autor responde estas y otras preguntas, a la luz de diversos estudios doctrinarios, legislación internacional y jurisprudencia constitucional. Destaca, asimismo, el papel que cumple el Convenio 132 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo y la importancia del respeto de la libertad sindical.
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Lanefelt, Lily Stroubouli. "Multiculturalism, Liberalism and the Burden of Assimilation." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-81978.
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Should a liberal state meet claims for accommodation of cultural difference with a liberal multicultural approach that grants cultural rights to minorities? The present thesis tries to answer this question by investigating if a liberal state may adopt a multicultural approach and still remain liberal. The purpose of the thesis, more specifically, is to study whether the accommodation of multiculturalism through cultural rights can be based on liberal values or not. The inquiry focuses on three influential liberal multicultural approaches which claim that cultural rights are congruent with equality, toleration and autonomy respectively. The coherence of these models is, however, questioned in the thesis. These models may neither be claimed to promote liberal values in a coherent and unambiguous way, nor be described as the adequate response to the type of burden of assimilation that members of minority cultures experience in liberal states. The main conclusion of the study is that liberal multiculturalism does not follow consistently from liberal premises and that the possibility of a normative conjunction between multiculturalism and liberalism therefore should be characterized as an open question in political theory. From liberal premises, a liberal neutralist model of integration based on anti-discrimination and equality of opportunity, in fact, still seems to be the most promising basis for a multicultural policy. It is argued in the thesis that this model can be developed if combined with a liberal scheme for deliberation on multicultural issues based on the principle of equality of opportunity.
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Pinheiro, Flavia de Campos. "O conteúdo constitucional da liberdade de associação." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8094.
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Previous issue date: 2008-05-21The freedom of association as a fundamental right is one of the characteristics of individual freedom. It is the right of collective exercise that, through a combination of efforts, aims to achieve a common and edifying goal. The understanding of the constitutional content of the freedom of association derives from the gathering of some elements which characterise this freedom, and they comply with the legal system. In addition to this, in order to guarantee its effectiveness, one needs to consider the instruments which allow the individual the full enjoyment of this freedom. The thesis foresees to the association a set of elements, rights, instruments and prohibitions which identifies the constitutional characteristic of such freedom. Furthermore, it studies the limitation of state power and the juridical security for its existence. The topic was developed on the grounds of the importance that the freedom of association, if well applied, seems to have in relation to the effectiveness of other rights, equally fundamental, and it aspires to achieve democracy. Therefore, it is necessary to recognise the constitutional content of the freedom of association in order to use
A liberdade de associação prevista como direito fundamental apresenta-se como uma das feições da liberdade individual. É direito de exercício coletivo que, através da conjugação de esforços, busca alcançar uma finalidade comum e edificante. O conteúdo constitucional do direito de associação depreende da reunião de alguns elementos caracterizadores desse direito que o conformam ao ordenamento jurídicoconstitucional. Soma-se a isso, para assegurar-lhe efetividade, a previsão de garantias que permitam ao indivíduo o pleno gozo de tal liberdade. O trabalho prevê à associação um conjunto de elementos, direitos, garantias e vedações que identificam a feição constitucional desse direito. Além disso, estuda a limitação do poder estatal e a segurança jurídica para sua existência. O tema desenvolveu-se em razão da importância que a liberdade de associação, se bem aplicada, parece ter à efetivação de outros direitos igualmente fundamentais, visando, com isso, o alcance da almejada democracia. Contudo, é necessário reconhecer o conteúdo constitucional da liberdade de associação, para utilizá-la como importante instrumento de concretização de um Estado Democrático de Direito
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Kreiling, Simone. "Die Erstreckung betrieblicher und betriebsverfassungsrechtlicher Tarifnormen auf Aussenseiter /." Frankfurt a.M. ; New York : P. Lang, 2004. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=013151162&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Francisci, Patricia. "Le statut constitutionnel des partis politiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32086.
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Les partis politiques sont devenus les piliers de la démocratie moderne. De simples groupes inorganisés, ils sont devenus des structures hiérarchisées dont l’objectif est la conquête puis l’exercice du pouvoir. Les contingences historiques ont montré la nécessité pour les démocraties de se doter d’un appareil juridique pour se protéger des partis, mais également pour garantir leurs droits et libertés. Les partis ont donc été consacrés dans les Constitutions d’après-guerre. Cette constitutionnalisation s’est accompagnée de l’adjonction de Lois des partis ainsi que de dispositions législatives règlementant le droit des partis. La question du statut constitutionnel des partis se posait, alimentée par les décisions du juge constitutionnel, amené à se prononcer sur les droits, libertés et exigences des partis, dans le cadre du contrôle de constitutionnalité.Dès lors, il était intéressant d’aborder une approche comparatiste des partis politiques, sous l'angle du droit constitutionnel comparé, en l’occurrence du contentieux constitutionnel. La constitutionnalisation structurelle opposée à la consécration fonctionnelle permet de mettre en relief les grands principes directeurs du droit des partis. Ont ainsi été dégagés les principes de liberté, d’égalité, ainsi que celui de la transparence. Les partis sont confrontés aux exigences et aux interdictions, issues aussi bien des textes constitutionnels que législatifs. Les Cours constitutionnelles allemande, espagnole, italienne, française et portugaise apportent leurs appréciations, dont les travaux proposent une analyse détaillée. Le juge constitutionnel a certes remplit sa mission de protecteur de la Constitution en assurant la protection des principes démocratiques, mais dans le même temps, il s’est révélé le protecteur des droits et libertés des partisLes partis politiques sont devenus les piliers de la démocratie moderne. De simples groupes inorganisés, ils sont devenus des structures hiérarchisées dont l’objectif est la conquête puis l’exercice du pouvoir. Les contingences historiques ont montré la nécessité pour les démocraties de se doter d’un appareil juridique pour se protéger des partis, mais également pour garantir leurs droits et libertés. Les partis ont donc été consacrés dans les Constitutions d’après-guerre. Cette constitutionnalisation s’est accompagnée de l’adjonction de Lois des partis ainsi que de dispositions législatives règlementant le droit des partis. La question du statut constitutionnel des partis se posait, alimentée par les décisions du juge constitutionnel, amené à se prononcer sur les droits, libertés et exigences des partis, dans le cadre du contrôle de constitutionnalité.Dès lors, il était intéressant d’aborder une approche comparatiste des partis politiques, sous l'angle du droit constitutionnel comparé, en l’occurrence du contentieux constitutionnel. La constitutionnalisation structurelle opposée à la consécration fonctionnelle permet de mettre en relief les grands principes directeurs du droit des partis. Ont ainsi été dégagés les principes de liberté, d’égalité, ainsi que celui de la transparence. Les partis sont confrontés aux exigences et aux interdictions, issues aussi bien des textes constitutionnels que législatifs. Les Cours constitutionnelles allemande, espagnole, italienne, française et portugaise apportent leurs appréciations, dont les travaux proposent une analyse détaillée. Le juge constitutionnel a certes remplit sa mission de protecteur de la Constitution en assurant la protection des principes démocratiques, mais dans le même temps, il s’est révélé le protecteur des droits et libertés des partis
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Neves, Mujica Javier. "Limitations on the content of Collective Bargaining imposed by the State to its workers." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108986.
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Collective bargaining is one of the most important manifestations of the right to freedom of association, because it serves as the mean through which unions can, progressively, improve labor conditions. It is because of its importance that the contentof this right cannot find itself limited in the possibility for employees to negotiate their own remuneration, which is what is happening with public employees in our country.In this article, the author makes an analysis of the content of the right of collective bargaining and its limitations imposed by our regulation, from the perspective of various national and international bodies. Those limitations would be unconstitutional, for they are restraining part of the essential content of the right of collective bargaining, existing, moreover, more suitable measures to achieve the balance between this right and public budget needs.El derecho a la negociación colectiva es uno de las manifestaciones más importantes del derecho de libertad sindical, pues se trata delmedio mediante el cual los sindicatos pueden lograr, de manera progresiva, mejores condiciones laborales. Es debido a esta importanciaque el contenido de dicho derecho no debeverse limitado en cuanto a la posibilidad de los empleados de negociar su propia remuneración, lo cual sí sucede en el caso de los empleados públicos en nuestro país.En el presente artículo, el autor realiza un análisis del contenido y los límites impuestos a la negociación colectiva en nuestro ordenamiento, desde la perspectiva de distintos órganos nacionales e internacionales. Dichas limita- ciones serían inconstitucionales, dado que se está restringiendo parte del contenido esencial del derecho a la negociación colectiva, siendo posible encontrar medidas más idóneas para balancear el ejercicio de dicho derecho con las necesidades de presupuesto público.
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Sanguineti, Raymond Wilfredo, Landaburu María Katia García, and Ponce Milagros Vivas. "Effects of multinational companies’ Corporate Social Responbility (CSE) commitments of the Peruvian labor market: the experience of Topy Top." Economía, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118322.
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This paper studies the impact that the social responsibility commitments of multinational companies are can have in the settlement of labor disputes that arise in its supply chain through a landmark case that occurred in Peru. There, the en masse dismissal of union members and their representatives by the textiles company Topy Top was resolved through the intervention of two international brands that were clients of that company. This intervention not only enabled the reinstatement of the workers, but also generated a series of instruments designed to develop a mature system of industrial relations. Through an analysis of the agreements and instruments adopted and the way the relationship between the company and the union developed thereafter, we evaluate the role that multinational companies can assume to ensure the compliance of fundamental labor rights.El presente trabajo estudia la incidencia que son capaces de tener los compromisos de responsabilidad social de las empresas multinacionales en la solución de conflictos laborales suscitados en sus cadenas de producción, a través de un caso emblemático que se produjo en el Perú, como consecuencia del cese masivo de representantes y afiliados sindicales por parte de la empresa Topy Top, que se solucionó a través de la intervención de dos marcas internacionales que eran clientes de dicha empresa. Esa intervención no solamente permitió la reposición de los trabajadores, sino que generó una serie de instrumentos que tenían por objeto desarrollar un sistema de relaciones industriales maduro. A través del análisis de los acuerdos e instrumentos adoptados y la forma cómo se desarrollaron las relaciones entre la empresa y el sindicato posteriormente, se evalúa el rol de garantía del cumplimiento de derechos laborales fundamentales que pueden asumir las empresas multinacionales.
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FERRARIO, SUSANNA. "LAVORO AUTONOMO E INTERESSI COLLETTIVI: RAPPRESENTANZA, ORGANIZZAZIONE E AZIONE SINDACALE DI TUTELA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/257.
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La ricerca prende avvio dalla ricostruzione dei processi socio-economici che hanno portato alla crisi del modo di produzione taylorista-fordista. Muovendo da tali riflessioni, si constata come le imprese “post-fordiste” si avvalgano in misura crescente di lavoratori autonomi, un tempo coordinati e continuativi e, oggi, a progetto (artt. 61 e ss., d.lgs. 276/2003).
Tali collaboratori sono, dunque, soggetti ad un potere (contrattuale) di coordinamento del committente che, alle volte, si somma ad una condizione di dipendenza economica dal committente medesimo.
Si crea, quindi, una differenziazione interna all'area dell'autonomia coordinata che non pare adeguatamente valorizzata dal legislatore ordinario, ma che sembra interessare i sindacati.
Il dato reale vede, infatti, agire rappresentanze varie, sicché occorre circoscrivere l'ambito di applicabilità degli artt. 39 e 40 Cost. L'assenza di un genuino interesse collettivo e di un'effettiva attività di autotutela inducono a ritenere che i collaboratori “forti” e il relativo associazionismo possano beneficiare delle sole tutele poste dagli artt. 2, 18 e 41 Cost.
A conclusione si affrontano le problematiche che la ricostruzione così svolta solleva, ovverosia come garantire l'effettività delle tutele riconosciute al sindacalismo dei collaboratori “deboli” e come contemperare l'associazionismo dei collaboratori “forti” con il diritto antitrust comunitario.The search starts with the reconstruction of socio-economic processes. Moving from these reflections, it's possible to see that today's companies take advantage of increasingly self-employed coordinated and continuous and, after d.lgs. 276/2003 “lavoratori a progetto”. These employees are, therefore, subject to a power (contractual) coordination of the customer that, at times, it adds up to a state of economic dependence by the same. It then creates an internal differentiation into autonomy area that does not seem properly valued by the ordinary legislator, but that seems to involve trade unions. Given that in reality there are different representations, we move to circumscribe the scope of applicability of the Arts. 39 and 40 Const. The absence of a genuine interest and genuine self activities suggest that employees "strong" and its associations can only benefit from the protections posed by Arts. 2, 18 and 41 Const. At the end tackling the problems so that the reconstruction turn raises, namely how to ensure the effectiveness of the safeguards recognized unionism collaborators "weak" and reconcile the associations of employees "strong" with the antitrust law.
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FERRARIO, SUSANNA. "LAVORO AUTONOMO E INTERESSI COLLETTIVI: RAPPRESENTANZA, ORGANIZZAZIONE E AZIONE SINDACALE DI TUTELA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/257.
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La ricerca prende avvio dalla ricostruzione dei processi socio-economici che hanno portato alla crisi del modo di produzione taylorista-fordista. Muovendo da tali riflessioni, si constata come le imprese “post-fordiste” si avvalgano in misura crescente di lavoratori autonomi, un tempo coordinati e continuativi e, oggi, a progetto (artt. 61 e ss., d.lgs. 276/2003).
Tali collaboratori sono, dunque, soggetti ad un potere (contrattuale) di coordinamento del committente che, alle volte, si somma ad una condizione di dipendenza economica dal committente medesimo.
Si crea, quindi, una differenziazione interna all'area dell'autonomia coordinata che non pare adeguatamente valorizzata dal legislatore ordinario, ma che sembra interessare i sindacati.
Il dato reale vede, infatti, agire rappresentanze varie, sicché occorre circoscrivere l'ambito di applicabilità degli artt. 39 e 40 Cost. L'assenza di un genuino interesse collettivo e di un'effettiva attività di autotutela inducono a ritenere che i collaboratori “forti” e il relativo associazionismo possano beneficiare delle sole tutele poste dagli artt. 2, 18 e 41 Cost.
A conclusione si affrontano le problematiche che la ricostruzione così svolta solleva, ovverosia come garantire l'effettività delle tutele riconosciute al sindacalismo dei collaboratori “deboli” e come contemperare l'associazionismo dei collaboratori “forti” con il diritto antitrust comunitario.The search starts with the reconstruction of socio-economic processes. Moving from these reflections, it's possible to see that today's companies take advantage of increasingly self-employed coordinated and continuous and, after d.lgs. 276/2003 “lavoratori a progetto”. These employees are, therefore, subject to a power (contractual) coordination of the customer that, at times, it adds up to a state of economic dependence by the same. It then creates an internal differentiation into autonomy area that does not seem properly valued by the ordinary legislator, but that seems to involve trade unions. Given that in reality there are different representations, we move to circumscribe the scope of applicability of the Arts. 39 and 40 Const. The absence of a genuine interest and genuine self activities suggest that employees "strong" and its associations can only benefit from the protections posed by Arts. 2, 18 and 41 Const. At the end tackling the problems so that the reconstruction turn raises, namely how to ensure the effectiveness of the safeguards recognized unionism collaborators "weak" and reconcile the associations of employees "strong" with the antitrust law.