Relevant bibliographies by topics / Free trade Thailand

Academic literature on the topic 'Free trade Thailand'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Free trade Thailand"

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Herman, Nash. "Thailand’s Trade Policies: Short Review of Successes and Shortcomings." International Review of Business and Economics 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2021.5.1.1.

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While Thailand is often considered a bastion of free trade, the Southeast Asian country has deployed a multitude of different policies that has led to Thailand’s current economic success. Thailand has generally always sought to be a modern, liberal country. Before the Asian Financial Crisis of the 1990’s Thailand saw unprecedented economic growth before the crisis and has since focused on even more liberalization measures. The paper aims to explore some of the different parts of economic theory that Thailand has implemented (both liberal and protectionist), in order to explain some of Thailand’s economic success and some possible shortcomings. The first section of the paper explores various parts of economic theory such as different obstructions to free trade and Standard Trade theory. The next part of the paper applies these concepts to Thailand to see how the country implements these theories and policies. Major protectionist policies that Thailand follows are tariffs and resistance to international IPRs. Another critical aspect that is discussed for Thailand’s economic success is the gravity model. The research concludes that while some protectionist policies have certainly helped Thailand in the short term, their desire to continue liberalizing will help the country in the long run.
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Smith, Nucharee Nuchkoom. "Potential impact of Thailand-Australia Free Trade Agreement on Thailand." International Journal of Public Law and Policy 4, no. 2 (2014): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijplap.2014.060120.

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Srisangnam, Piti, Chayodom Sabhasri, Surat Horachaikul, Jirayudh Sinthuphan4and, and Jittichai Rudjanakanoknad. "Development of BIMSTEC Free Trade Area for Thailand in Indo-Pacific." Journal of Asian Economic Integration 2, no. 2 (August 18, 2020): 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684620945192.

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To develop a policy for creation of economic value and utilise the development of Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) free trade area for Thailand, two research tools are adopted in this article. The first one is based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, adopted as a tool to explore quantitative impacts from the implementation of free trade area. Due to the limitations of the model, however, we have adopted a complementing qualitative analytical framework to ensure that the research must be as comprehensive as possible in every aspect. The qualitative analytical framework chosen in this article is called PEST analysis. Having completed field research, in-depth interviews, focus group meetings and model studies, this article concludes that BIMSTEC is a large-scale market with high purchasing power and growth rate as well as a great source of vast natural and human resources. It is situated not far from Thailand, and at the same time, its social and cultural conditions are very close to those of Thailand’s. It concludes that a stronger BIMSTEC is an essential foundation of Indo-Pacific. JEL Codes: F13, F 15
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BRAGINA, Elena A. "INDIAN-THAI TRADE RELATIONS: A VIEW FROM INDIA." Southeast Asia: Actual Problems of Development, no. 1 (54) (2022): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2022-1-1-54-160-167.

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Neighboring countries India and Thailand, different in territory, population and GDP, are not the main partners for each other in mutual trade, only 1.5–3.1% in the total exports of each of them. However, both countries consider it important to develop trade with their neighboring countries and see mutual interests in many of its positions. India has signed common free trade agreement with ASEAN and regional free trade agreement with Thailand. The article presents an analysis of the development of exports / imports of India and Thailand in 2011-2021, the main commodity flows are presented. The article also noted the aspects of export/import of commercial services representing almost half of the volume of foreign trade are considered, also noted the rapidly expanding e-commerce in volume.
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Pholphirul, Piriya. "Does AFTA Create More Trade for Thailand? An Investigation of Some Key Trade Indicators." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 29, no. 1 (March 2010): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341002900103.

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This paper examines whether the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (“AFTA”) creates trade for Thailand or actually diverts it away from the country. It does this by analyzing various trade indicators: the Export Similarity Index, the Intra-Industry Trade Index, and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) rank correlation. By examining the patterns of trade between Thailand and other members of ASEAN, it reveals a high degree of similarity regarding the trade structure between Thailand and AFTA, which indicates that there will be fewer trade-creation benefits from AFTA and a greater likelihood of trade diversion once the AFTA scheme has been fully implemented. This similarity pattern explains the reasons for future collaboration among member countries and supportive arguments for the future extension of ASEAN (“ASEAN+”). Market-penetration and development strategies should be employed by Thai exporters when accessing the ASEAN market.
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Kayani, Farrukh Nawaz. "China’s Mushrooming Free Trade Agreements: New Zealand and China’s Upgraded Free Trade Agreement." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (May 21, 2021): 884–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.84.

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FTAs have mushroomed and proliferated at very fast pace in East Asia, especially after the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) of 1997. The East Asian economies were very disappointed with the International Monetary Fund’s handling of the crisis. In particular, it provided some countries, like Thailand and Indonesia, with poor advice. After the AFC, countries like China, Japan, and South Korea signed FTAs with different countries around the world. The first East Asian FTA talks took place between Japan and South Korea in 1998. Like its neighbors, China also pursued FTAs with neighboring countries. The FTA between China and New Zealand was signed on the 7th of April 2008 and was implemented on the 1st of October 2008. As a result of this FTA, China has become New Zealand’s largest trading partner; New Zealand’s exports to China have quadrupled. As of June 2020, the trade between China and New Zealand exceeded NZ$32 Billion. China and New Zealand signed an upgraded FTA on the 26th of January 2021. The upgraded FTA includes rules relating to e-commerce, competition policy, government procurement, and environment and trade issues. The bilateral trade between China and New Zealand is complimentary rather than competitive; while China mainly exports manufactured products to New Zealand, New Zealand primarily exports agricultural products.
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Cheng, Ying Hui, De Qun Zhou, Gui Ming Zhang, Ying Wang, and Ying Wang. "Plant Quarantine between Thailand and China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.59.

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Free Trade Area (FTA) reached and validated between ASEAN and China has promoted plant and plant products trade dramatically between Thailand and China since 2000. As the agricultural products trade has kept increased rapidly, the pests management and quarantine become serious and challenging to these two countries in terms of ecological security and biosafety. This paper analyzed the situation of plant and plant products trade between Thailand and China from 2003 to 2012, including the kinds and amounts of plant and plant production, epidemic situation analysis which carried by import and export plant and plant products. There are over 400 kinds of plant and plant products which were trade between Thailand and China, and over 1000 genera (species) pests were intercepted including 79 genera (species) quarantine pests. In this paper, the bilateral arrangement related to plant quarantine was also analyzed. The current issues and problems of quarantine pests research, management and quarantine are articulated and suggestions how to improve or upgrade related researches and quarantine level were proposed in this paper.
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Tan, Lay Hong. "WILL ASEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION PROGRESS BEYOND A FREE TRADE AREA?" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 53, no. 4 (October 2004): 935–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/53.4.935.

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The raison d'être of ASEAN was a political one,1 to secure the region's peace, stability, and development. Against all odds, the founding members, namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand signed the ASEAN Declaration on 8 August 1967. Brunei was admitted in January 1984, Vietnam in 1995, which was followed closely by Laos and Myanmar in 1997. Thirty-two years later, on 30 April 1999, ASEAN formally encompassed all ten countries of South-East Asia by admitting Cambodia.2
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Krikorian, Gaelle Pascale. "From AIDS to Free Trade Agreements: Knowledge Activism in Thailand’s Movement for Access to Medicines." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 3 (April 2, 2017): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2017.42.

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This article examines the movement for access to medicines in Thailand, a country that is a privileged site of observation of the new world order of pharmaceuticals and has been at the forefront in many international negotiations on intellectual property. The movement relies on the appropriation of knowledge and expertise about intellectual property laws, which developed in the context of the fight against HIV/AIDS. Treatment activism in Thailand is particularly vigorous and studying it allows us to grasp both the national and transnational dimension of this type of collective action: a global movement that is structured around the notion of "access to medicines," and is in close but rather orthodox relation to medical knowledge. The relations that one can draw between AIDS activism and the movement for access-to-medicines allows one to trace the origins of the latter and helps us understand key features at the core of this movement. But the analysis also shows that, from the outset, the access to medicines movement in Thailand developed through a new form of activism. The notion of knowledge activism is developed in this paper to seize the particularities of the activism at play in Thailand as compared with other forms of collective action relying on the use of knowledge. Knowledge activism is defined not only by the activists’ relation to knowledge–– authoritative and institutionalized knowledge, or lay expertise––but also by the inclusion in the movement of “expert activists” such as doctors, lawyers, or academics, together with “grassroots activists.” Knowledge activism also implies a permanent circulation of knowledge and information between the various categories of actors involved inside, outside and on the fringes of the movement, and results in a hybrid form of collective action that develops beyond the movement and is constantly reconfigured, according to opportunities or pressures.
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Shaul Hamid, Mohammed Faiz, and Mohamed Aslam. "The Competitiveness and Complementarities of Agriculture Trade among ASEAN-5 Countries: An Empirical Analysis." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 8 (July 11, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n8p88.

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The trade of agriculture products between ASEAN countries has grown rapidly since the establishment of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). By using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Intra-Industry Trade (IIT) indexes, this study empirically analyses the competitiveness and complementarities among the ASEAN-5 countries for agriculture products. The results shows that IIT is relatively limited and RCA for Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam revealed intense competition among each other in the agriculture sector. Interestingly, the results also showed that Vietnam strongly competed against Thailand and Indonesia, which was detrimental towards both these countries and resulted to these countries losing their competitiveness in several product categories. ASEAN-5 countries have also shown diverse trends of competitiveness for each product category in the agriculture industry and the level of competitiveness coupled with low intra-industry trade reflect that there are policy mismatches that curb further trade integration in the industry despite several efforts under AFTA.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Free trade Thailand"

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Phan, Phalla. "Trade liberalisation and manufacturing performance in Thailand 1990-2000 /." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050201.105429/index.html.

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Tiranutti, Vilailuk. "Farmers and free trade : views from the rice and soybean farmers in Thailand." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437944.

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Prasittirat, Tachasit. "The Potential Effects of a Free Trade Agreement between Thailand and the European Union." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01653179002/$FILE/01653179002.pdf.

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Postigo, Antonio. "Production networks and regionalism in East Asia : firms and states in the bilateral free trade agreements of Thailand and Malaysia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/772/.

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Investment and trade flows across East Asia during the last three decades have fostered the development of production networks and economic integration. However, only since the turn of the century, have East Asian countries begun to institutionalize such integration through free trade agreements (FTAs). With the exception of Japan, the literature portrays East Asian FTAs as driven by political elites on primarily foreign policy motivations and with marginal participation of businesses in their formulation and utilization. Most of these narratives have, however, overlooked endogenous sources of trade preferences, shortcoming that this Thesis attempted to correct by analyzing how FTAs fit within the strategies of states and firms. The project investigated the mutual interaction between evolving trends within East Asian production networks and states’ and firms’ preferences on FTA liberalization using as case studies the bilateral FTAs negotiated by Thailand and Malaysia within the context of key production networks, particularly the automotive industry. Research involved extensive process-tracing through semi-structured interviews and trade data analyses. The main findings of this dissertation were: 1) Compared to multilateral liberalization, greater technical complexity and easier assessment of impacts in bilateral FTA negotiations resulted in more intense government-business consultations and corporate lobbying. Successive FTA negotiations strengthened the technical capacities of bureaucrats and firms and prompted the emergence of new institutional structures for intermediation and coordination among all actors; 2) Sectors that had successfully lobbied ex-ante for FTA liberalization and/or benefited from unilateral liberalization schemes have made extensive utilization of FTAs; 3) Governments and firms in both countries sought and extracted selective rents in FTAs to improve their relative position not only with respect to states and firms outside the bloc but also inside, and; 4) The interplay between overlapping FTA areas and the investment sunk in them shaped governments’ and firms’ positions on further FTA liberalization.
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Rattanaphan, Chalakorn. "Thailand in Regional and Bilateral Free Trade Agreements." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-274224.

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The Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) and the bilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have increasingly been a new wave of international trade around the world. The countries who seek to establish these agreements, be regionally or bilaterally, realize that the trade agreements are in fact tools to increase trade with their trading partners, to extend and expand their foreign markets, as well as to encourage foreign investments but the overall goal is to strengthen economic tie with the trading partners. Thailand is considered a young and new player in free trade agreements. Given the fact that Thai government's trade policy has been quite ambitious and proactive, Thailand has constantly attempted to establish free trade agreements with its important partners around the world. Regarding Thailand's strong support in export-oriented economy, seeking a greater access to foreign markets through free trade agreements is in fact the country's first priority. Thailand's commitment on regional trade agreement under ASEAN Free Trade Area, and bilateral Free Trade Agreements under TAFTA and JTEPA has provided considerable benefits for Thai economy mainly through an increase in export as well as impor. Moreover, the FTAs have proved to increase competitiveness on Thai products which results in an increase of market...
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Rochananonda, Chadin. "Trade liberalization and government finances in Thailand a computable general equilibrium analysis /." 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/70922836.html.

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Sarntisart, Isra. "Industrial protection and income distribution in Thailand." Phd thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/118131.

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During the past three decades, economic growth in Thailand has been marked by the growing dominance of the manufacturing sector. The share of manufacturing in GDP and in total exports has increased markedly. At the same time, there has been a sluggish increase in the share of manufacturing employment in the total labour force. Consequently, the gap between output per worker in agriculture and the manufacturing sector has widened. Concurrently, the distribution of income in Thailand has become more unequal. The role of industrial protection in industrial development is wellknown. Many studies have estimated the degree of industrial protection in Thailand during the past three decades. Many have also attempted to establish the impact of a move from an import substitution regime towards an export promotion regime. However, no previous studies have examined the impact of trade liberalisation on income distribution, which is very important in policy decisions. Based on a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, this thesis attempts to answer the question: ’What would be the income distribution impact of a move from the 1987 system of industrial protection towards free trade?’ The answer to this question contributes to empirical knowledge in the area of protection and income distribution in Thailand. This thesis also offers methodologies to estimate the size distribution of income, and to incorporate income distribution into a general equilibrium framework. The methodologies enhance the analysis of poverty incidence, as well as income inequality. The methodologies are applied to analyse the income distribution impact of a move from the 1987 system of industrial protection towards free trade, at the national, community, and regional levels. As part of the database construction, the thesis also constructs a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Thailand, and estimates a system of consumer demand. SAM provides some important information for the CGE model, such as production technology and a factor ownership matrix. The estimation of consumer demand consists of demand for ten commodities by ten types of households, enriched by price information. This is the most detailed estimation of consumer demand everdone for the Thai economy. Results from simulations using the CGE model confirm the argument in support of free trade. They show that while the move towards free trade would lead to a more equal distribution of income, it would also lead to a government budget deficit. The government might choose to borrow or raise more revenue, through an across the board increase in indirect tax rates or direct tax rates, to finance its budget deficit. The decision of the government has important consequences for income distribution.
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Kunkongkaphan, Pakinee. "Impact of Globalisation on Thai Small and Medium Enterprises: a Study of the Clothing and Textile Industry." Thesis, 2014. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/25357/.

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Globalisation has had significant impact on businesses and countries around the world, especially in the case of small and medium enterprises, and is increasingly contributing to national economies by way of increased output and increased employment. The purpose of the research is to study the impact of globalization on the performance of SMEs in Thailand, in order to formulate policies that would enable these firms to survive and prosper in an increasingly competitive global environment.
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Books on the topic "Free trade Thailand"

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Itharattana, Kajonwan. Effects of trade liberalization on agriculture in Thailand: Commodity aspects. Bogor, Indonesia: CGPRT Centre, 1999.

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Jitsanguan, Thanwa. Organization and policy adjustment implication of AFTA: The case of Thailand. College, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines: SEAMEO SEARCA, 2002.

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Itharattana, Kajonwan. Effects of trade liberalization on agriculture in Thailand: Institutional and structural aspects. Bogor, Indonesia: CGPRT Centre, 1999.

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Suphachalasai, Suphat. Textiles industry in Thailand. Singapore: APEC Secretariat, 1998.

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A study on the impacts of Thailand-U.S. free trade agreement. Bangkok, Thailand: Thailand Development Research Institute, 2003.

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Mūnsin, Wutthichai. Wikhro̜ prīapthīap Thai Čhīn Yīpun nai yuk čhakkrawatniyom mai. Krung Thēp: Samnakphim Suwīriyāsān, 2008.

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Uren, David. Summary report: Canada, New Zealand, Peru, Philippines and Thailand. Singapore: APEC Secretariat, 1998.

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Mehta, Rajesh. Potential of India's bilateral free trade arrangements: A case study of India and Thailand. New Delhi: Research and Information System for the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries, 2002.

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Kāo rǣk khō̜ng kānpœ̄t kānkhā sērī: Sinkhā rēng lot phāsī klum rǣk 82 rāikān : khwāmtoklong kānkhā sērī Thai-ʻIndīa = Thailand-India free trade agreement. [Nonthaburi]: Krom Čhēračhā Kānkhā rawāng Prathēt, Krasūang Phānit, 2005.

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Naoi, Megumi. Building Legislative Coalitions for Free Trade in Asia: Globalization as Legislation. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Free trade Thailand"

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Jongwanich, Juthathip. "Free trade agreements and investment policies in Thailand." In The Economic Consequences of Globalization on Thailand, 55–91. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003144076-3.

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Liu, Ying, and Kankesu Jayanthakumaran. "People’s Republic of China (PRC): Thailand Economic Relationship After Signing of Free Trade Agreement in 2005." In Understanding China, 77–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24232-3_5.

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"5. Thailand–Australia Free Trade Agreement." In Thailand's Economic Recovery, 62–72. ISEAS Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/9789812306401-008.

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Ali, Mahboob Muhammad, and Anita Medhekar. "The BIMSTEC Free Trade Area." In Evaluating Trade and Economic Relations Between India and Southeast Asia, 101–21. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5774-7.ch006.

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The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is a regional cooperation between Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, and Thailand since the liberalization of these economies. Member countries need to be more proactive for integrated regional cooperative hubs to enhance trade and investment opportunities in health and other sectors of the economy to cope with the pandemic and its impact. The aim of this chapter is to show how BIMSTEC, a regional cooperative body, can be a driver for socio-economic development, inter-regional trade, and investment opportunities for BIMSTEC countries and cope with COVID-19 and its impact. The BIMSTEC area is home to approximately 1.6 billion citizens accounting to 22% of the worlds inhabitants with a joint gross domestic product (GDP) of 2.7 trillion. Unemployment situation of ‘new poor' can be tackled through close cooperation among the BIMSTEC nations in an effective manner to achieve ‘pareto optimality' through trade and investment among member countries.
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Jusoh, Sufian, and Muhammad Faliq Abd Razak. "Special Economic Zones in ASEAN." In Handbook of Research on Special Economic Zones as Regional Development Enablers, 92–108. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7619-9.ch006.

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Most of the ASEAN Member States have been implementing special economic zones (SEZ) to attract investments, create jobs, and to encourage exports. SEZ may include export processing zones, free trade zones, technology parks, and the digital free trade zone. Newer ASEAN Member States are also launching their own SEZ like the Thilawa SEZ in Myanmar and the Savan Seno Park in Lao PDR. However, each member state has its own style of SEZ development and different types of SEZ for different purposes. The chapter studies the similarities and differences of the SEZ in three ASEAN Member States, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Malaysia. In Laos, Savan-Seno in Savannakhet was established in 2002, with access to Thailand and Vietnam. In Malaysia, the Penang model works on industrial cluster development, which is also adopted in the Johor and Klang Valley zones. In Myanmar, Thilawa SEZ began operation in 2015, mainly through collaborations with Japanese investors. Hence, it is important to understand these differences in order to find the recommended approaches for ASEAN.
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Padoongpatt, Mark. "“Chasing the Yum”." In Flavors of Empire. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520293731.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the origins of Thai foodways inside the United States, focusing on food procurement as a community-building practice among Thai Americans in Los Angeles before free trade. Before the 1970s, Thai and Southeast Asian ingredients were not widely available, which led to a crisis of identity among Thai immigrants. The chapter follows Thai food entrepreneurs who resolved the crisis by developing a local supply of Thai ingredients, opening grocery stores like Bangkok Market, and starting import/export companies. Chapter 2 also discusses the first wave of Thai immigration. U.S. cultural diplomacy in Thailand encouraged thousands of Thais to obtain student visas to study in the United States. These college students were among the first to open Thai restaurants and food-related businesses in the city. Many, however, ultimately overstayed their visas and became "ex-documented."
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Kartika, Rayna. "Financial Technology Innovation - Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending in the RCEP Member States." In Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, 93–112. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815123227123010010.

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Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) aims to strengthen the economy and the free trade agreement among 10 ASEAN member states (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) and five partner states (China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand). One of the ways to improve economic growth is to enhance the investment sector into start-ups and SMEs. Peer-to-peer lending platforms exist to ease the mechanism of funds lending and borrowing from investors to start-ups and SMEs. Currently, the rise of P2P lending, particularly in RCEP member states, has boosted the economic growth and development of technology. The government assistance in setting up the regulation regarding the mechanism of P2P lending has been carried out in order to create a clean and transparent practice of P2P lending among borrowers and lenders. Therefore, this chapter describes the introduction of RCEP member states and P2P lending and the mechanism for adopting P2P lending platforms in RCEP member states. P2P is indeed a platform that RCEP members can practice. However, the risks must be considered and addressed in order to prevent threats to their economic growth.
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Boyd, Claude E., and Lauren N. Jescovitch. "Penaeid Shrimp Aquaculture." In Fisheries and Aquaculture, 233–58. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865627.003.0010.

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Aquaculture supplies about 60% of the current market demand for shrimp. The entire increase for future demands must come from aquaculture since the capture from natural waters is not expected to increase. Shrimp aquaculture is conducted in many tropical and subtropical countries, but six countries—China, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Ecuador, and Thailand—produce about 85% of cultured shrimp. Shrimp aquaculture relies on penaeid shrimp species, and two species, Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon, account for most of the production. Shrimp aquaculture had an annual value of USD23.6 billion in 2014, making it a major item in international trade. Shrimp are produced almost exclusively in coastal ponds filled with estuarine or seawater. Small shrimp for stocking in ponds are produced in hatcheries mostly from farm-reared broodstock. Production intensity in ponds ranged from 200 to 500 kg/ha/crop in fertilized ponds to 5,000–10,000 kg/ha/crop in ponds with feeding and mechanical aeration. Up to three crops per year may be produced depending upon the location, species, and culture method. Shrimp culture can be seriously affected by viral diseases, and new diseases have been a constant threat to production success. The future of shrimp aquaculture is bright, but for it to reach its full potential, improved broodstock, high health, specific pathogen-free shrimp for stocking, better biosecurity for prevention of disease epidemics, better pond management practices, and more attention to avoiding negative environmental impacts will be necessary.
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Conference papers on the topic "Free trade Thailand"

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Kayani, Farrukh, and Zhongxiu Zhao. "Chinese Rationale for Free Trade Agreements." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00387.

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In East Asia economic regionalism and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are proliferating at tremendous pace despite being the latecomer as compared to Americas and Europe. Proliferation of FTAs in East Asia started to spread after the Asian financial crisis of 1997. The East Asian economies were dissatisfied with the way the IMF handled the crisis, particularly in Thailand and Indonesia. Presently, about over 100 FTAs are at various stages of development in East Asia. China is also actively engaged in FTAs like the other East Asian neighboring countries for achieving multiple objectives. In this paper we analyzed the detailed reasons that why China is pursuing FTAs? Furthermore, it is said that FTAs may jeopardize the multilateral trading system. As FTAs undermine the WTO policy of maintaining a liberal, non discriminatory and multilateral trading system by supporting the government interventions and prudential controls. Thus we would also explore that whether FTAs are building or stumbling blocks?
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