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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Free-trade policies

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Academic literature on the topic 'Free-trade policies'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Free-trade policies"

1

Nollen, Stanley D., and Dennis P. Quinn. "Free trade, fair trade, strategic trade, and protectionism in the U.S. Congress, 1987–88." International Organization 48, no. 3 (1994): 491–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300028277.

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What conditions led the One Hundredth Congress of the United States to enact fair trade and strategic trade policies into law during 1987-88? Political partisanship is an important force, with Democrats supporting and Republicans opposing all types of trade intervention. Otherwise, the coalitions of support for and opposition to the various trade policies differ, particularly in the Senate. In that body, international business is associated with support for fair trade policies and with opposition to classical protectionism, while domestic U.S. business is associated with support for classical protectionism. Liberalism is strongly associated with support for fair and strategic trade policies but is not associated with classical protectionism. In the House of Representatives, the long-standing protectionist coalition remains an influence. Few forces in support of free trade remain in U.S. politics. Changing international market conditions rapidly affect the making of U.S. trade policy.

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De Santis, Roberto A., and Frank Stähler. "Trade Policies for Exporting Industries under Free Entry." German Economic Review 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00043.

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Abstract This paper computes optimal export taxes and domestic production subsidies for exporting industries under free entry.We show that domestic welfare is not at maximum, as is typically believed, when the export price is a monopoly price, and the domestic price is a competitive price, because a market structure effect has to be taken into account. Furthermore, we show that the optimal tax/subsidy formulas for an oligopoly coincide with those under perfect competition, if foreign and domestic demand functions are both linear. We also discuss optimal trade policies when only one instrument is available, and we run numerical simulations to determine and compare optimal trade taxes under endogenous and exogenous market structures.

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Chalkual, Thanawat, Jeanne Peng, Shijia Liang, and Yao Ju. "Trade Policies and Economic Growth." Deakin Papers on International Business Economics 6 (July 30, 2013): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dpibe2013vol6no0art46.

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This paper aims to examine the relationship between trade policies and economic growth. In order to test whether restrictive trade policies have a positive impact on economic growth, we investigate America, Australia and China, and, analyse how their economic performance varies between a free trade environment and a relatively protective trade environment. In this paper, we focus on comparative advantage and use various data such as tariff rate, GDP growth rate, unemployment rate, etc. to test the influence of trade policies on economic growth.We find some support that less restrictive trade policy leads to better economic growth; however overall tariff rates do not seem to have a strong effect on economic growth rates

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Azmeh, Shamel, Christopher Foster, and Jaime Echavarri. "The International Trade Regime and the Quest for Free Digital Trade." International Studies Review 22, no. 3 (September 6, 2019): 671–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz033.

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Abstract The global economy is experiencing the digitalization of production, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. The internet and cross-border data flows are becoming important channels of trade as more products are traded through the web or integrate features that rely on digital connectivity. Reflecting the autonomy states have to enact such policies, national variations in internet governance have expanded over the previous decade, with states increasingly looking to use internet and data policies for economic and trade objectives. These dynamics are having important implications on the international trade regime through challenging existing trade rules and creating demands for new rules. This has resulted in growing debates in the trade arena around “digital trade,” as a number of states, led by the United States, push for rules as a way to discipline national internet policies and support trade in digital goods and services. This paper examines the political economy of this campaign. We argue that the objectives of this campaign go beyond updating rules to better fit the “Internet age” into achieving further liberalization of trade in goods and services. We highlight the technological contingency of existing international rules and show how technological shifts have been a driver of competitive regime creation and forum shifting contributing to processes of fragmentation of the international trade regime.

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Gantz, David A. "Introduction To U.S. Free Trade Agreements." British Journal of American Legal Studies 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjals-2016-0010.

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Abstract This introduction explores the historical changes in the trade policies of the United States (U.S.), namely, the shift from the support of multilateral rules to the embracement of regional trade agreements and provides an overview of the political and economic considerations behind the conclusion of the major U.S. free trade agreements.

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Kono, Daniel Y. "Insuring Free Trade: Unemployment Insurance and Trade Policy." Business and Politics 13, no. 3 (October 2011): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1353.

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Research shows that trade openness and high social spending go hand in hand, at least in wealthy democracies. It is not clear, however, exactly why this is so. Many scholars and policymakers argue that generous social spending facilitates trade liberalization, but there is no direct empirical support for this claim. This paper is the first to show directly that social spending promotes freer trade. Specifically, I show that U.S. state-level unemployment insurance makes Congress members significantly more likely to vote for freer trade. Since state unemployment insurance is exogenous to individual congressional votes, my analysis shows clearly that the former affects the latter. My results imply that social spending insures not only citizens but also open trade policies against hard economic times. They also highlight the importance of subnational policy choices to national policy outcomes.

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KANG, Yoo-Duk. "Designing Trade Policies with Labor Standards: Comparative Analysis of EU’s Free Trade Agreements." Korean Society for European Integration 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 187–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2020.20.187.

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KANG, Yoo-Duk. "Designing Trade Policies with Labor Standards: Comparative Analysis of EU’s Free Trade Agreements." Korean Society for European Integration 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 35–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2020.20.35.

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Figueredo, Darío Salinas. "The United States and Latin America: Beyond Free Trade." Critical Sociology 38, no. 2 (September 9, 2011): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920511419905.

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Trade policies have long been configured into the history of Latin America. In virtually all such policies, US interests can be readily discerned. Recent experiences in a neoliberal context have witnessed a rearrangement of interests, forces, and scenarios at the global level. The weakening of the role of the state in allocating resources and in defining national agendas has been notable. Wherever proposals for democratization have appeared and have sought to distance themselves from hegemonic policies, the issues of free trade and commerce begin to reveal important aspects of interrelationship between development, regional integration, cooperation, and security.

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Monteiro, Maristela G., and Itzhak Levav. "EU alcohol policies and free trade: consequences beyond its borders." Lancet 368, no. 9535 (August 2006): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69197-6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Free-trade policies"

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Schultz, Daniel Mark. "Opportunities and constraints in the management of small countries' trade relations : the cases of Canada-U.S.A. and Austria-EEC." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303571.

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Riipinen, Toni. "The interaction of environmental and trade policies /." Helsinki : Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy043/2003362321.html.

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Baksi, Soham. "Essays on environmental policies, corruption, and energy." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100316.

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This thesis consists of four essays. The first essay looks at pollution taxation under capital mobility, and analyzes the role of pre-commitment by countries to their pollution tax rate. A polluting firm sells its product in two countries, and can locate and produce in a single country or in both countries. Due to the discrete-choice nature of the firm's location problem, the countries' welfare functions are discontinuous in their pollution tax rate. We show that when the countries cannot pre-commit to their pollution tax, the firm can still engender tax competition between them by strategically locating in both the countries. Moreover, pre-commitment pollution taxation may not be welfare improving for the countries, although it always makes the firm better off.
The second essay studies the effect of liberalization on corruption. Corruptible inspectors enforce an environmental regulation on firms, and are monitored by an honest regulator. Liberalization not only increases the variety of goods and the marginal utility of accepting a bribe, but also puts pressure on the regulator to curb corruption. The interaction of these two effects can cause corruption to initially increase with liberalization, and then decrease beyond a threshold. Moreover, equilibrium corruption is lower when the regulator is able to pre-commit to her monitoring frequency.
The third essay analyzes optimal labeling (information revelation) procedures for hidden attributes of credence goods. Consumers are heterogeneous in their preference for the hidden attribute, and producers can either self-label their products, or have them certified by a third party. The government can impose self or third-party labeling requirements on either the "green" or the "brown" producers. When corrupt producers can affix spurious labels, the government needs to monitor them. A mandatory self-labeling policy is shown to generally dominate mandatory third-party labeling.
The fourth essay develops formulas for computing the economy-wide energy intensity decline rate by aggregating sectoral energy efficiency improvements, and sectoral shifts in economic activities. The formulas are used to (i) construct plausible scenarios for the global rate of energy intensity decline, and (ii) show the restraining role of the "electricity generation" sector on the energy intensity decline rate.

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De, Icaza Aneiros Carlos. "The effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement on Mexican environmental laws and policies and their enforcement : evaluating six years of cooperation (1994-2000)." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31155.

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During the last fifty years trade liberalization has stimulated different levels of industrial and technological development and economic growth around the world. However, during that same period, the world has witnessed a rapid degradation of the environment and an excessive exploitation of natural resources. The urgency of the situation requires the reconciliation of trade liberalization and environmental protection goals.
In this context, on January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement entered into between Canada, Mexico and the United States came into force. This agreement has significant environmental content and includes a side agreement on environmental matters. This new framework of environmental protection is serving to reconcile trade and environmental goals in the region, and is shaping the new legal framework for environmental protection and enforcement in Mexico.

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Ray, Elizabeth Thompson. "The Effects of Trade Liberalization Policies on Human Development in Selected Least Developed Countries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5440/.

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This dissertation examines the effects of trade liberalization policies (represented by membership in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization on selected Least Developed Countries' (LDCs) human development (represented by the Human Development Index). In this dissertation, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) policies are theorized to have two distinct types of effects: their direct effect and their indirect effect. Two questions are focused on: first, what is the effect (total, direct and indirect) of WTO policies on human development for selected LDCs? Second, what is the effect (total, direct and indirect) of WTO policies on human development for selected developing/developed countries (i.e. non-LDCs) holding economic development constant? Using the dependency theory of development as a theoretical basis, this dissertation examines the assumptions of modernization-theory-based policies as expressed in trade liberalization policies (i.e. the implementation of comparative advantage and now market fundamentalism) with world-system analysis techniques. To examine these questions, four panel regression models are constructed to measure the total, direct and indirect effects of WTO policies during the near-term (1998-2003) and during a longer historical term (1975-2000). The data for the analyses are taken from seven different sources of international data. The analyses seemingly demonstrate that there are quantifiable negative effects of GATT/WTO membership (trade liberalization policies) on human development in selected LDCs. The current implementation of trade liberalization policies does not benefit the well-being of all concerned as promoted by the WTO.

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Zhang, Nan. "A critical evaluation of policies and programmes that mitigate the effects of free trade on unemployment a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business (MBus), 2008." Abstract. Full dissertation, 2008.

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Cheng, Chi Bun. "A port-based evaluation framework of trade facilitation policies: case study of the Pearl River Delta Region." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/485.

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In the past two decades, as regional free trade agreements prevailed between states and governments, there is an imperative need for the concerned trade control authorities to minimise non-tariff trade barriers. Trade facilitation policy becomes one of the essential tools to enhance the competitive strength of a state in the global market. As the common yardstick adopted to assess policy effectiveness, the global trade efficiency indicators seem to reflect that state-level trade facilitation policies may not be generating the expected results. Not only the validity of such indicators have been challenged by some scholars, their application in port-level studies are also questionable. This project develops an evaluation framework that consists of a qualitative and a quantitative assessment tool to evaluate port-based trade facilitation policies. The qualitative analytical instrument examines how trade facilitation measures affect port-based supply chain. The quantitative survey tool measures the extent of these policies may impact on the supply chain activities of port-related firm, infrastructure, and institutional stakeholders. The evaluation framework is applied to investigate the effects of trade facilitation policies on hub ports of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Such framework not only provides an instrument to measure policy impact, but also illustrates how a trade facilitation programme may affect the competitiveness of port supply chain. The qualitative tool by adopting multiple supply chain perspectives, contributes a consistent and comprehensive assessment method for trade facilitation studies to extend the research scope to port level. The quantitative instrument provides a mechanism that could facilitate an accurate measurement of the trade facilitation policy impacts not only in a single port but also in a networked ports' environment.

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Manjoro, Faith Tendayi. "International trade and environmental disputes : an analysis of Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) and environmental policies of the developing and developed world." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007444.

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A major problem emanating from the trade/environment conflict is the use of trade measures, such as restrictions and sanctions, as tools for environmental protection. Proponents of free trade argue that the use of these measures is tantamount to abuse of environmental standards for protectionist ends. This is particularly so if the imposition of the standard amounts to a unilateral act which blocks the entry of a specified product into the market of another member state for reasons other than environmental protection. Environmentalists at the same time argue that free trade will lead to environmental degradation and therefore advocate for the use of trade-restrictive measures to safeguard against the destruction of the environment. The GATT has proved problematic when it comes to the resolution of trade/environment conflicts. The GATT aims at trade liberalisation yet most environmental policies are enforced through trade-restrictive devices like quotas and licences. Article XX of the GATT is anomalous: it does not explicitly mention the environment, yet member states rely on it as an environmental protection clause. This thesis discusses the various issues emanating from the trade/environmental debate. The history of Article XX is reviewed and the issues that arise in the adjudication of Articles XX (b) and (g) in a trade/environment context are analysed in light of the decisions by the GATTIWTO dispute settlement bodies. The role played by Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in protecting the environment is discussed. However, the relationship between MEAs and the WTO is also scrutinised as these rule-making bodies often come into conflict: firstly, because they serve two differing interests - on the one hand, MEAs allow for the use of trade restrictive measures in environmental agreements and on the other, the WTO calls for unrestricted trade unless exceptional circumstances exist; and secondly, member states that are party to both the WTO and MEAs are often forced to subscribe to international trade rules that are incompatible with those in environmental agreements. The trade/environmental debate is important to both the developed and developing worlds. The developed world is in favour of environmental policies which protect the environment from degradation. On the other hand, the developing world is in desperate need of the benefits of trade liberalisation so as to cater for high unemployment rates and poor economic growth. The question thus arises as to whether, when environmental issues are promoted, developing countries will not suffer at the expense of developed nations which may engage in protectionist measures under the pretext of environmental conservation. The divide between developed and developing countries is illustrated in Chapter 5 through case studies on coal mining in the USA and South Africa. The conclusion reached is that total co-operation is essential between developed and developing states for success in safeguarding the environment from degradation. Accordingly, the trade/environmental debate cannot be isolated from the conflicting approaches in developed and developing countries. The conclusions in the final chapter seek to strike a balance between trade liberalisation and environmental protection. Recommendations are made on how the trade/environmental challenges could be dealt with and the regulation of trade restrictive devices to exclude, or at least limit, protectionism.

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Geradin, Damien. "Trade and the environment in European Community and United States law : a study of the tension between free trade and state environmental policies with particular reference to the areas of waste, product standards and process standards." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363861.

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Parente, Filho Wagner de Macedo. "O antidumping como parte de políticas comerciais e industriais estratégicas." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9006.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wagner de Macedo Parente Filho.pdf: 1473853 bytes, checksum: b48dae48a1370f76235828467fb259a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-30
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The antidumping is one of the most used mechanisms by members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and provide by international agreements within the same organization, to impede the access of foreign products in domestic market. Despite a relative uniformity in the implementation of these measures due the fact that it derives from the internalization of the Antidumping Agreement there is still a wide discretion in how WTO members apply such measure, especially the national interest. Thus, developing countries could use the antidumping with a different logic from used in developed countries; not to meet the pressures of domestic industry which was affected by the trade liberalization process, but as part of broader public policies that seek the development of the nation as a whole. In this sense, it is clear that at least two countries that preach free trade England and United States were used aggressive interventionist policies to achieve their current level of development, which cannot be used by today s developing countries under international agreements. In a similar way, it seems essential that developing countries use all mechanisms provided by international agreements in order to carry on public policies, one of them is the antidumping. This use of antidumping measures, at least in Brazil, is consistent with the constitutional option in Brazil; represents low risk to retaliate directly or challenge in WTO Dispute Settlement; can offer more credibility to public policies; provides a more solid economic rationale; and facilitates the judicial control of the action
As medidas antidumping são um dos mecanismos mais utilizados pelos membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) e previstos nos acordos internacionais no âmbito da mesma Organização, para conter a entrada de produtos estrangeiros no mercado interno. Apesar de haver uma relativa uniformidade quanto à aplicação das referidas medidas por derivarem da internalização do Acordo Antidumping ainda existe uma grande discricionariedade na forma como os membros da OMC fazem uso das mesmas, em especial quanto ao interesse nacional. Dessa forma, países em desenvolvimento poderiam utilizar o antidumping com uma lógica diferente da que é empregada em países desenvolvidos; não para satisfazer as pressões da indústria doméstica que foi afetada pelo processo de liberalização comercial, mas como parte de políticas públicas mais amplas, que busquem o desenvolvimento da nação como um todo. Nesse sentido, é notório que pelo menos os dois países que mais pregam o liberalismo comercial Inglaterra e Estados Unidos se utilizaram de políticas intervencionistas agressivas para alcançarem o seu atual nível de desenvolvimento, as quais não podem ser utilizadas pelos países em desenvolvimento de hoje, por força dos acordos internacionais. Do mesmo modo, parece fundamental que os países em desenvolvimento façam uso de todos os mecanismos previstos nos acordos internacionais para a efetivação de políticas públicas eficientes, sendo um dos principais o antidumping. Essa utilização das medidas antidumping, pelo menos no Brasil, é coerente com a opção constitucional brasileira; representa pouca possibilidade de retaliação direta ou contestação no Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC; pode oferecer mais credibilidade às políticas públicas; possibilita uma ratio econômica mais sólida; e facilita o controle jurisdicional das medidas

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Books on the topic "Free-trade policies"

1

Ohkawa, Takao, Makoto Tawada, Makoto Okamura, and Ryoichi Nomura, eds. Regional Free Trade Areas and Strategic Trade Policies. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55621-3.

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Beghin, John C. Groundnut policies, global trade dynamics, and the impact of trade liberalization. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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Horn, Henrik. Merger policies and trade liberalization. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.

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Mubaraki, Firdos J. Changes needed in economic policies. Concord, Calif: Peace Publishers, 1987.

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Hoekman, Bernard M. Linking competition and trade policies in Central and Eastern European countries. Washington, D.C: World Bank, Europe and Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa Regions, Technical Dept., Private Sector and Finance Team, 1994.

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Riipinen, Toni. The Interaction of environmental and trade policies. [Helsinki, Finland]: Helsinki School of Economics, 2003.

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Globalization and international trade policies. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2009.

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Lucas, Robert E. B. Toxic releases by manufacturing: World patterns and trade policies. Washington, DC (1818 H St., N.W., Washington 20433): Office of the Vice President Development Economics, World Bank, 1992.

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González, Ricardo Monge. Anti-dumping policies and safeguard measures in the context of Costa Rica's economic liberalization. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.

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Leape, Jonathan, Carolyn Jenkins, and Lynne Thomas. Gaining from trade in Southern Africa: Complementary policies to underpin the SADC Free Trade Area. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan published in association with the Commonwealth Secretariat, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Free-trade policies"

1

Aaronson, Susan Ariel. "The turn to trade policies to regulate the Internet." In Understanding Mega Free Trade Agreements, 191–220. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315200989-12.

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Ahumada, José Miguel. "Chile’s trade policies in the context of US contemporary imperialism." In The Continuing Imperialism of Free Trade, 125–36. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203732809-13.

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Ivanova, Yovita. "The Peru-EU Free Trade Agreement: Obstacle or Opportunity for Peru’s Sustainable Development?" In EU Development Policies, 155–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01307-3_9.

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Jayagovind, A. "India in Pursuit of Sustainable Development: A Critique of India’s Trade and Investment Policies." In Open Markets, Free Trade and Sustainable Development, 91–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7426-5_6.

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Michalos, Alex C. "Brief to the Ontario Cabinet Committee on North American Free Trade." In How Good Policies and Business Ethics Enhance Good Quality of Life, 185–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50724-8_12.

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Chiang, Min-Hua. "Comparing Governments’ Policies in Promoting the Economic Growth (II): Free Trade Policy." In Post-Industrial Development in East Asia, 93–112. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0274-9_5.

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Bindseil, Ulrich, and Alessio Fotia. "The Central Bank as Lender of Last Resort." In Introduction to Central Banking, 79–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70884-9_6.

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AbstractIn this chapter we review the function of the central bank as lender of last resort (LOLR), starting from the understanding of financial crises developed in the previous chapter. We recall long-established LOLR principles: proactive lending, inertia of the central bank risk control framework, and risk endogeneity. Because of its systemic role, a central bank should not tighten its collateral framework in a crisis, as restrictive policies are likely to not only increase the overall damage done by a crisis to society, but to even increase central bank losses. We explain in more detail the main reasons why a central bank should act as LOLR: prevent negative externalities from fire sales; its unique status as institution with unlimited liquidity; its status as a risk-free counterparty making others accept to deliver collateral to it even at high haircuts; and its mandate to preserve price stability. We distinguish three different forms of LOLR: elements built into the regular operational framework; readiness to relax parameters in a crisis; and provision of emergency liquidity assistance to individual firms. We then discuss what could be the optimal propensity of a central bank to engage in LOLR activities and outline possible trade-offs. Last but not least, we develop a bank-run model which highlights the role of asset liquidity and central bank eligible collateral. We calculate through a model variant with binary asset liquidity and uniform central bank collateral haircut, but then also introduce a model variant with continuous asset liquidity and haircuts.

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Strang, Lee J. "The Supreme Court’s Attempts Via Its Dormant Commerce Clause Jurisprudence to Navigate State Police Power and National Free Trade: Potential Lessons for International Trade." In World Trade and Local Public Interest, 137–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41920-2_8.

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"Trade policies: free trade and protectionism." In Economic Policy in the Age of Globalisation, 343–56. Cambridge University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511753947.016.

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"5. Legal Framing and Quota Policies." In Food Fights over Free Trade, 135–77. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400841394.135.

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Conference papers on the topic "Free-trade policies"

1

Lin, Li, and Jing Xue. "Reform Approaches on Tax Preferential Policies of Chinese Free Trade Zones Based on the Comparative Study on Tax Preferential Policies of the Global Free Trade Zones." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Economy, Management and Entrepreneurship (ICOEME 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icoeme-19.2019.53.

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Yang Xiangying. "Notice of Retraction: Theoretical analysis of coordinating mechanisms for financial policies for China — ASEAN Free Trade Area." In Business Management and Electronic Information. 2011 International Conference on Business Management and Electronic Information (BMEI 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbmei.2011.5920523.

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Barlow, P., and AM Thow. "OP33 Free trade agreements, power asymmetries, and the design of nutrition policies: a critical discourse analysis of challenges to nutrition labelling regulations at the world trade organization, 2007–2018." In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health Annual Scientific Meeting 2020, Hosted online by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and University of Cambridge Public Health, 9–11 September 2020. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-ssmabstracts.33.

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Marchenko, Nataliya. "Northern Sea Route: Modern State and Challenges." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23626.

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Abstract:

It is well-known that navigating the waterway from the primary trade hubs in northern Europe to the Asia-Pacific ports and contrariwise along the Russian Arctic Coast (Northern Sea Route - NSR) is much shorter and faster, than southern ways via Suez or around Africa. The NSR can significantly save costs (through saving time and fuel) and avoids the risk of attack by pirates. In addition, an increase in oil and gas activity in the North, forecasts of global warming and an ice-free Arctic have stimulated interest in Arctic navigation. However, Arctic transportation poses significant challenges because of the heavy ice conditions that exist during both the winter and summer. The profitability of using the NSR is called into question if possible high tariffs are included in the cost estimates. For many years, the NSR was principally used for internal Russian transport and since the end of the 1980s up until 2010, it was in stagnation with total amount of cargo transported annually stood at less than two million tons. Important political decisions in the 90s and increased economic feasibility intensified traffic and freight turnover. In 2013, the NSR Administration (NSRA) was established, new rules for navigation were approved and tariff policies were modified. In 2013, the NSRA issued 635 permits to sail in NSR waters, and 71 transit voyages have since been completed. The total amount of transit cargo was 1.36 million tons. More than 40% of the total number of permits were issued to vessels without ice class [1] according to the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping [2]. There are strong technical requirements for vessels attempting to sail the NSR; regardless, several accidents occurred in 2012–2013. Two vessels were dented by ice in the Chukchi Sea in 2012. A tanker was holed in September 2013 and created a real danger of an ecological disaster from fuel leakage for several days. Despite the expectation of an ice-free Arctic, the ice conditions in 2013 were rather difficult, and the Vilkitsky Strait (a key strait in the NSR between the Kara and Laptev seas) was closed by ice for almost the entire navigation period. In this paper, we review the current situation in the Russian Arctic, including political and administrative actions, recent accidents and the associated conditions and lessons learned.

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Reports on the topic "Free-trade policies"

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Uzelac, Sarah. Incoherent at Heart: The EU’s economic and migration policies towards North Africa. Oxfam, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6805.

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Pre-pandemic, EU policies towards North Africa, especially Tunisia and Morocco, focused on two main paradigms: trade liberalization and the minimization of both regular and irregular migration. These agendas were incoherent and had overwhelmingly negative implications for the livelihoods and employment opportunities within the EU for the most vulnerable people in the Maghreb. As the coronavirus impacts continue to wreak havoc on world economies, any future negotiations on the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTAs) ought to be geared towards supporting fair and inclusive recovery in North Africa based on reducing inequality and promoting shared prosperity and development.

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