Relevant bibliographies by topics / Free trade – east asia

Academic literature on the topic 'Free trade – east asia'

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Published: 26 July 2024
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Free trade – east asia"

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Cheong, Inkyo. "Regionalism and Free Trade Agreements in East Asia." Asian Economic Papers 2, no. 2 (March 2003): 145–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/153535103772624853.

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This paper gives an overview of the progress of regionalism in East Asia and examines the background of the recent embrace of trade agreements by China, Japan, and South Korea. It discusses the progress toward free trade agreements (FTAs) within East Asia and offers reasons for their slow development. The impacts of eight hypothetical East Asian FTAs are estimated using a computable generalized equilibrium model. The model predicts that countries will benefit from both bilateral FTAs and regional FTAs (such as a Northeast Asian FTA and an East Asian FTA); however, greater economic benefits would be gained under regional FTAs than under bilateral FTAs. Although the simulation used in the study estimates that a Northeast Asian FTA and an East Asian FTA would bring a similar level of economic benefits, results indicate that greater benefits would accrue under an East Asian FTA. Discussions of a Japan–ASEAN FTA are under way, after talks of an FTA between ASEAN and China blossomed in late 2000. China and Japan are competitively promoting bilateral FTAs with ASEAN. As discussions of an FTA with ASEAN heat up in China and Japan, South Korea has also begun reviewing the economic feasibility of an FTA with ASEAN. If China, Japan, and South Korea competitively pursue bilateral FTAs with ASEAN, this may result in several important problems, including spaghetti bowl effects, a hub-and-spoke dilemma, or struggles for regional leadership. This paper tries to show that an East Asian FTA covering the whole region is economically desirable and stresses that East Asian countries should introduce a regionwide FTA, rather than multiple bilateral or subregional FTAs. An East Asian FTA can be realized only in the long term because of economic, political, and social obstacles. East Asia, which already lags behind other regions in terms of regionalism, should not passively wait for the establishment of an East Asian FTA, which is likely to take some time to be established.
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Choi, Nakgyoon. "Global Value Chains and East Asian Trade in Value-Added." Asian Economic Papers 14, no. 3 (October 2015): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00388.

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The rise of global value chains (GVCs) has changed the patterns of trade in East Asia. This paper aims to analyze GVCs since the mid 1990s and to investigate the determinants of East Asian trade in value-added. At the world level, export (measured in value-added) is increasingly sensitive to the capital–labor ratio and high-skilled labor productivity. In East Asia, however, the opposite trend is seen. It is also found that free trade agreements do not promote export in East Asia, only export in intermediate goods.
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Kayani, Farrukh Nawaz. "China’s Mushrooming Free Trade Agreements: New Zealand and China’s Upgraded Free Trade Agreement." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (May 21, 2021): 884–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.84.

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FTAs have mushroomed and proliferated at very fast pace in East Asia, especially after the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) of 1997. The East Asian economies were very disappointed with the International Monetary Fund’s handling of the crisis. In particular, it provided some countries, like Thailand and Indonesia, with poor advice. After the AFC, countries like China, Japan, and South Korea signed FTAs with different countries around the world. The first East Asian FTA talks took place between Japan and South Korea in 1998. Like its neighbors, China also pursued FTAs with neighboring countries. The FTA between China and New Zealand was signed on the 7th of April 2008 and was implemented on the 1st of October 2008. As a result of this FTA, China has become New Zealand’s largest trading partner; New Zealand’s exports to China have quadrupled. As of June 2020, the trade between China and New Zealand exceeded NZ$32 Billion. China and New Zealand signed an upgraded FTA on the 26th of January 2021. The upgraded FTA includes rules relating to e-commerce, competition policy, government procurement, and environment and trade issues. The bilateral trade between China and New Zealand is complimentary rather than competitive; while China mainly exports manufactured products to New Zealand, New Zealand primarily exports agricultural products.
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Wu, Chien-Huei. "Brexit in the Eyes of East: How Will It Reshape EU/UK Trade Relations with East Asia?" European Foreign Affairs Review 25, Issue 3 (September 1, 2020): 357–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2020028.

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Brexit reshapes not only the EU-UK relations but also impact their trade relations with Asia. This article explores possible directions of EU/UK trade relations with Asia, covering free trade agreements, bilateral investment treaty and the UK’s potential participation in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). This article argues that a sense of competitive liberalization motivates their pursuit for trade opportunities with East Asia. The EU has to prove its continuous relevance in the international economic relations as the Brexiters allege it as a constraint for the UK to pursue active and flexible trade relations. In contrast, the UK has to fulfill its promise of Global Britain by delivering measurable progress in trade negotiations instead of renegotiating back what it has already enjoyed under the EU free trade agreements (FTAs). Brexit, Global Europe, Global Britain, Free Trade Agreement, Bilateral Investment Treaty, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-pacific Partnership, populism, disintegration
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Park, Innwon, and Soonchan Park. "Free Trade Agreements versus Customs Unions: An Examination of East Asia." Asian Economic Papers 8, no. 2 (June 2009): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2009.8.2.119.

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The spaghetti bowl phenomenon expected from the proliferating East Asian regional trade agreements (RTAs) is worrisome. In particular, the complicated web of hub-and-spoke type of overlapping free trade agreements (FTAs) can result in high costs for verifying rules of origin. As an alternative policy option to avoid the negative effect of trade deflection, customs unions (CUs) should be examined. Most of the theoretical analyses on the formation of CUs highlight stronger positive welfare effects compared to FTAs. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support the second-best theory of customs unions. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap by applying two methodologies: an ex ante simulation approach and an ex-post econometric approach. We quantitatively estimate the trade effect of CUs and FTAs by adopting a Gravity regression analysis. In general, we find that a CU is a superior type of RTA to an FTA in terms of creating more intra-bloc trade. In addition to analyzing the trade effects of RTAs according to type, we quantitatively evaluate the welfare and output effects of CUs for East Asia (an ASEAN+3 CU and a China-Japan-Korea CU) compared to FTAs by applying a computable general equilibrium model analysis. The East Asian CUs adopt a system of common external tariffs (CET) based on simple-averaged, import-weighted, consumption-weighted, and minimum rates. Overall, we find that the ASEAN+3 CU with the minimum CET are the most desirable type of RTA for both East Asian member countries and the world economy as a whole.
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Chia, Siow Yue. "Whither East Asian Regionalism? An ASEAN Perspective." Asian Economic Papers 6, no. 3 (October 2007): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2007.6.3.1.

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East Asia is catching up with the rest of the world in establishing regional trade arrangements (RTAs). This region is responding to pressures from globalization, regionalism in the Americas and Europe, the rise of China and India, improved political relations in the region with the end of the Cold War, as well as market-driven trade and investment integration and the emergence of production networks. ASEAN formed the first RTA in 1992, and by the turn of the decade, ASEAN was signing or negotiating free trade agreements (FTAs) with Japan, China, South Korea, India, Australia–New Zealand, and the European Union. It also entered into bilateral FTAs with the United States and countries in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. ASEAN is also considering an East Asian FTA. Can ASEAN remain in the driver's seat of regional integration and be an effective hub? The FTA proliferation also has important consequences and effects for East Asia and the world trading system.
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Pujiati, Riska, Muhammad Firdaus, Andriyono Kilat Adhi, and Bernhard Brummer. "THE IMPACT OF REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS TO THE COMMODITY TRADE FLOWS (CASE STUDY: INTERNATIONAL PALM OIL TRADE)." Forum Agribisnis 4, no. 2 (September 1, 2014): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/fagb.4.2.193-206.

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Indonesia and Malaysia are the major exporters of palm oil in South East Asia. South East Asia Regional Trade Agreement can affect worldwide trade flow of palm oil. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of the Regional Trade Agreement on the trade flows of Indonesian and Malaysian palm oil. The effect is analyzed with gravity model. The result shows positive dynamic effect of Free Trade Agreement to palm oil trade flow. Regional Trade Agreement has higher impact to Malaysia than Indonesia due to dissimilar government policies.
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Chia, Siow Yue. "The Emerging Regional Economic Integration Architecture in East Asia." Asian Economic Papers 12, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00179.

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This paper examines regional market integration through production networks and free trade agreements in East Asia and their attendant challenges and issues. It examines progress in the ASEAN Economic Community and in various ASEAN+1 free trade and economic integration agreements. It argues that there is a strong case for a region-wide agreement to maximize economic synergy and resolve emerging problems, including market fragmentation and the “noodle bowl” effect. It explores three possible paths to region-wide integration, namely, the East Asia Free Trade Area (encompassing ASEAN+3 [the People's Republic of China, Japan, and Korea]), the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia (encompassing ASEAN+3 countries and Australia—New Zealand and India) and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, currently involving nine negotiating countries in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. The paper explores the economic and political benefits and challenges of forming these three regionwide agreements.
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Li, Xinyi. "Free trade agreements and vertical-specialisation in East Asia." Asia Europe Journal 7, no. 1 (November 11, 2008): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10308-008-0215-x.

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Wu, Wen-Chin. "Big government sentiment and support for protectionism in East Asia." International Political Science Review 40, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512116682359.

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While previous studies find that individual preferences for trade policies are shaped by economic and non-economic factors, it is still unclear whether people’s perception of their government’s role in citizens’ lives affects their attitudes toward free trade. In view of the “developmental state” legacy in East Asia, I investigate how the “big government sentiment” in East Asians’ mindset is associated with their support for protectionism. Based on the data of the third-wave Asian Barometer Survey conducted during 2010 and 2012, I find that when people think that government should bear a major responsibility for the wellbeing of its people, they are more supportive of protectionist policies. This finding contributes to studies of East Asian political economy as well as the formation of individual trade policy preference.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Free trade – east asia"

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Tong, Chi-hung Philip, and 湯志雄. "International trade in Asia Pacific: a study of trade liberalization and regionalism : an East Asia prospective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31267683.

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Kitwiwattanachai, Anyarath. "Quantitative impacts of alternative East Asia free trade areas : a CGE assessment." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10489/.

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The aim of this thesis is to make a comprehensive assessment and comparison of the quantitative economic impacts at both the domestic and the international level of four alternative FTA options in East Asia - ASEAN-China, ASEAN-Japan, ASEAN-Korea and East Asia - by using a static multi-region, multi-sector CGE model as a tool. With two main extensions to the "standard" CGE model in this study - the introduction of unemployment and the incorporation of highly disaggregated household data (Thailand is a case study) - the analysis is enhanced on the issues of labour markets and poverty and the income distribution. The model results show that trade liberalisation could alleviate real wage inequality in countries abundant in unskilled labour, i.e. China and ASEAN. In contrast, real wage inequality worsens in Japan and Korea, where skilled labour is relatively abundant. The unemployment feature incorporated in the model gives quantitative predictions of both lower unemployment and higher real wages. In general, under a regional agreement - East Asia FTA - member countries would enjoy higher economic welfare gains than under any of the bilateral agreements - ASEAN-China FTA, ASEAN-Japan FTA or ASEAN-Korea FTA. When focusing on poverty and income distribution effects in Thailand, the model results at the national level suggest that all the trade liberalisation options will alleviate the poverty problem in Thailand, but that the degree of poverty reduction will vary depending upon the implemented policy. The poverty in the poorest community (villages), and in the poorest region (the Northeast) improves the most from the East Asia FTA. On the other hand, trade liberalisation, under all options,does not have a major impact on income disparity in Thailand. Sensitivity tests indicate that these results are robust. However, such an "ideal" regional agreement might be deterred by the different strategies of other East Asia nations and by the uneasy relationship between China and Japan, reflecting their economic and political differences.
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Ahlen, Lindsey. "The economic impact of free trade agreements with Asia on the US pork industry." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20601.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Allen Featherstone
For the past 25 years, Free Trade Agreements (FTA) in Asia have been increasing. This allows for a potential expansion of exports into Asia for a variety of goods. However usually these agreements have not covered agricultural products. The most recent multilateral agreement currently includes agricultural products and agricultural trade. U.S. pork exports have been on the rise with Asian countries. Trade openness with Asian countries allows U.S. pork companies to gain a market in the region. This thesis estimates the economic impact that FTA’s and multilateral agreements have on pork exports, through the level of open markets measured by Freedom House. Using regression analysis, this research examines the determinants to U.S. pork exports, where trade openness is a major independent variable. Pork is a popular meat preference in East Asia. A regression analysis was estimated to determine the shift along the demand curve of U.S. pork exports to three East Asian countries, China, Japan, and South Korea. Overall all three countries showed their trade openness being weakly associated with the U.S. pork export demand to that particular country during the years of 1995–2013.
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Casas, González Núria. "Japan: The New Leader of Free Trade? Case-Study on Japan's Role in the CPTPP." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23288.

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This paper aims at contributing to the debate about Japan’s leadership capabilities. Lately, scholars from all around the world have referred to Japan as the “new leader of free trade”. This comes as a surprise, as the country has always been the archetype of a passive and mercantilist state. Therefore, what role is Japan playing in contemporary free trade agreements? What leadership style, if any, is the country exercising? What changes has Japanese leadership experienced in the last decades? Testing theories of this kind is challenging because there is limited information on the topic and most of it is only available in the language of the country in matter. Drawing on a case study based on the role of Japan in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and analyzing it from Young’s framework on political leadership, this article concludes that Japan is exercising a leadership role in contemporary FTAs.
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Morita-Jaeger, Minako. "Services trade integration in East Asia and political economy impediments in domestic decision-making : a case study of Japan-ASEAN bilateral free trade agreements." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3517/.

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In East Asia, services trade integration, both in market and policy, lags far behind goods trade integration. In spite of a proliferation of ASEAN plus one type FTAs in the Region since the early 2000s, policy-led services integration has not happened in East Asia. The aim of this research project is to investigate the reasons why the Japan-ASEAN bilateral FTAs, which were concluded in the 2000s, resulted in the shallow GATS-plus FTAs. Since barriers in services trade lie in domestic regulations, we examine how domestic determinants, namely interests and institutions in domestic decision-making, shaped the negotiating positions of Japan and ASEAN. From our empirical work, we found the following: (i) The services trade policy-making structure, which involves a wide participation of domestic regulatory authorities in the decision-making process, constituted horizontal fragmentation of power. Because of horizontal fragmentation of power, the domestic regulatory authorities with strong regulatory autonomy and regulatory concerns were able to exercise a veto power against changes in the status-quo and pushed backward the lead ministry’s negotiating positions. (ii) In terms of interests, no strong proliberalisation interests existed either on the policy demand or supply sides. On the policy demand side, while there existed very limited exporting interests, the import-competing services suppliers were afraid of the erosion of rents and adjustment costs caused by preferential market liberalisation. On the policy supply side, there was few incentives to lock in domestic services reforms by using the Japan-ASEAN bilateral FTAs. In addition, (a) pressure for speedy conclusion of an FTA to win the political competition of creating FTAs in the Region and (b) the strong economic and political motivation of FTAs to enhance regional supply chains in the manufacturing sector undermined the countries’ negotiating positions on services trade. From the findings above, we conclude that services trade integration in East Asia lags far behind goods trade because of the double layered political economy impediments. The first layer of impediment, which is the horizontally fragmented domestic decision-making structure, reflects the heterogeneity of services. The second layer of impediment, which is interests, mostly reflects the distinctive characteristics of East Asia.
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Postigo, Antonio. "Production networks and regionalism in East Asia : firms and states in the bilateral free trade agreements of Thailand and Malaysia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/772/.

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Investment and trade flows across East Asia during the last three decades have fostered the development of production networks and economic integration. However, only since the turn of the century, have East Asian countries begun to institutionalize such integration through free trade agreements (FTAs). With the exception of Japan, the literature portrays East Asian FTAs as driven by political elites on primarily foreign policy motivations and with marginal participation of businesses in their formulation and utilization. Most of these narratives have, however, overlooked endogenous sources of trade preferences, shortcoming that this Thesis attempted to correct by analyzing how FTAs fit within the strategies of states and firms. The project investigated the mutual interaction between evolving trends within East Asian production networks and states’ and firms’ preferences on FTA liberalization using as case studies the bilateral FTAs negotiated by Thailand and Malaysia within the context of key production networks, particularly the automotive industry. Research involved extensive process-tracing through semi-structured interviews and trade data analyses. The main findings of this dissertation were: 1) Compared to multilateral liberalization, greater technical complexity and easier assessment of impacts in bilateral FTA negotiations resulted in more intense government-business consultations and corporate lobbying. Successive FTA negotiations strengthened the technical capacities of bureaucrats and firms and prompted the emergence of new institutional structures for intermediation and coordination among all actors; 2) Sectors that had successfully lobbied ex-ante for FTA liberalization and/or benefited from unilateral liberalization schemes have made extensive utilization of FTAs; 3) Governments and firms in both countries sought and extracted selective rents in FTAs to improve their relative position not only with respect to states and firms outside the bloc but also inside, and; 4) The interplay between overlapping FTA areas and the investment sunk in them shaped governments’ and firms’ positions on further FTA liberalization.
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Chandra, Alexander Christian. "Nationalism and regional integration arrangements : a case study of Indonesia and the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement." Thesis, University of Hull, 2004. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5638.

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This thesis analyses the relationship between Indonesian nationalism and ASEAN regional integration, with specific reference to the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA). Traditionally, the relationship between nationalism and regionalism has most often been characterised as contentious. This thesis, however, challenges the argument that nationalism and regionalism cannot co-exist, and argues instead that the two ideologies can stand in a symbiotic relationship to each other. The relationship between nationalism and regionalism can be conflicting or mutually exclusive, but can also sometimes be mutually reinforcing. Therefore, nationalists today are not necessarily hostile to free trade and closer economic ties with other states. In 1992, members of ASEAN agreed to closer economic integration through the formation of AFTA. In principle, this agreement was made to increase the international competitiveness of ASEAN industries and to make the Southeast Asian region an attractive investment location. This thesis analyses the contemporary attitude of Indonesians towards this trade agreement. During the signing of this trade agreement, little opposition was expressed by Indonesian domestic actors because within Indonesian politics at the time Indonesian foreign economic policy was the business of the President, the Nfinistry of Foreign Affairs, the military, and a handful of members of the academic I community. The wave of democratisation that emerged as a result of the economic crisis of 1997 allowed for the greater involvement of domestic actors in determining Indonesian foreign economic policy. Although the majority of the Indonesian political elite remain supportive of AFTA, some Indonesian pressure groups, particularly non-governmental. organisations (NGOs) and civil society organisations (CSOs), have expressed their scepticism. Despite this, scepticism about AFTA is not a result of increased nationalist sentiment in Indonesia, but is due instead to the lack of proper information disseminated to these pressure groups. ii
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Magcamit, Michael Intal. "Trading security : understanding East Asian security-trade linkages in the twenty-first century." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Political Science and International Relations, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10862.

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In the contemporary East Asian security context, free trade is a double-edged sword that simultaneously secures and threatens the primary security referents and interests of periphery and semi-periphery states. This thesis aims to provide a much deeper and comprehensive understanding of the linkages between security and trade by examining the experiences of smaller and weaker countries in East Asia, in particular, Taiwan, Singapore, the Philippines and Malaysia. I argue that in their quest to enhance, promote and secure their state-centric (“statist”) and/or people-centric (“humanist”) security referents, these countries have learned to re-imagine and re-invent the utility of free trade at the start of the twenty-first century. Accordingly, trade has become an integral function of national security, particularly for East Asian states that have a marginal geo-economic size and geo-political position. However, to this point very little has been done in explaining the impetus and dynamics behind these linkages based on the overarching assumption of “cohabitative security” or the view that security encompasses both statist and humanist dimensions. Furthermore, there is a dearth of comprehensive theoretical and empirical analyses concerning linking efforts and strategies by the non-major powers in East Asia. This thesis attempts to address those gaps. Using a qualitative comparative method, I analyse both statist and humanist forms of security-trade linkages. On the one hand, I examine how small East Asian countries utilise free trade to promote, enhance and secure the primary referents of their national security policies and strategies. And on the other, I investigate the roles of security issues and threats (traditional and non-traditional) in the continuing relevance and proliferation of free trade in the region. To fulfill these objectives, the thesis performs three main tasks. First, I theoretically reconfigure the security concept by amalgamating the statist and humanist dimensions of security to establish a “cohabitative security” framework that will serve as the operative definition of security for this research. Second, I empirically analyse the linkages between cohabitative security referents (statist and humanist) and various types of free trade (multilateral, minilateral and bilateral). Third, and lastly, I outline three main themes based on the findings generated from the case analyses: (i) high levels of internal and external insecurity; (ii) multidimensional and multidirectional nature of security concepts, contexts, and threats; and (iii) marginal geo-economic size and geopolitical position. The thesis concludes by arguing that free trade is irrefutably being utilised by periphery and semi-periphery countries to promote, enhance and secure their statist and/or humanist security referents and interests. The rationales and motives behind these linkages vary significantly from one country to another. For example, in Taiwan, free trade might be viewed as a sovereignty-upgrading mechanism; in Singapore, a defence-upgrading tool; in the Philippines, a development-upgrading instrument; and in Malaysia, a diversity-upgrading apparatus. However, it is important to note that while the constructed rationales for these linkage efforts usually sound altruistic (that is, to advance national security interests) the real motives behind them are often less than benevolent (that is, to advance a regime, a party or a privileged group’s vested interests). Furthermore, the steady proliferation of preferential bilateral and minilateral trade amid all the difficulties impeding multilateral trade at the WTO has provided small countries in East Asia a strategic platform for pursuing a broad range of security interests – altruistically or otherwise. However, considering that free trade works like a double-edged sword, I make the corollary argument that states attempting to co-habit their security interests and trade agendas are essentially “trading security”. The reason is that for every additional security that a linkage provides, a corresponding insecurity is reflected in other referents. This is clearly illustrated by the four cases examined in the study. With respect to “statist linkages”, Taiwan’s linkage efforts can lead to the island’s complete assimilation with China; while Singapore’s linkage attempts may result in the city-state’s failure to strategically balance conflicting American and Chinese interests in the region. With respect to “humanist linkages”, the Philippines’ linkage attempts have preserved uneven economic development and reinforced the oligarchic system and patronage culture; while Malaysia’s linkage efforts have perpetuated racial inequalities and further legitimised the UMNO-led Barisan Nasional. Finally, in attempts to address both traditional and non-traditional security threats, East Asian countries (via their membership in APEC and ASEAN) have made some noteworthy progress in broadening and widening the respective agendas of these two regional organisations. Despite the limitations of their compliance mechanisms (or lack of them in some issue areas), the fact that both state and human security issues are now being openly discussed vis-à-vis free trade policies underlines the ongoing progress toward East Asian linkages.
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Ariffin, Anuar. "The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the ASEAN free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy." Thesis, Ariffin, Anuar (2007) The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the ASEAN free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/117/.

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This thesis examines a number of issues concerning the free trade doctrine, regionalism and Regional Free Trade Areas (FTAs), with a special focus on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This study is broadly divided into three parts. The first part examines the doctrine of free trade from the perspectives of ideological belief as well as theoretical expositions, and how these influence trade policies of many countries throughout the history of trade. The second part of the study analyses the forces that influence the formation of regionalism and regional FTAs all over the world. In the first and second parts, an extensive survey of the existing literature is undertaken to unearth relevant ideas and events, which are important to policy makers and the general public. The third part of the study deals primarily with empirical investigation of the economic effects brought about by the formation of regional FTAs. Two main issues are examined in this part. The first issue is the assessment of the effects that regional FTAs have on trade of members against other countries that do not become members of any economic groupings. The second issue is the examination of the effect of AFTA on trade of member vis-a-vis non-member countries. In addition, this part also examines the question of whether AFTA 'creates' or 'diverts' trade. For the purpose of addressing issues grouped in this part of the study, a gravity model is employed to answer the questions of interest. This part of the study covers a period of 24 years (1980-2003). Cross sectional data involving 990 pairs of countries, which trade with each other, are used in regression analysis based on the Ordinary Least Square technique. Findings from the first and second parts of the study indicate that trade between countries during the era of mercantilism (1500s-1750s) was carried out under enormous restrictions in consonance with the thinking of that time. However, by the end of eighteenth century the economic arguments in favour of free trade began to be accepted, resulting in the adoption of the free trade idea into the commercial policies of many countries, particularly in Europe in the middle of nineteenth century. The period characterized by unilateral free trade regimes lasted only about three decades, as protectionist elements made a return into trade policy formulation in the 1870s. The period of liberal trade policy regimes came to a complete end at the breakout of the First World War in 1914, and the protectionist trade policies of many countries continued to strengthen their grip until the Second World War. After WW2 ended in 1945, many countries realised that security and the orderly conduct of international trade were important to ensure continuous prosperity of the world. This led to series of negotiations involving major trading countries that resulted in the establishment of the GATT in 1947. The main thrust behind this initiative was that all trading nations must cooperate to liberalize their trade policies, reflecting the idea that countries should move towards adopting 'freer' trade policy than the regime they adopted in the 1930s and the early 1940s. At the end of 1990s the world once again observed agreement amongst prominent trade economists for the case of pursuing free trade policy. This is due to the renewed recognition by economists of two important propositions: (1) if market failures remain unfixed, then pursing free trade policy can harm rather that help, and (2) if market failures are fixed through suitable policy interventions, then free trade can be used to exploit the potential gains from trade. Within the second proposition, economists emphasis that if market failures arise in domestic markets, then the most appropriate policy interventions would be to devise policies targeting at correcting those domestic market failures, while free trade is maintained externally. Findings from empirical assessment of the effects of regional FTAs on trade indicate that economic theory might be able to approximate reality. One important result of this part of the study suggests that three regional FTAs, AFTA, CER and MERCUSOR have had an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s. This implies that trade among members of these economic groupings is higher than their trade with other countries. Meanwhile, the EU and NAFTA do not show an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect for any part of the study period. The other important result obtained by this study suggests that although AFTA member countries trade with each other, comparatively, more than their trade with the rest of the world, the intensity of trade between them is less pronounced for the period after the formation of AFTA. This implies that AFTA has the characteristic of an 'open trading bloc'. Lastly, the finding of this part of the study also suggests that AFTA essentially creates rather than diverts trade. This means that AFTA's establishment does not only increase trade among member countries but it also boosts trade with the rest of the world.
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Ariffin, Anuar. "The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the ASEAN free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy." Ariffin, Anuar (2007) The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the ASEAN free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/117/.

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This thesis examines a number of issues concerning the free trade doctrine, regionalism and Regional Free Trade Areas (FTAs), with a special focus on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This study is broadly divided into three parts. The first part examines the doctrine of free trade from the perspectives of ideological belief as well as theoretical expositions, and how these influence trade policies of many countries throughout the history of trade. The second part of the study analyses the forces that influence the formation of regionalism and regional FTAs all over the world. In the first and second parts, an extensive survey of the existing literature is undertaken to unearth relevant ideas and events, which are important to policy makers and the general public. The third part of the study deals primarily with empirical investigation of the economic effects brought about by the formation of regional FTAs. Two main issues are examined in this part. The first issue is the assessment of the effects that regional FTAs have on trade of members against other countries that do not become members of any economic groupings. The second issue is the examination of the effect of AFTA on trade of member vis-a-vis non-member countries. In addition, this part also examines the question of whether AFTA 'creates' or 'diverts' trade. For the purpose of addressing issues grouped in this part of the study, a gravity model is employed to answer the questions of interest. This part of the study covers a period of 24 years (1980-2003). Cross sectional data involving 990 pairs of countries, which trade with each other, are used in regression analysis based on the Ordinary Least Square technique. Findings from the first and second parts of the study indicate that trade between countries during the era of mercantilism (1500s-1750s) was carried out under enormous restrictions in consonance with the thinking of that time. However, by the end of eighteenth century the economic arguments in favour of free trade began to be accepted, resulting in the adoption of the free trade idea into the commercial policies of many countries, particularly in Europe in the middle of nineteenth century. The period characterized by unilateral free trade regimes lasted only about three decades, as protectionist elements made a return into trade policy formulation in the 1870s. The period of liberal trade policy regimes came to a complete end at the breakout of the First World War in 1914, and the protectionist trade policies of many countries continued to strengthen their grip until the Second World War. After WW2 ended in 1945, many countries realised that security and the orderly conduct of international trade were important to ensure continuous prosperity of the world. This led to series of negotiations involving major trading countries that resulted in the establishment of the GATT in 1947. The main thrust behind this initiative was that all trading nations must cooperate to liberalize their trade policies, reflecting the idea that countries should move towards adopting 'freer' trade policy than the regime they adopted in the 1930s and the early 1940s. At the end of 1990s the world once again observed agreement amongst prominent trade economists for the case of pursuing free trade policy. This is due to the renewed recognition by economists of two important propositions: (1) if market failures remain unfixed, then pursing free trade policy can harm rather that help, and (2) if market failures are fixed through suitable policy interventions, then free trade can be used to exploit the potential gains from trade. Within the second proposition, economists emphasis that if market failures arise in domestic markets, then the most appropriate policy interventions would be to devise policies targeting at correcting those domestic market failures, while free trade is maintained externally. Findings from empirical assessment of the effects of regional FTAs on trade indicate that economic theory might be able to approximate reality. One important result of this part of the study suggests that three regional FTAs, AFTA, CER and MERCUSOR have had an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s. This implies that trade among members of these economic groupings is higher than their trade with other countries. Meanwhile, the EU and NAFTA do not show an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect for any part of the study period. The other important result obtained by this study suggests that although AFTA member countries trade with each other, comparatively, more than their trade with the rest of the world, the intensity of trade between them is less pronounced for the period after the formation of AFTA. This implies that AFTA has the characteristic of an 'open trading bloc'. Lastly, the finding of this part of the study also suggests that AFTA essentially creates rather than diverts trade. This means that AFTA's establishment does not only increase trade among member countries but it also boosts trade with the rest of the world.
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Books on the topic "Free trade – east asia"

1

Urata, Shūjiro. The impacts of an East Asia FTA on foreign trade in East Asia. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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Richards, Anne. The benefits of free trade: East Asia and Latin America. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1994.

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Thomassin, Paul J. (Paul Joseph), 1956-, ed. Economic and environmental impact of free trade agreement in East and South East Asia. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010.

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Centre, Australia-Japan Research, ed. Regional cooperation in East Asia and FTA strategies. Canberra: Australia-Japan Research Centre, Asia Pacific School of Economics & Government, 2005.

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Kakali, Mukhopadhyay, and Paul J. Thomassin. Economic and Environmental Impact of Free Trade in East and South East Asia. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3507-3.

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University of Michigan. School of public Policy., Korea Economic Institute (U.S.), and Taeoe Kyŏngje Chŏngchʻaek Yŏnʼguwŏn (Korea), eds. The emerging WTO system and perspectives from East Asia: Symposium. Washington, D.C: Korea Economic Institute of America, 1997.

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Byung-il, Choi, and Jennifer S. Oh. Politics of East Asian Free Trade Agreements. New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Politics in asia: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429298585.

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Lee, Kye-Woo. Development cooperation for economic integration of East and South Asia. Seoul: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 2008.

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Lee, Kye-Woo. Development cooperation for economic integration of East and South Asia. Seoul: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 2008.

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Hiratsuka, Daisuke. Vertical specialization and economic integration in East Asia. Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan: Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Free trade – east asia"

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Yoshimatsu, Hidetaka. "Promoting Trade Liberalisation through Free Trade Agreements." In Comparing Institution-Building in East Asia, 35–63. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137370556_3.

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Reilly, Michael. "The Reluctant Multilateralist—South East Asia, 1980–2000." In The Great Free Trade Myth, 105–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8558-6_7.

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Reilly, Michael. "The United Kingdom and East Asia Towards 2050." In The Great Free Trade Myth, 153–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8558-6_9.

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Bowles, Paul. "Regional Trading Agreements, the Geopolitics of China’s Rise, and Development in East Asia." In Beyond Free Trade, 79–96. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137412737_5.

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Yunling, Zhang. "Path to the East Asia Free Trade Agreement." In On East Asian Regional Cooperation I, 59–83. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: China perspectives: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351242172-3.

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Arasaratnam, S. "Monopoly and Free Trade in Dutch–Asian Commercial Policy. Debate and Controversy Within the Voc." In South East Asia, 315–33. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003101666-16.

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Rathus, Joel. "An East Asian Free Trade Area: Competitive Arrangements." In Japan, China and Networked Regionalism in East Asia, 67–100. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230342910_4.

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Mukhopadhyay, Kakali, and Paul J. Thomassin. "Strategies for Green Trade." In Economic and Environmental Impact of Free Trade in East and South East Asia, 165–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3507-3_7.

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Byung-il, Choi, and Jennifer S. Oh. "Trade policymaking institutions 1." In Politics of East Asian Free Trade Agreements, 34–57. New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Politics in asia: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429298585-3.

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Chiang, Min-Hua. "Comparing Governments’ Policies in Promoting the Economic Growth (II): Free Trade Policy." In Post-Industrial Development in East Asia, 93–112. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0274-9_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Free trade – east asia"

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Kayani, Farrukh, and Zhongxiu Zhao. "Chinese Rationale for Free Trade Agreements." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00387.

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In East Asia economic regionalism and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are proliferating at tremendous pace despite being the latecomer as compared to Americas and Europe. Proliferation of FTAs in East Asia started to spread after the Asian financial crisis of 1997. The East Asian economies were dissatisfied with the way the IMF handled the crisis, particularly in Thailand and Indonesia. Presently, about over 100 FTAs are at various stages of development in East Asia. China is also actively engaged in FTAs like the other East Asian neighboring countries for achieving multiple objectives. In this paper we analyzed the detailed reasons that why China is pursuing FTAs? Furthermore, it is said that FTAs may jeopardize the multilateral trading system. As FTAs undermine the WTO policy of maintaining a liberal, non discriminatory and multilateral trading system by supporting the government interventions and prudential controls. Thus we would also explore that whether FTAs are building or stumbling blocks?
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Yu, Yali, Yiqi Lin, Yufang Song, and Weilun Huang. "Research on the Influence of East Asia Free Trade Area on China's Economic Effect Based on Big Data Analysis." In ICEITSA 2023: The 3rd International Conference on Electronic Information Technology and Smart Agriculture. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3641343.3641392.

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Lu, Yaxian, and Jin Shuang. "The Impact of Exchange Rate Shocks on Prices of China - ASEAN Free Trade Area." In 4th International Symposium on Business Corporation and Development in South-East and South Asia under B&R Initiative (ISBCD 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200708.067.

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Sokolova, O. Y., N. V. Mityaeva, N. G. Ustinova, and N. P. Timofeeva. "Transatlantic Free Trade and Investment Partnership: Benefits and Effects for EEU." In International Scientific Conference "Far East Con" (ISCFEC 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200312.467.

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Sokolov, S. N. "Foreign Trade Geographical Zones In Asia And The Pacific." In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference "Far East Con" (ISCFEC 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iscfec-18.2019.62.

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Xu, Chunxiang. "Notice of Retraction: Trade integration and regional economic cooperation in East Asia." In 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebeg.2011.5882079.

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Xie, Hui. "Study on the Optimization of the Economic and Trade Cooperation Environment of Heilongjiang Pilot Free Trade Zone and Russian Far East." In 2020 International Conference on Management, Economy and Law (ICMEL 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.201111.042.

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Shang, Zhaoyi, Yue Che, Yongpeng Lv, and Kai Yang. "Strategies for Sustainable Development of Free Trade Zones: A Case of WFTZ in Shanghai, China." In 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2011.5748455.

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Serikov, S. G., and D. S. Solovyova. "TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF RUSSIA AND THE COUNTRIES OF NORTH-EAST ASIA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS." In RUSSIA AND CHINA: A VECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT. Amur State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/rc.2019.2.16.

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Zhang, Nana, and Bin Hu. "Research on the Competitiveness of Foreign Trade in South-East and South Asia under BaR Initiative." In 2016 1st International Symposium on Business Cooperation and Development. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isbcd-16.2016.34.

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Reports on the topic "Free trade – east asia"

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Kuwayama, Mikio. Search for a New Partnership in Trade and Investment between Latin America and Asia-Pacific. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010390.

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Although interregional cooperation in trade and investment between Latin America and Asia-Pacific has been on the agendas of countries in both regions for some time, initiatives have been few, with meager results. The lack of tangible results is related to the economic asymmetries between the two regions and a purely inter-industrial nature of bi-regional trade. The incipient drive in bi-regional trade up to the Asian crisis was triggered by the economic boom of East Asia on the one hand, and growth recovery, economic reforms and integration, on the other. Now, coupled with the slowdown of the US economy and the standstill of Japanese economy, the sustained impulse of these factors is uncertain. The present economic relations between the two regions do not reflect the potential for interregional trade and investment that exists in an increasingly globalized world. The current low level of economic interaction, especially in the aftermath of the economic crises experienced in each region in recent years, calls for joint actions in the economic sphere. Given the embryonic stage and limited country coverage of ongoing consultations on bilateral free trade agreements, the recently created Forum for East-Asia Latin America Cooperation (FEALAC) should address the issues of market access and bi-regional economic integration, and promote concrete integration initiatives.
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Itakura, Ken, Thomas Hertel, and Jeff Reimer. The Contribution of Productivity Linkages to the General Equilibrium Analysis of Free Trade Agreements. GTAP Working Paper, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp23.

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Applied general equilibrium (AGE) analysis is often found to under-predict the increases in trade and economic growth that result from trade liberalization. One potential reason is that conventional AGE models ignore the strong correlations that exist between firm productivity, on the one hand, and exporting, importing, and investment, on the other. To examine this possibility, this study incorporates econometric evidence of these linkages into the dynamic Global Trade Analysis Project AGE model, and then uses this model to analyze a recently proposed East Asian free trade agreement. While conventional AGE modeling effects are found to predominate and be reinforced by the productivity effects, in some cases the latter actually reverse the changes predicted by the conventional effects.
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Urata, Shujiro, and Kozo Kiyota. The Impacts of an East Asia FTA on Foreign Trade in East Asia. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10173.

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Rodrik, Dani. Trade Strategy, Investment, and Exports: Another Look at East Asia. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5339.

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Feenstra, Robert, Tzu-Han Yang, and Gary Hamilton. Market Structure and International Trade: Business Groups in East Asia. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4536.

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Hoang, Ha Hai. Sustainable EU–East Asia textile trade is becoming fashionable fast. East Asia Forum, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59425/eabc.1700690435.

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Feenstra, Robert, Deng-Shing Huang, and Gary Hamilton. Business Groups and Trade in East Asia: Part 1, Networked Equilibria. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5886.

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Feenstra, Robert, Maria Yang, and Gary Hamilton. Business Groups and Trade in East Asia: Part 2, Product Variety. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5887.

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Esguerra-Umaña, María del Pilar, Ana María Iregui-Bohórquez, and María Teresa Ramírez-Giraldo. Colombia and East Asia trade relations and future prospects: an analysis using a CGE model. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.238.

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Martínez Álvarez, Javier, Marcel Vaillant, Lurong Chen, Juan S. Blyde, Sascha O. Becker, Manuel Flores, Daniela Ramos, et al. Integration & Trade Journal: Volume 15 : No. 32 : January-June, 2011. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008065.

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This journal contains a collection of articles on integration and trade in Latin American and the Caribbean. The topics addressed are as follows: international fragmentation of production and its effects on the labor market, regional production sharing networks in Latin America and East Asia, global value chains in regards to the export and service sectors. Also included are panel interviews with industry experts on global value chains and several book and article reviews.
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