Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Free trade areas / Journal articles

Journal articles on the topic 'Free trade areas'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Free trade areas.

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 March 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Free trade areas.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Mazyrin, V. "Vietnam: Free Trade Areas." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 3 (2016): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-3-72-82.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper provides comparative characteristics of free trade areas (FTA) with Vietnam’s participation, and attempts to summarize his rich and instructive experience in this realm. The first section analyzes the reasons of creation and the balance of power in the FTA with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). In the second section it describes the general approach of Vietnam towards integration into the world economy and presents the FTA network (“spaghetti bowl”) set up by Hanoi. The author assesses the factors that determined the choice of Vietnam and the participants of the EAEU while establishing their FTA. He reveals the motivation of the EAEU leaders, particularly Russia, in their decision, the importance of economic aspects of cooperation with the first partner in the FTA framework. Thus, it becomes possible to discover the importance of new integration union for both parties. Economic potential of the FTA members is estimated in order to define their respective roles, “weight category” and, finally, the main beneficiaries of the agreement. So far, we verify the correctness of the dissemination of findings from our analysis of trade between Russia and Vietnam (for which we have representative data) on the agreement at whole. The author explores the main parameters of the agreements with the Asia-Pacific countries and displays aspects of the FTA agreements different for the EAEU and other Vietnam partners. It makes easier to identify countries and regions that take the leaders’ position in the integration process. The composition of trade and other forms of interaction between participants of the FTA in both groups of Vietnam partners is highlighted and a tendency to boost them is revealed. The paper promotes estimations on the conditions, rate, magnitude and first results of liberalization of mutual trade, on safeguard measures applied to support domestic producers. It reveals the preferential treatment difference granted by FTA parties to each other and the reasons for these differences. In conclusion, the impact of the FTA network on competition between Russia (EAEU) and other Vietnam partners which occupied the best position in its market is stressed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Dong, Yan, and John Whalley. "Carbon, Trade Policy and Carbon Free Trade Areas." World Economy 33, no. 9 (September 6, 2010): 1073–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2010.01272.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Yamko, Pavel. "Efficiency of Free Trade Areas and Regional Trade Agreements as Mechanisms of Overcoming Financial Crisis." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 2, no. 1 (May 20, 2009): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2008/2-1/17.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Tabakis, Chrysostomos. "Free-trade areas and special protection." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 24, no. 8 (February 11, 2015): 1054–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2014.999817.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Clausing, Kimberly A. "Customs Unions and Free Trade Areas." Journal of Economic Integration 15, no. 3 (September 15, 2000): 418–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2000.15.3.418.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Ornelas, Emanuel. "Trade creating free trade areas and the undermining of multilateralism." European Economic Review 49, no. 7 (October 2005): 1717–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2004.03.010.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Panagariya, Arvind, and Pravin Krishna. "On necessarily welfare-enhancing free trade areas." Journal of International Economics 57, no. 2 (August 2002): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(01)00152-0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Kono, Daniel Yuichi. "Are Free Trade Areas Good for Multilateralism? Evidence from the European Free Trade Association." International Studies Quarterly 46, no. 4 (December 2002): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2478.00243.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Menon, Jayant. "Transitional economies in free trade areas: Lao PDR in the ASEAN free trade area." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 4, no. 2 (January 1999): 340–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547869908724685.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

BUN, MAURICE J. G., FRANC J. G. M. KLAASSEN, and G. K. RANDOLPH TAN. "FREE TRADE AREAS AND INTRA-REGIONAL TRADE: THE CASE OF ASEAN." Singapore Economic Review 54, no. 03 (August 2009): 319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590809003367.

Full text

Abstract:

We study the effects of free trade areas on bilateral trade flows. We review and extend the previous empirical literature by embarking on the modelling of unobserved heterogeneity. We apply our preferred model to the case of the Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA). The estimation results suggest that there has been a positive effect of AFTA. This empirical finding is contrary to earlier estimation results, which are typically not so positive about AFTA. It is our impression that these earlier estimates on AFTA are confounded with the effects of unobserved determinants of trade.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Panagariya, Arvind, and Rupa Duttagupta. "Politics of free trade areas: tariffs versus quotas." Journal of International Economics 58, no. 2 (December 2002): 413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(01)00173-8.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Yi, Sang‐Seung. "Free‐Trade Areas and Welfare: An Equilibrium Analysis." Review of International Economics 8, no. 2 (May 2000): 336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00225.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Garnaut, R., and D. Vines. "Regional free-trade areas: sorting out the tangled spaghetti." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 508–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grm027.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Mahant, Edelgard, and Xavier de Vanssay. "The origins of customs unions and free trade areas." Journal of European Integration 17, no. 2-3 (January 1994): 181–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07036339408429004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

De Pace, Pierangelo. "CURRENCY UNION, FREE-TRADE AREAS, AND BUSINESS CYCLE SYNCHRONIZATION." Macroeconomic Dynamics 17, no. 3 (February 14, 2013): 646–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100511000423.

Full text

Abstract:

Since the 1970s, the characteristics of international business cycles have changed, and deeper economic integration has modified the features of cross-country comovement. We formally test for correlation shifts in measures of real economic activity and economic/financial integration. In Europe we find some statistically significant evidence of higher correlations for several subgroups of countries following the creation of the EMU in 1999. We detect significantly more pronounced correlations between Mexico and the United States and between Mexico and Canada in North America after the enforcement of the NAFTA in 1994. Results are derived from an econometric framework based on nonparametric iterated stationary bootstrap methods, whose statistical reliability and performance we assess through Monte Carlo simulations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Grinols, Earl L., and Peri Silva. "Industrial targeting in free trade areas with policy independence." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 41, no. 3 (July 9, 2008): 796–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.00486.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Hannonen, Marjut. "Implementation of EU Free Trade Agreements." Global Trade and Customs Journal 12, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2017): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2017056.

Full text

Abstract:

The EU has a very active trade negotiating agenda, with new negotiations starting every year and being in preparation. Increasing number of free trade agreements (FTAs) are also being concluded. Against this background, and the fact that trade policy is attracting much more attention from the public that used to be the case still a few years back, effective implementation of EU trade agreements has become an important priority for the EU Trade policy. The EU needs to demonstrate that its trade agreements work in practice and deliver the negotiated benefits to EU operators. The EU FTAs currently in force are not identical in their scope and objectives, and this has to be taken into account also when looking into their implementation. EU FTAs can be divided in different groups on the basis of their scope and objectives. Since 2006 the Commission has been negotiating comprehensive FTAs which cover a wide range of areas including also inter alia services, investment, procurement, intellectual property rights, competition and trade and sustainable development. When speaking about FTAs, normally the main point of interest is to know whether the FTAs have led to an increase of trade flows between the partners in the areas of trade in goods, services and investment. In general it can be said that in large majority of cases, the trade in goods has increased during the period than the FTAs have been in force. In terms of services and investment, it is more difficult to see the link with the FTAs in developments in these areas. Preference utilization rates (PURs) of the EU FTAs have attracted a lot of attention since the Commission started producing them after the EU–Korea FTA started to be applied. In general, the PURs for EU operators are lower than those of our trading partners. New generation FTAs have a comprehensive structure of implementation bodies. A number of subcommittees and working groups covering different areas covered by the chapters of the FTA meet annually to address problematic issues. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures, restrictions in trade of agricultural products, enforcement of geographical indicators and public procurement have been areas most often discussed in these fora. Lack of awareness of the FTAs by EU companies and difficulties in understanding them is still a real issue preventing FTAs reaching their full potential. This has led the Commission to intensify its efforts to address better the awareness gap. In addition to the Commission, Member States and their business organizations have also a crucial role in disseminating information on FTAs to their stakeholders, in particular small and medium sized enterprise (SMEs), who often require information in a local language and locally in different regions. Close cooperation between Member States’ embassies and the EU delegations in the FTA partner countries has also been identified as a key factor to ensure effective implementation of the FTAs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Yuan, Qigang, Liangliang Zhai, and Tongtong Xu. "Price Transmission Effect of Establishing FTA with African Countries from the Perspective of Trade Facilitation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (March 8, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5946679.

Full text

Abstract:

The present article introduces the price transmission effect of establishing free trade areas with African countries from the perspective of trade facilitation. Studies on China-Africa economic cooperation, tariff reduction effects, trade facilitation effects, and price transmission effects in free trade areas were reviewed. The existing literature rarely incorporates tariffs, trade facilitation, and price transmission mechanisms into the research when studying the effects of free trade areas. The present article introduces trade facilitation into the research field of China-Africa cooperation. Taking the China-Mauritius free trade area as an example, the Global Trade Analysis Project model is used to study the price transmission effect after the establishment of the China-African free trade area. Create a model and motivation for other countries to establish free trade areas with African countries. The main conclusions are as follows: China-Mauritian free trade area has improved not only the terms of trade, GDP, and social welfare of the two countries, but also other African countries. This improvement effect mainly comes from the improvement of trade facilitation, and the contribution of zero tariff policy is relatively small. The domestic price changes in many industrial sectors of the two countries showed a significant increase, while the import prices generally showed a downward trend. Therefore, countries should actively participate in the process of global economic integration, and, in the negotiation of trade liberalization, both sides should adopt differentiated negotiation strategies and improve the weak aspects of trade facilitation, respectively, to achieve a win-win situation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Widyasanti, Amalia Adininggar. "DO REGIONAL TRADE AREAS IMPROVE EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS? - A CASE OF INDONESIA." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 13, no. 1 (November 22, 2010): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v13i1.383.

Full text

Abstract:

Indonesia has involved in quite many regional trade agreements, since more than a decade ago. Theoritically, Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are very beneficial to the countries, as resources are more efficiently allocated due to production specialization. However, presence of asymmetric information, market inefficiency, and economic distortion in the real world have led to a deviation of FTAs benefits from its theoritical framework. This paper studies whether Indonesian export competitiveness is improving after Indonesia involves in ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) and ASEAN-Cina Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA). Export competitiveness are measured by some trade indicators, such as: trade intensity index, market share, export product dynamics, and RCA, for some Indonesian main export products. The indices are compared across ASEAN countries and Cina to reveal: (i) which products are gaining or losingcompetitiveness in ASEAN and Cina markets; and (ii) which countries are becoming Indonesian main competitors in ASEAN and Cina markets. Additionally, this paper ends up with some policy recommendations that Indonesia should undertake to improve competitiveness of its products in ASEAN and Cina markets.JEL Classification: R11, F16Keywords: FTA, export competitiveness, Indonesia

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert W. Staiger. "Multilateral Tariff Cooperation during the Formation of Free Trade Areas." International Economic Review 38, no. 2 (May 1997): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2527376.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

OLEFIR, Volodymyr. "Experience of the formation of free trade areas with China." Economy and forecasting 2019, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2019.04.129.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

OLEFIR, Volodymyr. "Experience of the formation of free trade areas with China." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2019, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2019.04.131.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Panagariya, Arvind, and Rupa Duttagupta. "Free Trade Areas and Rules of Origin: Economics and Politics." IMF Working Papers 03, no. 229 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451875492.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Ya. Portyakov. "New Literature on Pilot Free Trade Zones (Areas) in China." Far Eastern Affairs 48, no. 001 (March 31, 2020): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/fea.58785242.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Bond, Eric W., Raymond G. Riezman, and Constantinos Syropoulos. "A strategic and welfare theoretic analysis of free trade areas." Journal of International Economics 64, no. 1 (October 2004): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(03)00078-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

DUTTAGUPTA, RUPA, and ARVIND PANAGARIYA. "FREE TRADE AREAS AND RULES OF ORIGIN: ECONOMICS AND POLITICS." Economics & Politics 19, no. 2 (July 2007): 169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00307.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Lee, Jong‐Wha, and Innwon Park. "Free Trade Areas in East Asia: Discriminatory or Non‐discriminatory?" World Economy 28, no. 1 (January 2005): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00673.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

CHASE, KERRY. "Multilateralism compromised: the mysterious origins of GATT Article XXIV." World Trade Review 5, no. 1 (January 26, 2006): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745605002624.

Full text

Abstract:

The GATT treaty's loophole for free trade areas in Article XXIV has puzzled and deceived prominent scholars, who trace its postwar origins to US aspirations to promote European integration and efforts to persuade developing countries to endorse the Havana Charter. Drawing from archival records, this article shows that in fact US policymakers crafted the controversial provisions of Article XXIV to accommodate a trade treaty they had secretly reached with Canada. As a result, the free trade area exemption was embedded in the GATT–WTO regime, even though neither the Havana Charter nor the US–Canada free trade agreement was ever ratified. Theoretically, the case is an important example of how Cold War exigencies altered the policy ideas of US officials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Wordliczek, Łukasz. "North American Free Trade Agreement." Politeja 18, no. 5(74) (December 15, 2021): 293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.18.2021.74.18.

Full text

Abstract:

The article deals with the relationship between the United States and Mexico from the perspective of the US national security. The key areas of strategic interest in Mexico on the part of the United States include: limiting illegal immigration, fighting drug-related crime, economic cooperation, both bilateral and in the wider international dimension, for example the North American Free Trade Agreement. According to the United States, all three factors and their successful implementation are necessary and constituent elements of the national interest of the United States in its most important scope, that is, in increasing the security of the state. The analysis focuses on the U.S. economic relations with Mexico at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The basis of economic relations between these countries is the North American Free Trade Agreement. The genesis of the NAFTA agreement and its effects on mutual relations in the context of the U.S. national interest and security was presented. Additionally, the reasons for President Donald Trump’s change from NAFTA to USMCA are described, from the perspective of U.S. strategic interests.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Kim, Jong Bum. "Cross-Cumulation Arrangement as FTA Under GATT Article XXIV." Journal of International Economic Law 23, no. 1 (November 25, 2019): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz027.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT A cross-cumulation arrangement helps manufacturers meet the demands of the global value chain economy by facilitating the sourcing of intermediate products within the territories of participants in the arrangement. It is a de facto free-trade area formed by a network of bilateral free-trade areas underpinning the arrangement. However, a cross-cumulation clause provided in a bilateral free-trade area that underpins a cross-cumulation arrangement is inconsistent with General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Articles I and III because the intermediate products from the participants in the arrangement are more favorably treated than products from non-participants in the arrangement. The GATT inconsistencies of a cross-cumulation clause cannot be justified by the GATT Article XXIV exception, because a cross-cumulation clause of a bilateral free-trade area derogates from the free-trade area’s aim by facilitating trade in intermediate products between the free-trade area parties and non-parties to the free-trade area that are participants in the arrangement. In contrast, a cumulation clause provided in a free-trade area contributes to the free-trade area’s aim by facilitating trade in intermediate products between the parties to the free-trade area. To bring a cross-cumulation arrangement such as the Regional Convention on Pan-Euro-Med Preferential Rules of Origin into conformity with World Trade Organization law, the arrangement and its underlying free-trade areas should be recognized as a de jure free-trade area under GATT Article XXIV and notified to the World Trade Organization as such. A large cross-cumulation arrangement as a mega-free-trade area is likely to contribute to the world trading system by harmonizing divergent free-trade area rules of origin and providing an efficient mechanism for the formation of a mega-free-trade area.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Dadakas, Dimitrios. "Trade Potential in Arab Nations: The Case of the GCC and PAFTA." Review of Middle East Economics and Finance 17, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 139–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rmeef-2020-0038.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract We examine trade flows for Arab nations concentrating on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Pan-Arab Free Trade Area (PAFTA) areas, to identify opportunities to enhance intra-Arab trade and facilitate regional integration. We employ panel data for the years 2003–2017 and a structural gravity model together with an “aggregate” trade potential measure that treats the GCC and PAFTA areas as single countries. Results suggest that, by 2015, intra-area trade had reached maximum capacity for both blocs. Potential to trade also reached capacity with many of the largest Free Trade Areas around the world, however, opportunities for trade expansion that still exist with the MERCOSUR and ASEAN, as well as many distinct destinations, can assist in strategic planning to enhance integration efforts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Yu, Wence, Hao Chen, and LiQiang Yang. "Overall Planning of Shanghai New Trade Zone from an Ecological Economic Perspective." Open House International 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2017-b0009.

Full text

Abstract:

Since the reform and opening up, the economy of China has rapidly developed. The system, structure, mode, and pattern of the foreign trade in China must be adjusted accordingly to adapt to new economic normality. In this study, the main types of free trade areas worldwide were analyzed, and the necessary conditions for their successful development were examined on the basis of an ecological economic perspective. The Shanghai free trade area is a typical representative of a new type of Trade Zone in China. It introduces the principles of sustainable development, people oriented, green, low-carbon and other eco free trade zones. The planning characteristics of Shanghai free trade zone were studied from the point of view of planning economy and land use. Taking Shanghai Yangshan land free trade zone as an example, the planning research was carried out in terms of functional zoning, environment, transportation and facilities. In summary, this study provided theoretical and technical references for the construction of free trade areas and for the formulation of significant policies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Spiro, Peter S., and Ronald J. Wonnacott. "The Economics of Overlapping Free Trade Areas and the Mexican Challenge." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 18, no. 4 (December 1992): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3551662.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Deng, Xiaoxi, Ying Wang, and Gi-Tae Yeo. "Enterprise Perspective-based Evaluation of Free Trade Port Areas in China." Maritime Economics & Logistics 19, no. 3 (August 2017): 451–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/mel.2016.4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Deltas, George, Klaus Desmet, and Giovanni Facchini. "Hub‐and‐spoke free trade areas: theory and evidence from Israel." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 45, no. 3 (August 2012): 942–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2012.01722.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Lloyd, P. J. "A Tariff Substitute for Rules of Origin in Free Trade Areas." World Economy 16, no. 6 (November 1993): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1993.tb00191.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Lee, Jong Eun. "The sequential issue in free trade areas: Policy implication for Korea." International Journal of Finance & Economics 9, no. 2 (April 2004): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.239.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Chang, Yang-Ming, and Renfeng Xiao. "Preferential trade agreements between asymmetric countries: Free trade areas (with rules of origin) vs. customs unions." Japan and the World Economy 33 (February 2015): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2015.02.003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Péridy, Nicolas. "Pollution effects of free trade areas: Simulations from a general equilibrium model." International Economic Journal 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168730500515431.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Cavalcante, Fabio Robson Casara, Carlos Alberto Paraguassú-Chaves, Ana Maria Morais da Fonseca Cavalcante, Fabrício Moraes de Almeida, Lenita Rodrigues Moreira Dantas, Carla Dolezel Trindade, Simão Aznar Filho, et al. "Regional development of free trade areas in the context of the tax incentive policy of the Manaus free trade zone – Amazonas, Brazil." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, no. 5 (2022): 018–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.95.2.

Full text

Abstract:

The research brings in its scope the need to analyze the socioeconomic development of the municipalities of Tabatinga (Amazonas), Guajará-Mirim (Rondônia), Boa Vista and Bonfim (Roraima), Macapá and Santana (Amapá) and Brasiléia (Acre), with extension for the municipality of Epitaciolândia, and Cruzeiro do Sul (Acre), which are subject to the fiscal incentive policy, in the form of Free Trade Areas, linked to the Superintendence of the Manaus Free Trade Zone - SUFRAMA. The general objective of the research was to analyze the regional development of the nine cities covered by the SUFRAMA policy in comparison with other nine Amazonian municipalities not covered by this policy, in order to identify the municipal performances achieved in the face of the Brazilian Amazonian reality. The research method used was hypothetical-deductive. The research data were submitted to the multivariate factor model to extract the scores for the construction of the indices, using the SPSS statistical tool, version 22. The data were submitted to the necessary requirements for the sieve of factorial studies, through the tests of Bartlett's sphericity and the adequacy of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sample. In this way, it was possible to build socioeconomic development indexes and, with that, proceed with the due analysis intrinsic to the epistemological question of this work. The data showed adequacy to factor studies and allowed us to observe, in general, the low level of socioeconomic development of the surveyed municipalities, however, with a more favorable situation for the municipalities covered by the SUFRAMA policy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Denis, Jean-Émile, Christine Stavrinidis, and Serge Tessier. "Les incidences sectorielles et régionales du libre-échange Canada-Etats-Unis." Études internationales 17, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701962ar.

Full text

Abstract:

The debate on the advantages and disadvantages of free trade between Canada and the U.S. has intensified over the past months. Reluctance towards such an option in trading policy has increased and views differ more and more on the subject, particularly concerning its sector-based and regional consequences. Following a survey of the findings of earlier economic studies, the consequences of free trade between Canada and the U.S. are assessed as regards job distribution in the manufacturing industry. Estimates are derived from studies made by Harris and Cox which allow comparison to be made between the consequences of bilateral and multilateral free trade s. Contrary to the views expressed by the Royal Inquiry Commission, the results lead to the conclusion that bilateral free trade will bring about a marked relocation of the labour force. It turns out that job opportunity in areas with high level of employment would grow, as would the specialization of Quebec in these areas, as compared to Ontario.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Ma, Qingshan, Yuanmeng Zhang, Kexin Yang, and Lingyun He. "Have China’s Pilot Free Trade Zones Improved Green Total Factor Productivity?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (November 7, 2021): 11681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111681.

Full text

Abstract:

Free trade zones (FTZ) are designated areas for promoting trade openness and investment facilitation. In China, FTZs are also regarded as “green areas” in which planning actions and institutional innovations are implemented, and there is a commitment to promoting urban green and healthy development. Given that green total factor productivity (GTFP) is an important measure of a city’s health and green performance, this study exploits the difference-in-differences method to explore the impact of pilot FTZs on urban GTFP in 280 cities in China for the period between 2005 and 2017. The results show that the green areas positively contributed to the growth of GTFP. Moreover, the outcome holds with robustness tests. Statistically, the positive effect emerged in cities during the first three years after introducing the initiative, with the effect disappearing afterward. It also had a strong positive impact in the central and western regions and in large and medium-sized cities, while the influence remained insignificant in the remaining areas in China. Furthermore, the paper also reveals that the promotion of foreign direct investment and industrial structure upgrading are the primary channels through which the positive relationship between pilot FTZs and GTFP is established.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Mieslinger, Theresa, Bjorn Stevens, Tobias Kölling, Manfred Brath, Martin Wirth, and Stefan A. Buehler. "Optically thin clouds in the trades." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 10 (May 30, 2022): 6879–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6879-2022.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. We develop a new method to describe the total cloud cover including optically thin clouds in trade wind cumulus cloud fields. Climate models and large eddy simulations commonly underestimate the cloud cover, while estimates from observations largely disagree on the cloud cover in the trades. Currently, trade wind clouds significantly contribute to the uncertainty in climate sensitivity estimates derived from model perturbation studies. To simulate clouds well, especially how they change in a future climate, we have to know how cloudy it is. In this study we develop a method to quantify the cloud cover from a cloud-free perspective. Using well-known radiative transfer relations we retrieve the cloud-free contribution in high-resolution satellite observations of trade cumulus cloud fields during EUREC4A. Knowing the cloud-free part, we can investigate the remaining cloud-related contributions consisting of areas detected by common cloud-masking algorithms and undetected areas related to optically thin clouds. We find that the cloud-mask cloud cover underestimates the total cloud cover by 33 %. Aircraft lidar measurements support our findings by showing a high abundance of optically thin clouds during EUREC4A. Mixing the undetected optically thin clouds into the cloud-free signal can cause an underestimation of the cloud radiative effect of up to −7.5 %. We further discuss possible artificial correlations in aerosol–cloud cover interaction studies that might arise from undetected optically thin low clouds. Our analysis suggests that the known underestimation of trade wind cloud cover and simultaneous overestimation of cloud brightness in models are even higher than assumed so far.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Brown, Scott A. W. "Free Trade, Yes; Ideology, Not So Much: The UK’s Shifting China Policy 2010-16." British Journal of Chinese Studies 8, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 92–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.51661/bjocs.v8i1.21.

Full text

Abstract:

Fox and Godement’s (2009) Power Audit of EU-China Relations grouped the EU’s member states into four categories based on their national approaches to relations with, as well as their preferences for, the EU’s policies towards China. In this typology, the UK, at the time governed by New Labour, was deigned an “Ideological Free Trader”—seeking to facilitate greater free trade while continuing to assert its ideological position, namely in the areas of democracy and human rights. Since the Conservative Party took the reins of power in 2010 (in coalition with the Liberal Democrats until 2015), China’s prominence on the UK’s foreign policy agenda has arguably increased. This paper examines the direction of the UK’s China policy since 2010, and asks whether the label “Ideological Free Trader” remains applicable. Through qualitative analysis of the evolving policy approach, it argues that while early policy stances appeared consistent with the descriptor, the emphasis on free trade has grown considerably whilst the normative (ideological) dimension has diminished. Consequently, the UK should be redefined as an “Accommodating Free Trader” (an amalgamation of two of Fox and Godement’s original groups—“Accommodating Mercantilist” and “Ideological Free Trader”). At time of publication, the journal operated under the old name. When quoting please refer to the citation on the left using British Journal of Chinese Studies. The pdf of the article still reflects the old journal name; issue number and page range are consistent. Picture credit: Georgina Coupe

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Waschik, Robert. "The effects of free trade areas on non-members: Modelling Kemp–Vanek admissibility." Journal of Policy Modeling 31, no. 5 (September 2009): 648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2009.05.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Wang, Qiong. "FTA: A Stumbling Bloc towards Global Free Trade." International Journal of Economics and Finance 12, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v12n1p22.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper examines the impact of free trade areas (FTAs) on the world trading system. It uses a partial equilibrium framework among three countries where Cobb-Douglas utility function is applied. It is found that FTAs are primarily detrimental to multilateral trading system and are stumbling blocs to global free trade (GFT), whether in a symmetric or an asymmetric case. This conclusion is based, firstly, upon the findings that the utility of member countries in a FTA are higher than status quo, so they are interested in forming a FTA, and secondly, after forming a FTA, they don't have incentive to let the third country join in since their utility would be lowered. In addition, this paper shows that when there are two large countries and a small one, it is more profitable for one large country to form a FTA with the small one instead of the other large one.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

POMFRET, R. "A REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENT FOR CENTRAL ASIA?" Eurasian Research Journal 4, no. 4 (November 9, 2022): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.4-03.

Full text

Abstract:

Regionalism in Central Asia has attracted much attention but little action. This paper argues that, as the countries accept WTO trade law as the baseline, the time is ripe for agreeing on trade rules that go beyond the WTO, with a focus on areas especially relevant to Central Asia. A modern trade agreement should not follow 20th century patterns of aiming for a customs union or free trade area; with low tariffs such preferential tariff arrangements are of little value. More important is to agree on areas where WTO rules are inadequate or non-existent, such as sanitary and phytosanitary measures and digitalization. For the framework for such an agreement, Central Asian countries can benefit from existing best practice, agreements with a chapter structure that permits focus on the most relevant areas while leaving more contentious areas for future negotiations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Bongardt, Annette. "EU Trade and Regulation: Economic and Political Dynamics." Notas Económicas, no. 49 (December 6, 2019): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-203x_49_4.

Full text

Abstract:

The EU’s new generation of deep and comprehensive free trade agreements not only promote EU trade but also have a bearing on the shape of the European model and in consequence on the sustainability of the integration project. They reach much further than conventional free trade agreements. Their benefits hinge on the abolition of non-tariff and regulatory barriers and enter into areas that are member state competences. Much depends on the agreements in question and similarity of preferences between trading partners. It is up to the EU, ultimately for the sake of the sustainability of its political integration project, to explicitly contemplate not only trade impacts but impacts on the Union’s economic model instead of letting rather than being pushed further down the road by unfolding trade dynamics. Keywords: Comprehensive free trade agreements; EU regulation and preferences; subsidiarity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

CHYRKOVA, Yuliia, and Oksana ZUZAK. "Features of the functioning of duty free and tax free areas in Ukraine and the European Union." Economics. Finances. Law 9/2, no. - (September 26, 2022): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.9(2).5.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction. In the current conditions of the development of foreign economic relations in Ukraine, the activity of duty-free shops is of particular importance. However, at the moment, the peculiarities of the activity of duty-free shops are practically not covered in the regulatory acts of Ukraine. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the activity of duty free and tax free in Ukraine, to identify problematic aspects and to propose specific directions for solving the problem. Results. The special status of duty-free shops is not directly established either by the Treaties on the EU or the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU, nor by the consolidated Customs Code of the EU member states. In EU duty-free shops, the "tax-free" system operates, which differs precisely in that the goods are not exempt from VAT for EU citizens, but at the same time, non-EU citizens are provided with the possibility of receiving a refund of the value of the added tax the value for which the customs declaration is filled out. Such a system is connected with the fact that the EU actually has no borders. Ukraine is the only European country where there is no tax-free option for tourists. Conclusion. According to the results of the research, it is worth emphasizing that it is necessary to introduce automatic and transparent VAT refund procedures, as in the EU countries, to introduce new provisions to the Tax Code of Ukraine, which will provide for and describe in detail the features of VAT calculation when supplying goods to duty-free shops trade, it is also important to get rid of smuggling. It is necessary to conduct negotiations to improve the existing free trade agreements between Ukraine and the EU, including to settle the issue of the rules of origin of goods.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Benton, L. M. "The Greening of Free Trade? The Debate about the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Environment." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 28, no. 12 (December 1996): 2155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a282155.

Full text

Abstract:

The study of human—nature relationships has long been central to geographic inquiry. Recent attempts to reconcile the growing demands of the international economy with the equally important concerns about environmental protection can be seen as one challenge to the dominant construction of human—nature relationships. Attempts to ‘green trade’ are well illustrated in the debate about the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the environment. This paper presents three arguments. First, the growing influence of the environmental movement in the USA during the past twenty-five years has embedded concern for the environment in political culture. This ‘politics of the environment’ is exemplified in NAFTA's explicit goal of promoting sustainable development. Including sustainable development as a specified goal thus provided environmentalists a legitimate entry into the NAFTA debate over free trade, development, and environmental protection. Second, it is argued that the NAFTA debate highlights several trade—environment dilemmas, dilemmas which must be addressed in order to reconcile economics and the environment. Particular attention will be paid to the debate about NAFTA and environmental sovereignty. Third, the NAFTA debate brought together two distinct communities: free traders and environmentalists. Far from being two exclusive communities, in this paper I assert that economics and the environment must be seen as interdependent forces which will increasingly interact with each other. In the case of NAFTA, these two communities not only interacted with each other, they created a common ground which made supporting NAFTA acceptable to both interest groups. The creation of a common ground took place through negotiation, debate, and compromise, and thus is a fundamental engagement with human—nature constructions. I conclude that we can expect the environmental community to participate in future trade and development issues because environmentalists now see these areas as critical to reconciling economic—environment and human—nature relationships.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!